Vibration chapter 3
轴瓦乌金碎裂与碾压(Bearing+and+crushing+of+bearing)
轴瓦乌金碎裂与碾压（Bearing and crushing ofbearing）轴瓦乌金碎裂与碾压(Bearing and crushing of bearing)Bearing and crushing of bearingBearing shell sharply fracture is common in small and medium-sized units, sharply rolling on the large unit is relatively common, once appear, and these failures before did not find out the cause of the problem and find out some effective measures, will happen frequently, which have to frequent downtime check and replace the bearing shell. Therefore, these faults are not malignant, but have great influence on the utilization rate and safety of the unit.5.4.1 the general situation and characteristics of the axial and crushing accidentsThe crushing and crushing of axial ujin is generally found in the new machine, and some of the units have been repaired. The RCC can be formed at a time when the unit is stopped. The fracturing of the ujin is usually formed by the operation of 1-2 weeks, and the few units with special faults can be formed in one or two days.The image shows a 12MW back-pressure turbine with 2 watts of lower tiles, and the new tile is broken after 2 months of operation.It can be seen from the figure that the axial fragmentation isevenly distributed along the axial length, and the ujin fracture occurs in the highest oil film pressure region in the working state, and thedamaged edge is evenly distributed along the boundary line of the oil capsule. From the fragments, someof the pieces had fallen off completely from the tile, and a largegap had been formed between them. This phenomenon shows that after the fracturing of the ujin, after a long time running, the marginal small cracks develop and form the granules and are washed away by the oil flow.In general, the bearing of the group is not installed in the temperature measuring point, so the fracturing of the ujin is difficultto find in the operation of the unit. However, even if the temperature measurement points are installed on the ujin, if the measuring point is not in the zone of ujin, then the ujin temperature is not abnormal after the fracturing. And even though the temperature measurement points arein the ujin fragmentation area, the ujin temperature is no abnormalafter the fracturing. Only when the shaft neck and the temperature measurement point are directly touching the extremely short moment. Asthe temperature rises, the temperature measurement points are quickly damaged due to grinding. Temperature measurement point damage is a common fault of the running unit, and it is not usually caused by the disintegration of the uljin. So some units bearing cataclastic continues to run, after the debris area is decreasing, the journal with tiledirectly touching ground, thus not only make the journal serious wearand tear, and as the rotor, severe wear on flow passage.The bearing pressure of the bearing is that the ujin is subjected to excessive compressive stress (dynamic, static load), or the temperatureof the ujin is raised and softened, resulting in extrusion deformation under normal pressure. The extruded ujin first blocks the oil hole in the top of the roof, then squeezes the ujin into thin slices, which are brought toand accumulated in the mid-section oil gap by the rotating shaft neck.When the temperature of the ujin is too high, and the softening produces plastic deformation or wear, the high temperature of the ujinis attached to the shaft neck, which causes a gnawing of the ujin, which causes more serious damage to the bearing. If sharply plastic deformation and wear damage the normal oil wedge, lower oil to reduce or block can make sharply temperature rise sharply, so this kind of fault handling a bit not in time, can cause bearing shell burned. The falling of the ujin rotors causes severe mine grinding and a series of failures and accidents, but this failure can be effectively prevented by monitoring the ujin temperature.5.4.2 mechanism and cause of the bearing fracture of the bearingIn order to correctly understand the causes of ujin and to formulate effective countermeasures, it is necessary to find out the mechanism of the fracturing of the ujin.5.4.2.1 the mechanism and process of ujin fragmentationIn the working speed of the rotor, the oil film with a thickness of 100-300 mu m between the shaft neck and the ujin is determined by the diameter of the shaft, the shape of the shaft, the rotational speed,etc., and there is a relative vibration between the shaft neck and the shaft. Further, the excitation force on the rotor passes through the shaft neck and the oil film to the bearing seat, causing the oil film to produce alternating force. When the stress is too high, the surface of the ujin will form a small fatigue crack, and then the pressure of the oil film pressure will crack into the small crack, so that the small cracks will expand and penetrate, and the ujin will form the broken pieces. These fragments, under the influence of alternating oil wedge forces, fall off from the tile, causing the broken pieces to collide and change the pressure oil wedge into the small crack.The debris is continue to break into pieces, small pieces are constantly flow washed away, declining sharply bearing area, and finally so the pressure is too high, soften temperature rise sharply, the remaining bearing sharply extrusion into thin slices, squeezed out from the oil gap, rotor, shaft neck and tyres are mill directly. This is sharply during the process of fracture damage, but because of the sharply after fracture, journal on cataclastic sharply still can continue to run a long time, so most of the unit before the fractured sharply after melting, stop check the bearing shell can be found as shown in the situation, thereby preventing the damage of journal later. Therefore, it is more common in the field, but the accidents of the shaft neck and the flat tire are smaller.5.4.2.2 reasons for the fracturing of the ujinThe results show that there are two reasons for the fracturing ofthe bearing: one is that the relative displacement of the shaft neck is too large, which causes the pressure of the larger alternating oil film. The second is the stiffness and resistance of oil film, which can not effectively cushion and damp the oil film. The reasons for the relative displacement of the axial radial relative displacement, the stiffness of theoil film and the small damping are discussed.1. The axial radial relative displacement is too largeThe reasons for the relative displacement of axial radial relative displacement are:(1) the rotation axis is excessively vibratingThe relative amplitude of the rotation axis is proportional to the excitation force and the bearing stiffness of the bearing, which is inversely proportional to the stiffness of the oil film. The axial amplitude is proportional to the excitation force and inversely proportional to the dynamic stiffness of the bearing. Unit shaft amplitude commonly so, Jane ground reflects the relative vibration shaft size, but for small and medium-sized turbine bearing, as smaller quality of rotor, bearing support dynamic stiffness relative quality (rotor) is larger, and under the small shell amplitude, axis relative vibration is larger; Instead, large unit steam turbine, especially the low pressure rotor and generator rotor bearing, bearing support dynamic stiffness is low, under the small shell amplitude, axis relative vibration cannot toobig, so the bearing shell sharply rupture occurs mostly in small and medium-sized turbine bearing, large generator shaft fractured sharply rare defect.Causes of the shaft relative vibration exciting force is too large, the relative vibration caused by the rotation of exciting force and bearing vibration exciting force, the failure cause of these exciting force with its diagnosis method, in the second chapter has introduced in detail in section 2.There are two main kinds of excitation force that cause the relative vibration of the axis of rotation, one is the rotor unbalance force, which includes the rotor thermal variation and the permanent bending. The second is the axial half speed vortex.(2) the original swing of the bearing is too largeThe original pendulum value of the shaft is too large, and the rotation of the rotor is like the relative vibration of the rotating shaft, which can also lead to the large pressure of the alternating oil film. The reasons for the excessive pendulum swing are:1) axial machining error. The shaft neck processing is bad, make its ellipse passes big, sometimes in the neck axial length of a smallellipse through the big, will cause the ujin to break up. From a large number of measured data, when the ellipticity exceeds 0.05 mm, it will result in the disintegration of ujin. Therefore, the ellipticity should be less than 0.02 mm for the axial neck and the running of the new unit due to wear.Check shaft neck ovality, will on tile peel, axial length uniformly distributed along the axis neck 3-4 measuring plane, and the circumference of each measurement plane can be divided into eight parts, measured with a dial indicator along the vertical direction in turn each point of the circular flat machine shake pendulum value, and then calculate each plane in the direction of maximum diameter difference, the difference is called the ovality. Each plane ellipse should be less than 0.02 mm.2) rotor bending. The unbalance caused by permanent bending or thermal bending of the rotor can be compensated by aggravation, but it will increase the pendulum value of the shaft. There are some rotorsthat are bent, and by aggravating, the axis vibration is satisfied, but then the bearing is broken.The permanent bending of the rotor causes the rotation of the axles to be checked, which is the same as the concentricity method in the fourth section of the second chapter. The heat bending of the rotor causes the axial wobble to increase, and the relative vibration of the rotor is increased or not.3) axial connection concentricity bias. Shaft connectionconcentricity deviation, is mainly due to the coupling reaming installation and overhaul, the two rotor has failed to cause the concentric, so when the shaft after the bolt tightening, caused by the different heart of two rotor shaft neck set value is too large.2. The stiffness and damping of axial oil film are insufficientPantile normal circle and ellipse of oil film has good buffer and damping action, but for some needs and traditional habits of scraping tile, often under the will of the two bearings tile scraping into shape as shown in figure 5-5 oil capsule.A large number of field tests proved that this kind of bearing vibration resistance less oil scraper capsule shell is much lower, so some units after start-up and commissioning was put into operation, frequent sharply fracture, but the measuredaxis relative vibration is less than 50 microns, the journal each point set value is less than 0.02 mm. The vibration of the rotating shaft was found in the normal load process, and the vibration increased to 100-130 mu m, which lasted only 1-2min. Also, some of the units under the 3000 r/min and carrying load process, the rotor vibration are less than 50 microns, only in the process of the unit start-stop, through the critical speed, rotor shaft vibration of 100-160 microns, only 2 to 3 times of start-stop, jie tile inspection, found that sharply has obvious fracture, the fracture zone as shown in figure 5-4, along the oil sac border.For these units, it is more difficult to reduce the relativevibration of the shaft. A simple and effective measure is to improve the bearing vibration resistance, increase the oil film thickness and damping, the specific measures are bearing shell after the car, the fluctuation of tile edging slightly revised, slips do not make any repairs. Through the experiment of multiple machines, a new tile couldonly be used for half a month to break up and replace the bearing ofoil-free follicles. After 4-5 years of operation, there was no such accident. It is proved that the reason of the fracturing of the shaft of the oil bladder is caused by the relative vibration of the small axial neck, which is due to the significant decrease in the anti-vibration performance of the bearing.5.4.3 the causes and mechanism of the bearing of the bearingIf the fracturing of the ujin is caused by the dynamic load, the squeezing of the ujin is caused by the static load and the excessive temperature of the ujin. However, further researchhas found that the relative vibration of the short - time axial neck can cause the crushing of ujin in addition to the simple static load overload. The reasons and mechanism of the two kinds of loading are discussed in detail below.5.4.3.1 static loadThe axial static load mainly comes from the rotor; The second is the preload on the rotor. The preloading source on the rotor has been introduced in section 6 of chapter 3.The operation of large sets of imported, imported and domestic steam turbine low pressure rotor bearing, due to the design pressure is quite high, so the design though chose pantile carrying capacity of the highest circle, but the runtime these sharply rolling bearing often occur.The generation of this roller is suspected to be due to the failure of the oil film to establish the oil film in the disk and at low speed, and the shaft oil does not lift the rotor. It is proved by the measured axial buoyancy that it is not. FIG. 5-6 shows the relationship between the volume and rotational speed of a domestic 600MW unit (the front tile of low pressure rotor II).By figure 5-6, barring (start jacking oil pump) when the shaft neck float amount to 50 microns, bearing shell temperature sharply with imported oil temperature very close to, ran after the turn speed of more than 200 r/min, shaft neck float amount is more than 80 microns, at this time was not significantly elevated temperature sharply, clearly very sharply temperatureis above 2800 r/min and after loading, the general is 98-103 ?C.From the bearing pressure analysis, low pressure rotor bearing pressure are usually on the high side, numerical 1.401.7 Mpa, and than the pressure of the bearing surface area is calculated by journal (L.D) projection area, it is much bigger than the shaft neck confined area, so sharply actual bear is bigger than pressure is calculated. Assume that journal and the bearing contact Angle 60 ?, bearing and the bearing contact arc length is 0.524 D, considering both sides of the bearing contact with the journal the existence of the oil film pressure, also can undertake part of the load, to a conservative estimate,The actual pressure area of the axial neck is 0.7 DL, so the real ratio of ujin is 2.0-2.4 Mpa, which is 42% higher than the calculated value. General sharply at room temperature under the compressive stress will not produce plastic deformation, that is to say, in the operation of busbar sharply rolling deformation, temperature will rise, strength decrease after