建筑供配电毕业设计英文文献DOC

河南理工大学万方科技学院电气与自动化工程系2015届毕业生

英文文献

专业：电气与自动化工程系班级： 11级电气7班学号： *********** 姓名： * *

时间：年月日外文资料与中文翻译建筑电气电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。辅助等电位连接等。在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。进一步提高了节能的效果。照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。建筑中使用的光源可供选择的品种数量很多。光的发光效率和色调在向着高效的方向发展,灯具不断地改进其效率和不同形式的灯具运用于不同场合。例如,普通的荧光灯镇流器由普通的镇流器向节能型镇流器方向发展。还对谐波组件的大小进行精简,生产低谐波电子镇流器。许多措施如配件和灯具的使用,可以满足设计要求,同时能实现不同的体系结构、照明要求的各种场所。无论照明和室内装饰照明还是道路照明和户外庭院建筑的光照明,所有的都展示了照明技术的发展和建筑照明的好处与便利。另一个设计使用于电气设备和其他设备,如双电源开关的互投。与传统的专业生产产品相比,除了传统的功率切换外,双电源还能满足每个其他电子设备的需要,极大地提高供电的可靠性和连续性。电力电缆和电线是被广泛使用的产品。过去的电线电缆,种类稀少。现在引入各种电缆,从普通阻燃PVC电缆到耐火、少烟无卤、防电磁干扰环境的电缆等。导线材料从普通的矿物绝缘绝缘材料到总线绝缘,高效绝缘等分支机构。电力建设中这些技术是安全、可靠、方便的,提供了一个有效的环境保护。针对特殊需求分布、建设的一些新设备得到了广泛的应用。例如大型医院手术室医疗机构漏电保护、漏电监测系统等。技术的发展强大在很多地方都有显现如实际工程和技术人员,以及我们自己的经验。如此巨大的发展为中国的电力建设和电力建设安全使用奠定了良好的基础也创造了条件。随着建筑智能化技术的深入应用,一些设备、系统控制和控制系统已逐渐成为一个专业性的监控,并具有开放建筑设备监控系统通信协议、互联网和通信系统。建筑物内如自动功率控制系统,采用现场总线技术的数据采集和处理,集中控制变量分配系统实现远程监控和远程控制以及远程无人变电站的实现。连续收集和分析系统能提前给出建议或警告,以方便系统的安全运行。自动功率控制系统利用计算机技术、信息技术、控制技术、传感器技术、通信网络技术、电力电子技术等综合技术,它基本上可以取代传统的二次回路而且接线简单、性能可靠、易于维护。与此同时,根据建筑的能耗进行的第二次重大节能照明控制系统也会逐步实现。专业照明控制系统已经广泛应用于许多建筑物。照明控制由一个实时传感器控制定时控制。此外,现场控制、远程控制和控制多种灵活的控制现场,达到最大的能量利用,同时实现功能和人性化的舒适的照明系统。各种建筑标准也相应出台，如1980年代末《标准建筑设计防火规范》GBJ16-87；1990年代《民用建筑照明设计标准》GBJ133-90；《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ/ T16 - 92；《工业企业照明设计标准》GB50034 - 92；《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045 - 95；《供配电系统设计规范》GB50052 - 95；《l0kV及以下变电所设计规范》GB50053 - 94；《低压配电设计规范》GB50054 - 95；《通用用电设备设计规范》GB50055 - 93；《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057-94等等。紧随后的是建筑电气设计基础建设电气设计的标准化。智能建筑技术只是一种手段，配备智能功能、强调效率、能耗低、更干净,真正实现以人为本。在实现节能的前提下,提高建筑的功能、环境保护和可持续发展的目标。构建可持续发展的实现从战略的角度来看,注重环境保护，保持生态系统稳定。可持续发展是一个永恒的主题，经过多年的实践,在一个理性和务实的态度下,以实际需要和实际应用为标准,不是盲目地追随片面而是追求全面、先进的智能系统,在技术上做到领先。设计需做了合理的投资,使用不同的功能。根据投资和管理需求的具体情况来确定先进的、可靠的、经济合理的和最优的方案，这个概念现在已经成为智能建筑行业的共识。建筑智能技术使所有的学院和大学的建设开辟了这一技术相应的专业课程和促进了相关专业学生的发展。智能建筑技术包括:建筑设备自动控制系统、安全系统、停车场管理系统、火灾自动报警和消防系统、通信和计算机网络系统、综合布线系统、广播系统、有线电视系统、视频会议系统等,超过10个子系统的集成。是我国第一个独立于国内建筑智能技术系统集成子系统的开发。 20世纪的建筑设备监控系统的发展由1980年代的集中监控开始,由于可靠性差、速度慢，1990年代后已经很少使用,并取代了分布式控制。在1990年代末,随着计算机技术、控制技术、网络和通信技术开发和集成,监控施工设备技术发展迅速。安全技术和安全措施也逐步发展,包括中央监控、入侵警报、访问控制(门)、巡逻削减等更多的周边防御和其他子系统。安全系统从最初的子系统相互独立的到各子系统之间相互联系。大大增加了安全性、可靠性和实时为人们的工作、学习和生活安全保障。闭路电视监控系统从模拟到数字的方向发展,整个安全系统的规模也在运动数字系统、集成的方向发展。运用通信网络技术的智能建筑通信网络,包括计算机网络、双向有线电视传输网络和电话通讯网络。前两个智能网络作为一个宽带主干网络把几乎所有的信息技术和信息资源管理的几乎所有的用户连接到一起。在1990年代中期之前，有一个为所有类型的网络和用户的市场。但在1990年代末,由于以太网连接的灵活性和优越的性能、易于维护和使用等优点,ICT网络逐渐在列表中。以太网传输速率,从最初的10Mbps,100Mbps 到1 Gbps,10Gbps甚至更高的利率。智能建筑电话网络(ISDN,SL)目前用于语音通信、数据和图像的窄带宽数据通信,它让人们通过通信网络、电视、电话会议等功能实现相互交流。智能访问技术的关键是与外界建立联系,它使世界变得越来越小。人们的工作、生活发生了剧大的变化。智能建筑访问网络或互联网,越来越多的高带宽需求的接收,满足日益增长的用户需求数据通信。在有线电视网络的发展同时,无线网络由于其灵活性,也进入了一个快速发展阶段。从2003年的基于最初的路线的轮询策略的研究到现在超过100兆赫。移动互联网正为人们提供很大的方便,并在许多领域发展潜力巨大，网络正在成为趋势。综合布线技术PDS是智能建筑数据、语音和多媒体的通信平台。综合布线技术进入中国市场以来,因其优异的性能,并且对于智能建筑的国内市场来说是一个新概念、新技术,在建筑业立即引起了巨大的反响。该技术已广泛应用于所有类型的智能建筑。为了满足网络传输带宽和新产品的开发速度，PDS引入3线、5线到6线,甚至提高标准到七线系统的产品,以满足千兆网络的需求。提高网络的传输速率,以适应已经投入10G网络市场的发展。新的多模和单模光纤传输媒介作为一个很好的材料将被广泛使用。从铜线、光纤电缆、技术和产品的不断更新，PDS充分反映了智能建筑的快速发展,新技术的应用和广阔的发展前景。智能建筑系统集成技术一般连接各个子网络。每个子系统的操作预计将完成他们的工作,但尚未达到共享信息资源。为了实现有效的管理,各个子系统之间的信息资源共享、系统集成。在系统集成过程中,选择平台集成、网络结构、集成子系统的范围是不同的、集成模型也是不同的。随着计算机技术、网络技术、控制技术、显示技术的发展,建筑设备监控系统和其他系统通过计算机网络连接。完成基于建筑设备监控系统的系统集成模式。平等的在各自的系统集成,建立一个网络管理系统集成。作为一个子系统可以降低现场控制网络集成。实时数据子系统、开放、行业标准接口,转换成统一的格式存储在数据库或服务器系统集成。综合网络管理系统实现统一管理子系统程序、监控和信息交换系统集成, 系统集成实现协议的各个子系统之间的联系有关控制和信息共享。提高管理效率,增强处理突发事件的能力和节约能源的目的、节省人力。这是建筑设备管理系统(BMS)。

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电气专业毕设英文文献(格式已修改)

