Ⅲ. Defining Culture 跨文化交际 辽宁师范大学 选修课课件 外语学习
Ⅲ. Defining Culture
• 1. Broad Definition:
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival, resulted in satisfaction for people in an ecological place, and thus become shared among persons who communicate with each other through a common language and lived at the same time.
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened
by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations.
• High-uncertainty-avoidance cultures try to avoid
• Low–uncertainty-avoidance cultures
• High
Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium Japan
Low Sweden Denmark Norway U.S.A. Finland
4. High-Power and Low-Power Distance
Differences in Perceiving the Self
I consciousness, self-image, self-esteem Personal goals Self-reliance Self-interest Individual decision making (self-determination) Private property, thoughts Individual initiative and achievement (selfactualization) part of a group, group’s goals
• The degree to which meaning comes from
settings or from the words being exchanged.
High: information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also through status (age, sex, education, family background)
uncertainty by providing stability, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing absolute truths.
Differences in Nonverbal Behavior
(2) Masculinity and Femininity
• The degree to which masculine or
feminine traits prevail.
• Masculinity: ambition, differentiated sex
(Everything created by human being including artifacts, sociofacts, mentifacts)
5. Cultural contrasts concerning values
(1) Individualism and Collectivism
• The extent to which a society accepts that
power in relationships, ions is distributed unequally.
(5) High and Low Contact
• Time orientation
roles, achievement, the acquisition of money, signs of manliness (assertive, domineering)
• Femininity: caring, nurturing,
interdependence, benevolence, sexual equality
Differences in Group Perceptions
many groups vs. restricted group weak or strong attachment
Differences in Status Perceptions
status differences or equality
• The space in physical relationships.
High-contact cultures: stand close, touch frequently, maintain eye contact.
Low-contact cultures
(6) High-Context and Low Context Cultures
Low: verbal message (direct and explict)
(7) Others
• Human nature orientation
Good or evil
• Relationship of Humankind to Nature
subject --- cooperate ---- subdue
• 1. Broad Definition:
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival, resulted in satisfaction for people in an ecological place, and thus become shared among persons who communicate with each other through a common language and lived at the same time.
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened
by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations.
• High-uncertainty-avoidance cultures try to avoid
• Low–uncertainty-avoidance cultures
• High
Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium Japan
Low Sweden Denmark Norway U.S.A. Finland
4. High-Power and Low-Power Distance
Differences in Perceiving the Self
I consciousness, self-image, self-esteem Personal goals Self-reliance Self-interest Individual decision making (self-determination) Private property, thoughts Individual initiative and achievement (selfactualization) part of a group, group’s goals
• The degree to which meaning comes from
settings or from the words being exchanged.
High: information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also through status (age, sex, education, family background)
uncertainty by providing stability, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing absolute truths.
Differences in Nonverbal Behavior
(2) Masculinity and Femininity
• The degree to which masculine or
feminine traits prevail.
• Masculinity: ambition, differentiated sex
(Everything created by human being including artifacts, sociofacts, mentifacts)
5. Cultural contrasts concerning values
(1) Individualism and Collectivism
• The extent to which a society accepts that
power in relationships, ions is distributed unequally.
(5) High and Low Contact
• Time orientation
roles, achievement, the acquisition of money, signs of manliness (assertive, domineering)
• Femininity: caring, nurturing,
interdependence, benevolence, sexual equality
Differences in Group Perceptions
many groups vs. restricted group weak or strong attachment
Differences in Status Perceptions
status differences or equality
• The space in physical relationships.
High-contact cultures: stand close, touch frequently, maintain eye contact.
Low-contact cultures
(6) High-Context and Low Context Cultures
Low: verbal message (direct and explict)
(7) Others
• Human nature orientation
Good or evil
• Relationship of Humankind to Nature
subject --- cooperate ---- subdue
合集下载
跨文化交际 课件1
right attitudes
1. What is culture?
On the surface: customs: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them
Li: is often translated as propriety, rite, courtesy, and politness.) Li for Confucius is the greatest principle of living.(博学于文，约之以礼)
Zhongyong: the term had been translated as the Middle way, the Mean, the Constant Mean. Zhongyong does not mean to compromise or take the neutral position in case of conflicts. “the Mean” in the mind of Confucius implies moderation of one’s behavior, and standing “central and balanced” in dealing with management of things or human beings. The Chinese values of harmony, modesty, stability and endurance can all find their roots in the Confucian concept of Zhongyong.
- New economic arena (multinational corporations) - Ever-increasing world population (finite natural
1. What is culture?
On the surface: customs: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them
Li: is often translated as propriety, rite, courtesy, and politness.) Li for Confucius is the greatest principle of living.(博学于文，约之以礼)
Zhongyong: the term had been translated as the Middle way, the Mean, the Constant Mean. Zhongyong does not mean to compromise or take the neutral position in case of conflicts. “the Mean” in the mind of Confucius implies moderation of one’s behavior, and standing “central and balanced” in dealing with management of things or human beings. The Chinese values of harmony, modesty, stability and endurance can all find their roots in the Confucian concept of Zhongyong.