plastic deformation. After the long drive and low speed heating machine, the machine is checked and the ujin is intact, which indicates that the above analysis is realistic.The temperature rise of the general assembly is mostly at a higher speed. This is due to increased pressure, increase significantly under the high speed bearing friction calorific value, when its calorific value can not be oil flow away entirely, heat accumulation, as speed increases sharply temperature significantly higher; When the temperature rose to 110 ?, the sharply, though not soften, but its strength will decrease, which will produce a certain rolling deformation; If the deformation causes the wedge to be damaged, the oil content of the lower tile will decrease, the temperature of the ujin will rise rapidly, and the ujin will produce a larger plastic deformation. When the oil wedge is severely damaged, the temperature will increase sharply. Even if the brake stops, the temperature of ujin will continue to rise. Run a lot of experience has shown that when sharply raised to 110 ? C temperature, hits the brake, eventually sharply temperatures often exceed 130 ? C, and 150 ? C, sharply inevitably produce severe when rolling and wear; Sharply above 160 ? C temperature, finally, because of the sharplyserious wear and tear, damage of temperature measuring point, thus the final temperature sharply there has checked, but from the accident sharply after a large number of melting outflow phenomenon analysis, sharply temperature has more than 230 ? C in the end.Sharply to avoid a bearings rolling, wear, melting, axle bushsharply in the equipment operation temperature should not be only a maximum value, at the same time should also be stipulated temperature reaches a certain limit of allowable temperature rise rate, thus to ensure that when the temperature rise sharply to a certain limit, hits the brake process is still within the permitted temperature continues to rise.Field and some units bearing pressure is not high, but also can form sharply severe crush and wear and tear, this is due to the bearingrepair damaged the normal after scraping oil wedge or bearing gap is too small, caused by lower significantly reduce the amount of the oil that is scraping tile process and improper maintenance.At present, the low pressure rotor of the large unit is too high, and it is a prominent problem that the friction and wear are frequently produced. In terms of eliminating countermeasures, the factories have made more attempts, but the effect is not satisfactory. These measures include:1. Lower than pressureAt present, it is used to reduce the static load of this tile. However, the adjustment is not large due to the pressure limitation of the adjacent bearing.2. Reduce the oil temperature of the bearingAccording to several unit tests, the temperature of the ujin temperature decreases with the decrease of the oil temperature of the imported oil, but the adjustment amount is not large.3. Lower the oil scraperExperiments on several units, lower oil scraper capsule has some effects to sharply lower temperature, but not significantly, and can make larger mechanical impurity particles in oil into the next tile,tile sharply and shaft neck under serious scratches.4. Improve the scraping process, but the bearing is not to be shavenAlthough there are a lot of operating experience shows thatsharply temperature has great influence with scraping tile process, but if improve scraping tile process, sharply to reduce temperature, then the original high temperature is caused by improper scraping tile technology, and, arguably, it is a good blow a bricklayer's technique with bearing bush is better than machine finishing car to ensure oil wedge, thus the use of bearing bush should improve machining quality and technology, to improve the journal contact with sharply, try not to blow by building to improve the journal contact with sharply. But at the moment, in addition to the three oil wedge and tilting at the scene not blowing outside, other bearing shell are by different degree of repair,and many bearing bush once use, therefore scraping tile this technology in domestic in a relatively long period of time will also continue to be used. In addition to ensuring that the axial axial and ujin contacts are evenly distributed, it is more important to ensure that a good oil wedge is established in the operation.Therefore, the axial radial contact should take the weight of the lower tile center line and the principle of gradual reduction on both sides.5.4.3.2 the axial vibration is too largeJournal of relative vibration limit value is equal to the bearing clearance value, this phenomenon is called the limit cycle in vibration, its physical meaning is direct contact with the shaft neck and sharply and when the contact pressure over sharply material pressure can be sharply rolling deformation, deformation occurs first on the bad oilfilm formation and axial ends, due to the large vibration time is not long, so shaft neckis less vibration value is formed sharply rupture is much larger, but not sharply general fracture, and there is no impact bearing shell input, so will not rise sharply temperature.。
ASHRAE
2005ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALSI-P Edition Supported by ASHRAE Research2005 ASHRAE® HANDBOOKFUNDAMENTALSInch-Pound EditionAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400Copyright ©2005 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OFTHE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE.V olunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 1-931862-70-2CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceTHEORYChapter 1.Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics, TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)2.Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)3.Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)4.Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)5.Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)6.Psychrometrics (TC 1.1)7.Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)GENERAL ENGINEERING INFORMATIONChapter8.Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)9.Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)10.Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)11.Physiological Factors in Drying and Storing Farm Crops (TC 2.2)12.Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant RemovalEquipment)13.Odors (TC 2.3)14.Measurement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurement)15.Fundamentals of Control (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)16.Airflow Around Buildings (TC 5.12, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)BASIC MATERIALSChapter17.Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)bustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)19.Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)20.Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)21.Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)22.Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.12, Dessicant Dehumidification and Components)23.Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Fundamentals(TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)24.Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Applications (TC 4.4)25.Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data (TC 4.4)26.Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONSChapter27.Ventilation and Infiltration (TC 5.12)28.Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Weather Information)29.Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data andProcedures)30.Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)31.Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)32.Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)DUCT AND PIPE DESIGNChapter33.Space Air Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)34.Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)35.Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)36.Pipe Sizing (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)GENERALChapter37.Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)38.Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)39.Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)40.Codes and StandardsADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONSINDEXComposite index to the 2002 Refrigeration, 2003 HV AC Applications, 2004 HV AC Systems andEquipment, and 2005 Fundamentals volumesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name.Thomas H. Kuehn (1, 6)University of MinnesotaRick J. Couvillion (2, 3, 4, 5) University of ArkansasJohn W. Coleman (2)Brazeway, Inc.Narasipur Suryanarayana (3) Michigan Technological University Zahid Ayub (3)Isotherm, Inc.Art Bergles (3)Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute Michael Ohadi (3)University of MarylandTim Shedd (4)University of WisconsinRoy R. Crawford (6)The Trane CompanyRon M. Nelson (6)Iowa State UniversityCourtney B. Burroughs (7)The Pennsylvania State University Clifford C. Federspiel (8)University of California, Berkeley Larry G. Berglund (8)U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineWane A. Baker (9)Michaels Engineering, Inc.Linda D. Stetzenbach (9)University of Nevada, Las VegasJan Sundell (9)Technical University of Denmark Sidney A. Parsons (9)Parsons & LusdenJames E. Woods (9)Building Diagnostics Research Institute Clifford S. Mitchell (9)Johns Hopkins UniversityByron W. Jones (9)Kansas State UniversityDennis Stanke (9)The Trane Company Richard S. Gates (10)University of KentuckyAlbert J. Heber (10)Purdue UniversityFarhad Memarzadeh (10)National Institutes of HealthGerald L. Riskowski (10, 11)Texas A&M UniversityYuanhui Zhang (10)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignRoger C. Brook (11)Michigan State UniversityCarolyn (Gemma) Kerr (12)InAir Environmental, Ltd.Doug VanOsdell (12)RTI InternationalMatthew Middlebrooks (12)AQF TechnologiesKarin Foarde (12)RTI InternationalBrian Krafthefer (12)Honeywell LaboratoriesNick Agopian (12)Circul-AireJoe F. Pedelty (13)Holcombe Environmental ServicesPamela Dalton (13)Monell Chemical Senses CenterMartin Kendal-Reed (13)Florida State University Sensory ResearchInstituteJames C. Walker (13)Florida State University Research InstituteLen Damiano (14)EBSTRON, Inc.Charlie Wright (14)TSI, Inc.Terry Beck (14)Kansas State UniversityChariti A. Young (15)Automated Logic CorporationDavid B. Kahn (15)RMH GroupSteven T. Bushby (15)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyJohn Carter (16)Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc.Don Brundage (17)Southern Company ServicesStephen C. Turner (17)Brown UniversityPeter Baade (18)Noise and Vibration Control, Inc.Thomas A. Butcher (18)Brookhaven National LaboratoryDieter Göttling (18)University of StuttgartS. Win Lee (18)CANMETBruce Swiecicki (18)National Propane Gas AssociationHall Virgil (18)Rajiv Singh (19)Honeywell ChemicalsDonald Bivens (19)DuPontMark McLinden (20)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyKevin Connor (21)The Dow Chemical CompanyLew Harriman (22)Mason-Grant ConsultingWilliam B. Rose (23, 24, 25)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignHugo Hens (23)K.U. LeuvenPaul Shipp (23)USG CorporationAnton TenWolde (23)Forest Products LaboratoryJoseph Lstiburek (24)Building Science CorporationGarth Hall (24)Raths, Raths & JohnsonG. Christopher P. Crall (26)Owens CorningGlenn A. Brower (26)Knauf InsulationW. Scott Miller (26)Knauf InsulationRoger C. Schmidt (26)Nomaco K-flexIain Walker (27)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Max Sherman (27)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Andrew Persily (27)National Institute of Standards and TechnologyCharles S. Barnaby (28, 29) Wrightsoft CorporationRobert Morris (28)Environment CanadaDidier Thevenard (28)Numerical Logics Inc.Marc Plantico (28)National Climate Data CenterJeffrey D. Spitler (29)Oklahoma State UniversitySteve Bruning (30)Newcomb & BoydD. Charlie Curcija (31)University of MassachusettsMichael Collins (31)University of WaterlooWilliam C. duPont (31)John F. Hogan (31)City of Seattle DCLUJoseph H. Klems (31)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryAbedlaziz Laouadi (31)National Research CouncilW. Ross McCluney (31)Florida Solar Energy CenterBipin V. Shah (31)Rick Strand (32)University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignRon Judkoff (32)National Renewable Energy LaboratoryJoel Neymark (32)J. Neymark and AssociatesJames Aswegan (33)TitusAndrey Livchak (33)Halton CompanyAmy Musser (34)University of NebraskaSteve Emmerich (34)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyChao-Hsin Lin (34)The Boeing CompanyDuncan Phillips (34)Rowan Williams Davis & Irwin, Inc.Jelana Srebric (34)The Pennsylvania State UniversityYan Chen (34)Purdue UniversityWalter Schwarz (34)Fluent, Inc.Stuart Dols (34)National Institute of Standards andTechnologyPeter Nielsen (34)Aalborg UniversityThamir al-Alusi (34)The Boeing CompanyJim Van Gilder (34)American Power ConversionHerman Behls (35)Mark Hegberg (36)ITT Bell & GossettBirol Kilkis (37, 38)Watts RadiantLawrence Drake (37)Radiant Panel AssociationASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEELynn F. Werman, Chair2005 Fundamentals V olume Subcommittee: William S. Fleming, ChairGeorge F. Carscallen Mark G. Conway L. Lane Jackins Cesare M. Joppolo Dennis L. O’Neal T. David Underwood John W. Wells, IIIASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFFMark S. Owen, EditorHeather E. Kennedy, Associate EditorNancy F. Thysell, Typographer/Page DesignerDavid Soltis, Manager and Jayne E. JacksonPublishing ServicesW. Stephen Comstock,Director, Communications and PublicationsPublisherASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPSSECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL1.1Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics1.2Instruments and Measurement1.3Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow1.4Control Theory and Application1.5Computer Applications1.6Terminology1.7Business, Management, and General Legal Education 1.8Mechanical Systems Insulation1.9Electrical Systems1.10Cogeneration Systems1.11Electric Motors and Motor Control1.12Moisture Management in BuildingsSECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY2.1Physiology and Human Environment2.2Plant and Animal Environment2.3Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas ContaminantRemoval Equipment2.4Particulate Air Contaminants and ParticulateContaminant Removal Equipment2.5Global Climate Change2.6Sound and Vibration Control2.7Seismic and Wind Restraint Design2.8Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability TRG Blast, Chemical and Biological RemediationSECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES3.1Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants3.2Refrigerant System Chemistry3.3Refrigerant Contaminant