学术英语 理工类 课后翻译
1 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
2 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。
3 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。
4 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。
5 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。
1 看似无害的编程错误可能被利用，导致电脑被侵入，为电脑病毒和蠕虫的繁衍提供温床。
2 当一个软件漏洞被发现，黑客可以将它变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏。
在这之前，往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。
3 最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。
但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾，最近的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商业网站，并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。
4 间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。
尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。
5 尽管因特网已经彻底改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些利用网络力量实现罪恶目的的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。
1云计算可定义为一种按次付费模式，这种模式可以根据要求迅速得到计算机分配的可靠资源，用户很少需要自己进行管理。
2 由于云计算可以用来不断提供资源，因此当你需要扩充计算机容量时就不需要去买硬件，就不会因为用电去冷却计算机设备而产生更多的二氧化碳。
3 这意味着他们不需要开车到办公地点。
这就可以省去燃料费，减少二氧化碳排放，从而保护了环境。
4 万一断电，客户可以在电脑再启动时使用和主机同步的备份。
5 除此之外，云计算还不容易受到黑客入侵和分布式拒绝服务的攻击，因为攻击者不知道数据的位置。
1 这个术语来自于因特网往往呈现为网络图的方法。
2 目前云计算技术涉及一个数据中心的存在，这个中心能够为全世界用户提供服务。
3 这就减少了由于没有硬件，如手提电脑带来的影响。
4 虚拟化可以使一个损坏的云端服务器迅速找到替代品而不造成大的损失或破坏。
5 云技术还处于起步阶段，更多新的优点会不断被发现。
1 最近在《纽约时报》上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件瞬间就能筛选数以千计的法律文件并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，为律师们节省了花费在阅读文件上的数百小时。
2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，多种的部分用以物品交易或卖出。
3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年达到顶峰（约有1100-1200万）,在此之后人数便急剧下降。
4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。
5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？1 就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。
就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，不了解其他玩家的动作。
2 当思考别人会如何反应的时候，必须站在别人的角度，用别人的思考方式进行思考，而不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。
3 尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法。
4 事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”，在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。
5 这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期损失所压倒。
1 在过去的十年里，对古老星光的观测让人对宇宙的过去有了深刻的了解。
令人惊讶的是，他们也让人对未来的本质有了深刻的洞察，而这些数据所显示的未来令人非常不安——因为某种被称之为暗能量的东西。
2 像地球或太阳一样的普通物质只能生成引力，但数学演算却显示，一种更外在的能源——一种就像是填充桑拿浴的蒸汽一样的能量均匀地充满着整个空间，只不过这种能量是无法看到的——会产生与引力相斥的力量。
3 快速推进到二十世纪九十年代，那时两队天文学家对遥远的超新星——由天体爆发所产生的非常耀眼的星星，能够穿过宇宙而被看得很清楚——进行着艰辛而精确的观测，用以确定外太空间的膨胀速度在宇宙的历史进程中是怎样改变的。
4 在测算充满宇宙的暗能量总量的最为精确的尝试中，遗漏了一个测定值，一个巨大的因数10123 （即一个1后面跟着123个0），这是在科学历史中理论和观测最为严重的一次误差。
5 距今一千亿年后, 任何没有与我们比邻的星系都将会被不断膨胀的空间横扫出去，它飞驰而去的速度将会比光速还快。
1 一纳米是一米的十亿分之一，比可见光的波长还要短，其宽度是人类头发的十万分之一。
2 诺贝尔奖获得者霍斯特·施特默说纳米尺度比原子尺度更有趣，因为纳米尺度是我们可以将东西安装在一起的起始点，我们只有将原子拼凑在一起这个东西才有使用价值。
3 只有在那时，他说，我们才能有效地教授纳米科学，因为没有牢固的多学科背景就无法理解纳米科技。
4 物质是绝缘体，就意味着他们不能带电荷，然而，在分散形式下缩微到纳米尺度时物质可以变为半导体。
5有些人担心纳米科技最终会成为虚拟的现实——换句话说，在纳米领域的局限性众所周知之前有关纳米科技的炒作仍会继续，但之后兴趣（和资金）会很快消失。