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献题目：Direct Torque Control of Induction MotorsUtilizing Three-Level Voltage Source Inverters 文献作者： Xavier del Toro Garcia, Antoni Arias, Marcel G.Jayne and Phil A. Witting文献来源： IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 51，No. 4，pp.744–757发表日期：2004年8月班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：英文原文：Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors Utilizing Three-Level Voltage Source Inverters Xavier del Toro Garcia, Antoni Arias, Marcel G. Jayne,and Phil A. WittingAbstract—A new control strategy for induction motors based on direct torque control is presented which employs a three-level inverter instead of the standard two-level inverter. The controller is designed to achieve a torque ripple reduction by taking advantage of the increase in the number of inverter states available in a three-level inverter. The harmonic distortion in the stator currents and the switching frequency of the semi-conductor devices are also reduced in the new control system presented.Index Terms—Induction motor drives, three-level converter, torque control.I. INTRODUCTIONThe standard voltage source inverter (VSI) traditionally used in electrical drive systems is the two-level VSI, which unfortunately has a number of inherent limitations. For example, the maximum voltage that can be supported by the semiconductor switching devices in the VSI limits the maximum value of dc-link voltage. Furthermore, the output voltages and currents from the VSI can contain high harmonic distortion.The output voltage waveforms can also contain large values of dV/dt, which contribute to the degradation of the machine windings insulation and bearings, and also produce considerable electromag-netic interference during operation. New multilevel VSI topologies,however, can considerably reduce many of these limitations [1].The most commonly used multilevel topology is the three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) VSI[2]. This type of VSI has advantages over the standard two-level VSI, such as a greater number of levels in the output voltage waveforms, less harmonic distortion, and lower switching frequencies.Direct torque control (DTC) has emerged to become a possible alternative to the well-known vector control strategies for induction motor control systems [3], [4]. Although considerable research has been made into the two-level topologies associated with this method of control, the amount of research carried out to date into DTC systems employing multilevel topologies is still rather limited. The major advantage of the three-level VSI topology when applied to DTC is the increase in the number of voltage vectors available. This means the number of possibilities in the vector selection process is greatly increased and leads to a more accurate control system, which can result in a reduction of the torque and flux ripples. This is of course achieved at the expense of an increase in the complexity of the vector selection process. Although several authors have recently proposed the implementation of DTC utilizing this higher-level topology, their approaches are based on the use of more complex vector selection tables combined with modulation techniques based on analytical methods which have machine parameter dependency[5] [6]. A different approach is a selection table based on the concept of virtual vectors [7]. These new methods considerably increasethe complexity of the control strategy when compared to the classical DTC system[3], and they cannot be extended to different multilevel topologies with a higher number of levels because of the table selection method adopted.Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the new controller.This paper describes a controller based on DTC that can be applied to different multilevel VSI topologies. It avoids the use of hysteresis comparators and look-up tables, and it does not require the knowledge of the motor model in the control system except for the inherent estimator as in the classical DTC system.II. NEW CONTROLLERThe general structure of the new controller is shown in Fig. 1. This novel controller generates a reference stator voltage vector (u∗s) in α–βcoordinates (usα,usβ) according to the DTC basic principle, rather thanusing the VSI state look-up table as used in classical DTC. This approach adopted is close to the DTC with space vector modulation scheme with closed-loop ﬂux and torque control, and stator ﬂux oriented control [4]. More recently, other similar methods based on the predictive torque control concept have appeared [8] [9].The inputs to the controller are the stator ﬂux error (eψs),the torque error (eΓe) and, additionally, the stator ﬂux angular speed (ωB),which is obtained to incorporate the back electromotive force (BEMF) term to improve the torque response at different operating points. The reference voltage vector calculated by the controller can be synthesized using different techniques with different degrees of complexity, such as choosing the nearest vector available or using modulation techniques [9]–[11]. This controller can be applied to any topology because the type of VSI only affects the way the reference voltage vector has to be synthesized.The controller is based on the principle that the desired decoupled control of the stator ﬂux modulus and torque is achieved by the controller acting on the respective radial and tangential components of the stator ﬂux vector (ψB). The variation of the stator ﬂux vector is approximately proportional to the voltage vector applied to the motor. Therefore, when calculating the reference voltage vector (in x–y coordinates ﬁxed to the stator ﬂux vector), the tangential component (u∗sy) will depend on the torque error (eΓe), whereas the radial component (u∗sx) will depend on the stator ﬂux error (eψB). As can be seen in Fig. 1, two closed-loop proportional controllers are employed to generate the components of the reference voltage vector. Kψs and KΓe are the proportional gains of these controllers and have been tuned experimentally to achieve a minimum torque and ﬂux ripple. Their initial values can be set to approximately theratio between nominal stator voltage and nominal stator ﬂux modulus for Kψs, and the ratio between nominal stator voltage and nominal stator fluxFig. 2. Torque response characteristics for classical DTC with a two-level VSI. Operating point: Γ=7.4 Nm. ωm = 200 r/min.modulus for Kψs, and the ratio between nominal stator voltage and nominal torque for KΓe.It can be seen in Fig. 1 that a feedforward action that compensates the BEMF term is added to the output of the torque controller to calculate the tangential component of the reference voltage vector. The BEMF term is obtained by multiplying the nominal stator ﬂux modulus (ψsn) and the stator ﬂux angular speed (ωs), which is previously ﬁltered by means of a low-pass ﬁlter.The reference vector in x–y coordinates is then transformed to α–β ﬁxed coordinates. The novel controller developed synthesizes the reference voltage by choosing the nearest VSI vector to the reference voltage vector. The nearest vector is found by means of calculating the minimum distance of the voltage vectors that can be delivered by the VSIto the reference voltage vector. This calculation involves evaluating the modulus of the difference between vectors. The complexity of the system presented is increased when compared to classical DTC due to the use of proportional controllers instead of hysteresis comparators, the x–y to α–β coordinate transformation and the method to ﬁnd the nearest vector. Finally, it should be noted that the balance of the neutral point voltage is one of the main issues associated with the control of the three-level NPC VSI [11]. In the novel controller the balance is achieved by selecting the appropriate conﬁguration among the redundant possibilities that exist for some of the vectors delivered by the VSI.III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe practical implementation of the new controller is based on a dSpace DS1103 board that performs the control tasks. This board contains a PowerPC and a DSP. A three-level NPC VSI utilizing IGBT devices is used to supply a 380/220-V four-pole 1.1-kW cage-rotor induction motor. The dc-link voltage employed is 200 V. Figs. 2 and3 show the steady-state torque responses at 200 r/min and nominal torque conditions (7.4 Nm) for the classical DTC strategy with a two-level VSI and the new control system employing a three-level VSI described in this paper, respectively. The sample time used was 100 µs in both systems.To assess the performance of both systems, the torque standard deviation (σΓe) is calculated for the torque ripple. Additionally, the ﬂux standard deviation (σψs), the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current THD_iS, and the mean switching frequency in the semiconductor devices (FSw) are calculated for both systems. From the experimentalresults shown in Figs. 2 and 3, it is apparent that the torque ripple for the new system utilizing a three-level VSI is considerably reduced. The resultFig. 3. Torque response characteristics for the new controller with a three-level VSI. Operating point: Γ=7.4 Nm. ωm = 200 r/min.of the VSI switches in the proposed system are both reduced by more than 50%. The switching frequency is reduced due to the utilization of a three-level VSI. In this type of VSI, some transitions between the three possible states of a leg do not involve the commutation of all the switches.IV. CONCLUSIONA new controller based on the DTC principle is presented, and it is shown that the controller can be easily implemented in a three-level VSI drive system. The new controller does not involve the use of any motor model parameters, as in classical DTC, and therefore, the control systemis more robust compared to other methods that incorporate motor parameters. The experimental results obtained for the new DTC scheme employing a three-level VSI illustrate a considerable reduction in torque ripple, ﬂux ripple, harmonic distortion in the stato currents,and switching frequency when compared to existing classic DTCsystems utilizing the two-level VSI.REFERENCES[1] J. Rodriguez, J. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002.[2] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, “A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inv erter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518–523,Sep./Oct. 1981.[3] I. Takahashi and T. Noguchi, “A new quick-response and high-efﬁciency control strategy of an induction motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,vol. IA-22, no. 5, pp. 820–827, Sep./Oct. 1986.[4] G. Buja and M. P. Kazmierkowski, “Direct torque control of PWM inverter-fed AC motors—A survey,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51,no. 4, pp. 744–757, Aug. 2004.[5] K.-B. Lee, J.-H. Song, I. Choy, and J.-Y. Yoo, “Torque ripple reduction in DTC of induction motor driven by three-level inverter with low switching frequency,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 255–264,Mar. 2002.[6] G. Brando and R. Rizzo, “An optimized algorithm for torque oscillation reduction in DTC-induction motor drives using 3-level NPC inverter,” in Proc. IEEE ISIE, Ajaccio, France, Jun. 2004, pp. 1215–1220.[7] Z. Tan, Y. Li, and M. Li, “A direct torque control of induction motor based on three-level NPC inverter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Jun. 2001, pp. 1435–1439.[8] P. Correa, M. Pacas, and J. Rodríguez, “Predictive torque control for inverter-fed induction machines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54,no. 2, pp. 1073–1079, Apr. 2007.[9] M. Nemec, D. Nedeljkovic, and V. Ambroic, “Predictive torque control of induction machines using immediate ﬂux control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2009–2017, Aug. 2007.[10] A. K. Gupta and A. M. Khambadkone, “A space vector PWM scheme for multilevel inverters based on two-l evel space vector PWM,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1631–1639, Oct. 2006.[11] J. Pou et al., “Fast-processing modulation strategy for the neutral-point-clamped converter with total elimination of low-frequency voltage oscillations in t he neutral point,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2288–2294, Aug. 2007.中文译文：基于三电平电压型逆变器的异步电机的直接转矩控制摘要：一种基于直接转矩控制的电动机的新型控制方式，其采用了三电平逆变器，而非标准的两个电平逆变器。