Control3.4Lubrication3.6Water Treatment3.8Refrigerant ContainmentSECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS4.1Load Calculation Data and Procedures4.2Weather Information4.4Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance 4.5Fenestration4.7Energy Calculations4.10Indoor Environmental ModelingSECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 5.1Fans5.2Duct Design5.3Room Air Distribution5.4Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control) 5.5Air-to-Air Energy Recovery5.6Control of Fire and Smoke5.7Evaporative Cooling5.8Industrial Ventilation Systems5.9Enclosed Vehicular Facilities5.10Kitchen Ventilation5.11Humidifying Equipment5.12Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration SECTION6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS6.1Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems6.2District Energy6.3Central Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems6.5Radiant and Convective Space Heating and Cooling6.6Service Water Heating6.7Solar Energy Utilization6.8Geothermal Energy Utilization6.9Thermal Storage6.10Fuels and CombustionSECTION 7.0—BUILDING PERFORMANCE7.1Integrated Building Design7.3Operation and Maintenance Management7.4Building Operation Dynamics7.5Smart Building Systems7.6Systems Energy Utilization7.7Testing and Balancing7.8Owning and Operating Costs7.9Building CommissioningSECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING ANDREFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS8.1Positive Displacement Compressors8.2Centrifugal Machines8.3Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines8.4Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment8.5Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers8.6Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers8.7Combustion Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Systems8.8Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories8.9Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers8.10Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes 8.11Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 8.12Desiccant Dehumidification and Components SECTION 9.0—BUILDING APPLICATIONS9.1Large-Building Air-Conditioning Systems9.2Industrial Air Conditioning9.3Transportation Air Conditioning9.4Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems9.5Residential and Small-Building Applications9.6Healthcare Facilities9.7Educational Facilities9.8Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications9.9Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces andElectronic Equipment9.10Laboratory Systems9.11Clean Space9.12Tall BuildingsTG9.JF Justice FacilitiesSECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS10.1Custom-Engineered Refrigeration Systems10.2Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks10.3Refrigerant Piping10.4Ultralow-Temperature Systems and Cryogenics10.5Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities10.6Transport Refrigeration10.7Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display andStorage10.8Refrigeration Load Calculations10.9Refrigeration Application for Foods and BeveragesTG10.MOC Immiscible-Oil Refrigerant SystemsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifeThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi-tioning Engineers is the world’s foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and write the industry’s standards for test-ing and practice. The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and pre-serving the outdoors for generations to come.One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and indus-try’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research. Thou-sands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies.Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE meet-ings and published in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions.For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a mem-ber, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; tele-phone: 404-636-8400; .PrefaceThe 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HV AC&R industry. Research spon-sored by ASHRAE and others continues to generate new informa-tion to support the HV AC&R technology that has improved the quality of life worldwide. The ASHRAE Technical Committees that prepare these chapters strive not only to provide new information, but also to clarify existing information, delete obsolete materials, and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understand-able and easier to use.This edition includes a new chapter (26), Insulation for Mechan-ical Systems, and an accompanying CD-ROM containing not only all the chapters in both I-P and SI units, but also the vastly expanded and revised climatic design data described in Chapter 28.Some of the major revisions and additions are as follows:•Chapter 2, Fluid Flow, has new examples on calculating pressure loss, flow, and pipe sizes, and new text on port-shape friction fac-tors in laminar flow.•Chapter 3, Heat Transfer, contains updated convection correla-tions; more information on enhanced heat transfer, radiation, heat exchangers, conduction shape factors, and transient conduction; a new section on plate heat exchangers; and several new examples.•Chapter 4, Two-Phase Flow, has new information on boiling and pressure drop in plate heat exchangers, revised equations for boil-ing heat transfer and forced-convection evaporation in tubes, and a rewritten section on pressure drop correlations.•Chapter 7, Sound and Vibration, contains expanded and clarified discussions on key concepts and methods throughout, and updates for research and standards.•Chapter 12, Air Contaminants, contains a rewritten section on bioaerosols, added text on mold, and updated tables.•Chapter 14, Measurement and Instruments, has a new section on optical pyrometry, added text on infrared radiation thermometers, thermal anemometers, and air infiltration measurement with tracer gases, as well as clarified guidance on measuring flow in ducts.•Chapter 20, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, has newly reconciled reference states for tables and diagrams, plus diagrams for R-143a, R-245fa, R-410A, and R-507A.•Chapter 25, Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data, con-tains a new table relating water vapor transmission and relative humidity for selected materials.•Chapter 26, Insulation for Mechanical Systems, a new chapter, discusses thermal and acoustical insulation for mechanical sys-tems in residential, commercial, and industrial facilities, includ-ing design, materials, systems, and installation for pipes, tanks, equipment, and ducts.•Chapter 27, Ventilation and Infiltration, updated to reflect ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, has new sections on theshelter-in-place strategy and safe havens from outdoor air quality hazards.•Chapter 28, Climatic Design Information, extensively revised, has expanded table data for each of the 4422 stations listed (USA/Canada/world; on the CD-ROM accompanying this book), more than three times as many stations as in the 2001 edition.•Chapter 29, Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations, completely rewritten, presents the Residential Load Factor (RLF) method, a simplified technique suitable for manual calculations, derived from the Heat Balance (HB) method. A detailed example is provided.•Chapter 30, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calcula-tions, rewritten, has a new, extensively detailed example demon-strating the Radiant Time Series (RTS) method for a realistic office building, including floor plans and details.•Chapter 32, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, includes new information on boilers, data-driven models, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, and system controls, and a new sec-tion on model validation and testing.•Chapter 33, Space Air Diffusion, has a rewritten, expanded sec-tion on displacement ventilation.•Chapter 34, Indoor Environmental Modeling, rewritten, retitled, and significantly expanded, now covers multizone network air-flow and contaminant transport modeling as well as HV AC com-putational fluid dynamics.•Chapter 35, Duct Design, includes new guidance on flexible duct losses, balancing dampers, and louvers.•Chapter 36, Pipe Sizing, has new text and tables on losses for ells, reducers, expansions, and tees, and the interactions between fit-tings.This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and in electronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the International System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2002, 2003, and 2004 Handbook volumes can be found on the ASHRAE Web site at and in the Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Corrections for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the ASHRAE Web site.To make suggestions for improving a chapter or for information on how you can help revise a chapter, please comment using the form on the ASHRAE Web site; or e-mail mowen@; or write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; or fax 404-321-5478.Mark S. OwenEditor。
in-sight
In-Sight®3D-L4000Series Vision SystemManual2023April12Revision:1.3.0.24In-Sight3D-L4000SeriesRead this section to learn how the3D sensorvision system connects to standard components and accessories.For a list of options and accessories,contact your Cognex sales representative.:All cable connectors are keyed to fit the connectors on the3Dsystem.Do not force the connections or damage may occur. Mount the3D SensorVision System:Top Housing1.Align the holes on the mounting surface with the mounting holes on the3Dsensorvision system.2.Insert the M4screws into the top mounting holes and tighten.Themaximum torque is2.00Nm(17.70in-lb).Do not exceed the maximuminsertion depth of8mm for the M4screws.The maximum insertion depthdoes not include the thickness of the mounting material.CAUTION:The Ethernet cable shield must be grounded at the far end.this cable is plugged into(typically a switch or router)should have aEthernet connector.A digital voltmeter should be used to validate grounding.If the far end device is not grounded,a ground wire should be added in compliance with local electrical codes.1.Connect the Ethernet cable's M12connector to the3D sensorvisionsystem ENET connector.2.Connect the Ethernet cable’s RJ-45connector to a switch,router or PC,asapplicable.Cleaning and maintenanceThis chapter gives an overview about the cleaning and maintenance of the3D sensorvision system.Clean the HousingTo clean the outside of the3D sensorvision system housing,use a small amount of mild detergent cleaner or isopropyl alcohol on a cleaning cloth.Do not pour the cleaner on the3D sensorvision system housing.:Do not attempt to clean any In-Sight product with harsh orsolvents,including lye,methyl ethyl ketone(MEK)or gasoline.The windows of the3D sensorvision system and laser must be kept clean and free of defects to ensure proper operation.Any scratches,dust or dirt will impact theaccuracy of acquiredimages.:Use care not to damage the anti-reflective coating on the Cognex makes the following recommendations for cleaning the laser and3D sensorvision system windows:l Unplug the unit so the laser cannot be enabled.l Use lint-free tissue or an optical grade cotton swab("Q-tip").l Use reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol.l Use minimal pressure.l Use several tissues or swabs.l Start at the center of each window and spiral out to the edges.l Rotate the tissue or swab during cleaning so dirt is not dragged across the surface.Laser ModelsThe following sensors contain a class2M laser:WARNING:Laser light,do not stare into beam:Class2M laser product.Failure to follow these instructions may cause serious injury.Cognex places the following labels on every3D-L4000series3D sensorvision system:Complies with FDA performance standards for laser products except for conformance with IEC60825-1Ed.3,as described in Laser Notice No.56,dated May8,2019.WARNING:Use of controls or adjustments or performance of proceduresother than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.Laser Safety Warningsl Do not stare into the beam.l Do not view directly with optical instruments(magnifiers).l Do not place optical components(mirrors)into the beam.l Design test fixtures in such a way that unintentional viewing of the beam is prevented.l Switch off the laser when not in use.l Avoid the use of highly reflective materials.If you cannot,try to angle the part so unintentional viewing of the reflection is prevented.l Terminate(block)unused beams.l Keep the laser plane horizontal or pointing downwards.l Report any issues that may have an impact on laser safety to your supervisor or Laser Safety Officer.lcompliance.l Under no circumstances should you operate the sensor if it is defective or the seal damaged.Cognex Corporation cannot be held responsible for anyharm caused by operating a faulty unit.l Under no circumstances should you modify in any way the sensor or its housing.l Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.l When moving the unit from a very hot environment to a cold environment please allow the unit to equalize in a room temperature environment for2hours between temperature extremes.Label LocationsWARNING:Laser light,do not stare into beam:Class2M laser product.Failure to follow these instructions may cause serious injury.Regulations and ConformityEU RoHSTÜVHazardous Substances 有害物质Part Name 部件名称Lead (Pb)铅Mercury (Hg)汞Cadmium (Cd)镉Hexavalent Chromium (Cr (VI))六价铬Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)多溴联苯Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)多溴二苯醚Regulatory Model50203X O O O O O This table is prepared in accordance with the provisions of SJ/T 11364.这个标签是根据SJ /T 11364的规定准备的。
汽车工程专业英语—李俊玲版(1-3章)词组
点燃式&火花塞点火
3. compression-ignition
压燃式
4. power unit
动力装置
5. engine configuration
发动机布置
Automotive engineering English
Chapter 1 Automotive Basics
汽车英语专业词组
1.3.1
3. valve insert
气门座
4. cam follower
凸轮挺杆
5. rocker arm
摇臂
6. valve stem
阀杆
7. gas-tight seal
气封 气密密封
8. valve clearance
气门间隙
9. valve timing
气门正时
10. intake/exhaust valve
电子系统 充电电路 电气部分 电子组件 稳压器；调压器（电压） 低压电路 原电路 点火线圈
火花塞
Automotive engineering English
Chapter 2 Internal Combustion Engine
汽车英语专业词组
2.1
1. chemical energy 2. internal combustion engine 3. inlet valve 4. exhaust valve 5. TDC 6. BDC 7. swept volume 8. engine capacity 9. clearance volume 10. compression ratio
惯性力 侧向力 切向力 径向力 &法向力 活塞环 活塞总成 钢圈 活塞销 活塞销凸台 活塞环槽
2019-ANSYS_Workbench基础教程-精选文档-文档资料
Workshop 4.1 – Linear Structural Analysis Lecture – Chapter 4: Static Structural Analysis Workshop 4.2 – 2D Structural Analysis Lecture – Chapter 5: Vibration Analysis Workshop 5.1 – Free Vibration Analysis Workshop 5.2 – Pre-Stressed Vibration Analysis Lecture – Chapter 6: Thermal Analysis
• It is intended for all new or occasional ANSYS Mechanical users, regardless of the CAD software used.