1他将气候变暖称为“伟大的地球物理实验”。
他说：“这个实验就是大气中增加尽可能多的二氧化碳，再增加少许其他有害气体，然后看看会发生什么。
”2 在减少温室气体排放，特别是因燃烧化石燃料而产生的二氧化碳的排放方面人类所做的努力微不足道，这增加了全球变暖的速度和强度。
3 大气中的二氧化碳可以使植物的光合作用速度加快，使得过敏原数量增加。
4 它是地球上除了水蒸汽外最丰富的热能吸收气体，但它并不被认为是一种温室气体，因为它通过下雨不断地循环回到地球上。
5 《沸点》是一部关于全球变暖导致地球气候变化的著作，该书的作者罗斯﹒格尔布斯潘在2004年公开谈及他的这本书时说：“气候问题最终会撕开全球经济的裂口。
1 这一争论的焦点在于：我们正在经历的变暖仅仅反映了最近全球气温变化趋势的自然转变，还是工业革命开始以来人类活动造成污染影响的结果。
2 一种反对人为变暖的观点是，这世界曾在1946到1975年间经历过一次明显的降温，证明了温室气体排放水平升高势必会导致全球变暖这一想法是错误的。
3 试图对全球气温在过去一千多年中真正的变化下定论是很难办到的，尤其近几百年前的记录并不可靠。
4 反对减轻全球变暖提案的既得利益集团已经确定，虽然《京都议定书》现已正式生效，但它远未实现其到2008年12月全球温室气体排放减少5.2%（低于1990年水平）的目标。
5 如果真的要在日益攀升的大气温室气体浓度中按要求减少60%的温室气体排放，前景的确堪忧。
1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中，一般人每秒钟都遭受着自然中15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1000亿个粒子的辐射。
2 这些与人体接触的物质主要有：发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物、核电站事故和放射性材料运输事故、以及从隔离系统中泄漏的放射性废料。
3 在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多可以做；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术，那么由核工业造成的每一种疾病中都将有80例遗传疾病得到防止。
4 高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅限2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中，在0.2%的熔毁事故中会超过100天，而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3500天。
5 对于氡效应详尽的预测是一家运行一年的核电站最终将避免几百人死亡，而一家同等的煤电厂将最终导致30人死亡。
1 尽管放射性的蒸汽已经被释放以降低被毁坏的络合物反应堆的压力，而且三次爆炸中还有额外的辐射泄露，辐射水平的最高点仍旧没有维持不变。
2 这一类型的辐射有足够的能量来电离原子（通常通过毁坏电子而产生正电），从而给予这些原子化学潜能，使之与生物组织中的原子和分子发生对人体有害的反应。
3 这是因为大部分的伽玛射线和X光射线会直接穿透身体，不与身体的组织发生作用（就原子层面而言，身体基本上是中空的空间）而直接穿透身体，但无法穿透组织的α射线和β射线则会通过与身体原子的碰撞扩展其能量，从而可能导致更多的损坏。
4 电离辐射导致的DNA破坏可能会导致癌症的发生，尤其是对高频率细胞分裂的组织，比如消化道、生殖细胞和骨髓。
5 冈萨雷斯认为，在切尔贝诺利工作的一些应急工人受到了几百雷姆的辐射。
因为酷热的缘故，许多人基本上是“赤裸”地工作，被污染的粉末就这样通过他们的皮肤被身体吸收了。
1为了不让公众恐慌，这一次官员们又将辐射轻描淡写。
事实上周围许多事物已经给我们带来有害影响：添了氟化物的水、化学杀虫剂、不必要的强制疫苗、使用激素、用人工饲料喂养牲畜和家禽和转基因农产品等。
2 任何正常人在未来的80到100年都不再想去日本，这一事实足以表明那里的形势有多么严峻。
3 日常生活中辐射无处不在，已检测出的辐射与我们每天接触到的相比，数量微乎其微。
4 不会造成危害的、安全的一个辐射量界限是不存在的。
只要是辐射都会破坏人体细胞。
5 当我们的兄弟姐妹正在遭受苦难时，哪怕他们离我们很远，我们又怎么能无动于衷呢？1 2011年3月11日日本发生了9级大地震，地震引起的海啸给沿海地区造成毁灭性的破坏，海啸过后，村庄被夷为平地。
2 碘131的半衰期为8天，意味着8天过后其放射性减弱为之前的一半，从而使其放射性效果存在的时间相对较短。
3 人们经常受到的辐射是在一些常见的医学检查过程中造成的。
要知道3毫西弗的量有多大，不妨考虑以下几种情况：拍一次普通的乳房X光照片接受的辐射量为0.13毫西弗；胸透的辐射量为0.1毫西弗；一次常规牙齿X光片的辐射量是0.04到0.15毫西弗。
4 迄今为止，一些参与核电站抢险、力争控制核泄露形势的工作人员都受到了高度辐射，其中几位在进入含有高浓度辐射的电站水池作业后已入院治疗。
5 受到高度辐射会给健康带来各种严重问题，通常只有那些接近辐射源的人员，如核反应堆工人，才会有这些问题。
短时间内的高度辐射可能带来的一个严重后果是急性辐射症状或辐射病。
1 特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，这个理念似乎有悖自然。
学术综合英语unit1unit5课后翻译及答案
学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案 Unit 1Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。
《学术英语(理工类)》课后题答案
Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
学术英语(理工类)_Unit1-2-3-4-5全539页
your operating system and applications; – Make sure your password is complex; – Consider getting a hardware firewall and
Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological Perspective
第六页，编辑于星期五：十二点 三十二分。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Topics Global Warming Cancer
new virus definitions available;
– Back up your data.
