2014年四川大学考博英语真题及-答案
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answerthe questions below each passage by choosing [A],[B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giantenterprises directed by a bureaucratic managementin which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in themachinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact,the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. ············．·············The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life.They live and die without ever having confrontedthe fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than thoseof their subordinates. They are even more insecurein some respects. They are in a highly competitiverace. To be promoted or to fall behind is not amatter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, theyare tested for intelligence as well as for theright mixture of submissiveness and independence.From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a bigbusiness, and by their superiors, who judge theirbehavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than one's fellow-competitor createsconstant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to thepreindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems the never solved by returning to a stagewhich one has already outgrown. I suggesttransforming our social system form, abureaucratically managed industrialism in which ············．·············maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in whichman and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims ofsocial arrangements. Production and consumptionshould serve only as means to this end and shouldbe prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though eachindividual's function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest ofthe society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with therest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especiallywhen working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interestin life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence············．·············3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____. [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author's attitude towards industrialism mightbest be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[D] susceptibility[C] suspicionPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis isstaffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, ············．·············crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows thatpainstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowlydesert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions ofthe 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening thesky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is alreadycreating great destruction in the Middle East andis now treating southern Europe. The current crisisbegan in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusuallyrainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan,making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust,which lays its eggs in the earth. The insectonslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite atenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. Agood-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a singlenight.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S.has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000gal. of pesticide. The European Community hasdonated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. Butrelief efforts are hampered by the relativemildness of approved pesticides, which quickly losetheir deadly punch and require frequentreplications. The most effective locust killerDieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by ············．·············many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.············．·············[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful dueto the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer,has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.············．·············Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow's sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disasterthat resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have beensettled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to actingas moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission's rolein evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty ············．·············International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is thata really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog's examination of Dow Chemical's current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.”said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done tothe victims. Who is responsible for that injusticeis a matter for the courts and a matter for others.We have a specific remit and terms of referencethat we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press”has been made to wands many of Locog's sustainability target,but that “major challenges”remain.In particular, the commission found that therewas no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they're not going to do it through renewable energy,”said ············．·············McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven't done it.”11. Why was Dow's sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can't reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission's role[B] Commission's achievements[C] Commission's complaints[D] Commission's defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[D] course[C] boating14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available. ············．·············15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow's way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow's sponsorship.[D] IOC's review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initialpublic offering, activists are seizing the momentto pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women's rights group called Ultraviolet, whichhas been running an online petition that claims tohave attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and areresponsible for the majority of sharing and fanactivity on the site,”the group says in a blurbaccompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it's bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, ············．·············criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on theseven-member board. “seven white men: That's ridiculous,”the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors thatsays:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board,activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg's thinking is flawed. “If you're trying to expand acompany globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,”she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook's board all have the same skills-they're mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you're putting together a board, you don't want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear tobe a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantiallybetter than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, ············．·············companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to returnon invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for afemale board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek somediversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not commenton clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook”through theInternet.[C] It has the support of many female celebritiessuch as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition ofFacebook's board of directors.············．