- New economic arena (multinational corporations) - Ever-increasing world population (finite natural
跨文化交际概述PPT课件
• A: Okay, thanks for the information, Let’s get together soon.
• B: I’d love to. • A: Good, I’ll give you a call and we’ll make a date for
lunch. • B: If you want, we can make a date now. When are
• 大众交际（mass communication）一般定义为职业化 的传播机构利用机械化、电子化的技术手段向不特定 的多数人传送信息的行为或过程。
三、交际的要素
• 一个完整的交际过程包含了九项要素： 传送者、制码、讯息、通道、接收者、 解码、回馈、环境及噪音。
四、交际的模式
• 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。 • 语言是人类最重要的思维工具。 • 语言是文化的载体。
农民peasant 龙dragon
凤凰phoenix 猫头鹰owl
孔雀peacock 狗dog
• A、B概念意义相同，A有内涵意义，B无内涵意 义
松柏鹤桃 pine /cypress/crane/peach 梅兰竹菊plum
blossom/orchid/bamboo/chrysanthemum 数字
二、交际的种类
• 内向交际（intrapersonal communication）指一个 人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语。
• 人际交际（interpersonal communication）两个人 或两个人以上的信息传受过程。
• 组织交际（organizational communication）在学校、 公司、工厂、机关、军队、党派、群众团体等内部的 传播是组织交际。
跨文化交际 第二课PPT课件
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英 语culture的对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词 又被现代汉语吸收，于是“文化”就同英语的 culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生出“文明”、 “教育”等含义。
什么是文化？
文化离不开 人，是某一 群体的生活 方式。
“由人们为了使自己的活动方式被社会的其他成员所接受、所 必须知晓和相信的一切组成。作为人们不得不学习的一种有别 于生物遗传的东西，文化必须由学习的终端产品‘知识’组 成”。民族内部的规范
本尼迪克特（Benedict）认为，文化是“通过某个民族
的活动而表现出来的一种思维和行为方式，一种使这个民族不 同于其他任何民族的方式”。民族之间的差异
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
3.观念的整合性 整个民族文化有一个或少数几个由价值选择结果为出
发点的“文化内核”，这样的文化内核就像遗传因子一 样无所不在地渗入该民族的所有文化细胞之中，发挥着 整合文化的潜在作用，从而使整个文化产生一种保守性、 内聚性、排异性和对外来文化要素的同化力。文化的整 合性是一种文化得以自我完善和形成独特面貌的动力。
亚文化：指不同地区、不同民族、不同职业、不同社会团体、不同文 化层次，甚至不同年龄段的人群特有的文化特征。亚文化既有主导文 化的基本共性，又有自己的独特个性。这些亚文化个性表现在生活习 性、言谈举止、行为方式、交际规则，甚至思维方式等各方面。
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
（二）文化的特征
说服派更适合解释宏观上大众传播的形式，而共享 派更符合人际传播的形式。
二、交流的类型及模式 交流通常可以分为大众传播、组织交流和人际交流三个层次
跨文化交际PPT 3
Left hand: book (July 4th,1776) Declaration of Independence Right hand: torch
Location of Statue: Liberty Island, NYC Height from base to torch (1984 Survey): 152' 2" (46.84m) Length of hand: 16' 5" (5.00m) Index finger: 8' 0" (2.44m)
American Values of Individualism
Liberal theme:
equal rights & equal opportunities
Liberal principles --- core of the American cultural feature. “I” culture--- individuals are emphasized Freedom --- to control their own destiny financial and emotional independence at age of 18
Benjamin Franklin (statesman, declaration of independence )
Bank Notes
President
George Washington
President Jefferson
American Values of Individualism
跨文化交际第三章课件
跨⽂化交际第三章课件Unit 3Daily Communication (II)Case AnalysisCompliments and Compliment Responses Gift-giving and gift-receiving ExercisesCase AnalysisAn Invitation to DinnerThe Cancellation of the Dinner Party Why should they do like this The Embarrassment Caused by “No Etiquette”Compliments and Compliment ResponsesMain point: Chinese modestySocial functions of compliments Differences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsCultural assumptionExpressions for gratitude in English and ChineseCommon expressions for apology inChinese ModestyOh, it’s an ordinary dress I bought in China.Should I blush, or should I tell him you don’t really mean it Growing flowers is my hobby, but I’m not much good at it.I really know so little about the subject....Social functions of complimentsCreating or reinforcing solidarity greeting peopleexpressing thankscongratulationencouraging peoplesoftening criticismstarting a conversationgetting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsThe Semantic formulaThe Syntactic FormulaCommon responses formula in E-and C-complimentsThe Semantic FormulaEnglish:This was a great meal.Bill, you look so nice today.I love your dresses.About 80% adj. 16%verbs Chinese:你的房间不错。
跨文化交际概论(全套课件319P)
第二节
一 二
跨文化交际
跨文化交际的概念及学科背景 跨文化交际研究的时代必要性
第二章
第一节
一 二 三
文化背景与跨文化交际
文化因素与跨文化交际
价值观念 民族性格 自然环境
第二节
一 二 三
心理因素与跨文化交际
思维方式 民族中心主义 心理环境
第三章
一 二 三
社会环境与跨文化交际
第一节 角色关系与跨文化交际
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念
（一）文化的定义
1.文化
“文化”的概念古已有之，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。
圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不 改，然后加诛。夫下愚不移，纯德之所不能化，而后武力加焉。
（汉·刘向《说苑·指武》）
文化内辑，武功外悠。（晋·束广微《补亡诗·由仪》）
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
在交际过程中，交际者往往会对彼此交际行为的结果进行预
测。交际是在一定的文化背景和交际情景中进行的，而且交际行 为有其固有的语言规则以及语用规则，因此交际过程是一个交际 双方对彼此的交际行为的结果进行预测的过程。 这种预测可能是自觉的，也可能是无意识的。预测的准确程 度取决于对交际环境因素及其与交际行为相互作用的关系的理解 程度，以及对文化和语用规则掌握的熟练程度和运用的灵活程度。
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英语culture的
对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词又被现代汉语吸收，于
是“文化”就同英语的culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生 出“文明”、“教育”等含义。
跨文化交际课件 L 1 Culture
In Chinese culture, it is not polite to accept on the first offer. Chinese customs show that the Chinese was modest, polite and well-behaved and had intention of accepting the beer at the 2nd or 3rd offer. In American culture, people don’t push alcoholic beverages on anyone, for a person may not drink for religious reasons.
Part Two
Culture
Warm-up Case
Having travelled to the city, a marmoset returned home. The marmoset introduced that he saw buildings which were made of concrete and glass touching the sky and buildings were full of people walking on two legs and carrying briefcases.
❖ In China
❖ Xiao Li: You must be very tired. You’re old..
❖ Catherine: Oh, I’m NOT old, and I’m NOT tired.
❖ In the st A: How are you doing now?
Would you like to rest? B. No, not a bit.
Part Two
Culture
Warm-up Case
Having travelled to the city, a marmoset returned home. The marmoset introduced that he saw buildings which were made of concrete and glass touching the sky and buildings were full of people walking on two legs and carrying briefcases.
❖ In China
❖ Xiao Li: You must be very tired. You’re old..
❖ Catherine: Oh, I’m NOT old, and I’m NOT tired.
❖ In the st A: How are you doing now?
Would you like to rest? B. No, not a bit.
跨文化交际PPT演示课件
.
Key Terms
The Adaptation Stage 适应阶段 适应阶段是指“外乡人”的沮丧、烦恼和焦虑消失了 的阶段。他们基本上适应了新的文化环境，适应了当 地的风俗习惯，能与当地人和平相处。 The Reverse Culture Shock 逆向文化冲击 逆向文化冲击是指归国者归国初期表现出对自己祖国 环境的种种不适应状况。
跨文化交际实训
.
Culture Shock in Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives In this chapter, you should be able to Basic knowledge about culture shock. The elements that cause culture shock. The five stages of culture shock. How do the people feel and react when they are experiencing culture shock. How to alleviate culture shock.
.
Comprehension Questions
.
Glossary
initial enchantment fascination cordial superficial embrace invariably idiosyncrasies competent overwhelmed adj. 最初的；字首的 n. 魔法；着迷 n. 魅力；入迷 adj. 兴奋的；热忱的 adj. 表面的；肤浅的 vt. 包含；信奉 adv. 不变地；总是 n. 气质；风格 adj. 能干的；足够的 adj. 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的
Chapter-3-Cultural-values跨文化交际文化价值观模式PPT课件
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.”
.
4
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determin现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
.
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values 2. Cultural Patterns
.
14
2. Cultural Patterns
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck Value Orientation
2.3 Hofstede’s Values Dimension
2.4 Hall’s Context Orientation
2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.” (Nanda &Warms)
.
4
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determin现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
.
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values 2. Cultural Patterns
.
14
2. Cultural Patterns
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck Value Orientation
2.3 Hofstede’s Values Dimension
2.4 Hall’s Context Orientation
2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.” (Nanda &Warms)
Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交际.ppt
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• We learned our culture through mass media
• Culture is transmitted from generation to generation
• Culture is based on symbols
• Culture is subjected to change
• Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.
• Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is adaptive
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future