2018年考研英语二翻译题型答题技巧
2018年考研英语二翻译题型答题技巧
大家对于英语翻译是不是还头疼呢，是不是还是面对大段的汉语而无从下手呢，下面我来告诉大家考研英语二翻译技巧帮大家渡过难关。
英译汉就是运用汉语把英语所表达的内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的过程或结果。
在翻译过程中，值得注意的是：一在翻译需要表达的是句子或文章的内容，而不是结构;二翻译过程中，不是将两种语言的结构进行简单的转换。
翻译的过程一般分为阅读理解、汉语表达和审校润色三个阶段。
常见的方法有：
一、词类转译法由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系，所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存在很大的差异，这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化(如：动词转化为名词，形容词转化为名词等)，才能使译文畅通。
例如：The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology. 当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。
[分析]将句中的形容词rapid转译为汉语中的副词。
二、增补法有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译，意念是不完整的，必须根据意义、修辞或句法的需要增补一些汉语，才能更加忠实于原文，使原文的思想更完整地再现。
例如：We need clean air，but unfortunately，air pollution is generally present，especially in cities. 我们需要清新的空气，但遗憾的是，空气污染普遍存在在城市中尤其如此。
分析：本句为了避免“尤其是在城市里”的表达不完整，增加了“如此”。
三、省译法由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异，原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显得累赘，不符合汉语的表达习惯。
在这种情况下，就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等省去不译，但是不能影响原文的意义表达。
例如：There was no snow，the leaves were gone from the trees，the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
[分析]在汉语中“叶落”的概念非常清楚，所以省译了from the trees。
四、顺译法也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序，依次翻译英语句子，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。
例如：He could see that she had been patient all her life，so that now，after years of it，her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. 他看得出，她一生含辛茹苦，如今苦尽甘来，嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。
[分析]英语句子的顺序，从意思上讲，与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。
五、逆译法也就是对于句子结构复杂的英语句子，可以先翻译全句的后部在依次向前逆序翻译前面的句子。
例如：It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the
end of
this year. 我们的任务是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能发电站。
[分析]翻译英语里面的一系列状语时，必须按照时间状语、地点状语和方式状语的顺序汉语习惯表达习惯来组织语句。
六、分译法也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。
例如：At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school. 会议上作出一项决定，把一部分学生转到另一所学校去。
[分析]本句的主语的后置定语比较长，而谓语很短，为了使句子结构匀称，避免头重脚轻的现象，就把后面的不定式与主句分开翻译了。
七、综合法也就是说翻译时经过仔细推敲，或按照时间先后，或按照逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理，英语和汉语的字面意思不完全对应，但是内涵是相同的。
例如：One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.只要设想一下，假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是现在的五百七十万，而是两千八百万，瑞士会是什么情景，人民便会清楚地理解日本所面临的人口压力是多么大。
[分析]原文的重点在于One can…population pressure，按照汉语习惯，应该先叙事，后总结，所以翻译时从中间by imagining…入手，最后回到句首，译出One can…。
而且汉语句子的意思也有“意译”的成分。
以上就是我为大家讲的考研英语二翻译技巧的相关内容，希望对于翻译头疼的同学们能够好好掌握，甩掉这个包袱。
考研英语翻译技巧 绝对权威版本
句间语序
? 1.S+V+O，and /but S+V+O ? 2.引导词+从句+主句 或者 ? 主句+引导词+从句
否定句的翻译
? 英语中的否定手段： ? 1.词汇手段
no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seld om/scarcely/few/little/否定前缀或后缀 /lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short//out of/beyond/without/above/except//before/un less/other than
? 省译法 你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢 的进步。 You need rapid progress, not slow.
? 调整顺序 我能在这儿坐一会吗？ Can I sit here for a while 好的建议，谁来提都无所谓。 If the suggestion is advisable, it does not matter who gives it. 不管晴天阴天，比赛准 时进行。 Rain or shine,the match will go on
? 2.定语位置 ? 单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或
句子则放在中心词之后。 ? 举世闻名的万里长城
? The world famous Great Wall ? 山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔
子的故乡。
? Qufu, Shandong Provience, is the birthplace of Confucious, a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.