• Course Objectives:
• General understanding of the user interface, as related to geometry import, meshing, application of loads and supports, and postprocessing
Workbench - Mechanical Introduction 12.0
Chapter 1 Introduction
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-1
February 23, 2009 Inventory #002593
Introduction
Welcome!
(完整)语言学名词解释
Chapter 1: Introduction1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.11.performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13.design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning andsound.15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences t hat they have neverheard before.16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound,which is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from theimmediate situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic ofconversation in time or space.18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learnedfrom one generation to the next, rather than by instinct.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with allsounds in t he world’s languages.3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. ha speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.the4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves,the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one personto another.6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or soundssequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to showsounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists ofletters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech s ound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels, and functions as a single one.19. phone : The speech sound we use when speaking a language.20. phoneme : The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments.22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.23. phonemic contrast : two similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except one sound and occurs in the same position. The two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments----syllable, word, sentence.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Chapter 3: Morphology1. morphology: A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formation.2. open class: A group of words, which contains an unlimited number of items, and new words can be added to it.3. closed class: A relatively few words, including conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns, and new words are not usually added to them.4. morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning of a language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.5. affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which changes themeaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6. suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a word, and which usually changesthe part of speech of a word.7. prefix: The affix, which is added to the beginning of a word, and which usuallychanges the meaning of a word to its opposite.8. bound morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be combinedwit others. E.g. –ment.9. free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.10. derivational morpheme: Bound morpheme, which can be added to a stem to forma new word.11. inflectional morpheme: A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as number, tense and case.12. morphological rules: The ways words are formed. These rules determine howmorphemes combine to form words.13. compound words: A combination of two or more words, which functions as asingle words14. inflection: the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for pasttense.Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to formsentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similarfunctions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.6. phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are calledphrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which thephrase is built.8. head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9. specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.10. complement: The words on the right side of the heads are complements.11. phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulatesthe arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.14. coordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of thesame type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon isknown as coordination.15. subcategorization: The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed suncategorization.16. complementizer: Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizer.17. complement clause: The sentence i ntroduced by the complementizer is called acomplement clause.18. complement phrase: the elements, including a complementizer and a complementclause is called a complement phrase.19. matrix clause: the contrusction in which the complement phrase is embedded iscalled matrix clause.20. modifier: the element, which specifies optionally expressible properties of headsis called modifier.21. transformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another22. inversion : the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, is called inversion.23. Do insertion : In the process of forming yes-no question that does not contain an overt Infl, interrogative do is inserted into an empty Infl positon to make transformation work.24. deep structure : A level of abstract syntactic representation formed by the XP rule.25. surface structure : A level of syntactic representation after applying the necessary syntactic movement, i.e., transformation, to the deep structure. (05)26. universal grammar: the innateness principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.Chapter 5: Semantics1. semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.3. sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.4. reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.6. dialectal synonyms: synonyms that are used in different regional dialects.7. stylistic synonyms: synonyms that differ in style, or degree of formality.8. collocational synonyms: Synonyms that differ in their colllocation, i.e., in the words they go together with.9. polysemy : The same word has more than one meaning.10. homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.11. homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.12. homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.13. complete homonymy: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.14. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.15. superordinate: The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.16. co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.17. antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning.20. relational opposites: Pairs if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items are called relational opposites. For example, husband---wife,father---son, buy---sell, let---rent, above---below.21. entailment: the relationship between two sentences w here the truth of one isinferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead.22. presupposition: What a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the massagealready knows. e.g. Some tea has already been taken is a presupposition of Take somemore tea.Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers.3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract andde-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particularutterance in a particular context.5. utterance: expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle,which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking.7. constatives: Constatives are statements t hat either state or describe, and are thusverifiable.8. performatives: Pe rformatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexiconand phonology.ntention and performed in10. illocutionary act: The act of expressing the speaker’s isaying something.11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequenceor the change brought about by the utterance.12. representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.13. directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something.17. cooperative Principle: The principle that the participants must first of all bewilling to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible tocarry on the talk.18. conversational implicature: The use of conversational maxims to imply meaningduring conversation.Chapter 7: Language Change8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.9. protolanguage: The original form of a language family, which has ceased to exist.10. Language family: A group of historically related languages that have developedfrom a common ancestral language.Chapter 8: Language And Society1. sociolinguistics: The subfield of linguistics that study language variation andlanguage use in social contexts.2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at leastone speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speakeror a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular socialclass.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements,7. idiolect : A person’sregarding regional, social, gender and age variations.8. linguistic reportoire : The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individualconstitutes his linguistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by American linguist Halliday, who believedthat three social variables determine the register, namely, field of discourse, tenor ofdiscourse and mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question:who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship theystand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concernedwith how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation,usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language ofpeople, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on aregular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group ofspeakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having adifferent role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of languageco-exist in a speech community, each having a definite role to play.19. Lingua Franca : A variety of language that serves as a medium of communicationamong groups of people, who speak different native languages or dialects20. code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialectswithin the same sentence or discourse.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acquisition: It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normalhuman child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language.3. Universal Grammar: A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.5. Critical Period Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly.6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.8. telegraphic speech: Childre n’s early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.9. content word: Words referring to things, quality, state or action, which have lexical meaning used alone.10. function word: Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical relationships in and between sentences.11. taboo: Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion, politeness etc.12. atypical development: Some acquisition of language may be delayed but followthe same rules of language development due to trauma or injury.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language ina country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part ofthe way a person speaks or writes a language.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: s ome words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of thattarget language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant formsand self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she canlearn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in secondor the learner to understand input language whichlanguage learning, it’s necessary fpresent linguisticcontains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’scompetence. E ventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturallywithout being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their firstlanguage. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.23. comprehensible input: Input language which contains linguistic items that aresent linguistic competence.slightly beyond the learner’s pre24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not includingintelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation: motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language forinstrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc.27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because ofthe wish to identify with the target culture.28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for externalpurposes.29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language forenjoyment or pleasure from learning.Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. Itincludes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning,how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brainaffects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with theprocesses of language acqisition, comprehension and production.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebrallesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.13. spoonerism: a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words isreversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and ch 14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether thestring of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently usedwords than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is calledfrequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.18. priming effect: Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, r esponse time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect.。
Pantum PT-L280 PT-L380系列条码打印机用户手册说明书