·············[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg's establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with”in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____. [A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with[D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as yourboard members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contributedifferent skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members. [B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members. ············．·············[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world's richest country,who do not have college degrees and aren't gettingthem anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories aboutrecent college graduates spinning their wheels asbaristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group,finding work that pays a living wage and offerssome sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversationabout whether college is worth it given the debtburden it entails, most high school graduateswithout college degrees said they believe theywould be unable to get good jobs without moreeducation.Getting it is challenging, though, and not onlybecause of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour andher husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 andanother due next month. She said she triedenrolling in college classes, but the workloadbecame too stressful with such young children. Mr. ············．·············McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.”These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They weresimilarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor's degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.············．·············21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels”mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help[D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour”try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for thisgeneration compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not assuccessful as their parents.············．·············[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completelytrustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of thesurvey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote anallegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerfulfigure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures ofthe nasty world described by Orwell was itssystematic misuse of language, which went by thename of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truththrough the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by differentpeople today, with similar effects. In all areas ofpublic administration, the words “spouse”, “husband”············．·············and “wife”have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantiallydifferent in meaning, and convey differentrealities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated thatthe personal pronoun “he”must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person whosupported vigilante action against homosexuals, isnow being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seenmost obviously around social issues, it is alsobeing used systematically to shape political debate.So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme,which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The factis that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution”at all, but rather with emissionsof the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government's own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels,either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically ············．·············manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the newdebased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult insituations where constant usage has alreadynormalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such termsare used, they should be identified for what theyare: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions isINCORRECT about George Orwell's allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in thefuture.[B] One of the features in the novel is themisuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in theworld.[D] It was written in the 20th century.············．·············27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he”be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner”has taken the place of “husband”and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic”is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy”is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used toillustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen insocial issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated inthe age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to acertain extent.29. The underlined word “credible”in Para. 3 means______.[A] reliable [B] correct。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（Paper Two）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净.书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
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5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension（30％）Section ADirections：In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET。
Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint。
Man：No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman？You will read:A。
2014四川高考英语试题及答案word版
2014四川高考英语试题及答案word版一、听力理解（共20分）1. What does the woman mean?A. She will go to the cinema with the man.B. She has seen the film.C. She doesn't like the film.Answer: B2. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a library.B. In a bookstore.C. In a classroom.Answer: A3. What is the man's problem?A. He can't find his ticket.B. He can't find his wallet.C. He can't find his passport.Answer: A4. What does the woman suggest the man do?A. Take a taxi.B. Take a bus.C. Take the underground.Answer: C5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. A new restaurant.B. A new movie.C. A new book.Answer: A二、阅读理解（共40分）Passage 16. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of sleep.B. The effects of sleep deprivation.C. The benefits of taking naps.Answer: B7. According to the passage, what happens when people are sleep-deprived?A. They become more creative.B. They become less productive.C. They become more energetic.Answer: B8. What does the author suggest to improve sleep quality?A. Listening to music before bed.B. Drinking coffee in the evening.C. Taking a walk before bedtime.Answer: CPassage 29. What is the purpose of the article?A. To introduce a new technology.B. To discuss the impact of technology on jobs.C. To predict the future of technology.Answer: A10. What does the author think about the new technology?A. It is revolutionary.B. It is controversial.C. It is unnecessary.Answer: A11. What is the main advantage of the new technology mentioned in the passage?A. It is cost-effective.B. It is environmentally friendly.C. It is easy to use.Answer: BPassage 312. What is the author's opinion about the new law?A. It is too strict.B. It is necessary.C. It is too lenient.Answer: B13. What is the main reason for the new law?A. To protect the environment.B. To improve public health.C. To increase government revenue.Answer: B14. What does the new law require?A. All restaurants to provide healthy options.B. All restaurants to ban junk food.C. All restaurants to disclose nutritional information.三、完形填空（共20分）15. A. althoughB. becauseC. ifAnswer: B16. A. surprisedB. disappointedC. excitedAnswer: A17. A. refusedB. acceptedC. ignoredAnswer: A18. A. quicklyB. slowlyC. carefullyAnswer: C19. A. realizedB. rememberedC. forgotAnswer: A20. A. successfulB. famousC. wealthy四、语法填空（共20分）21. had finished22. was being built23. to see24. that/which25. was held五、短文改错（共10分）26. had seen → have seen27. it → this28. in → on29. principle → principles30. and → but六、书面表达（共30分）请根据以下提示写一篇不少于100词的短文。