建筑设计外文翻译文献

建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. IntroductionIn recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct method of it’s design need establish urgently It’s target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate "clean ". This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to allow users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge contour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deformation pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, installation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the vertical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shell’s features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally, so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of MethodsFor most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didn’t add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams expect smaller span. For residential,if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effe ct, But is different with the truss because it’s load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equivalent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.It’s calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition under the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues.This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply to masonrystructure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of LoadsFirst regard to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2.图2a图3a图2b图3b图2c图3cIn Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calculate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roof beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula, Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotesrepresent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gravity load ,these formulas as follows:()()'''111100110cos cos 38cos cos cos cos L AL L m L AL N l h l h l m ωαβμααββ-=++ ()()()()'10000000101'100000cos cos 2cos cos 8sin cos 8sin cos cos 8sin cos cos cos l l l l l h m m s h N l l h h l h l μαβωααηαβωμβββαββααβ++-=--++()()()()101101110100001012111cos 2cos cos 2L L L L L L L m LL L L mLL L L L L L N h B hL hL LIμξβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫--+-+--+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=++()()()()()001001110011200101021000110111121cos sin 2sin 2sin cos cos A L h L m LL L L mL L m a L L L L h h L m l m N L L L Ah L L k B h L h L δδββββαβ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-+--+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=+---++Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows:()()222211122111cos cos cos 8cos cos cos cos wkL h L L S li N a L h h b ωαωββαβα-=++ ()()()()22222001111222212110cos cos cos 11cos cos cos cos sin 5cos sin cos cos sin cos k K L h l w L w w h w h m L N l l AL h L a h L αωαβαβλαβααββββαββ⎡⎤-⎡⎤+⎢⎥=+++-+⎢⎥++⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows:()()2222210011022001sin cos sin cos 3sin cos cos cos cos cos a a L h l L L N L h l hl αμβαωαβωβδαβαβδβ+=--+ ()()()()222221011120322222102101sin cos sin cos sin sin sin 3cos 2ln cos 5ln cos cos cos cos a l h m l m L m m m N n s l l l g h l h l δβααβαββββαβαβαβ++=++++ ()()()0010011012110121000111sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos a a L L m L L L n L L L L L nh L N L l h l h l ββαβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()00000201sin 2cos a a L m L L L h L l θβα⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦+()()()2000010121001sin sin cos sin cos sin cos cos 2sin cos a e L m L L L h L m m N l l h βααβαββαβββ⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦=-+ ()()()001001001221111221001sin 1sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos sin a a L L L L L L m L L L L L h L h l L h l h ωαββαβαββ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥-+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design ParametersIt’s calculate formula generally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g asvertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate.As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lines distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate two’s end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possible, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two triangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is functionshown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x 0s so the slope level length is y 0=x 0L 2/L 3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of Vertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h 3 is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.()22001cos 212cos e a a mkxL h x N L sh v l x ββ⎡⎤=-⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()211121001sin cos 212cos m kvL h x N l xh x L V βββ⎡⎤=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()22000002221100max 1123cos L La h L L L L N VL h h l a V L L αγβ⎡⎤⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ ()22201000112222201001ln 23cos a L L h l L L L n V s xl h v h L x x l L ββ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+-⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b 、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumbersome and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover,the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1A B C图4a图4b BDFigure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp shown in Figure 1 to analysis inclined plate and the internal forces of the anti-bearing column . in the figure hypotenuse is oblique roof equal to strengthen frame, Similar wind ramp truss rod and the next edge portfolio, could form the dark truss system ,while long rectangular plate can be seen as part of thin-walled beams, which could also be seen as truss. Therefore, we called roof boarding the plane formed a "thin-walled beam-truss" system, in concrete theory, between the truss and the b eam have no natural divide . it’s no need hand count accurate internal forces and bearing force to such a joint system, Because on the one hand span more, big bending stiffness structure sensitive to the bearing uneven subsidence and have to stay safe reserves; on the other hand it has high cross-section, by increasing reinforced to increase capacity on the cost impact is not significant. Specific algorithm is: Single-ramp calculate by simple cradle, Multi-Span ramp’s bending moment, shear, and supporting anti-edge use the calculate value by the possible maximum numerical control methods, Moment is calculate by simple cradle two sides of supports middle Shear, negative moment and support force calculate according to bearing this continuous, two-hinged, about two span take the largest one. Pin-Pin bearing shear force that is supported by the inter-simple calculate according to simple cradle. But in this method the location of the various internal force’s safety level is uneven expansion, appropriate adjustmen t should be made is late calculation. No mater f the triangular or rectangular part of plate, Thin-plane bending rebar can get by method of moment right boards from the bottom point for the moment distance whichassigned to the eaves or roof. The author believe it has no necessary control number of reinforcement according to smallest beams reinforced rate. On the rim of triangle equivalent to ramp strut can shear entirety. when consider the end is weak can properly reinforced its roof beam below the reinforcement. If shear required stirrup in the rectangular part of thin-walled, should superposition to the beam, generally it’s no need to intentionally imaginary abdominal strengthening reinforcement at rod position.4. Calculation and Design of Pull Beam and Roof BeamsBy column in figure 1 marked calculated value of supporting force and their level of vertical component, horizontal component of the total force multiplied by the cosine of angle. Take column A as example, the first footnotes in R A2 is column number, the first footnotes represent the force generated by the panel two. Their horizontal component balanced by triangle three under the eaves of beams. horizontal component of intermediate support reaction is balanced by the two-level pull beam in deep direction. Then pull beam and above the sloping beams constitutes steel Arch. Because of the existence of antisymmetric load, bilateral role in the anti-power-level components may be inconsistent and pull beam should take the average lag. consider the support impact of uneven settlement, the level pull beam design should take bigger value.Roof beams general under four internal forces: First of the above is levels Rally, The second is axial force generated when oblique roofing in the flange plate plane bending. The third is the vertical load to bear as the roof slab edge beams under bending moment, shear ,like board supported by multi-faceted, Actual force is smaller than bear calculated by one-way plate N b,Fourth is the effect of lateral framework of internal forces .it should linear superposition ,Composite Reinforced, in the situation of weight Load, span and the small dip, checking computations should be took for tension beams cracking, appropriate intensify the section, with fine steel, including the side beams of steel beams rafah terminal should take two meander anchorage,just like letter L With ng as 10d long bends, meander 135 degrees angle and put pull beam intersection with the vertical reinforcement column touting the Meander overcast horn.This paper take model in figure 1 as example, ignore tigers window , 4 sloping roof are 35 o angle, the length of roof slab dimensions are shown in figure 4. Plate unit area quality is 350kg/m2,Overhaul live load is 0.50 kN/m2, Pressure standard of windward side is 0.21 kN/m2, Leeward face is -0.45 kN/m2, Design value of roof horizontal seismic acceleration is 0.1g, Calculate the bearing capacity limit by standardizing, Considered separately with and without seismic load effect of the combination basic design value,we use combination of without earthquake force through compare，Load calculation and analysis results of every position shown in table 1:5. Analysis and Design for Roof of the Vertical Loads Under Sloping RoofSlabs as a Multilateral Support PlateFolded plate structure has character of “unified of borad and frame”: General intersection of each pair of ramps are for mutual support, both sides of the transition line’ plate can be counted dogleg small rotation and transmission, distribution Moment.Under load control which is the role of gravity the two sloping geometry load roughly symmetrical occasions, there is no corner at symmetry capital turning point, Approximate seen as the plate embedded solid edge.if take out a distance by plate of eaves, plate of inside ridge also formation to negative moment,and long roof slabs in the plate sloping beams department and neighbor