Pantum PT-L280/PT-L380 SeriesBarcode PrinterContentsAbout the Manual (1)Safety Information (2)Legal Information (5)Chapter 1 Product Description (6)1.1 Unpacking Checklist (6)1.2 Appearance and Components (7)1.3 Product dimensions (8)Chapter 2 Product specifications (9)Chapter 3 Installation and Use (11)3.1 Components installation (11)3.1.1 Installing the paper roll (11)3.1.2 Installing the ribbon (13)3.2 Power connection (15)3.3 Interface connection (16)3.4Operating Interface Description (17)3.5Basic functions (18)3.5.1 Power on/off (18)3.5.2 Print test (18)3.6 Paper Tear-off Direction (19)3.6.1 Paper Tear-off Direction (19)Chapter 4 Ports (20)4.1 USB (20)4.2 Serial port (20)4.3 Parallel port (21)Chapter 5 Printer Cleaning (22)5.1 Cleaning the printhead (22)5.2 Cleaning the sensor, rubber roller and paper path (22)Chapter 6 Driver Installation (23)6.1 Driver installation for Windows system (23)6.2 Driver Installation for MAC system (26)6.3 Driver installation for Linux system (32)6.4 Bartender registration guidelines (36)Appendix 1: Statement for Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products (40)About the ManualThe Manual contains basic information on product use, installation and other respects. The following provides more detailed information on various technical problems and areas.Safety InformationBefore using the printer, please read the following precautions carefully to avoid personal injury or equipment damage.1. Safety Warning Signs--------Warning: Must be observed to avoid personal injury or equipment damage.--------Note: Give important information and tips for operating the printer.2. Safety PrecautionsWarning:Failure to comply with following instructions can cause serious injury or death.1) Do not plug several products in one multi-outlet.• This can cause overheating and fire.• If the plug is wet or dirty, dry it or wipe it clean before use.• If the plug does not fit perfectly with the outlet, do not plug in.• Be sure to use only standardized multi-outlets.2) You must use only the supplied adapter.• It is dangerous to use other adapters.3) Do not pull the cable to unplug.• This can damage the cable, which is the origin of a fire or a breakdown of the printer.4) Do not plug in or unplug with your hands wet.• This can cause electric shock.5) Do not bend the cable forcibly or place it under heavy objects.• A damaged cable can cause a fire.Note:Failure to comply following instructions can cause slight wound or damage the appliance.1) If you observe a strange smoke, odor or noise from the printer, unplug it before taking followingmeasures.• Switch off the printer and unplug it.• After the disappearance of the smoke, call your dealer to repair it.2) Install the printer on a stable, flat surface.• If the printer falls, it can be broken and cause personal injury.3) Use only approved accessories and do not try to disassemble, repair or remodel it for yourself.• Call your dealer when you need these services.4) Do not let water or other foreign objects in the printer.• If this happened, switch off and unplug the printer before calling your dealer.5) Do not use the printer when it is out of order. This can cause a fire or electric shock.• Switch off and unplug the printer before calling your dealer.6) Other Precautions• Leave enough space around the printer for operation and maintenance.• Keep the printer away from water and direct sunlight, glare, and heat.• Do not use or store the printer in places with high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy pollution.• Avoid placing the printer where it is subject to vibration and shock.• Connect the printer's power adapter to an appropriate grounded outlet to avoid use the same outlet with large motors or other devices that can cause fluctuations in the supply voltage.• If you are not using the printer for a long time, disconnect the printer from the power source.• To ensure the print quality and the service life of the product, it is recommended to userecommended paper or paper of equivalent quality.• When connecting or disconnecting each interface, you must first turn off the power to avoiddamage to the printer control circuit;• Keep this manual properly for reference.3. Other PrecautionsAlthough we are very careful when preparing this manual, some errors or omissions are still inevitable. We are not responsible for any loss arising from the use of the information contained herein.We and our branches are not legally responsible to any users or third parties for product damage, failure or misuse caused by failure to comply with or ignorance of the information and instructions on operation and maintenance, and damages, losses, costs or expenses caused by unauthorized alteration, maintenance or modification of the product.We are not legally responsible for damages or problems caused by the use of counterfeit options, components or unauthorized products.Note: For constant improvement of the products, the specifications, accessories andprocedures described herein depend on the real products, and are subject to change without notice.4. WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment)This marking or its literature indicates that it should not be disposed of with otherhousehold wastes at the end of its working life. To prevent possible harm to the environment or human health from uncontrolled waste disposal, please separate this from other types of wastes and recycle it responsibly to promote the sustainable reuse of material resources. Household users should contact either the retailer where they purchased this product, or their local government office, for details of where and how they can return this item for environmentally safe recycling. Business users should contact their supplier and check the terms and conditions of the purchase contract. This product should not be mixed with other commercial wastes for disposal. Warning:This is Class A product which may cause radio interference in the living environment. In this case, users may be required to take practical measures against interference.Legal InformationThis symbol indicates that, at the end of your product’s life, it must not bediscarded as domestic waste. Instead, you should dispose of your usedequipment at a designated collection point for the recycling of waste electricaland electronic equipment. Ref: EU Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electricaland Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Please contact your distributor / supplierfor further information.European Community (EC) directives conformityThis product complies with the protection requirements of EC directives2014/35/EU and 2014/30/EU on the approximation and harmonization of thelaws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility andsafety of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits.The manufacturer of this product is: Zhuhai Pantum Electronics Co.,Ltd.,No.3883, Zhuhai Avenue, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China 519060.A declaration of conformity to the requirements of the Directives is availableupon request from the Authorized Representative.This product satisfies the Class B limits of EN 55032 and safetyrequirements of EN62368.Chapter 1 Product Description1.1 Unpacking ChecklistNote:1) Open the printer package and keep the packing materials for future packing and shipping. 2) If any items are damaged or missing, please contact the dealer who sells the product.PrinterInstallation CDInstructionsUSB cablePower cordPower adapterRibbon shaftPaper roll + Ribbon1.2Appearance and ComponentsNote: During use, keep your fingers as far away as possible from the paper cutter to avoid injury to your hands. We are not responsible for any injuries caused by the paper cutter during use.1.3 Product dimensionsChapter 2Product specificationsModel PT-L280/PT-L380 SeriesPrintingPrint method Thermal direct/thermal transferResolution203dpi ( 8dots/mm )；300dpi ( 11.8dots/mm ) Maximum print speed2inch/s~6inch/s；2inch/s~4inch/s Maximum print width104mm；106.7mmLabel print length2286mm(90")ConsumablesPaper typeContinuous Paper, Gap Paper, Folding Paper, Black MarkPaper, Perforated Paper, Wash Care LabelPaper winding form Outside rollPaper width(Label + liner)Maximum 120mm (4.72"), minimum 20mm (0.78")Maximum outerdiameter of built-in roll127mmPaper thickness(Label + liner)Maximum 0.254mm (10mil), minimum 0.06mm (2.36mil) Gap height:Minimum 2mmPaper roll core size25.4mm-38mmOuter diameter ofribbonMaximum 67mmRibbon length Maximum 300mRibbon core size1inch(25.4mm)Ribbon width Max.110mm, Min.30mmRibbon winding form Outside rollDetection Sensor Paper Out, Black Mark, Printhead Temperature, PrintheadPosition detectionSoftware Windows driverSupport WIN10 (32/64 bit), WIN8.1, Win8, WIN 7, WindowsServer 2016, WindowsServer2008 R2, WindowsServer2012 R2, VistaMAC driverSupport Mac OS10.13/10.12/10.11/10.10/10.9/10.8/10.7/10.6/10.5/10.4/10.3/10.2/10.1Linux driver Support Linux19.10, Linux18.04.5, Red Hat Linux, etc.Software communication interface 3 ports (serial port + USB + parallel port)Human-computer interaction LED indicators: Running, Ribbon, Warning indicator, key:Pause, FeedMemory DRAM:8M FLASH:4MPower Input: DC 24V 2.5A Programming language TSPL Printhead life30kmModel PT-L280/PT-L380 SeriesEnvironmental parameters Working5°C~45°C (41°F~113°F), 25%-85%, no condensation Storage-10°C~50°C (14°F~122°F), 10%~90% no condensationPhysical parametersProduct dimensions278mm×210mm×180mm (L×W×H) Product weight 2.5 KGPacking dimension370mm×260mm×240mm (L×W×H)Packing weight 3.8 KGGraphicsMonochrome PCX, BMP and other image files can bedownloaded to FLASH/DRAMSupported barcode types 1DCODE128, CODE128M, EAN128, CODE39, CODE93,EAN13, EAN13+2, EAN13+5, EAN8, EAN8+2, EAN8+5,CODABAR, POSTNET, UPC-A, UPC-A+2, UPC-A+5, UPC-E, UPC-E+2, UPC-E+5, CPOST, MSI, PLESSEY, ITF14,EAN14, ITF, MSIC2D QR Code, PDF417, MAXICODE, DATAMATRIXCharacter set Commonly used single-byte fonts: FONT 0~FONT 8,TSS24.BF2Character enlargement/rotation Enlarged horizontally and vertically by 1-10 times, rotatingprint (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°)Chinese character coding GB18030Optional External paper roll holder or folding trayAccessories Instructions, power adapter (including cord), CD (driver, user manual, labeling software), USB cable, test ribbon,test label paperCertification CE、RoHSChapter 3 Installation and Use3.1 Components installation3.1.1Installing the paper roll1. Facing the front of the machine, open the top cover button in the direction of the arrow and lift the top cover upward.2. Please remove any paper tube in the paper compartment.3. Place the paper roll squarely on the paper roll holder.4.Pull out the front end of the paper (print side up), pass it through the paper sensor and pull the paper through the rubber roller. Adjust the paper guide to have the same width as the paper and to enable slight contact.3.1.2Installing the ribbon1.Press the left side of the recovery spindle into the ribbon recovery runner, and then load the right side.2.Press the printhead open button and lift the printhead outward.3. Pull up the ribbon spindle at the recovery end and snap the ribbon spindle around the printhead into the ribbon recovery end.4. Rotate the ribbon recovery end so that the ribbon is pulled tight enough to press the printhead.3.2 Power connection1. Make sure that the power switch is off (O).2. Connect the power cord to the printer.3. Connect the other end of the power cord to a nearby outlet.Note:• Use the original power adapter provided by the Company to avoid danger and damage to the product.• If you do not use the printer for a long period, disconnect the power cord. • Power off or data cable disconnected during printing:When all the information is transmitted to the printer, it will not continue printing or reprint the information if disrupted and reconnected; when part of information is transmitted to the printer, it will reprint the information if disrupted and reconnected.Power adapterPower cordOFF ON3.3Interface connectionConnect the interface cable as shown in the figure below. The printer supports the following communication interface standards:--USB B-Type cable1) Turn off the printer (O).2) Plug the communication cable to be used into the corresponding communication connection plug.--Plug the USB B-Type cable into the USB port.3.4Operating Interface Description◼Power onWhen the printer is powered off, turn on the power switch on the back of the printer, and then the printer turns on and the indicator lights.◼Power offWhen the printer is powered on, turn off the power switch on the back of the printer, and both printer and indicator turns off.◼Feed1. If you press the Feed key, the printer feeds the paper to the specified paper-out position accordingto the learned paper type. When you use the label paper, pressing the Feed key once will deliver a full sheet of label.2. When the printer is performing a print task, press the Feed key to pause its current task; at thismoment, the indicator flashes blue; then press the key again to cause the printer to perform the incomplete task.3.5Basic functions3.5.1Power on/offTurn on the power switch to the I state. Turn off the power switch to the O state.3.5.2Print testWhen the printer is initially installed or there is any problem with the printer, self-test procedure can be executed to confirm the following status, firmware version, printer parameter setting, print quality, external settings and other related setting information. If it is found after the self-test that there is no problem with the printer, please check other devices or software. This function runs independently from other devices or software.