2006年四川大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2006年四川大学考博英语真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%, 1 mark each)Direction: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Passage 1Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably, it is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in s omeone else’s religion.It is true that a person’s religion must be based on some kind of-knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge.A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such asConfucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a man good, hardly suffices to keep him good, especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion? Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world—Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam—have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of lift, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman - God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a line between religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, or forfeit a true direction in hislife.1. According to the passage, people define superstition as ______.A. some religious knowledge not based on reasonB. anything that seems unreasonable to themC. anything that seems unreasonable in another person’s religionD. any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another2. The second paragraph tells us that natural religious knowledge can hardly keep a person good because ______.A. he is not always willing to sacrifice himselfB. he does not rely upon GodC. he may sometimes die for right actionD. he may suffer crisis in his career3. According to the author, all the great religions of the world ______.A. bring peace of mind and peace with other human beingB. put forth a better life now and promise eternal life in the Western ParadiseC. give courage to their adherents to live and to die peacefullyD. urge their adherents to achieve higher incarnations4. From the passage we are told that the atheists ______.A. have little or no religious knowledgeB. have ideals that are beyond earthly onesC. are mostly astrologers who have too many materialistic ideals in lifeD. are actually not free from superstition5. Of the following suggested title, the one that most accurately sums up thepassage is ______.A. The Great Religions on EarthB. What Is SuperstitionC. Religion and SuperstitionD. Achieve Unity with God【答案与解析】1.C 文中第一段结尾部分，作者对superstition做了诠释：people designate assuperstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else’s religion “人们认为在其他宗教中讲不通的就是迷信”，选项C正确。
2014年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason —are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1．By “well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ______.A．a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible B．working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC．an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD．a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly正确答案：C解析：词义推断题。
四川大学历年考博英语翻译题答案
2004 答案1.英译汉第一次世界大战和经济大萧条迫使人们不得不重新冷静地评价来势迅猛的技术大爆炸。
一种思想派别——技术确定主义认为，现代社会再也不是19世纪及20世纪初期的工业年头了。
他们说，后工业时代社会已经成为一种现实。
先进电子技术所带来的困难的社会技术网络已经使国家的政府机构，资本主义性质的公司和人口拥挤的城市失去原有的作用。
2.汉译英Moon gazing is an ancient art. To prehistoric hunters their understanding of the moon overhead was a unerring as heartbeat. They knew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was the reborn. They knew that the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset while the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.2003 答案1.英译汉：如今，城市化比以前任何时候都更有影响。
它是世界性的，到处都可以感受到它的影响。
结合国的统计数字说明，在约30年的时间里，全世界过半的人口将住在城市里。
这是个具有深远意义的转变，或许是人类史的一个重要里程碑并将以如今无法想象的方式去影响着人类和大自然。
整个人类的定居史都与地形学和资源有着亲密的联络。
直到几个世纪之前，人类定居形式还是主要由农业、渔业、采矿业、水利和国防而定。
城镇和村落相继开展成了商业和市场中心，效劳于落后地区。
2014年全国大学考博英语考试答案.《461533046》
英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。
四川大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案
四川大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享四川大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。
四川大学2014年翻译硕士考研真题及答案I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target languages respectively. (30′)1. Overseas remittance: 海外汇款;国外汇款2. European Union Emission Trading Scheme: 欧盟排放交易体系3. carbon sink: 碳汇4. TPP Agreement: 跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(Trans-Pacific Partnership)5. COP 19: 联合国气候变化大会第19次缔约方大会[ the 19th Conference of the Parties (COP19) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]6. Malthusian Theory of Population: 马尔萨斯人口论7. sub-Saharan Africa: 撒哈拉以南非洲8. Maastricht Treaty: 马斯特里赫特条约9. Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC)：《中国南海缔约方行为公告》10. HSBC：汇丰银行11. the House of Lords：英国上议院12. purchasing power parity：购买力平价13. China-Britain Business Council (CBBC)：英中贸易协会14. Wikileaks：维基解密15. rep by pop：人口数决定代表数(representation by population);人民代表16. 创业板市场：Growth Enterprise Market17. 中国共产党第十八届三中全会：the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC (communist party of China)18. 棱镜亊件:PRISM;the US surveillance program PRISM19. 《本草纲目》：compendium of materia medica20. 假冒及盗版产品：counterfeit and pirated products21. 页岩气：shale gas22. 土豪: rich rednecks;Beverly Hillbillies;upstart;rural rich;local tyrant; local lord23. 比特币：bitcoin24. “脱光”(11月11日): ending the situation of being single; say goodbye to the single lives25. 现房与期房: complete apartment and forward delivery housing26. 老年痴呆: senile dementia; Alzheimer’s disease27. 杜莎夫人蜡像馆: Madame Tussauds28. 热岛效应: Urban Heat Island Effect29. 《环球时报》:Global Times30. 《史记》: Historical RecordsII. Directions: Translate the following source texts into their target languages respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’)Source Text 1:The biographer should sternly confine himself to the functions as introducer and should give no more discussion than is clearly necessary for making the book an independent whole. A little analysis of motive may be necessary here and there, when for example, your hero has put his hand in somebody’s pocket and y ou have to demonstrate that his conduct was due to sheer absence of mind. But you must always remember that a single concrete fact were a saying into which man has put his soul is worth pages of psychological analysis. We may argue till Doom’s Day about Sw ift’s character, his singled phrase of dying like a poisoned rat in a hole, tells us more than all the commentators. The book should be the man himself speaking or acting, or nothing but the man. It should be such a portrait as reveals the essence of character. And the writer who gives anything that does not tell upon the general effect is like the portrait painter who allows the chairs and tables, or even the coat and cravat to distract attention from the vase. The really significant anecdote is often all that survives of a life. And such anecdotes must be made to tell properly instead of being hidden away in the wilderness of the common place. They should be a focus of interest instead of a fallible abstract for a book of miscellaneous. How much would be lost of Johnson if we suppressed the incident of the penance and to(*). It is such incidents that in books as often in life suddenly reveal to us all regions of sentiment, but never rise to the surface in the ordinary routine of our day.Source Text 2:The term genetically modified organism (GMO) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other species in order to produce certain novel characteristics (for example resistance to pests, or herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four main sources of hazards of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide:those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the teclinology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer.GM crops contain material, which is not present in them under natural conditions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on us and on our animaJs, it is very important to study the influence of these GM plants in different organisms for several generations. At present, these studies are lackii.j from the scientific literature. Also, several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of GMO was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations. Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the insertion of the gene of snowdrop lectin (雪花莲凝集素),stunled the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus (陶腺)，gastrocnemius muscles (聪肠肌)and othersand damaged their intestines and their immune system.Source Text 3:科学是讲求实际的。
