商业楼宇外文翻译
h
h Commercial Buildings
Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial
buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations;
power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and
electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination;
lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems
planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation;
special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although
directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience,
it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial
buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook;
however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for
commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and
practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental
bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load
characteristics
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope
This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented
engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all
engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However,
it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and
handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should
be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial
buildings.
1.2 Commercial Buildings
The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings” as used in this
chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private
dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches,
marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, h
h governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional
institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public
directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are
used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall
within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings,
because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more h
h and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better
understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the
systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1.
1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements
In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings,
some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below,
will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections
of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design
of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include:
1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of
loads and load factors
2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3)
Flexibility and provisions for expansion
3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
4) Reliability and continuity
5) Safety of personnel and property
6) Initial and maintained cost
7) Operation and maintenance
8) Fault current and system coordination
9) Power sources
10) Distribution systems
11) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems
12) Energy conservation, demand, and control
13) Conformance with regulatory requirements h
h 14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements, altitude,
sound levels, security, exposure to physical elements, fire hazards, hazardous
locations, and power conditioning and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems
1.10 Safety Safety of life and preservation of property are two of the most
important factors in the design of the electric system.
This is especially true in commercial buildings because of public occupancy,
thoroughfare, and high occupancy density. In many commercial buildings, the systems
operating staff have very limited technical capabilities and may not have any
specific electrical training.
Various codes provide rules and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and
property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than
