非谓语动词讲义

非谓语动词一、定义二、形式：不定式、动名词、分词三、非谓语所作成分：主、宾、定、状、补(表)（一）定语1. 不定式---将来（to do/ to be done)（1）to do①与the first/next/only/last连用She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.②如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.)③ “有...要... ”用主动表被动.I have a lot of things to do today.Have you got anything to say at the meeting?（2）to be done表将要被Here is a letter to be taken to Mr. Li.The meeting to be held next week is really important.2.分词（1）doing---主动进行Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher?Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk yesterday?The man shaking ( = who is now shaking ) hands with Mr. Li visited our class yesterday.（2）done---被动、完成He is a student loved by all the teachers.The material discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world.（3）being done---正在被The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.The meeting being held is really important.辨析：done, being done, to be done（表被动的后置定语）A building ________ (build) last year is our library.A building ________ (build) now is our library.A building ________ (build) next year is our library.小试牛刀1.The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most excellent building at that time.A. to be completedB. having been completedC. completedD. being completed2. Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me?A. satB. sitC. to sitD. sitting3. The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.A. being blown downB. blown downC. blowing downD. to blow down4. The play_____ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A. producedB. being producedC. to be producedD. having been produced5. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday.A. to be heldB. heldC. being heldD. holding6. I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term.A. completeB. to completeC. completedD. completing（二）状语1．不定式(1)to do作目的状语: in order to do / so as to doHe got up early in order to catch the first bus.To get a good result, she worked very hard.He went to France to learn French.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．作结果状语: only to do / have no choice but to do/ can do nothing but do/ too...to/adj.+enough to doHe hurried to the station only to find the train gone.We have no choice but to wait.He wants to do nothing but play computer games.His family was too poor to support him．He is old enough to go to school.作原因状语: 表示引起这种情绪变化的原因。

I’m sorry not to have come on Tuesday.I am very glad to see you.She was very happy to get the first prize.I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(2)to be done ---为了被To be praised by his mother, the girl studied very hard.2.分词(1)doing--主动Hearing the noise, I turned round. （时间）Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch．（原因）Reading carefully, you'll learn something new．（条件）They stood by the roadside, talking about the plan．(伴随)(2)done--被动Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. （条件）Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.（时间）Punished by the teacher, the boy felt depressed. （原因）(3)having done--主动+先后关系Having finished the homework, Jane went to bed.Having worked all night, she looks tired.(4)having been done--被动+先后关系Having been punished by the teacher, the student realized his fault.Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.辨析：doing, done, having done, having been done________(see) from the top of the mountain, we found the city beautiful.________(see) from the top of the mountain, the city was beautiful.________(finish) their work, they had a rest.________(teach) many times, he still made the same mistake.注意事项1.分词和分词短语作状语，通常可转换为相应的状语从句例1：Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.=When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.例2：Heated, ice will be changed into water.=When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.例3：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.=Although they know all this, they made me pay for the damage.2.分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句中的主语保持一致Entering the room, I found the walls newly-painted．（对）Entering the room, the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls．（错）Badly wounded , the soldier was sent to hospital at once．（对）Badly wounded, we sent the soldier to hospital at once．（错）Being very busy, I could not afford the time to go to the cinema．（)Being very busy, the film tickets were given to others．（）Led by the Party, we are making great progress in our work．（）Led by the Party, great progress in our work is being made．（）Written in haste, the letter had some mistakes．（）Written in haste, he made some mistakes in the letter．（）Running after each other in the street, the two boys were knocked down by a bike．（）Running after each other in the street, a bike knocked down the two boys．（）3.如果分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语不是句中的主语，分词必须有自己的主语。