第十四页，编辑于星期五：十二点 三十二分。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
limiting the flow of data to and from the Internet to only the few select ports you
actually need;
– Make sure your anti-virus software is up-to-
date and check frequently to see if there are
7 start with a pretty straightforward (直截了当) question
学术英语第七课课文译文
宇宙边缘的黑暗很多领域的研究者都非常想直接目睹过去的情景，但是他们通常只能通过风化的化石、腐烂的羊皮纸或是木乃伊遗体拼凑起遥远过去的信息。
而宇宙学却截然不同，这一学科研究的是宇宙的起源和发展，实际上在这一领域，我们可以直接见证历史。
人们肉眼所看到的点点星光是几年前或是几千年前射向我们的光子，效力大的望远镜发现远处物体所发射的光向我们这里走过的时间远远超过几年或几千年，有时甚至长达数十亿年。
我们看到的远古的光线实际上是远古的时间。
过去十年对于这些远古星光的观察不仅为宇宙的过去提供了很深邃的见解，而且对于宇宙未来的本质也提供了深刻的见解。
由于一种叫做“暗物质”的物体，这些数据所提供的未来尤其令人不安。
发现暗物质的故事从一个世纪以前开始，当时阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦认识到空间并非艾萨克·牛顿所预期的那样一成不变，恰恰相反，爱因斯坦通过自己研究的广义相对论发现，空间和时间可以扭曲和旋转，其反应的状态就像孩子跳跃的蹦床一样。
实际上，空间的可延展性极强，按照数学上的推理，宇宙的大小是随着时间进行必要的改变的，空间的结构一定是在膨胀或是收缩，总之不可能完全不变。
对爱因斯坦来说，他无法接受这一结论，他已经花了十年艰难的时间来发展相对论，寻找对于重力更好的理解方式，但是对他来说，宇宙膨胀说或是宇宙缩小说的观念似乎完全错误，因为它公然违背了人们最普遍的知识---即宇宙是固定不变的。
爱因斯坦迅速做出了回应，他修改了相对论的方程式，以便数学结果可以产生出不变的宇宙。
如同拔河中的僵持阶段一样，静态的局面需要相等而且相反的作用力来抵消彼此的力量。
对于很远的距离以外，形成宇宙的力就是重力的引力，所以爱因斯坦推论出需要一个与引力相排斥的反作用力。
但是这会是什么力呢？爱因斯坦惊讶地发现，自己简单地修改相对论的方程式需要反重力，反重力的概念将令牛顿非常惊讶---因为反重力是在推动对方而不是吸引对方。
像地球和太阳这样普通的物体，只能产生引力。
武汉理工大学研究生英文下册课后翻译
Unit6 DictionaryPassage One1.My dictionary never became very large and after a while I turned to making a football scrapbook like most other children of my age, but for a few months I put some effort in attempt to outdo the Oxford English.我的词典一直没办法变得很大，所以一段时间后我就跟我的同龄儿童一样转而编写足球剪贴簿。
但有几个月，我努力想超过《牛津英语词典》。
2.When a word occurs in such phrases, they are either indicated in a dictionary entry or they have entries to themselves.当词出现在这样的短语中时，它们要么在词典的条目中标出，要么单独列为词条。
3.I reworded them of course-even at the tender age of 12, I was intuitively aware of the danger of plagiarism-but I saw my role as one of collating the wisdom of previous lexicographers.当然我进行了改写——甚至是在12岁这么一个幼小的年龄，我从直觉上就意识到剽窃的危害。
可是我只是起到了整理以前词典编纂家智慧的作用。
4.Now that all these new descriptive facts, including word frequencies, common patterns of collocation etc., are at our disposal, it is self-evident that they should be recorded in the dictionary to reflect accurately the state of the contemporary language.既然所以这些新的统计数据已经在手，包括词频、常见词语搭配形式等，将他们收录在词典里准确地反映当代语言的状况也是理所当然的。
学术英语 理工 lecture11 原文
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All theco nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in those journeys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners atKleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate a whole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largestprivate employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, they won’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in andyear out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. He stood up. You know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. You know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s the father of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would be flex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S.,5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fa ct, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Six thousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a mi llion lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugsto make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this tech nology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, t hey’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, at Kleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’snew budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country. And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so som ehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell youwhat. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hard question, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them p assed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution,in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to the conversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
理工专业通用学术英语基础篇
理工专业通用学术英语基础篇学术英语是指用于学术交流的英语语言，包括学术写作、学术讲演等。
对于理工专业的学生来说，掌握学术英语非常重要，因为它是参与国际学术界交流的桥梁。
下面是理工专业通用学术英语的基础篇：1. 科研报告 (Research Presentation)- Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, I would like to present my research on…- The purpose of my study is to investigate/examine/analyze…- The findings/results of my research indicate/suggest/demonstrate that…- In conclusion, my research contributes to the field of… and provides insights into…2. 学术论文 (Academic Paper)- This paper aims to explore/investigate/a nalyze the impact of…- The methodology used in this study includes…- The results of the experiment/survey indicate/reveal that…- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that…- This study contributes to our understanding of…3. 文献综述 (Literature Review)- This literature review examines/evaluates/analyzes previous studies on…- The main findings of these studies indicate that…- However, some limitations/challenges exist in the current research.- Future research should focus on/address the gaps in the literature.- In conclusion, this literature review provides a comprehensive overview of…4. 研究方法 (Research Methods)- This study adopts/utilizes a quantitative/qualitative research approach.- The sample/participants in this study were selected using a random/snowball sampling method.- Data was collected through interviews/surveys/experiments.- Statistical analysis/Content analysis was applied to analyze the data.- The limitations of the research methodology should be acknowledged.5. 结果与讨论 (Results and Discussion)- The results of the study suggest that there is a positive/negative correlation between A and B.- The findings support the hypothesis/theory that was proposed.- These results are consistent with previous studies/research in the field.- The implications of these findings for theory/practice are discussed.- Future research should focus on further validating/exploring the results.以上是理工专业通用学术英语基础篇的一些常用表达和句型，可以帮助学生在学术交流和学术写作中更加准确和流利地表达自己的观点和研究成果。
学术英语理工类Unit1 课后练习答案
(来自于对……误解) of
cloud computing. Although the security of cloud computing ____________________________( leaves a lot of problems unsolved 留下很多问题没有得到解决), it opens a path for (打开了通道) the future development of computers. Hence a better understanding of a new technology requires a different frame of mind (需要有新的思想)_______________________________.
Enhancing your academic language
Match the words with their definitions.
1 —— d 2 —— f 3 —— h 4 —— i 5 —— a
6 —— e 7 —— b 8 —— j
9 —— g 10 —— c
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
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Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.