四川大英语试题参考答案与解析
四川大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷参考答案与解读Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(略)Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and StructuresSection A16．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说现代民主的本质。
B项的essence“本质”符合题意。
其他三项loop“循环”；equivalent“等价物”；velocity“速度，速率”都不正确。
17．【答案】D【解读】本题中，credible的意思是“可信的，可靠的”；undeniable的意思是“不可否认的”；dynamic的意思是“动态的”；tangible的意思是“可触摸的，有形的，切实的”。
四个选项中，只有D项符合题意。
18．【答案】C【解读】本题中，dissection的意思是“剖析”；casualty的意思是“伤亡”；criteria的意思是“标准”；necessity的意思是“必需品”。
只有C项符合题意。
19．【答案】A【解读】本题空格处是说蒙古人和他们亚洲祖先的遗产。
A项的legacy“遗产(祖先、前人或过去传下来的某种东西)”符合题意。
其他三项bequest“遗产，遗赠”；converse“相反的事物”；miracle“奇迹”都不正确。
20．【答案】D【解读】本题中，D项的plausible“似乎有理的”符合题意，如：a plausible excuse(看似有理的借口)。
其他三项stable“稳定的”；absolute“绝对的”；immortal“不朽的”都不正确。
21．【答案】B【解读】本题空格处是说发现了令人信服的证据。
B项的compelling“强制性的，令人信服的，引人注目的”符合题意，如：compelling ambition and egotism(令人信服的志气和自负)。
其他三项incessant“不断的，不停的”；identical“同一的”；problematic“有疑问的”都不正确。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语一致考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生第一将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考据号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上仔细填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考据号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一 (Paper One)答案和试卷二 (Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时一定使用 2B 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应地点涂黑；如要改正，先用橡皮擦洁净。
书面表达必定要用黑色署名笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定地区。
4.标准答题卡不行折叠，同时答题卡须保持平坦洁净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有 15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30% ）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read onlyonce, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder. You haven ’ t had a bite all day.Question:What’ s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerABCDNow let’ s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won’tcomplain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn ’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B.John is very fond of his new boss.C.John has ups and downs in the new company.D.John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11. A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B,C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’tplay soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19. A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23. A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’s active metabolic rate.D.Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health–remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother, lessabrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32. The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a________ that I couldn’tget to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, incigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34. Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35. Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDPper capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept hasbeen around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37. Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system,________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favorbefore the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39. With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vastmultitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minutetoo late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrase which can best keep themeaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ’success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts areindispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42. The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace inLondon.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the form of mentaland physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44. The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied toautomatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecutionthat exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition bypainting over it on canvases.power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48. Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49. The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50. She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It ’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sureto be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news,the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.”The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to bevirtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive,the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masksby hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. Welaboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: weask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and howmuch they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because ofthe conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What weneed is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have workedwith health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the toolsof their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64.A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage thatif science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suithe, author means that ___________.A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“green”have done little to earn that reputation, while others donot get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors willhelp propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green”labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean uptheir acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy weneed a green information economy –and it ’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.nd66. The“ confusion”at the beginning of the 2 paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists andmanufactures B. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-makingsystems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which peopletrade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ability to reason about “if/then ”statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow arule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they weretold the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ”says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It ’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors”appeared to be more adept at ________.A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that ⋯ that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’claim, Sloman would say that ________.A.it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD. it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人世 ) –an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet ’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish thataway; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer anew way of thinking about our relationship with the environment –a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ttrashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC.a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。