plate linked together, these all can be approximated as embedded-plate edge to process.For antisymmetric load like horizontal seismic load,the Ping roof should be treated as shear,but it is not control load usually. Plate final design moment value is the status of various unfavorable combination of linear superposition, from the cross-sectional direction plate reinforced by the columns, Reference, balance the require of concrete deep beams of tectonic, upper plate for Moment of negative reinforcement should be reinforced at all or an entire cross-leader, as they also serve as a deep beam distribution lumbartendons or stirrup. plate in the bottom vertical with reinforcement eaves, Negative reinforcementin accordance with their respective calcualte requirements,and it is different after superpositionstirrups requirementBoth sides of "stirrup" in this situation cann’t linked at awnings edge follow shape “U”, can bebent to shape "L" follow upper and down direction,legnth of packs could equal to thickness ofplate.It should enhenced at the node of ramp at the intersection appropriately. It recommended thatuse swagger tectonic shown as in Figure 5 considing simple structure without axillary at thesituation of Cloudy angle without pull. To ensure all reinforced Installing accuracy, Few of therhombus with the supports and rebar stirrups could be added to formed positioning Skeleton atstrengthening reinforced department in the figure, Let two later installed sloping steel plate tie toits lashing,designers should use a three-dimensional geometric method to accurately calculate thediamond stirrups limb edge length and Forming a swagger construction plans6. Calculating and processing of open window and hole in sloping roofAssume the plate in figure 6 has a big hole whose wideth is b ,height is h 0 ,assuming that tungcenter along with the plane bending moment, shear, respectively are M and V through overall calculation, use vierendeel calculation method get about middle cave:1XO MM T τ= 2NR MM T τ=3113312h V V h h =+ 0XO NR M M M V h --= Where I 1、I 2 、I respectively represent upp er and down plate limb’s Section moment of inertia anddouble limbs section moment of inertia.while Edge Moment by hole is:1113I M V b M α=+ 2212I M V b M μ=+not very big by the hole, close to the neutral axis in most cases overall, under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation,under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation.General tiger win dow’s form prominent roof Facade which a hole had opened up and the other faces a concrete slab closed.when analysis of vertical slab roof slab surface loads ,compare with without windows and roof slabs hole window sheet increased load. profiles of window’s folded plate form make it reduce the bending stiffness compare with without hole roof board, But with the profile hole edge which parallel to the vertical plate is a partial increase in bending stiffness. In the absence of the vertical plate window subordinate legislation should have upturns beam to increase stiffness of the surrounding caves near.in this way i can temporarily ignore the plate stiffness variation acording to the actual load, size and boundary conditions by entities plate to calculate psitive and negative moment and further processing nodes.it should point out that theRoof ramp layout hole edge ideal location is near the plate-bending line, especially in the open side of the window because it was cut down byvertical transmission line of the moment. If the roof slab roof beams department no outward roof then the actual plate-bending force on the line near the roof beam reversed also true, Because of this architects should strive for when determine oosition of tiger position take appropriate care.When pin tung far away from line-bending window wall and roofing in the intersection must bear folded plate and transmission moment, but compare with plate without hole its capacity is weaken surely,and it’s node turn into weak parts. To fill thy judgment and calculation errorstwo panels can be double reinforcement. When the hole is less than line-bending scope should increase negative reinforcement around to keep overall security plate bearing capacity. To ensure steel plate in place accuratly,also should use positioning stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement constitute skeleton similar as figure 5. Hoop end within vertical bars should be strengthen steel and end cave corner should be harvested more than one anchor length to make sure that bottom of the cave 4 tensile stress concentration.7. Stabilize Roof SlopeIn China's V-shaped folded plate structure design norms,the method prevent both sides of theflanges at local instability is limit its generous ratio,This requirement come from the use of isotropic plate buckling theory analysis. In research the flanges outside instability in critical state, the boundary conditions of winglets suppose as freedom outside, fixed interior, pre - and post-hinged on both sides,the situation plates subjected to the bending stress to solve width and height ratio corresponding with the critical pressure compressive stress. When the grade of concreteIs C30,the limit of width and height(b/t)ratio is 47, take 35 as stress non-normative value. Concrete elastic modulus and strength levels is not a linear relationship if use high-strength concrete other study should be taken. In the actual slope roof only a long row to the middle plate bearing plate outside may receive pressure. And here is just the pouringplate affixed roof sloping beams and horizontal pull beam cast together.Have no possible of rollover and foreign rising displacement. norms limited of folded plate span is 21m. roof below and the vertical column spacing generally much smaller it. And the board which into one with roof beams changed boundary conditions of plate, anti-great instability role also very big. For other locations ramp vertical compression edge May also set up the appropriate plate edge beams all these method will receive beyond the norms of redundant safety. Taking into account the plate shear plane, while the vertical direction of the load caused the exit plane effects, Therefore, the grasp of security of caution should cautious. This paper proposed ramp thickness not less than to the short span of 1 / 35 which also conform to design experience of generally confined SLABS, Concrete should graded between C25 and C35 while Steel should I or class II.puter Calculation Method of Local Sloping Roof Structure andOverall ICC of Overall StructureAny calculate software with inclined plate shell modules and the modules bar structural finite element can calculation of competent sloping roof. Shell element of each node have 3 membrane freedom and three panels freedom and can analysis the plane board and internal forces Of out-of-plane effects. However, the current prevalence of certain spatial structure finite element computer program which although have shell model but some are not inclined plate, some not right at the same plane, the stress state and foreign integrated reinforcement are not perfect. Withstructures becoming more diverse, complex and ramp space problems often encountered. Such software should expand its pre - and post-processing functions for conversion of shell element stiffness matrix and loading vector in the direction of freedom and further analysis of ramp space, the space of concrete against stress integrated reinforcement. In a fundamental sense manual method and the finite element method are interchangeable but the result may be very different. As long as layout roof component as this concept,then use the software to calculate can fast, precise, to achieve this goal of this paper.From the eaves to the roof elevation areas, the whole roof of anti-lateral stiffness lower than mutation, quality small than lower,this could not easy to simulate in calculation of whole housing. At the top construction of the seismic as higher-mode response which is also whiplash effect, the earthquake-lateral force may be abnormal and have effect on under layers. Therefore, in the partial hand count roof occasions when take ICC analysis to the overall structure, it proposed roof layer use model of tilt rod ramp support to reduce effect on the overall results distortion.If use software with function of space ramp handling and sloping roof modeling with shell element,all will be wrapped from top to bottom. Top results can be directly used and the distortion of the overall impact would cease to exist.10. Conclusion1）Concrete ramps, side beams in different directions superposition of internal forces, reinforced and ramp stability, the hole limits all to be do in-depth study related this research. Similar typical problems are top floor of structural transformation layer and box-type base box side wall all their research results can be used to adopt.It’s a important method do observation on project; finite element analysis ICC will be more economical, practical and popular. Currently existing completed sloping roof no matter the subjective designers use what kind of assumptions and analysis and whether reinforcement is reasonable as long as the overall structure of the objective reality, create a space folded plate and the arch system that their current work state can be used to summarize and draw upon.2）This structure forms make a new world of design concept of use the top floor and impact on people's living habits.The economic, social benefits it taked will gradually revealed,however it need interaction of architectural and structural professionals and People’s awareness andinformation and even real estate management policies and other support aspects.This method is hard for structure professional,some specific details have no norms to follow at present. This is the challenges sructure staff faced and also the happy exist.references[1]Francis D.K.Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1997.[2]Jiang Fengqing :internal forces of Simply supported two-way pack square plate, Civil Engineering Journal,1982(2)[3]Lai Mingyuan.Zhang Guxin:Deflection and internal forces of Simple peripheral portfolio folded plate roof, Civil Engineering Journal,1992(2)[4] ]Lai Mingyuan: Deflection and internal forces of Simple flattened four folded plate roof slope, Civil Engineering Journal, 1995(1)[5]Li Kaixi.Cui Jia:Local Stability About Yan Beam, Building Structures ,1996(1) [6]user manuals and technical conditions of Multi-storey high-rise building and the space finite element structural analysis and design software SATWE, PKPM CAD department of China Building Research Academy[7]Chen Xinghui.Lin Yuankun: Several calculation problems in the design of V-folded plate roof , Scientific publishing house,1985[8]current building structure norms, China Construction Industry Press,2002译文：钢筋混凝土坡屋顶的结构设计简介：本文对于现浇钢筋混凝土坡屋顶，尤其是常见的住宅结构，指出实际工程中常见的设计错误及问题。