2010年~2018年考研英语二翻译汇总
2010年~2018年考研英语二翻译汇总2010年46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well.“It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales.“I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,‘Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.’”2011年46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)Who would have thought that,globally,the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly2percent of all CO₂emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of CO₂,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answer.To deliver results to its users quickly,then,Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world,packed with powerful computers.While producing large quantities of CO₂, these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,which uses even more energy.However,Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements.Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction,but there is much more to be done,and not just by big companies.2012年46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in2004found that nearly40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around3.3%of all Indians over the age of25.This“brain drain”has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.They fear that it hurts their economies,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.2013年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)I can pick a date from the past53years and know instantly where I was,what happened in the news and even the day of the week.I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.When I think of a sad memory,I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side.I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.2014年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,with a glass that’s perpetually half full.But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar,a Harvard professor.According to Ben-Shahar,realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.When he feels down—say,after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human.He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner;some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction.He analyzes the weak lecture,learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t.Finally,there isperspective,which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life,one lecture really doesn’t matter.2015年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.It could be your commute to work,a trip into town or the way home.Whichever it is,you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect:People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.When we travel down a well-known route,because we don’t have to concentrate much,time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards,when we come to think back on it,we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.So we assume it was shorter.2016年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store,the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see,the more you’ll buy.And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket,according to the Food Marketing Institute,carries some44,000different items,and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.According to brain-scan experiments,the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.After about40minutes of shopping,most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the50percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.2017年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school,I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course.However,during that course I realised I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future,so I decided that it was not the right path for me.Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism,because writing was,and still is,one of my favourite activities.But,to be honest, I said it,because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing.This is when I noticed the course“Fashion Media&Promotion.”2018年46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations.He ticks“astronaut”but quickly adds“scientist”to the list and selects it as well.The boy is convinced that if he reads enough,he can explore as many career paths as he likes.And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a“no reading policy”at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet.Nowadays,his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books:recently,he revealed that he reads at least50nonfiction books a year.Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,”Gates says.。
考研英语翻译技巧 词类及结构转换法
XX年考研英语翻译技巧词类及构造转换法翻译题是考研英语的必考题型。
下面为大家精心了关于xx年考研英语的翻译技巧，欢送大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到大家!考研英语翻译得分率每年都不高，确实，翻译能力不是一朝一夕可以提升的，但是大家可以通过掌握一些方法技巧来帮助自己提分。
由于英汉文化的差异，翻译表达上自然有所不同，大家再转译的时候要注意，下面我们我们来谈量大技巧，词类转换和构造转换，在翻译中常常需要用到，大家要注意。
经典例题: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.分析:interest在原文中是名词，而在译文中为了符合中文的表达方式，在不改变意思的前提下，将它改成动词。
参考译文: 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学家们内局部歧过大，其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
(1999年真题)经典例题: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your puter screen at the dizzying speed of sevenandahalf times around the earth per second.参考译文: 只要一点鼠标，世界另一端的信息便会以每秒绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。
经典例题: Additional social stresses may also our because of the population explosion problems arising frommass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.参考译文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所造成的种种问题也会增加社会压力。
考研英语最后阶段翻译题型莫放弃
考研英语最后阶段翻译题型莫放弃考研英语中，翻译题型一直是很重要的一部分。
不同于选择、填空等题型，翻译题考察的是考生的英译汉和汉译英的能力，更能反映出考生的英语实际应用水平。
在考研英语考试的最后阶段，考生们多少已经有一定的翻译基础，但是实际拿到试卷上形式各异、语言风格多变的翻译题时，还是会有不少难度。
所以，我们来看看如何在考研英语最后阶段提高翻译能力。
梳理翻译题的主要类型翻译题主要分为两种，即汉译英和英译汉。
而且每个方向又可以分为句子翻译和篇章翻译。
汉译英汉译英，即将汉语句子或篇章翻译为英语。
•句子翻译：考查考生的英语语法和词汇运用能力，要求考生将给定的一到几句汉语翻译成符合英语语法、语言习惯和表达方式的英语句子。
•篇章翻译：考查考生的英语阅读和整体思维能力，要求考生将给定的一篇汉语篇章翻译成符合英语语言和风格特点的英语篇章。
英译汉英译汉，即将英语句子或篇章翻译为中文。
•句子翻译：考查考生的中文表达能力，要求考生将给定的一到几句英语翻译成符合汉语语法、语言习惯和表达方式的汉语句子。
•篇章翻译：考查考生的中文阅读和整体思维能力，要求考生将给定的一篇英语篇章翻译成符合汉语语言和风格特点的汉语篇章。
在翻译练习中培养语感和流畅度在进行翻译练习时，考生需要注重培养自己的语感和流畅度。
这些对于考生来说并不是一朝一夕可以培养出来的技能，需要考生经常进行反复的翻译练习和输出。
因此，我们需要注重以下几点：阅读优秀的英语原文要想提高英语翻译能力，阅读英文原著、英文报刊等是最直接有效的方法。
阅读有助于建立语感，提高英语水平，尤其是在句式语法方面。
学习纯正的英语口音翻译需要掌握一定的英语语音，体验不同的英语语音可以改善翻译的质量。
培养语言灵活性要想成为一名优秀的翻译工作者，语言灵活性也是一个重要的方面。
在平时练习的过程中，可以多学习同义词、正反义词、词汇搭配等，减少中英语言间的障碍。
进行多样化的翻译练习要想熟练体会语言，需要进行多样化的练习。
考研英语翻译技巧搞懂插入语翻译顺序
考研英语翻译技巧搞懂插入语翻译顺序考研英语语法贯穿在不同的题型中，大家要想学精英语就要学好语法，下面为大家解析英语语法难点之分割结构。
插入语是英语的常见现象。
插入语的特点和功能可以概括为：在形式上，与句子其它部分由逗号、括号或破折号隔开;在结构上可有可无，不影响句子的整体结构;在意义上，对句子表达起到准时补充的作用。
插入结构一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开，往往位于主谓之间、并列结构之间或是主从句之间。
由于插入语在结构上可有可无，所以要先理解插入语两端的内容，再理解插入语。
因此，对于插入语，我们的处理方法是：先读两端，再读中间。
翻译成汉语时，有些插入语，可保持原文中的挨次。
然而，在很多状况下，需要对英语原文句子的挨次进行必要的调整，使译文符合汉语习惯。
【真题例句1】Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.【解析】全句共有2个谓语动词：must face和is，其中主句谓语动词为must face。
主干为：Britain must face the problem almost more than any other country in the world作为Britain的后置定语。
两个of介词短语都修饰the problem。
that is to say 是插入语，意为也就是说，将两个并列的of介词短语分隔开来。
本句是一个简洁句。
【参考译文】英国几乎比世界上任何国家都更加需要严厉对待向高空建筑房屋的问题，也就是说，要在很高的公寓楼里面容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问题。
考研英语二考试题型
考研英语二考试题型考研英语二考试题型解析一、概述考研英语二考试是全国研究生入学考试中的一项重要内容，该考试主要测试考生的英语语言综合能力。
在考试中，主要分为阅读理解、完形填空和翻译三个题型，下面将对这三个题型进行详细解析。
二、阅读理解阅读理解是考研英语二考试的重点和难点之一。
该题型要求考生根据给定的文章理解和分析文章内容，回答相关问题。
阅读理解题型分为选择题和非选择题两种形式。
1. 选择题选择题一般是根据文章内容，从多个选项中选出正确答案。
这种题型要求考生掌握关键词的识别和理解能力，同时还需要注意选项的细微差别。
在解答选择题时，可以通过排除法和语境理解来确定正确答案。
2. 非选择题非选择题是指根据文章内容，回答问题或完成句子。
这种题型要求考生准确理解文章，并能够在短时间内作出准确的回答。
在解答非选择题时，需要注意文章中的关键信息，并且保持简练的语言表达。
三、完形填空完形填空是考察考生英语语言综合能力的一种题型。
该题型要求考生根据给定的短文，选择最合适的单词或词组填入空格处，使整个短文通顺、连贯。
在解答完形填空题时，需要考生具备一定的词汇量和语言运用能力。