◼Print Self-test Page1) Make sure the printer is connected to the power supply and the paper roll is installed correctly.2) The printer is turned on.3) When the printer is off, press and hold the Feed key to turn on the printer, release the key after the fault indicator is off, and the printer starts to print a self-test page.3.6Paper Tear-off Direction3.6.1Paper Tear-off DirectionWhen the printer finishes printing, the paper will be torn off from bottom to top.Chapter 4 Ports4.1 USBPin No. Signal name1 VBUS2 D-3 D+ 4GND4.2 Serial portPin No. Signal name1 - 2TXD 3 RXD 4 - 5 GND 6 DTR 7 - 8 RTS 9-4.3Parallel portPin No.Signal name1STB2~9DATA1~DATA810ASK11BUSY12PE13SEL15ERR14~17NC18~25GNDChapter 5Printer CleaningDust, foreign objects, viscous material, or other contaminants stuck in the printhead or printer may reduce print quality. Please clean the dirty printhead as follows:Note:1) Be sure to turn off the printer before cleaning.2) When printing, the printhead will become very hot. Therefore, if you want to clean theprinthead, please turn off the printer and wait 2~3 minutes before you start cleaning.3) When cleaning the printhead, be careful not to touch its heating part to avoid damage to theprinthead due to static electricity.4) Be careful not to scratch or damage the printhead.5.1Cleaning the printhead1) Please open the top cover of the printer, and clean the printhead with a cleaning pen or acotton swab dipped in diluted alcohol (alcohol or isopropyl alcohol)) from its center to both sides.2) After cleaning the printhead, do not use the printer immediately. Only use the printer until thecleaning alcohol evaporates completely (1~2 minutes) and the printhead is completely dry.5.2Cleaning the sensor, rubber roller and paper path1) Please open the top cover of the printer and remove the paper roll.2) Wipe off dust or foreign objects with dry cotton cloth or cotton swab.3) Soak the cotton cloth or cotton swab in medical alcohol and use it to wipe off sticky foreign objectsor other contaminants.4) After cleaning the parts, do not use the printer immediately. Only use the printer until the alcoholevaporates completely (1~2 minutes) and the printer is completely dry.Note:Clean the parts when the print quality or paper checking performance degrades.Chapter 6Driver Installation6.1Driver installation for Windows system1) Run the Pantum_2021.2_M-0 (subject to change with version updates) file2) Accept the terms and conditions and select Next3) Select the installation directory and click Next, or you can default the directory and go directly to the next step4) Complete the installation==============================================================================The following is an example of installing the printer driver USBPreparations for installation1. Connect the printer to the computer using the USB cable2. Power on the printer3. Select Install Driver and click Next1) The model number is automatically recognized2) Follow the instructions and click Next to complete the installationNote: If you use other ports, please select Other6.2Driver Installation for MAC system 1) Run the driver installation package and click Continue.2) Click Install.3) Enter your computer password and click Install Software.4) After the computer automatically installs the driver, click Close.5) Open “Settings”, open “Printers and Scanners”, and click “+” in the lower left corner.6) Select the printer model you want to add, and click “Choose a Driver...”.7) Click to select “Other...”.8) Click the Resource Library, then select the “Printers” folder, open the folder, and select the “Pantum” folder.9) Open the “Pantum” folder, and then open the “PPD” folder.10) Select the “Pantum_PT-L380 Series.ppd” file, and then click Open.11) Click Add.12) The computer will automatically install and generate the printer.6.3Driver installation for Linux system1) Open the driver package folder, open the terminal, type sudo dpkg -i and drag in the driver package, click “Enter”.2) Enter your computer password and click “Enter”.3) After installing the driver, close the terminal.4) Open the computer settings, then open Devices, select Printers, and click Add Printer.5) Click Add in the upper left corner.6) Select the printer you want to add and click Forward.7) Click Apply.8) Select Print Test Page. If the test page prints out normally, the printer has been successfully installed.6.4Bartender registration guidelines1) Access the software installation and activation guidelines;============================================================================================================2) Enter the product key code; Z2WV-893L-B2SJ-5SDW3) Select the server;4) Complete the Bartender software activation.39Appendix 1: Statement for Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products1. The name and content of hazardous substances in the product:ComponentToxic and hazardous substances or elementsLead(Pb)Mercury(Hg)Cadmium(Cd)ChromiumVI(Cr6+)Polybrominatedbiphenyls(PBB)Polybrominateddiphenyl ether(PBDE) Powersupply/electricalcomponentsX O O O O O Printhead X O O O O OMetal parts X O O O O OMain board X O O O O OWire X O O O O O Packing materialsand accessoriesO O O O O OThis table is prepared in accordance with the provisions of SJ/T11364.O: indicates that the content of the toxic and hazardous substance in all homogeneous materials of the component is below the limit requirement specified in GB/T26572-2011.X: indicates that the content of the toxic and hazardous substance in at least one of the homogeneous materials of the component exceeds the limit requirement specified in GB/T26572-2011.2. Symbols for restricted use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products:All electrical and electronic products sold in the People’s Republic of China must bearthis symbol, and the number in the symbol represents the environment-friendly useperiod (EPUP) of electrical and electronic products in the normal service condition.All electrical and electronic products sold in the People’s Republic of China must bearthis symbol, which indicates that this product can only be used safely in non-tropicalclimate conditions.Version: 1.340Pantum International LimitedManufacturer: Zhuhai Pantum Electronics Co., Ltd.Website: Address/Adresse: Building02,06 and 08, No.888 Shengping Avenue, Pingsha Town,Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, 519000 PR China。
VEGA音叉开关选型手册
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VibratiXX without ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. XM Ship approval ................................................................................................................................................................................................... XA Overfill protection acc. to WHG ....................................................................................................................................................................... Version / Process temperature S Standard / -40...100°C ............................................................................................................................................................................... T Extended / -40...150°C .............................................................................................................................................................................. H Hygienic applications / -40...150°C ............................................................................................................................................................ Process fitting / Material GH Thread G½ (DIN 3852-A) PN64 / 316L ........................................................................................................................................... NH Thread ½NPT (ASME B1.20.1) PN64 / 316L .................................................................................................................................. GB Thread G¾ (DIN 3852-A) PN64 / 316L ........................................................................................................................................... NB Thread ¾NPT (ASME B1.20.1) PN64 / 316L .................................................................................................................................. GA Thread G1 (DIN 3852-A) PN64 / 316L ............................................................................................................................................ NA Thread 1NPT (ASME B1.20.1) PN64 / 316L ................................................................................................................................... CL Clamp 1",1½"PN16(ø50.5mm)DIN32676,ISO2852/316L Ra<0.8µm .............................................................................................. CN Clamp 2" PN16(ø64mm) DIN32676,ISO2852 /316L Ra <0.8µm .................................................................................................... RL Bolting DN25PN40 DIN11851 / 316L Ra<0.8µm ............................................................................................................................. RM Bolting DN40PN40 DIN11851 / 316L Ra<0.8µm ............................................................................................................................. RN Bolting DN50PN25 DIN11851 / 316L Ra<0.8µm ............................................................................................................................. Electronics C Contactless electronic switch 20...253 V AC/DC ....................................................................................................................... T Transistor output PNP 10...55 V DC ......................................................................................................................................... Housing P 316L ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Electrical connection / Protection M M12x1 / IP67 ................................................................................................................................................................ V according to ISO4400 incl. plug / IP65 ......................................................................................................................... Q acc. to ISO4400 incl. plug with QuickOn connection/IP67 ........................................................................................... Switching point Standard ................................................................................................................................................................. L Switching point as SWING71A ............................................................................................................................... SG51.
Physics vocabulary
PhysicsChapter11.Luminous 发光的ser 激光，镭射3.Ray 光线4.Beam 光束5.Parallel/diverging/converging 平行的/发散的/会聚的6.Pinhole camera 针孔照相机7.Image 像8.Opaque 不透明的，不透明物9.Transparent 透明的10.Point source 点光源11.Extended source 非点光源12.Umbra\penumbra 本影/半影Chapter41.Refraction 折射2.Refracted ray 折射光线3.Angle of refraction 折射角4.Optically denser medium 光密介质5.Optically less denser medium 光疏介质6.Refractive index 折射率7.Prism 三棱镜8.Angle of deviation 偏向角9.Dispersion 色散10.Spectrum 光谱Chapter51.Total internal reflection 全反射2.Critical angle 临界角3.Multiple images 重影4.Totally reflecting prism 全反射棱镜5.Optical fiber 光导纤维6.Endoscope 内窥镜Chapter61.Lens 透镜2.Converging(or converge) lens 凸透镜3.Diverging(or diverge) lens 凹透镜4.Optical center 光心5.Principle axis 主光轴6.Principle focus 主焦点7.Focal length 焦距8.Ray diagram 光路图9.Upright/inverted 直立的/倒立的10.Magnifying glass 放大镜Chapter 71.Mechanical wave 机械波2.Vibrate(v.)/vibration(n.) 震动3.Transverse wave 横波4.Longitudinal wave 纵波5.Wavelength 波长6.Crest/trough 波峰/波谷7.Amplitude 振幅/波幅8.Phase 相/相位9.Wavefront 波前/波阵面10.Diffraction 衍射Chapter 8 1.electromagnetic radiation/wave 电磁辐射/电磁波2.Monochromatic 单色的3.Infrared 红外线4.Ultraviolet 紫外线5.Radio wave 无线电波6.Microwave 微波7.X-ray X 光线8.Gamma ray 伽马射线Chapter 9pression 密部2.Rarefaction 疏部3.Echo 回声4.Audibility 能听度5.Musical note 音符6.Pitch 音调7.Loudness 音响8.Quality 音色、音品 9.Ultrasonic wave 超声波 10.Infrasonic wave 次声波Chapter 101.Unit 单位2.Standard notation 标准计数法，科学技 术法3.Power(of ten) （10的）幂4.Parallax error 视差，判断误差5.Apparatus 实验仪器，设备6.Significant figure 有效数字7.Square/cubic 平方/立方8.Circumference 周长9.Volume 体积10.Sphere/cylinder 球，球体/圆柱体11.Measuring cylinder 量筒12.Simple pendulum 单摆13.Period/frequency 周期，频率 14.Systematic error 系统误差 15.Vernier caliper/vernier scale 游标卡尺/ 游标尺 16.Micrometer screw gauge 螺旋测微仪Chapter 111.density 密度2.Aluminum 铝3.Copper 铜4.Mercury 汞，水银5.Hydrogen 氢气6.Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳7.Displacement 排水量8.Displacement can 溢杯Chapter 121.weight gravity 重力2.Action at a distance force 超距作用力3.Spring balance 弹簧秤4.Stretching force 弹力5.Extension 伸长量6.Hook 's law 胡克定律7.Elastic limit/limit of proportionality 弹性限度 8. Force constant 弹性系数Chapter 131.Moment 力矩2.Fulcrum, pivot 支点.转轴3.Perpendicular 垂直4.Lever 杠杆5.（in）equilibrium （处于）平衡6.Hinge 铰链Chapter 141.topple（over）倾倒，摇倒2.Plumb line 铅垂线3.Stability 稳度4.Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡5.Unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡6.Neutral equilibrium 随遇平衡，中性平衡Chapter 151.resultant （force）合力2.Parallelogram law 平行四边形定则3.Diagonal 对角线4.Vector quantity 矢量5.Scalar quantity 标量6.Static（or starting）friction 静摩擦力7.Dynamic（or sliding）friction 滑动摩擦力。
《语言学导论》重点整理