1 有些人声称黑客是那些扩宽知识 界限而不造成危害的好人 （或即使造成危害，但并非故意 而为），而“破碎者”才是真正 的坏人。
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Enhancing your academic language
eap学术英语理工第二版课后答案
eap学术英语理工第二版课后答案一、单项选择1. We have been told that under no circumstances _____ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A) may we use B) we may useC) we could use D) did we use2. Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests.A) are freshmen permitted B) permitted are freshmenC) freshmen are permitted D) are permitted freshmen3. _____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A) Had they arrived B) Would they arriveC) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive4. _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A) Would she leave B) If she leavesC) Were she to leave D) If she had left5. The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted responsibly.A) neither B) soC) either D) both6. _____ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A) Being published B) PublishedC) Publishing D) To be published7. _____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A) Not being B) Had it not beenC) Without being D) Not having been8. I could not persuade him to accept it, _____ make him see the importance of it.A) if only I could not B) no more than I couldC) or I could not D) nor could I9.We don’t need air conditionin g, _____.A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford itC) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it10. _____ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A) Had it not been B) It were notC) Weren’t it D) Had not it been11. ─You like singing and dancing.─ _____.A) So do I B) So I do C)I do so D) do I so12. Her mother is a warm-hearted old lady. _____.A) So my mother is B) So is my motherC) Is my mother so D) my mother so is13. The fairy story Snow White is very interesting. _____.A) So it is B) So is itC) it is so D) is it so14. You didn’t go for an outing at the seashore. _____.A) Neither do I B) Neither did IC)I didn’t neither D) Did neither I15. Marx was born in Germany, and German was his nativeA) So it was with Engels B) So was EngelsC) So Engels was D) Was Engels so16. ―Look. There _____. ―Oh, there _____.A) comes the bus; comes itB) the bus comes; it comesC) comes the bus; it comesD) the bus comes; comes it17. Not until _____ sixteen _____ to school.A) he was; did he go B) he was; he wentC) was he; he did go D) was he; went he18. Not until the next morning _____.A) did Mary come back B) Mary came backC) came Mary back D) came back Mary19. Hardly _____ when it began to rain.A) had he got home B) he had got homeC) had got home he D) he home had got20. No sooner _____ than he fell asleep.A) his head had touched the pillowB) had his head touched the pillowC) touched the pillow his head hadD) touched the pillow had his head21. Little _____.A) did I think of it B) I thought of itC) did think I of it D) thought of it IA) Lily her feelings showed B) did show Lily her feelingsC) Lily showed her feelings D) did Lily show her feelings23. Never before in her life _____ such beautiful and preciousjewelry.A) he saw B) did he see C) has she seen D) she has seen24. Many a time _____ the chess competition.A) had taken he part in B) he taken part in hadC) had he taken part in D) he had taken part in25. So busy _____ that he has no time to spare.A) he was B) was he C) he is D) is he26. _____ with a bunch of flowers in her hand.A) A girl in came B) Came in a girlC) In came a girl D) A girl came in27. Out _____.A) from behind a tall tree ran a little boyB) from behind a tall tree a little boy ranC) ran a little boy from behind a tall treeD) a little boy ran from behind a tall tree28. In the clear blue sky _____.A) does shine the bright moon.B) the bright moon does shineC) shines the bright moonD) the bright moon shines29. Only in this way _____.A) we can well do it B) can we well do itC) we can do it well D) can we do it well30. Only when he has finished his homework _____.A) is able to he play with his friends for a whileB) he able to play with is his friends for a whileC) is he able to play with his friends for a whileD) he is able to play with his friends for a while31. _____, he continued his study.A) Late as it was B) As it was lateC) Late although it was D) Although was it late32. Next door to us _____.A) lives an old man, who is an overseas ChineseB) does an old man live, who is an overseas ChineseC) an old man lives who is an overseas ChineseD) an old man who is an overseas Chinese does live33. _____ as young as you, I wouldstudy hard.A) Was I B) Were I C) If I am D) If I was34. _____ so hard, they wouldn’t have won such great success.A) Hasn’t they trained B) If they hasn’t trainC) Hadn’t they trained D) If they didn’t train35. Not a single word _____ when he left.A) did speak he B) spoke heC) did he speak D) he spoke36. ─I don’t think I can walk any further.― ____. Let’s stop here for a rest.A) Neither am I B) Neither can IC)I think so D)I don’t think so37. Be quick! ____.A) The bus comes here B) The bus here comesC) Here the bus comes D) Here comes the bus38. John’s not been to London. _____.A) Ben isn’t either B) Neither is BenC) Nor Ben has D) Neither has Ben39. The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply. _____.A) Charlie does so B) Charlie did soC) So does Charlie D) So did Charlie40. _____, he does not know the answer.A) As Mr. Smith is a teacher B) As Mr. Smith is teacherC) A teacher as Mr. Smith is D) Teacher as Mr. Smith is二、用倒装句型翻译下列句子1. 你三金的.那位先生去了。
学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit4
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Unit 3 Listening to Lectures