电气专业毕业设计英文文献整理版

外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Relay protection present situation anddevelopment一、Relay protection development present situationElectrical power system's swift development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, the computer technology and communication's swift development unceasingly has infused the new vigor for the relay protection technology's development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in 40 remaining years of time.After the founding of the nation, our country relay protectiondiscipline, the relay protection design, the relay factory industryand the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path which in about 10 year the advanced countries half century pass through. In the 50s, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology [1], completed one to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich service experience's relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The Acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay technique of manufacture, has established our country own relay manufacturing industry. Therefore our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teachingcomplete system in the 60s. This is the mechanical and electrical -like relay protection prosperous time, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.From the late 50s, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60s to the 80s in is the time which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. And the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation research's 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection develops with the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute the transistor high frequency block system is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv lines [2], finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.From the 70s, started based on the integration operational amplifier's integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to the late 80s integrated circuit protection, substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development which, the production, the application protected to the early 90s integrated circuit were still in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated circuit power frequency change quantity direction which develops in this aspect Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute high frequency protected the influential role [3], the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development's integrated circuit phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection also moved in many 220kv and on the 500kv line.Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the late 70s [4], the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Southeast University, the North China electric power institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute one afteranother has developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. in 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed thetransmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal, and obtained the application in the system [5], has opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the main equipment protection aspect, the generator which the Southeast University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator? Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute develops microcomputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. Tianjin University and Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection, Xi'an Jiaotong University and Xuchang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through appraisal. Hence, the different principle, the different type's microcomputer line and the main equipment protect unique, provided one group of new generation performance for the electrical power system to be fine, the function was complete, operation reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device's research, in microcomputer aspects and so on protection software, algorithm has also made many theory progresses. May say that started our country relay protection technology from the 90s to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.二、future development of Relay protectionThe future trend of relay protection technology is to computerization, networking is intelligent, protect, control, measure and data communication developing by integration. The principles of protection of electric power circuits are quite independent of the relay designs which may be applied. For example, if the current to an electric circuit or a machine is greater than that which can be tolerated, it is necessary to take remedial action. The device for recognizing the condition and initiating corrective measures would be termed as an over-current relay regardless of the mechanists by which the function would be accomplished. Because the functions of electromechanical devices are easily described, their performance wills ever as a basis for presenting a description of relays and relay systems in general.Relays must have the following characteristics:Reliability---The nature of the problem is that the relay may be idle for periods extending into years and then be required to operate with fast responds, as intended, the first time. The penalty for failure to operate properly may run into millions of dollars.Selectivity---The relay must not respond to abnormal, but harmless, system conditions such as switching transients or sudden changes in load.Sensitivity---The relay must not fail to operate, even inborderline situations, when operation was planned.Speed---The relay should make the decision to act as close to instantaneously as possible. If intentional time delay is available, it should be predictable and precisely adjustable.Instantaneous---The term means no intentional time delay.There are several possible ways to classify relays: by function,by construction, by application. Relays are one of two basic types of construction: electromagnetic or solid-state. The electromagnetic type relies on the development ofelectromagnetic forces on movable members, which provide switching action by physically opening or closing sets of contacts. The solid state variety provides switching action with no physical motion by changing the state of serially connected solid state component from no conducting toconducting(or vice versa). Electromagnetic relays are older and more widely used; solid state relays are more versatile, potentially morereliable, and fast.1) ComputerizationWith swift and violent development of computer hardware, computer protect hardware develop constantly even. The power system is improving to the demand that the computer protects constantly, besides basic function protected, should with trouble information of the large capacity and data the long-term parking space also, fast data processing function, strong communication capacity, network in order to share the whole system data , information , ability , network of resource with other protection , control device , dispatcher, high-level language programming ,etc.. This requires computerprotector to have function which is equivalent to a pc machine. In computer is it develop initial stage to protect, is it make with one minicom relay protection install to imagine. Because the small-scale organism was accumulated greatly, with high costs at that time, dependability was bad, this imagined it was unrealistic . Now, exceed the minicomputer of those years greatly with computer protector sizesimilar worker function , speed , memory capacity of accusing of machine, so make with complete sets of worker person who accuse of opportunity of relay protection already ripe, this will be one of the developing direction that a computer is protected . Tianjin university is it spend whomtransformation act as continue the electric protector with computer protector structure self-same one worker person who accuse of todevelop into already. The advantage of this kind of device is as follows, (1)it have functions of 486pc,it can meet to at present and it is various kinds of function demand where computer protect future. (2)The size and structure are similar to present computer protector , the craft is superior, takes precautions against earthquakes , defends overheatedly and defending the electromagnetic ability of interfering strongly, can operate it in very abominable working environment , the cost is acceptable.(3)Adopting std bus or pc bus, hardware module , can select different module for use to different protection wantonly , it is flexible , easy to expand to dispose.It is an irreversible development trend to continue the computer , computerization of the electric protector. But to how better meet power system demand, how about raise the dependability of relay protection further, how make heavy economic benefits and social benefit, need carry on concrete deep research. 2) NetworkedComputer network become the technological pillar of informationage as message and data communication tool, madethe mankind producing basic change has taken place in the appearance with social life. It is influencing each industrial field deeply, has offered the powerful communication means for each industrial field too. Up till now, except that protect differentially and unite protecting vertically, all continue electric protector can only react that protect the electric quantity of installing office. The function of relay protection is onlylimited to excising the trouble component too , narrow the accident coverage. Thismainly lack the powerful data communication means. Having already put forward theconcept protected systematically abroad, this meant the safe automatics mainly atthat time. Because the function of relay protection is not only limited to excising thetrouble component and restriction accident coverage (this is primary task), the peaceand steadiness that will be guaranteed the whole system run . This require eachprotect unit can share the whole operation and data , trouble of information of system,each protect unit and coincident floodgate device coordination on the basis ofanalysing the information and data, guarantee systematic peace and steadiness run .Obviously , realize the primary condition that system protect the whole system everyprotector of capital equipment link with the computer network, namely the one thatrealized the computerprotector is networked. This is totally possible under present technological condition .To general protecting systematically , realize the computer networking of the protector has a very great advantage too. It continueelectric trouble not the less many in information not systematic can receiving protector,for trouble nature , judgement and the trouble,trouble of position from measuring the less accurate. Protect to self-adaptationresearch of principle pass long time very already , make certain achievement too, butshould really realize protecting the self-adaptation to the operation way of the systemand trouble state, must obtain more system operating and trouble informationthe computer that only realizes protecting is networked, could accomplish this . Asto the thing that someprotectors realize computer networking can improve thedependability protected . Tianjin Sanxia vltrahigh voltage many return circuit bus bar ,500kv of power station , put forward one distributed principle that bus bar protected tofuture 1993 such as university, succeed in developing this kind of device tentatively. Principle its bus bar is it disperse several (with protect into bus bar back to way the same ) bus bar protect Entrance to protect traditional concentration type, disperse and install it in every return circuit is protected and rejected , each protect the unit to link with the computer network, each one protects the electric current amount that the unit only inputs a return circuit , after changing it into figure amount, convey to the protection units of other return circuits through the computer network, each protect the unit according to the electric current amount of this return circuit and electriccurrent amount of other return circuits got from computer network, carry on bus bar differential calculation that protect, if result of calculation prove bus bar trouble jump format return circuit circuit breaker only, isolate the bus bar of the trouble. At the time of the trouble outside the bus bar district , each protect the unit and calculate for movements of the external trouble. This kind protect principle by distributed bus bar that network realize with computer, bus bar protect principle have higher dependability than traditional concentration type. Because if one protect unit interfere or mistakein computation and when working up by mistake, can only jump format return circuit , can is it make bus bar to be whole of malignant accident that excise to cause wrong, this is very important to systematic pivot with supervoltage bus bar of hydropower station like SanxiaCan know computer protector networked to can raise and protect the performance and dependability greatly while being above-mentioned, this is an inexorable trend that a computer protects development3) Protect , control , measure , data communication integratesOn terms that realize computerization of relay protection and networked, theprotector is a high performance , multi-functional computer in fact, it is a intelligent terminal on the computer network of whole power system. It can obtain any information and data of operating and trouble of the power system from network , can convey network control centre or any terminal function , and can also finish the measurement , control , data communication function in there is no normal running of trouble cases, namely realize protecting , controlling , measuring , data communication integrates.At present, for measurement, need that protects and controlling, all equipment of the outdoor transformer substation, two voltage, electric current of voltage transformer, circuit,etc. must with control cable guide to the top management room for instance. Lay control cable take a large amount of investment, make the very much complicated return circuit 2 times in a large amount. But ifabove-mentioned protection, control, measure, data communication integrated computer device, install in to is it by the equipment , protect into voltage , electric current amount of equipment in device this after changing into the figure amount to protect outdoor transformer substation on the spot, send to the top management room through the computer network, can avoid a large number of control cables . If use optic fibre as the transmission medium of the network , can avoid and interfere electromagnetically. The photocurrent mutual inductor of now (ota ) and photovoltage mutual inductor (otv ) have been already during the course of studying and testing, must get application in the power system in the future. In case of adopting ota and otv, namely should be putting and is being protected near the equipment. After the optical signals of ota and otv are input in the integrated device here and changes into an electric signal, what is on one hand uses as being protected calculation is judged ; As measurement amount on the other hand, send to the top management room through the network. Can to protect operation ofequipment control order send this integrated device to through network from top management room, therefore the integrated device carries out the operation of the circuit breaker. The university of Tianjin put forward protecting, controlled , measured , communication integration in 1992, develop based on tms320c25 digital signal processor (dsp ) first protecting , control , measure , the integrated device of data communication.4) IntelligentIn recent years, if artificial intelligence technology neural network, hereditary algorithm, evolve plan , fuzzy logic ,etc. get application in power system all field, the research that is used inthe field of relay protection has already begun too. Neural network one non-linear method that shine upon, a lot of difficult to listequation or difficult in order to the complicated non-linear question that is solved, use the method of the neural network to be very easilysolved .For example the short circuit of crossing the resistance of course of emergence is a non-linear problem in transmit electricity in the systematic electric potential angle of both sides of line and lay cases, it is very difficult to make discrimination , trouble of position while being correct for distance to protect, is it work up or is it work upto refuse by mistake to lead to the fact; If use neural network method, through a large number of trouble training of sample, so long as sample centralized to fully consider various kinds of situations, can differentiate correctly while any trouble takes place. Other if hereditary algorithm , is it is it have is it solve complicated ability of problem to asking unique their too to plan to evolve. Artificial intelligence the being method proper to is it can make it solve speed to be fast not to ask to combine. Can predict ,the artificial intelligence technology must get application in the field of relay protection, in order to solve the problem difficult to solve with the routine method.中文翻译：继电保护的现状与发展一、继电保护发展现状电力系统的飞速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术、计算机技术与通信技术的飞速发展又为继电保护技术的发展不断地注入了新的活力，因此，继电保护技术得天独厚，在40 余年的时间里完成了发展的4 个历史阶段。