2014医博英语统考听力材料以及答案
2014医学博士英语统考听力文字版Question 1W: It would help me if you could go over the last week and give me an idea how much beer drank each evening.M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening.Question: How much beer did the man drink last week?Question 2W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night? M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done.W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s nec essary, just remember to stay calm.Question: What does the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W: How’s even your feeling in general?M: No complaints, really.Question: What does the man mean?Question 4W: Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M: Really? Are you kidding me?W: Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question: What does the woman say?Question 5W: I’ve been so worried about my daughter. She’s so different and temperament for me. We are not always on the same wheeling.M: Th at’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W: She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitable child.Question: What does the woman mean?Question 6W: Where is your injury?M: Here, my ankle.W: How did it happen?M: I tripped over on the pavement and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful.Question: What is true about the woman?Question 7W: John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M: He is well qualified and the boss interested him.W: So you think he will achieve his goal?M: Yeah! For betting he will.Question: What did the man mean?Question 8M: Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests.W: Thank you, doctor! Have a nice day!Question: What will the woman do?Question 9M: There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up. W: Why?M: Because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears. Question: What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question 10M: What’s your coming for today, Mrs. Anderson?W: I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question 11W: How long does the pain last when you get it?M: It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can last up to half an hour or more.W: Is there any type of food that seems to cause stronger pain or other types?M: Um, heavy foods like stay insomnia usually bring s it on, I’ll been to avoid those.Question: What type of food seems to cause stronger pain to the man?Question 12W: Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safe ty to ride.M: Yeah! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question: What did the man mean?Question 13M: How long could you have these symptoms?W: Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be past a few days.Question: What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question 14W: I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year. M: I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stock index still ranges between 1900 and 2900 after every year.Question 15M: I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W: The yellow one in the morning and the others, oh, I think no, maybe, a h, you’d better to write it down! Then you wo n’t forget!M: Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large round one three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one for sleeping.Question: Which of the following statements is true?Section B Dialogue One Question 16-20W: Hi, Patrick, how are your feeling today?M: A bit better.W: That’s good to hear. Are you still feeling nausea?M: No. I haven’t felt sick to my stomach so she is to switch my medication.W: Great, say, your test result came this morning.M: It’s about time. Is it good news or a bad?W: I guess it would be a bit of both. Which do you want first? M: Let’s get the bad news over with.W: OK. It looks like you are going to need surgery to remove your tumor from your leg. After the operation you’re going to have to escape your feet for at least 3 weeks. That means no soccer.M: It is a friend of you if you are going to say that.W: Now, for the good news. The belt shows the tumor is benign which means it is not cancerous. We’re going to take it out anyway just being on a safe side.M: Wow, that’s a load off my mind. Thanks doctor.W: Don’t get too excited, we still need to get the bottom of this way of loathing...M: I probably have just been so worried about stupid lump. W: These things off and on are stress-related but we’re still going to do a few blood test just rule a few things out.M: Things like what? Cancer?W: Actually, I am thinking more of the lines of food allergy.Passage 1Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than men, according to the new research by Inassessali Sohine ND, and her colleagues from ChimingLaboratory, Briven and Women Hospital and University of Bergen Norway. They analyzed the data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 955 controls, all the current or ex-smokers. And COPD subject had moderate or severe COPD. Although analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect to smoking, which is something previously suspected but not proven, said Dr. Sohine. The study results would be prevented on May 18, at the 115 international conference of American directive society in Santiago. Examining the total study samples there is no gender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity. The women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly left than men. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroups of study example, COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups we need have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than man. This means the female smokers in our study experienced reduced the lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at the earlier age than men, said Dr. Sohine. It’s long been suspected that the effective smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysts confirm that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. But this gender reset was most pronounced women’s level of smoking exposure was low.According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. There are several possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are genderPassage 2In December 1997 large numbers of cattle, goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya. A month later people started dying, too. It was, at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in East Africa. Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected, hundreds fatally in five countries.In December 2007 the same thing happened. Or, it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks. The difference was that the second time around there was warning. In September researchers at the Goddard Space Century, Greenbelt, Maryland, part of America’s space agency, NASA, told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem. They told them again in October. And again in November. By the time the epidemic emerged, the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, it could bea lot worse. According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture, the number of deaths would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr Linthicum helped design. And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it, surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree. These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly, and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible. In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean, and suspected the same consequences would follow.参考答案：1-5 ABCCD 6-10 BDDAD 11-15 DDCAD16-20 BCDDAD 21-25DCABC 26-30 BADAD。