城市常见公共标识英语：街道、交通标识、各种地点名称、房子类型...等
城市常见公共标识英语：街道、交通标识、各种地点名称、房子类型...等
urban 市区的
shopping centre 商业区
district 区
residential area 居民区,住宅区
suburb 近郊区
outskirts 郊区
slums 贫民窟,贫民区
shantytown 贫民区
village 村
hamlet 小村
hole, dump 狭小破旧的住房
locality 所在地
extension 范围,扩展
house 房子
building 楼房
skyscraper 摩天楼
flat 居住单元,套房
shop, store 商店
department stores 百货公司
bazar, bazaar 市场
market 市场,集市
junk shop 旧货店
newsstand 报摊
Commodity Exchange 商品交易所
Stock Exchange 股票交易所
school 学校
university 大学
library 图书馆
theatre 剧院 (美作:theater)
museum 博物馆
zoological garden 动物园
fairground, fun fair 游乐园
stadium 体育场
general post office 邮局
station 车站
中级商住一体区的简短英文表达
主题：中级商住一体区的简短英文表达
近年来，随着城市化进程的加速，商住一体区成为了城市规划和开发的热门话题。商住一体区不仅能够优化城市资源配置，提高土地利用效率，还能够提升居民的生活品质和城市的整体形象。在国际交流与合作中，我们经常需要用到英文来表达商住一体区，下面就是商住一体区的简短英文表达：
1. 商住一体区
Commercial and residential integrated area
2. 商住混合用地
Mixed-usemercial and residential land
3. 商住一体化开发
Commercial and residential integrated development
4. 商住混合型建筑
Mixed-usemercial and residential building
5. 商住一体化规划
Commercial and residential integrated planning
6. 商务住宅区
Commercial residential district
7. 商住一体化示范区
Commercial and residential integrated demonstration zone
8. 商住双层楼
Duplex building formercial and residential use
9. 商住两用房
Dual-use building formercial and residential purposes
10. 商住并举
Integration ofmercial and residential functions
11. 综合体
Complex for mixed use
12. 商居两用
Commercial and residential dual-use
以上就是商住一体区的简短英文表达，希望可以对大家有所帮助。在国际交流与合作中，正确使用英文表达可以更好地传递信息，促进合作，推动项目的顺利进行。希望大家在日常工作中能够多加积累，提高自身的专业水平，为城市规划和开发贡献自己的力量。商住一体区的发展是随着城市化进程的不断推进而逐渐兴起的一种新型城市发展模式。它结合了商业和居住功能，通过有效地利用城市空间资源，为城市的持续发展提供了新的方向和动力。随着人们生活水平的不断提高和城市规划理念的革新，商住一体区的建设已经成为了城市规划和建设中的热点和重点，对于改善城市环境和提高人们的生活品质具有重要意义。
商业建筑外文翻译
商业建筑外文翻译
Commercial Buildings
Abstract:
A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial
buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage
considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers;
services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems;
systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space
conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility
automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special
requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although
directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building
experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the
electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is
not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the
商业建筑(外文文献翻译)教程文件
Commercial Buildings
Abstract:
A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers
load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers;
services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and
coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems
planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements
by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented
engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible
for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be
a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for
商业建筑外文翻译 2
1 Commercial Buildings
Abstract:
A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers
load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers;
services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and
coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems
planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements
by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented
engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible
for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be
a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for
建筑英文翻译
草图 Draft drawing/sketch
平面 Plan
总平面 master plan
剖面 Section
立面 Elevation
正立面 Facade
透视图 Perspective
轴测图 Axonometric view
示意图/分析图 Diagram
地图分析/制图 mapping/ mapping diagram
图表 chart/table
容积率 floor area ratio
覆盖率 Coverage
城市设计 Urban design; civic design
区域规划 Regional planning
总体规划 comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning
分区规划District planning/ zoning act
控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan
修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning)
场地规划 Site planning
近期建设规划 Immediate planning
步行轴 Walking axis
概念设计 conceptual design
方案设计 schematic design
扩初设计 design development
详细设计、细部设计 Detail Design
城市化Urbanization
城市生态Urban ecology 城市农业 urban farming/ urban agriculture
经济能量来源 Economy energy sources
可持续发展Sustainable development
历史性城市的保护规划 Preservation Plan of historic cities
旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan
实用的商业地产英语词汇
商业地产英语词汇集中营property 物业，资产
interest 产权
subsidiary 附属机构，子公司
valuation 评估
open market value 公开市场价值
leaseback 售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）
on a residual basis 剩余法
capital value 资本价值
cost of development 开发费（指拆迁费，七通一平费等）
professional fee 专业人员费（指勘察设计费等）
finance costs 融资成本（指利息等）
sale proceeds 销售收益
on the basis of capitalisation 资本还原法
floor area 建筑面积
title document 契约文书
plaza 购物中心
land use certificate 土地使用证
commercial/residential complex 商住综合楼
land use fee 土地使用费（获得土地使用权后，每年支付国家的使用土地费用）
Grant Contract of Land Use Right 土地使用权出让合同
plot ratio 容积率
site coverage 建筑密度
land use term 土地使用期
project approval 项目许可
planning approval 规划许可
commission 佣金
permit 许可证
business license 营业执照
strata-title 分层所有权
public utilities 公共设施
urban planning 城市规划
state-owned land 国有土地
fiscal allotment 财政拨款
grant or transfer 出让或转让
建筑用英文怎么翻译
建筑用英文怎么翻译
在全球范围内，建筑行业是一个非常繁荣和重要的领域。无论是建筑物的设计、施工还是管理，英文术语在建筑行业中起着至关重要的作用。对于建筑从业者和相关专业人士来说，掌握建筑术语的英文翻译是非常重要的。在本文中，我们将探讨一些常见的建筑术语以及它们在英文中的对应翻译。
1. 建筑类型
建筑物可以分为各种类型，每种类型都有其独特的特点和功能。以下是一些常见的建筑类型及其对应的英文翻译：
• 住宅建筑（Residential Building）
• 商业建筑（Commercial Building）
• 办公楼（Office Building）
• 学校（School）
• 医院（Hospital）
• 酒店（Hotel）
• 工厂（Factory）
• 体育馆（Sports Arena）
• 博物馆（Museum）
• 公共建筑（Public Building）
2. 建筑要素
在建筑设计和描述中，常使用一些特定的术语来描述建筑的各个要素。以下是一些常见的建筑要素及其对应的英文翻译：
• 地基（Foundation）
• 结构（Structure）
• 外墙（Exterior Wall）
• 内墙（Interior Wall）
• 楼层（Floor）
• 屋顶（Roof）
• 窗户（Window）
• 门（Door）
• 楼梯（Stairs）
• 电梯（Elevator）
• 管道（Piping）
• 照明设备（Lighting Fixtures） • 空调系统（Air Conditioning System）
• 暖气系统（Heating System）
• 排水系统（Drainage System）
• 电气系统（Electrical System）
• 防火系统（Fire Protection System）
3. 建筑材料
在建筑中，使用了许多不同类型的材料来构建建筑物。以下是一些常见的建筑材料及其对应的英文翻译：
建筑物的英语单词
建筑物的英语单词
建筑物是城市的重要组成部分，我们每天都与各种各样的建筑物打交道。了解建筑物相关的英语单词是提升自己英语能力的重要一步。在本文中，我们将介绍一些常见的建筑物英语单词，帮助你扩展词汇量并更好地与人交流。
一、住宅
住宅是我们生活中常见的建筑类型。在英语中，住宅的单词有house、apartment、villa等。House是最常见的词汇，意为“房子”，它可以指独立的房屋，也可以指一栋楼中的单元。Apartment则指公寓，是多个住房单元位于同一栋楼中的一种类型。Villa则指别墅，一般是独立的、多层楼的房屋。
二、商业建筑
商业建筑用于商业目的，如商店、餐厅、办公楼等。商店的英语单词是shop，指小型的零售店。而department store是大型百货商店，通常有多个楼层和各种各样的商品。Restaurant则指餐厅，office building则是指办公楼。
三、公共建筑
公共建筑是为公众提供服务和娱乐的场所。在英语中，公共建筑的单词有hospital、school、library等。Hospital是医院的意思，它为人们提供医疗服务。School指学校，有各种不同类型的学校，如primary school（小学）、secondary school（中学）以及university（大学）。Library则是图书馆，是人们获取知识和信息的重要场所。
四、宗教建筑
宗教建筑是用于举行宗教仪式和祈祷的场所。在英语中，宗教建筑的单词有church、temple、mosque等。Church指教堂，一般用于基督教的礼拜和宗教仪式。Temple指寺庙，常见于佛教、印度教等宗教。Mosque则指清真寺，是伊斯兰教徒礼拜和祈祷的场所。
五、文化建筑
文化建筑是用于展示和保护文化遗产的场所。在英语中，文化建筑的单词有museum、gallery、theater等。Museum是博物馆的意思，收藏、展示和研究各种收藏品。Gallery是画廊，展示绘画、雕塑等艺术作品。Theater则是剧院，用于表演舞台剧、音乐会等演出。
建筑物用英语怎么说
建筑物用英语怎么说
建筑物是指人类为满足特定需求而设计、建造的具有固定结构的人工环境。在不同的场景和文化背景下，建筑物的名称和表达方式会有所不同。下面将介绍不同类型建筑物的英语表达。
1. 住宅建筑物
住宅建筑物是人们居住的地方，提供居住和休息的功能。根据尺寸和用途的不同，可以分为独立屋（detached house）、公寓（apartment）、联排别墅（townhouse）、别墅（villa）等。此外，还有一些特定的住宅类型，如工人阶级住房（workers' housing）、学生公寓（dormitory）等。
2. 商业建筑物
商业建筑物是用于商业活动的场所，其中包括各种零售商店（retail
store）、超市（supermarket）、商场（shopping mall）、餐厅（restaurant）和办公楼（office building）。当然，还有一些专门用于娱乐和休闲的商业建筑，如电影院（cinema）、健身房（gym）、夜总会（nightclub）等。
3. 文化建筑物
文化建筑物用于艺术、文化和教育活动。它们包括图书馆（library）、博物馆（museum）、剧院（theater）、音乐厅（concert
hall）和学校（school）。此外，还有一些特殊类型的文化建筑，如艺术画廊（art gallery）、礼堂（auditorium）、大学（university）等。 4. 宗教建筑物
宗教建筑物为宗教崇拜和仪式提供场所，代表了特定宗教的价值观和信仰体系。常见的宗教建筑物有教堂（church）、寺庙（temple）、清真寺（mosque）、修道院（monastery）等。
5. 政府和公共建筑物
政府和公共建筑物用于行政机构和公共服务。它们包括议会大厦（parliament building）、城市大厅（city hall）、法院（court）和医院（hospital）。此外，还有邮局（post office）、车站（station）、图书馆（public library）等提供特定公共服务的建筑。