建筑方面的英文文献.1doc_secret

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 文献、资料来源：International Journal文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005.5.30院（部）：城市建设学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程专业班级：4姓名：XXX学号：指导教师：翻译日期：中文译文：动应力下304L不锈钢振动时效的成效评估摘要振动时效是一种程序，通过动应力振动的方式来减少残余应力。

目前，定时和定量考核振动时效的成效问题十分重要，荷载或动应力在振动时效期间对焊接结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

本文论述了304L不锈钢振动时效期间焊接试样的循环应力应变及儒变机制。

根据实验结果，提出了残余应力对动应力松弛的数学模型，此模型用于评价制造HT—7U Tokamak焊接结构振动时效的影响。

残余应力测量值与计算值之间的差额约为11%，结果表明，采用动态应力振动时效效果评价是实用的。

关键词：振动时效；残余应力；荷载；动态应力；焊接1 引言振动时效表示动应力下残余应力的减少量，虽然已广泛应用了40多年的振动时效机理仍在调查中，但振动时效的定量考核依然是一个十分重要的问题。

一般来说，振动时效处理机附属于要求应力松弛结构的偏心大电机，相结合的动态应力和残余应力可超过材料的屈服强度，从而引发局部塑性变形和应力松弛。

残余应力的减少影响了振动块的自然特性，振动时效效果往往根据比较前后振动时效振动响应曲线[2]来评估，例如移频共振[3]。

但这种方法的有效性，虽然于振动时效后很快步入但却只是定性评价。

定量评价结果可以通过测量振动时效前后同一点处的残余应力得出。

可采用钻孔和XRD两种方法测量焊接残余应力但复杂而费时，由于两种测量方法必需同时采用，故这种评估方法并不常用。

焊接结构振动时效期间评价残余应力的减少需要一种简单而且定性的方法。

残余应力是没有外部载荷情况下自我平衡的内应力。

焊接结构振动时效期间，循环应力或动态应力对结构减少残余应力有直接影响。

毕设外文文献+翻译1

毕设外文文献+翻译1外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application inhospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still facesserious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user?s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and todevelop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively,allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government?s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client.Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client?s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client?s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect?s responsibility is translating client?s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor?s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with theclient.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client?s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client?s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carriessufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client?s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, costestimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and IntellectualProperty Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combine d work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for theelectrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: …This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments? (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurementmethod and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are: the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty ofDentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows: using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows.Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle。

房建毕业设计英文参考文献

房建毕业设计英文参考文献The undergraduate course in civil engineering requires students to complete a final year project, which involves conducting research and writing a dissertation. This process necessitates extensive literature review to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, identify existing knowledge gaps, and formulate research questions. Consequently, consulting relevant literature sources is crucial for ensuring the quality and academic rigor of the project. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive list of English reference sources that can be utilized by civil engineering students during their final year project.Firstly, it is essential to consult authoritative textbooks and handbooks in the field of civil engineering. These resources serve as foundational sources of information, offering in-depth explanations of key concepts, theories, and methodologies. Examples of such textbooks include "Structural Analysis" by Hibbeler, "Reinforced Concrete Design" by Nilson et al., and "Foundation Engineering Handbook" by Fang. These texts not only provide theoretical knowledge but also offer practical applications and case studies relevant to various subfields of civil engineering.Furthermore, peer-reviewed journal articles are invaluable sources of the latest research findings and advancements in the field. Renowned journals such as the "Journal of Structural Engineering," "Construction and Building Materials," and "Transportation Research Record" publish cutting-edge research conducted by experts in their respective domains. Accessing these journals through online databases like ScienceDirect, Scopus, or Web of Science can facilitate the discovery of relevant literature tailored to the specific research topic.Online repositories and digital libraries are another essential resource for accessing a wealth of academic literature. Platforms like the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Library, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) Virtual Library, and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) offer extensive collections of technical reports, conference proceedings, and research papers related to civil engineering projects. These resources often provide valuable insights and data that may not be readily available in traditional journal publications.Additionally, official guidelines, codes, and standards issued by professional organizations and regulatory bodies are crucial reference materials for civil engineering projects. Documents such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code, the International Building Code (IBC), and the American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Bridge Design Specifications provide authoritative guidance on design principles, construction practices, and safety regulations that must be adhered to in civil engineering projects.Moreover, government publications and technical reports from agencies like the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) can offer valuable information on topics such as infrastructure development, environmental impact assessments, and geotechnical investigations. These resources often present case studies, research findings, and best practices that can inform and guide civil engineering projects.Finally, it is crucial to consider online resources and databases that aggregate and provide access to a wide range of civil engineering literature. Platforms like the ASCE Civil Engineering Database, the Engineering Village, and Google Scholar enable comprehensive searches across various sources, including journals, conference proceedings, dissertations, and technical reports. These resources can significantly streamline the literature review process and ensure that relevant studies are not overlooked.In conclusion, a thorough literature review is essential for the successful completion of a civil engineering final year project. Byconsulting authoritative textbooks, peer-reviewed journals, online repositories, official guidelines, government publications, and comprehensive databases, students can gain a deep understanding of their research topic, identify gaps in existing knowledge, and develop well-informed research questions and methodologies. Leveraging these English reference sources will not only enhance the quality of the project but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of civil engineering.。

毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料及译文建筑类型和设计

毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：建筑类型和设计Building types and designAbstract: As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment ,education and other social activities .Key words: industrial buildings; civil buildings; social activitiesA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,themetallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services,suchasschools,officebuildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gym nasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day”rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a d ining alcove .the “night” rooms consist the roost.t he “services” comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .Architectural design development so far, is no longer content merely to live and businesses use natural resources are becoming scarce in today's society, energy saving, environmentally friendly building construction to become the development trend of the future. Market has been as energy conservation, green building the driving force,the recent century represented a harmonious environment, real estate sellingenergy-saving also proves this point. This also means that ordinary people had alienated the energy saving type of real estate, gradually unfold the mystery, to the public.Water reuse and efficient use of water resources technologyReflections Harmony century urban life, the introduction of green, energy-saving building construction concept, the full use of geographical terrain and climate, natural advantages, according to human comfort requirements and weather conditions for construction planning and design, Kunming bring a “non-green , uncooperative”, the life of the proposal, environmental protection into a harmonious way of life.Deep sense of crisis of water scarcity, water conservation harmony century by water reuse treatment systems. “Water”, also known as “recycled water” or “back water”, water reuse is the main form of eff icient use of water resources. “Harmony Century” water reuse treatment systems throughout the real estate sub-quality implementation of all water emissions, returning after a biological focus, depth filtration UV disinfection treatment process, used for toilet flushing, car washing, cleaning, and to meet the landscape and a huge pool green eco-system needs, efficient use of water resources, water cost savings of more households.Impermeable layer of drainage technique with noise“Harmony Century” the introduction of the same layer emission technologies, to achieve the same floor of the main drainage branch pipe and branch pipes are not across the floor drain in the floor within the same established connection to the main drainage pipe.The traditional approach, there are a number of drainage construction, it is hard to solve the problem: noise can interfere with the drainage upstairs downstairs; floor are many holes, the downstairs when the fire could spread to the upstairs; maintenance, when renovation of damage to the downstairs ceilings; sewage poured into the trap as a result of health problems; leaks, clogged affect the downstairs tenants, disputes.“Harmony Century” using the same drainage system, installed only in the civil riser, interior designers can be free of the bathroom layout, drainage branch pipe inthe renovation by interior design drawings for installation. As a result, not only solved the problem of traditional drainage patterns to achieve the clarity of property rights, each household has a fully independent health space, tenants will not be the upper interference, while still meeting the personalized decoration, personalized decoration . Solar energy saving lamp“Harmony Century” will be back in two years ago, solar lighting in the planning, is the first application of solar lighting in Kunming than real estate, energy-saving environmental protection played a role model.Solar energy street lights, without power because of their influence, without ditching embedding, not consumption of conventional energy, as long as the sunny spot to be installed and so on. Harmony century, the first to use solar lights, charging at night during the day, no external power supply, safety and energy conservation pollution; the process of charging and switching lights from the microcomputer intelligent control, automatic lights dark, dawn, turn off the lights automatically, without manual operation, stable and reliable , long life, full of energy saving; solar power supply systems over ad hoc charge, discharge, anti-reverse and lightning, etc., more secure and reliable operation.Thermal insulation of aerated concrete brick insulation, noise, radiation Aerated concrete is a new type of light porous materials, it is light weight, good insulation properties, high strength, shock resistance, sound insulation performance, high temperature and so on.Since only the weight of aerated concrete brick and sand-lime brick is equivalent to 1 / 3 of ordinary concrete, 1 / 5, greatly reducing the weight of body building, built to improve the seismic performance of buildings.We can see from the structure, the internal structure of aerated concrete, like bread, like a large number of evenly distributed closed pores, so in general do not have the sound-absorbing building materials performance。

建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

建筑电气外文文献

提高个人的生活质量，通过他们的智能家居该项目的假设是：可以增加一个人的生活质量的“智能技术”集成到他们的家庭环境。

这个假设是非常广泛的，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面的，潜在的过度研磨，分节的人口。

特别是，该项目将重点放在与卫生保健需求的环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大的受益于这种增强的方法住房。

两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”的问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量的措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面的调查，没有这方面的全球视野。

工作往往是在小围的各个部分是如何有助于实现更大的目标只有有限的想法。

这个项目有一个非常强烈的责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性的方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分的重要问题，而且正确的全局方向的总和的部分会产生更大的回报比的各个组成部分。

这个新的领域与业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败的原因只考虑一个子集的问题，通常是技术的子集。

成功的项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面的方法是至关重要的。

这种整体性的要求也适用于领域的“聪明屋”，如果我们真的希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术的兴趣。

话虽如此，下面列出的大部分工作是非常重要的，在其个人的主题包含了大量新奇的。

医疗保健和保障性住房：至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”的技术可以帮助体弱的老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历的非正式照顾者。

因此，建议研究的目的是确定帮助老年人保持自己的独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们的爱心活动中的各种住宅技术的实用性。