四、翻译翻译是考察考生英语表达能力和理解能力的一种题型。
该题型要求考生将给定的中文句子或段落翻译成英语。
在解答翻译题时，需要考生注意语法和词汇的正确使用，并且保持语句通顺、流畅。
五、总结考研英语二考试题型涵盖了阅读理解、完形填空和翻译三个方面。
在备考过程中，考生需要注重对这些题型的训练和复习。
通过大量的练习和阅读，提高阅读理解和语言应用能力，才能更好地应对考试。
相信通过努力和准备，考生们一定能够取得好成绩。
考研英语二题型
考研英语二题型考研英语二共有七个题型，分别是阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、写作、听力、翻译与实词选择以及阅读与词汇。
在本文中，将对这些题型进行详细介绍，供考生参考。
一、阅读理解阅读理解是考研英语二中最重要的题型，占据了相当大的比重。
在这部分题目中，考生需要根据所给的文章，理解其中的主旨、事实细节以及作者的观点等，并回答相关问题。
阅读理解题目通常包括多篇文章，题目形式有多种类型，如选择题、填空题、判断题等。
在答题时，考生应该注意审题、找准关键词，并通过阅读全文获取正确答案。
二、完形填空完形填空是考察考生对词汇和语法的掌握程度。
题目中通常会给出一篇短文，其中有若干个空格需要填上合适的单词。
考生需要通过上下文的语境，理解词汇的含义和搭配，从而选出正确答案。
在解答完形填空题时，考生应注意整篇文章的逻辑连贯性，同时也需注意选项之间的区别。
三、翻译翻译题旨在测试考生对英语到汉语和汉语到英语的翻译能力。
题目中通常会给出一个短文段落，要求考生将其翻译成汉语或英语。
在回答这道题时，考生需要准确地理解原文的意思，并进行恰当的转换和表达。
在翻译过程中，语言的准确性和流畅性都是重要因素。
四、写作写作题是考察考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。
题目通常会要求考生根据给定的提示或观点，撰写一篇短文。
在写作过程中，考生应注意选取合适的词汇和句式，同时也需合理组织文章结构和论证。
考生应根据题目要求，确定文体和写作方式，并注重语法和拼写的正确性。
五、听力听力题目旨在测试考生对英语口语的理解和应用能力。
题目中通常会播放若干段对话或独白，然后给出相关问题，考生需要根据所听到的内容，选择正确答案。
在答题时，考生应注意抓住关键词，并熟悉常见的表达方式和口音，以便更好地理解听力材料。
六、翻译与实词选择翻译与实词选择题目结合了翻译和词汇理解的能力。
题目中会给出一个短语或句子，要求考生将其翻译成汉语或英语，并选择正确的词义。
在解答这道题时，考生应注意词义的多样性和语境的影响，同时也需与原文保持一致。
考研英语二的题型和考试的注意事项
考研英语二的题型和考试的考前须知考研英语二的题型和分值分布 1、考研英语二的总分值是100分。
2、第一局部是英语知识运用，共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分。
该题型是四选一选择题，更详细的说是在一篇约350个词的文章中，留出20个空，考生选出最正确答案进展补全。
考生是在答题卡上作答的，记得带铅笔哦。
3、第二局部是阅读理解，共25小题，每题2分，共50分。
该局部的题型是由A、B两节组成，A节(20小题);B节(5小题);A节是多项选择题，20小题共40分，一共4篇文章，每篇5道题，总长度约有1500个词，考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节是5小题共10分，每次考试从3种题型中选择1种进展考察，第1种是多项对应，第2种是小标题对应，第3种是前两种组合。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
4、第三局部是英译汉，共15分。
一般是约150个词的文章，全文翻译。
5、第四局部是写作，该局部由A、B两节组成，共25分。
A节是给情景写出约100个词的应用性短文，共10分。
B节是写出约150个词的说明文或议论文，共15分。
考研公共课英语考试的考前须知1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规那么。
(1)考生在考试开考15分钟后不得入场。
(2)交卷出场时间不得早于考试完毕前30分钟。
(3)交卷完毕后，不得再进考场续考，也不得在考场附近逗留或交谈。
2.答题前，应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”“报考单位”“考生编号”等信息。
3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)填涂局部应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。
如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2)书写局部必须用(蓝)黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。
字迹要清楚。
4.考试完毕后，将答题卡装入原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考人员。
桂林电子科技大学2018考研真题211翻译硕士英语
试题科目代码: 211 科目名称: 翻译硕士英语注意：答案必须全部写在考点提供的答题纸上，写在试题上无效；答案要标注题号，答题纸要填写姓名和考号，并标注页码与总页数；交卷时，将答题纸与试题一起装入原试卷袋，用我校提供的密封条密封并签名。
deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soil not previously susceptible to agriculture.The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called ―big men‖ within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the ―big men‖ become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority t o others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the ―big men‖ assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.11. The ph rase ―culminated in ― in the passage (Para. 1) is closest in meaning to ________.A. reached a high point withB. logically followed from.C. partly contributed to.。
考研英语翻译词类及结构转换法技巧
考研英语翻译词类及结构转换法技巧考研英语翻译词类及结构转换法技巧词汇辨析题是考研完形填空必要考察的一类题型，大家一定要掌握，虽然完型投入产出比不高，但是必要的方法技巧还是应该多看看。
店铺为大家精心准备了考研英语翻译词类及结构转换法的资料，欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语翻译词类及结构转换法方法一、词类转换转译成动词1.名词转换成动词经典例题: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.分析:interest在原文中是名词，而在译文中为了符合中文的表达方式，在不改变意思的前提下，将它改成动词。
参考译文: 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学家们内部分歧过大，其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
(1999年真题)经典例题: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven_and_a_half times around the earth per second.参考译文: 只要一点鼠标，来自世界另一端的信息便会以每秒绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。
2.形容词转换成动词经典例题: Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easynowadays by modern means of transport.参考译文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所造成的种种问题也会增加社会压力。