《语⾔学导论》重点整理1 .An Introduction to Linguistics and language1. What is Linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It endeavors to answer the question--what is language and how is represented in the mind? Linguists focus on describing and explaining language and are not concerned with the prescriptive rules of the language.2. Basic criteria for doing Linguistics1. Objectivity2. Explicitness3. Rigorousness4. Adequacy3. The Scope of Linguistics(1)General Linguistics: the study of language as a wholePhonetics: the study of sounds in linguistic communicationPhonology: the study of the sound patterns of language. It is concerned with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.Morphology : the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.4. The Scope of Linguistics (2): Syntax the study of sentence structure. It attempts to describe what is grammatical in a particular language in term of rules Semantics: the study of meaning.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in contextSociolinguistics: the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society.Psycholingustics:the study of language with relation to psychologyApplied linguistics: the study of applications of linguistics.5. Some distinctions in linguisticsPrescriptive vs.descriptiveSynchronic vs. diachronicSpeech and writingLangue and paroleCompetence and performanceTraditional grammar and modern linguistics(linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive; modern linguistics regards spoken language as primary, not the written; modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force language into a Latin-based framework.)6. What is language?Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, or of dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground. ? Walt Whitman7. The definition of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication8. Design features (Properties)Arbitrariness: vast majority of linguistic expressions are arbitraryProductivity: creativity or open-endednessDuality: double articulation(sounds and meanings)Displacement: eg. Santa Claus, Superman, dragonCultural transmission: meme, memics(Discreteness:the sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. Eg. pack, back)9. AssignmentsComment on the definition of language.Summarize the design features of language.What is your understanding of synchronic study of language2.Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology1. Phonetics: the sounds of languageThree branches of phoneticsArticulatory Phonetics发⾳语⾳学: the production of speech sounds.Auditory Phonetics听觉语⾳学: the study of the perception of speech soundsAcoustic Phonetics声学语⾳学: the study of the physical production and transmission of speech sounds.2. Organs of speech: 1.The pharyngeal cavity喉腔2.The oral cavity⼝腔3.The nasal cavity⿐腔3. Two kinds of transcriptionBroad transcription宽式标⾳: transcription with letter-symbolsNarrow transcription窄式标⾳: transcription with letter-symbols and the diacritics4. Classification of English consonants5. Classification of English vowels6. Phonology : the sound patterns of languageDifference Phone, phoneme, allophonePhonemic contrast, complementary distribution, minimal pair7. Phones, phonemes, and allophonesPhonology is the study of sound patterns of language( i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the function of each sound. It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form they do.8. Phone ⾳素phone: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speechi) phonetic unit ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with [ ]9. Phoneme ⾳位the minimal unit in the sound system of a language. With phonemes, we establish the patterns of organization within the infinitely large number of sounds. Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes (15-80). No two languages have the same phonemic system.10. Phoneme ⾳位i) phonological unit ii) distinctive of meaning iii) abstract, not physical iv) marked with / /.11.Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs:1) different in meaning; 2) only one phoneme different; 3) the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment. Minimal set: pat, mat, bat, fat, cat, hat, etc.11. Allophone ⾳位变体: phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme12. Phonological rules:Phonological patterning is rule-governed. [blik] and [kilb], though not found in English, can be possible combinations, while [kbil] or [lkib] cannot. Sequential rules are those that account for the combination of sounds in a particular language. They are language-specific, as in thefollowing cases:* [tlait] [iltrit]13.Sequential ruleIf three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should follow the order/sequence below:a. The first phoneme must be /s/b. The second phoneme must be /p/, /t/ or /k/c. The third phoneme must be /l/, /r/, or /w/. spring, string, squirrel, split, screen14. Assimilation ruleA sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/neighboring sound, e.g. impossible, irresistible, illegal [in-]Question: What other examples?sink /since pan cake sun glasses five past seven has to15. Deletion ruleA sound may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented.16.Stress, tone, and intonationSuprasegmental （超切分）phonology Suprasegmental phonemes:stress, tone and intonation17.Stress重⾳Word stress/sentence stress Primary stress/secondary stressStress of compounds: ‵blackbird / black ‵bird; ‵greenhouse / green ‵ houseSentence stress: Depending on the relative importance of the words; contrastive stress18. Tone (声调）Different rates of vibration produce different frequencies, which are termed as different pitches. Pitch variations are distinctive of meaning.In some languages like Chinese, pitch variations are called tones. Languages using tones are tone languages.19. Intonation（语调）When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence, they combine to become known as intonation.Three major types of English intonation: a. falling tone/tune b. rising tone/tune c. fall-rise tone/tune20. Assignments:Difference between phonetics and phonologyPhone, phoneme, allophonePhonemic contrast, complementary distribution, minimal pair3. Morphology（词法）1. Morphology is the study of word formation and structure. It studies how words are put together from their smaller parts and the rules governing this process.2. Two kinds of words1. Open class words: content words .e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs2. Closed class words: grammatical words or functional words. E.g. conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns Words can be related to other words, e.g. "happy" — "unhappy".The rules that relate such sets of words are called Word Formation Rules. Thus, the morphology containsfundamental elements – morphemes rules of combination -- Word Formation Rules4. MorphemesThe elements that are combining to form words are called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning you can have in a language.we know three things about every morpheme:1. its meaning2. its form (the sounds that make it up)3. a rule of combination (put it before/after/inside the stem)5. A case: Unhappy Happier unhappier6. Bound and Free Morphemes" In the word doors" there are two morphemes: "door" and "-s".The morpheme "door" can be used by itself, so it is called a FREE morpheme.But the morpheme "s" cannot be used by itself: ? "How many doors did you shut?" "More than one." OK "s" Not OK Therefore, "-s" is called a BOUND morpheme.7. AffixesMorphemes added to free forms to make other free forms are called affixes. There are four principle kinds of affixes:1. prefixes (at beginning) — "un-" in "unable"2. suffixes (at end) — "-ed" in "walked"3. circumfixes (at both ends) — "en--en" in "enlighten" (These always seem to consist ofotherwise attested independent prefixes and suffixes.)4. infixes (in the middle) -- "-bloody-" in "inbloody- credible"8.Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes may or may not change the category, or grammatical class of words.E.g. Noun--- Adjective affection + ate alcohol+ ic9. Inflectional MorphologyMorphology that interacts with syntax (sentence structure) is called INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY Some examples are: ? person? number? gender ? noun class ? case ? tenseInflectional morphemes never change the category. Inflectional morphemes do not change the "core" meaning of the word. Inflectional morphemes usually occur "outside" derivational ones. 10. A Rule for Forming some English Words 11. Compounds12. Other ways of Forming Words13. Word-formation:the creation of new words on the basis of existing structural devices in the language derivation compounding derivational affixation clipping, abbreviation, acronyms conversion* affixation * coinage: Ford, Kodak* compounding/composition: hot-line, keep-fit* conversion /functional shift : knee, cool, trigger, brake* derivation: alcoholic, affectionate* back-formation:edit, babysit, massproduce, laze* blending: smog, motel, globesity* shortening (clipped words, acronym) * borrowing: tea, algebra15. Compare the following derived words: in how far do they differ? Lab OED16. Compare the following derived words: in how far do they differ?lab babysit (from: babysitter)17. Compare the following derived words: in how far do they differ? institution-al skin-deep18. Compare the following derived words: in how far do they differ?to strength-en to house (e.g. this building houses 500 families)19. AssignmentsDistinguish the following terms: Open class words and closed class wordsBound morpheme and free morphemeInflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme List some rules of word formation 4. syntax1. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. Syntactic rulesHow do we COMBINE WORDS to make SENTENCES? Syntax uses trees (just as in morphology) but the trees are built on WORDS instead of morphemes. Words are the fundamental units of sentences. The laws of combination for words are the syntactic rules.3. Sentence StructureWe know that there is structure in sentences separate from the meaning of the sentence because of the difference between "well formed nonsense" (1) and "total gibberish" (2) :(1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. (2) Green sleep furiously ideas colorless.Which sounds better ?4. Word-level categoriesMajor lexical categoriesN( Noun) book, boy V(Verb) run, buy A(Adjective) happy, heavyP (Preposition) about, in Minor lexical categories Det (determiner) the, a thisDeg (Degree word) quite, very Qual (Qualifier) often, always Aux(Auxiliary) must, should Con (Conjunction) and, but 5. Three criteria for judging the word’s categories1.meaning Noun—entity2.inflection -ed, -s3.distribution the girl Det+ N6. Phrase categoriesPhrases are constructed out of a "head" plus other material into:Noun Phrase (NP) Verb Phrase (VP) Adjective Phrase (AP) Prepositional Phrase (PP)7. Head, specifier, complementHead: the word around which a phrase is formedSpecifier: the words on the left side of the headscomplement: the words on the right side of the headsE.g. a touching story about a sentimental girl8. Phrase Structure RulesNP → (Det)N (PP) ? VP → (Qual) V ( NP) ? AP → (Deg)A (PP) ? PP → (Deg) P (NP)9. XP rule X= N, V, A or P XP →(specifier) X (complement)10. X – theory XP →(specifier) X X - → X(complement)11. Co-ordination rules X → X Con X12. XP rule (revised): XP →(specifier) X (complement ) Matrix clauseComplement phrase (CP) Complement clause Complementizers (Cs)13. ModifierAP PP AdvP The expanded XP rules XP →(spec)(Mod) X (complement*)(Mod)14. The S ruleS NP VPDet N V P Det N| | | | | |The cat is on the mat15. Transformational RulesOnce we have built a basic tree, we then might want to change it, for example to turn it into a question.1. John is going to school.2. Is John going to school?What happened between (1) and (2)? "Is" moved to the front. How did we make the yes/no question? What change did we make?16.Deep structure and surface structure:Deep structure is a level of syntactic representation that results from insertion of lexical items into the tree structure generated by the phrase structure rules.Surface structure is a level of syntactic representation that results from the application of whatever transformations are needed to yield the final syntactic form of the sentence.17. The organization of the syntactic componentThe XP ruleDeep structuretransformationsSurface structure18. Wh MovementMove the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentenceMove a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP19. Word OrderRecall that languages can choose the order of the constituents in a phrase structure rule. ? English: PP → P NP ? Japanese: PP → NP P20. SVOWe can say that the overall word-order in a simple sentence is Subject-Verb-Object or SVO.There are two choices for each rule:1. Sentence: S → NP VP S → VP NP2. Verb Phrase: VP → V NP VP → NP V21. AssignmentsDraw two possible trees for the sentence “The boy saw the man with the telescope. ”5. Semantics1. Semantics is the study of meaning.2. The Meanings of MeaningEveryday use and ambiguity of the word mean(ing)(1) Daddy, what does 'unique' mean? (2) When Mary talks about "her ex" she means me.(3) 'Purchase' means the same as 'buy'. (4) Gwailou means "foreign devil".(5) When he drinks it means he's depressed. (6) I didn't mean to hurt you.3. Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning (1923)sixteen different meanings of the words "mean/meaning" were distinguished. Here are some of them:John means to write. 'intends’A green light means go. 'indicates' Health means everything. 'has importance'His look was full of meaning. 'special import'What is the meaning of life? 'point, purpose'What does 'capitalist' mean to you? 'convey'What does ‘cornea‘(⾓膜)mean? 'refer to in the world'4. What does meaning mean in linguistics?It is the last kind of use that comes closest to the focus of linguistic semantics. In modern linguistics, the meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts ("meaning" is not some kind of "entity" separate from language - any more than measures such as "height" or "length" have some kind of independent existence). This is an approach shared by a number of philosophers and psychologists. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889- 1951), in particular, stressed its importance in his dictum: "The meaning of a word is its use in the language."5. 