整体设计的研究是集中在两个群体的老年人。

首先是老人出院急性护理环境的潜在能力下降，保持独立。

一个例子是有髋关节置换手术的老年人。

本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们的行动不便。

第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助的非正式护理员的生活在距离。

关心的高级生活的距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者的职业倦怠的高风险。

(完整版)_毕业设计外文文献

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院土木工程与建筑系年级专09级工程管理二班姓曹向佩学附FIDIC1.Engineer and Engineers RepresentativeThe duties and authority of the engineer and engineersrepresentative1.1 Engineer's Duties and Authority1.1.1. The Engineer shall carry out the duties specified in the Contract.1.1.2. The Engineer may exercise the authority specified in or necessarily to be implied from the Contract, provided, the specific approval of the Employer before exercising any such authority, particulars of such requirements shall be set out in Part II ofthese Conditions. Provided further that any requisite approval shall be deemed to given by the Employer for any such authority exercised by the Engineer.1.1.3. Except as expressly stated in the Contract, the Engineer shall the Engineer and . Any such delegation or revocation shall be in writing and shall not take effectuntil a copy thereof delivered to the Employer and the Contractor. Any communication given by the Engineer's Representative to the Contractor in accordance with such delegation shall given by the Engineer. provided that :1.3.1. Any failure of the Engineer’s Representative to disapprove any work, materials or Plant shall not prejudice the authority of the Engineer to disapprove such works, materials or Plant and to give instructions for the rectification thereof;1.3.2. If the Contractor questions any communication of the Engineer's Representative .1.4 Appointment of AssistantsThe Engineer or the Engineer's representative may appoint any number of person to assist the Engineer's Representative in the carrying out of . Such assistants shall so far as such instructions may be necessary to enable them carry out their duties and to secure their acceptance of materials, Plant or workmanship as being in accordance with the Contract, and any instructions given by any of them for those purposes shall be deemed to given by the Engineer's representative.1.5 Instructions in WritingInstructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing, provided that if for any reason the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, the Contractor shall comply with such instruction. Confirmation in writing of such oral instruction given by the Engineer, whether before or after the carrying out of the instruction, shall be deemed to be an instruction within the meaning of this Sub-Clause. Provided further that if the Contractor, within 7 days, confirms in writing to the Engineer any oral instruction of the Engineer and such confirmation is not contradicted in writingwithin 7 days by the Engineer, it shall be deemed to be an instruction of the Engineer. The provisions of this Sub-Clause shall equallyapply to instructions given by the Engineer's Representative and any assistants of the Engineer or the Engineer's Representative appointed pursuant to Sub-Clause 1.4.1.6 Engineer to Act impartiallyWherever, under the Contract, the Engineer is required to exercise by :1.6.1. Giving , opinion or consent, or1.6.2. Expressing or approval, or1.6.3. Determining value, or1.6.4. Otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of the Employer or the Contractor impartially within the terms of the Contract and , opinion, consent, expression of satisfaction, or approval, determination of value or action may be opened up, reviewed or revised as provided in Clause 67.2.Assignment and SubcontractingThe change of the duties and authority2.1 Assignment of ContractThe Contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer (which consent, notwithstanding the provisions of Sub-Clause 1.5, shall be at the sole discretion of the Employer), assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by :2.1.1. A charge in favour of the Contractor's bankers of any monies due or to become due under the Contract, or2.1.2. Assignment to the Contractor's insurers (in cases where the insurers relief against any other party liable.2.2 SubcontractingThe Contractor shall not subcontract the whole of the Works. Except whereotherwise provided by the Contract, the Contractor shall not subcontract any part of the Works without the prior consent of the Engineer. Any such consent shall not relieve the Contractor from any liability or obligation under the Contract and as fully as if they were the acts, defaults or neglects of the Contractor, . Provided such consent for :2.2.1. the provision of labour, or2.2.2. the purchase of materials which are in accordance with the standards specified in the Contract, or2.2.3. the subcontracting of any part of the Works for the Subcontractor is named in the Contract.2.3 Assignment of Subcontractors' ObligationsIn the event of a Subcontractor towards the Contractor in respect of the work executed, or the goods, materials, Plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract, the Contractor shall at any time, after the expiration of such Period, assign to the Employer, at the Employer’s request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the un-expired duration thereof.3.Contract DocumentsThe consist of the contract documents3.1 Languages and LawThere is stated in Part II of these Conditions :3.1.1. the language or languages in which the Contract documents shall be drawn up, and3.1.2. the country or state the law of which shall apply to the Contract & according to which the Contract shall be construed. If the said documents arewritten in more than one language, the language according to which the Contract shall be construed and interpreted is also stated in Part II of these Conditions, being therein designated the "Ruling Language".3.2 Priority of Contract DocumentsThe several documents forming the Contract are to be taken as mutually explanatory of oneanother, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted bythe Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor instructions thereon and in such event,unless otherwise provided in the Contract, the priority of the documents forming the Contract shallbe as follows :3.2.1. The Contract Agreement (if completed) ;3.2.2. The Letter of Acceptance ;3.2.3. The Tender ;3.2.4. Part II of these Conditions ;3.2.5. Part I of these Conditions ; and3.2.6. Any other document forming part of the Contract.3.3 Custody and Supply of Drawings and DocumentsThe Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of the Engineer, but two copies thereof shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge. The Contractor shall make at cost any further copies required by and other documents provided by the Employer or the Engineer shall not, without the consent of the Engineer, be used or communicated to a third party by the Contractor. Upon issue of the DefectsLiability Certificate, the Contractor shall return to the Engineer all Drawings, Specification and other documents provided under the Contract. The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of all Drawings, Specification and other documents submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer in accordance with Clause 7, together with a reproducible copy of any material which cannot be reproduced to an equal standard by photocopying. In addition the Contractor shall supply such further copies of such Drawings, Specification and other documents as the Engineer may request in writing for the use of the Employer, who shall pay the cost thereof.3.4 One of Copy of Drawings to be Kept on SiteOne copy of the Drawings, provided to or supplies by the Contractor as aforesaid, shall be kept by the Contractor on the Site and the same shall at all reasonable times be available for inspection and use by the Engineer and by any other person authorised by the Engineer in writing.3.5 Disruption of ProgressThe Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer, with a copy to the Employer, whenever planning or execution of the Works is likely to be delayed or disrupted unless any further drawing or instruction is issued by the Engineer within a reasonable time. The notice shall include details ofthe drawing or instruction required and of why and by when it is required and of any delay or disruption likely to be suffered if it is late.3.6 Delays and Cost of Delay of DrawingsIf, by reason of any failure or inability of the Engineer to issue, within a time reasonable in all the circumstances, any drawing or instruction for which notice given by the Contractor in accordance with Sub-Clause 6.3, the Contractor suffersdelay andor incurs costs then theEngineer shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine :3.6.1. Any extension of time to which the Contractor is entitled under Clause 44, and 3.6.2. The amount of such costs, which shall be added to the Contract Price, and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.3.7 Failure by Contractor to Submit DrawingsIf the failure or inability of the Engineer to issue any drawings or instructions is caused in whole or in part by failure of the Contractor to submit Drawings, Specification or other documents which making pursuant to Sub-Clause 6.4.3.8 Supplementary Drawings and InstructionsThe Engineer shall and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. The Contractor shall carry out and be bound by the same.3.9 Permanent Works Designed by ContractorWhere the Contract expressly provides that part of the Permanent Works shall be designed by the Contractor, as shall be necessary to satisfy the Engineer as to the suitability and adequacy of that design, and3.9.2. operation and maintenance manuals together with drawings of the Permanent Works as completed, in sufficient detail to enable the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble and adjust the Permanent Works incorporating that design. The Works shall not be considered to be completed for the purposes of taking over in accordance with Clause 48 until such operation and maintenance manuals, together with drawings on completion, submitted to and approved by the Engineer.3.10 Responsibility Unaffected by ApprovalApproval by the Engineer, in accordance with Sub-Clause 7.2, shall not relieve the Contractor of any of the contracts and the owner4.1 Contractor's General ResponsibilitiesThe Contractor shall, with the due care and diligence, design (to the extent provided for by the Contract), execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein accordance with the provisions of the Contract. The Contractor shall provide all superintendence, labour, materials, Plant, Contractor's Equipment and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for such design, execution, completion and remedying of any defects, so far as the necessity for providing the same is specified in or is reasonably to be inferred from the Contract.4.2 Site Operations and Methods of ConstructionThe Contractor shall take full responsibility for the adequacy, stability and safety of all Site operations and methods of construction. Provided that the Contractor shall not be responsible (except as stated or specification of Permanent Works, or for the design or specification of any Temporary Works nor prepared by the Contractor. Where the Contract expressly provides that part of the Permanent Works shall be designed by the Contractor, so to do, enter into execute the Contract Agreement, to be prepared and completed at the cost of the Employer, in the form annexed to these Conditions with such modification as may be necessary.4.4 Performance SecurityIf the Contract requires the Contractor to obtain security for and provide to the Employer such security within 28 days after the receipt of Letter of Acceptance, in the sum stated in the Appendix to Tender. When providing such security to the Employer, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of so doing. Such security shallbe in the form annexed to these Conditions or in such other form as may be agreed between the Employer and the Contractor. The institution providing such security shall be subject to the approval of the Employer. The cost of complying with the requirements of the Clause shall be borne by the Contractor, unless the Contract otherwise provides.4.5 Period of Validity of Performance SecurityThe performance security shall be valid until the Contractor accordance with the Contract. No claim shall be made against such security after the issue of the Defects Liability Certificate in accordance with Sub-Clause 62.1 and such security shall be returned to the Contractor within 14 days of the issue of the said Defects Liability Certificate.4.6 Claims under Performance SecurityPrior to making a claim under the performance security the Employer shall, in every case, notify the Contractor stating the nature of the default in respect of which the claim is to be made.4.7 Inspection of SiteThe Employer shall by the Contractor of the Tender, such data on obtained by or on behalf of the Employer from investigations undertaken relevant to the Worksbut the Contractor shall be responsible for interpretation thereof.The Contractor shall be deemed to available in connection therewith and to and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects therein, and4.7.4. the means of access to the Site and accommodation general, shall be deemed to , subject as above mentioned, as to risks, contingencies and all other circumstances which may influence or affect the data made available by theEmployer and on inspection and examination, all as aforementioned中文翻译1.工程师和工程师代表工程队与工程师代表职责权利的划分1.1 工程师的职责和权利1.1.1工程师必须遵行合同中所规定的职责。

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