4 views concerning the study of meaningThe naming theory The conceptual theory Contextualism behaviorism6. The naming theoryPlato Words are names or labels for things.Limitations of the theory: it can be applicable to nouns only, but verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are not names or labels; imaginary things like “dragon”;abstract nouns like “joy”7. The conceptual theoryOgden & Richards' TriangleTHOUGHT (concepts, images, schemas)/ \(Sense) / \/ \(language) WORDS - - - - - - - - WORLD(things, situations)(Reference)Note: (i) Reference as an indirect relation(ii) Sense as a psychological notionWhat is the link between the language and concept?8. ContextualismLudwig Wittgenstein Malinowski J.R.Firth2 kinds of contexts: the situational context and the linguistic context9. BehaviorismBloomfield 1926, 1935 Behaviorism vs. mentalismHuman and animal behaviorStimulus and responseS -> r ... s -> R Jack and Jill10. Lexical meaningSense and referenceSense refers to the meaning of a Noun Phrase which determines its referent;Reference refers to that part of meaning of a Noun Phrase which is its referent.Sense is abstract and de-contextualized;Reference is concrete and contextualized.11. sense relations between words1.synonymy2.polysemy3.homonymy4.hyponymy5.antonymy11.1. synonymytwo words, same meaning never complete; tendency toward divergence,e.g small - little, but cf. small change and little sistera) dialectal synonymsb) stylistic synonymsc) synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningd) collocational synonymse) semantically different synonyms11.2. polysemyone word, many meaningseye 'organ of sight', 'center of hurricane' , 'hole in needle'11.3.homonymydifferent words, same soundbear 'carry' bear 'furry creature' bare 'naked'cf. Homonymy, Homography: different words, same spelling bow 'knotted ribbon' bow 'front of ship'11.4.hyponymysuperordinate (hyponym) to subordinate Also: co-hyponymsProblematic superordinates:aunt - uncle > none sweet - sour - bitter > Tastes , but no Adj chair - sofa - couch > ? sitting furniture (Sitzm?bel) 11.5. antonymy(1) Gradable (scalar) antonyms: cold. . hot(2) Complementary antonyms: dead - alive(3) Relational opposites: teach - learn husband - wife12. six sense relations between sentencesa) X is synonymous with Yb) X is inconsistent with Yc) X entails Y (Y is an entailment of X)d) X presupposes Y (Y is a prerequisite of X)e) X is a contradiction?f) X is semantically anomalous?13. Analysis of meaningComponential analysisPredication analysisgrammatical meaningsemantic meaning13.1 Componential analysisFeatures in Semantic Theoryman = [+human] [+adult] [+male]woman = [+human] [+adult] [+female]girl = [+human] [-adult] [+female]boy = [+human] [-adult] [+male]stool = [+sitting] [+legs] [-back] [-arms] [+single person]chair = [+sitting] [+legs] [+back] [+/- arms] [+single person]sofa = [+sitting] [+/-legs] [+back] [+arms] [-single person] etccow = [+bovine] [+adult] [+female]ewe = [+ovine] [+adult] [+female] bull = [+bovine] [+adult] [+male]ram = [+ovine] [+adult] [+male] calf = [+bovine] [- adult]lamb = [+ovine] [-adult]But should calf = [+/-female] [+/-male] or simply unspecified?And what about: steer? = [+bovine] [+adult] [-male] [-female]13.2Predication analysisIt is proposed by G. Leech. In his framework of analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of arguments and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a predication. A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.14.Interdisciplinary nature of semantics (1)philosophy: definitions, truth, logiclinguistics: lexical, grammatical meaning; structural ambiguitypsychology: concepts, categorization, learninglaw: interpretation, entailment translation: translatability, paraphrasecomputer science: processing and representation of information15. Interdisciplinary nature of semantics(2)musicology: musical meaning (Joseph Swain: Musical Languages, 1997)anthropology: cultural meaning, relativityliterary criticism: interpretation, ambiguity, metaphorreligion (Anna Wierzbicka, What did Jesus mean?, 2001)16. Assignments:Summarize the four approaches to the studies on meaning.Specify the five major sense relations1.synonymy2.polysemy3.homonymy4.hyponymy5.antonymyDefine the following terms: componential analysis Predication analysis6 Pragmatics1. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context2. Contextualist viewLudwig WittgensteinMalinowskiJ.R.Firth2 kinds of contexts: the situational context and the linguistic context3. Some issues in PragmaticsDeixis指⽰ Speech acts⾔语⾏为 Indirect language间接语⾔Conversation会话 Politeness礼貌 Cross-cultural communication跨⽂化交际Presupposition预设4. Pragmatics and Semanticsa There is continuum between Semantics (things that are true by theDEFINITIONS and RULES) and Pragrmatics (things that are true by virtue of the REAL WORLD Complementarism: semantics studies meaning in the abstract; pragmatics studies meaning in the context/use.5. Consider the following sentences:The rock ate my lunch. Semantically false, because "eat" requires anANIMATE subject.The giraffe ate the hyena. Grey area, does SEMANTICS include the concept VEGETARIANThe giraffe ate one hundred pounds of grass today.Pragmatics, how much DOES a giraffe eat in a day?6. ContextAccording to Firth, context includes the relevant features of participants: persons, personalities, the verbal and non-verbal action of the participants, the relevant objects and the effect of the verbal action. Hymes’ notion of context includes addressor, addressee, topic, setting, channel, code, message form, event, key and purpose.Shared knowledge7. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaningSentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. Utterance is the issuance in an actual context.The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized,while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and contextdependent.8. Speech Act TheoryAustin noticed that some sentences are special in that they DO things. One class is PERFORMATIVES. When spoken such sentences do the work:I (hereby) declare the fair open. ("hereby" is a good diagnostic of performatives)Performatives⾏事: Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Constatives⾔事: constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thusverifiable9. Three kinds of actsLocutionary act⾔内⾏为: locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.Illocutionary act⾔外⾏为: an illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. It is an act performed in saying something.Perlocutionary act⾔后⾏为: perlocutionary act is the act performed by saying something. 10. Searle’s classification of speech actsRepresentatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true;Directives: trying to get the hearer to do something;Commissives: committing the speaker himself to future course of action;Expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state;Declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something11. Principle of ConversationGrice discovered a number of conversational maxims (rules) that people generally obey.Two of them are: ? Be cooperative ? Be relevantThe following discourse represents a failure of cooperation:A: Do you know what time it isB: Yes.Or, if you know for sure that you're leaving on Tuesday it's misleading to say: "I'm leaving on Monday or Tuesday."12. Four maximsThe maxim of quantity The maxim of qualityThe maxim of relation The maxim of manner13. Conversational Implicatureconversational implicature: Conversational implicature occurs only when the maximsof Cooperative Principle are “flouted”. A: Do you know where Mr. X lives?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.(said when it is known to both A and B that B has Mr. X’s address.)A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?B: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well today.A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don’t you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they?(said when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B to make a comment on the hostess)A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.(said when it is known to both A and B that B has no difficulty in pronouncing the word“ice-cream”).14. Leech’s Politeness PrincipleTact maxim Generosity maxim Approbation maximModesty maxim Agreement maxim Sympathy maxim15. The 6 maxims of Leech’s PPtact generosityapprobation modestyagreementsympathy16. Tact Maxim:1. Minimize cost to other 2.Maximize benefit to other Generosity Maxim:1. Minimize benefit to self 2. Maximize cost to self Approbation Maxim: 1. Minimize dispraise of other 2. Maximize praise of other Modesty Maxim:1. Minimize praise of self 2. Maximize dispraise of self17. Agreement Maxim: 1.Minimize disagreement between self and other2.Maximize agreement between self and otherSympathy Maxim: 1. Minimize antipathy between self and other2. Maximize sympathy between self and other18. Politeness scale: DirectnessdirectCould you possibly answer the phone?Would you mind answering the phone?Can you answer the phone?Will you answer the phone?I want you to answer the phone.Answer the phone.indirect19. Politeness scale: Cost – benefitbenefitHave another sandwich.Enjoy your holiday.Look at that.Sit down.Hand me the newspaper.Peel these potatoes.Cost20. PresuppositionsStatements or questions that presuppose a related sentence. "Leading" questions or statements. "When did you stop beating your donkey?" presupposes:You stopped beating your donkey.You did beat your donkey.You beat something.You have a donkey...."I'll have some more coffee." presupposes that you have already had some.21. assignmentsSpeech act theorycoperative principleconversational implicature7. Language Change1. ReviewPrescriptive vs.descriptive (Chapter 1)The definition of language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (Chapter 1) Word formation: affixation, composition, conversion, back formation, blend, shortening , coinage (Chapter 3) Contextualism (Chapter 5) Context (Chapter 6)2. All languages change through timeLanguages change in the phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantic components of the grammar.3. The changes of language at different levels (1)Sound changeMorphological and syntactic changea) change in “agreement” ruleb) change in negation rulec) process of simplificationd) loss of inflections4. The changes of language at different levels (2)Vocabulary changea) addition of new words(coinage, clipped words, blending, acronyms, backformation, functional shift, borrowing)b) loss of wordsc) changes in the meaning of words (widening of meaning, narrowing of meaning,meaning shift)5. Some recent trendsMoving towards greater informalityThe influence of American EnglishThe influence of science and technologya) space travel b) computer and internet language c) ecology6. Causes of language changea) The rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words: fax, laser, telecomb) As more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created: chairman-chairperson, fireman-fire fighter.c) The way children acquire the language provides a basic cause of change.d) “economy of memory ” and “theory of least effort”. foe/foes, cow/cows (kine)cheap-cheaplye) other factors, e.g. elaboration of grammar7. SummaryThe linguistic change is complex.The linguistic change is gradual.The exact reasons for language change are still elusive and need to be further investigated. 8. Assignments1. Illustrate the vocabulary change with examples.2. What are the possible causes of language change?8. Language and Society1. The relatedness between language and societyLanguage is used to establish and maintain social relationship.The kind of language the users choose is in part determined by his/her social background.Language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.2. Speech communityFor general linguists, a speech community is defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.。
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Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration μ
c 2
20 0 . 1 200 ， mk
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Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Example 3.1 Case 1:
where, x1(t) is the homogeneous solution => Transient term x2(t) is the particular solution => Steady Steady-state term
x1 t Re
n t
x 2 t X 0 sin t
cos d t
1
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
The complete solution:
xt Re
n t
cos d t
F0
1
0 A6.61sin 0.133 ， A6.61sin0.1330.87mm
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Example 3.1 Case 2:
t 2e 2t Acos d t Bsin d t x
(Damping domination)
， 0 ， ，
X0
F0 n k
2 2
F0 m
2
(Inertia domination)
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
k 2 2
2 2
2 sin t arctan 2 1
The solution consists of two parts: the homogeneous response and the particular response. The homogeneous response is a damped free vibration, the particular integral is a steady-state oscillation of the same frequency ω as that of the excitation.
2 Response characteristics
Vector relationship
0 ， 1 ， 0 ，X 0
(Stiffness domination)
F0 k
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration 1 1， ， ， 2 2 F0 F0 1X0 k2 c
mg
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Example 3.1 Solution
Generalized coordinate x Direction and origin
o
Δ
k
Fk
c
F Fc
x
m
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Vector relationship for forced vibration with damping：
Force Excitation
F t
Amplitude
Example 3.1 A dynamic model is shown in Figure, Figure Giving all the necessary parameters: m=5kg, c=20Ns/m, and k=2000N/m.
o
Δ
k
Fk
c
F Fc
x
m
•If the F(t)=10sin(10t)(N), what is the steady-state response? ? x2(t)=? ) ? •If the F(t)=10sin(10t)(N), and all I.C.s are equal to zero, i.e. x(0)=dx(0)/dt=0, what is the complete response? x (t)=? •If t = 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, amplitude of x1(t) or x2(t)=?
mg
Fk
F Fc
Free-bபைடு நூலகம்dy analysis
m
mg
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Example 3.1 Case 1:
k
(1) ) 解：(
n
10 20 ( rad/s ) m 20 0.5 ， ，
X0
F0 k
10 3 1.3226.6110 (m) 2000
Φ arctan
2 0 .5 0 .1 1 0.5 2
0.133 rad
The steady-state response
x 2 t 6.61sin10t 0.133 mm
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Amplitude
X0
k 1 2
F0
2
2
F0 k
2
Amplification factor：
Stable-state Stable state solution： x 2
t
sin t
1 2
2 2
1
2
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
peak k d n
Phase angle
Φ arctan c k m 2
x 0 n π arc tan x 0 x 0 n
Free vibration
arc tan
0 x
x0 0 x0 0
Forced vibration
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Example 3.1 Case 2:
2
d n
1
19. 9 ( rad/ s)
The complete response is
xt e 2t Acos d t Bsin d t 6.61sin10t 0.133
∵ all I.C.s are equal to zero, we have
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration
3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration 3.2 Rotating Unbalance 3 5 Support 3.5 S tM Motion ti 3.6 Vibration Isolation 3.7 Energy Dissipated by Damping 3 8 Equivalent Viscous Damping 3.8 3.9 Structural Damping
Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration 3.1 Forced Harmonic Vibration
Force
k X