1991-1995全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题、答案及解析
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)When television first began to expand,very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___themselves to the new medium were technical.When working___2____radio,for example,they had become___3___to seeing on behalf of the listener.This___4___of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking.___5___all,he has to be able to___6___a continuous sequence of visual images which___7___meaning to the sounds which the listener hears.In the___8___of television,however,the commentator sees everything with the viewer.His role, therefore,is___9___different.He is there to make___10___that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him___11___on particular things,and to___12___the images on the television screen.___13___his radio colleague,he must know the___14___of silence and how to use it at those moments___15___the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify2.［A］on［B］at［C］with［D］behind3.［A］experienced［B］determined［C］established［D］accustomed4.［A］efficiency［B］technology［C］art［D］performance5.［A］Of［B］For［C］Above［D］In6.［A］inspire［B］create［C］cause［D］perceive7.［A］add［B］apply［C］affect［D］reflect8.［A］occasion［B］event［C］fact［D］case9.［A］equally［B］completely［C］initially［D］hardly10.［A］definite［B］possible［C］sure［D］clear11.［A］focus［B］attend［C］follow［D］insist12.［A］exhibit［B］demonstrate［C］expose［D］interpret13.［A］Like［B］Unlike［C］As［D］For14.［A］purpose［B］goal［C］value［D］intention15.［A］if［B］when［C］which［D］asSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30points)Passage1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.So, as a police officer,I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime.Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life.It has happened in the area of values.A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is:accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define.It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty,kindness,and so on—accountability may be the most important of all.Without it,there can be no respect,no trust,no law—and,ultimately,no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse,or have never learned,to impose it on themselves.But as every policeman knows,external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt,shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns,usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim:“In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done!”Yet more and more,especially in our larger cities and suburbs,these inner restraints are loosening.Your typical robber has none.He considers your property his property;he takes what he wants,including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes.Thirty years ago,if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim.Now,in a shocking reversal,it’s the criminal who is considered victimized:by his underprivileged upbringing,by the school that didn’t teach him to read,by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance,by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it.Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities.If we free the criminal,even partly,from accountability,we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.16.What the wise man said suggests that_____.[A]it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B]it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C]it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D]it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil17.According to the author,if a person is found guilty of a crime,_____________.[A]society is to be held responsible[B]modern civilization is responsible for it[C]the criminal himself should bear the blame[D]the standards of living should be improvedpared with those in small towns,people in large cities have________.[A]less self-discipline[B]better sense of discipline[C]more mutual respect[D]less effective government19.The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______.[A］people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B]people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C]today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D]people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities20.The key point of the passage is that______.[A]stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B]more good examples should be set for people to follow[C]more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D]more people should accept the value of accountabilityPassage2The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor,the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life.Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example,grade school graduation,high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual.Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right,privileges and responsibilities.It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane,theater and movie tickets.Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights.At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices.He now can obtain a driver’s license;he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws.At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights;the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office.No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.21.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.[A]the definition of maturity has changed[B]the industrialized society is more developed[C]more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D]ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance22.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.[A]graduations from schools and colleges[B]social recognition[C]socio-economic status[D]certain behavioral changes23.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.[A]eleven years old[B]sixteen years old[C]twenty-one years old[D]between twelve and twenty-one years old24.Starting from22,_______.[A]one will obtain more basic rights[B]the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have[C]one won’t get more basic rights than when he is21[D]one will enjoy more rights granted by society25.According to the passage,it is true that___.[A]in the late19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existed[B]no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C]one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D]one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C.R.Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.The carbon dioxide(CO2)from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built.Actively growing plant parts are generally75to90percent water.Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing,may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time,however,is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development.The processes of photosynthesis,by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll(叶绿素)and with energy derived from light—to form sugars,require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.This occurs mainly in the leaves.The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings,through which the carbon dioxide enters.The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf,however,permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it.Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities(3to4parts in10,000parts of air)and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf(at80℉,saturated air would contain about186parts of water vapor in10, 000parts of air),the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake.Actually,because of wind and other factors,the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases.Also,not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates(碳水化合物).26.A growing plant needs water for all of the following except_________.[A]forming sugars[B]sustaining woody stems[C]keeping green[D]producing carbon dioxide27.The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is______.[A]to form sugars[B]to derive energy from light[C]to preserve water[D]to combine carbon dioxide with water28.The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that________.[A]a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B]carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C]a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D]the stronger the wind,the more the water vapor loss29.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?[A]The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B]The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C]Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D]Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plant is synthesized.30.This passage is mainly about________.[A]the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B]the role of water in a growing plant[C]the process of simple sugar formation[D]the synthesis of water with carbon dioxidePart BDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time.Whether Arab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.(31)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(32)New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations,including the United States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(33)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.(34)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact,as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.(35)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.SectionⅢWriting(15points)Directions:A)Title:WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B)Time limit:40minutesC)Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Conveniences of the city2.Attractions of the country3.Disadvantages of both4.My preference1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S.space shuttle.___1___it,astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle___2___of flying into space and returning many times.___3___by reusable rockets that can lift a load of65,000pounds,the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry,as___4___as a variety of military hardware.___5___more significantly,it will___6___materials and machines into space for industrial purposes ___7___two decades ago when“sputnik”(artificial satellite)was___8___to the vocabulary.In short,the___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its___10___as an economic tool.What makes the space shuttle___11___is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane.___12___, when it has accomplished its___13___,it can be ready for___14___trip in about two weeks.The space shuttle,the world’s first true spaceship,is a magnificent step___15___making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.1.［A］In［B］On［C］By［D］With2.［A］capable［B］suitable［C］efficient［D］fit3.［A］Served［B］Powered［C］Forced［D］Reinforced4.［A］far［B］well［C］much［D］long5.［A］Then［B］Or［C］But［D］So6.［A］supply［B］introduce［C］deliver［D］transfer7.［A］unimagined［B］unsettled［C］uncovered［D］unsolved8.［A］attributed［B］contributed［C］applied［D］added9.［A］general［B］essential［C］prevailing［D］ultimate10.［A］promise［B］prosperity［C］popularity［D］priority11.［A］exceptional［B］strange［C］unique［D］rare12.［A］Thus［B］Whereas［C］Nevertheless［D］Yet13.［A］venture［B］mission［C］commission［D］responsibility14.［A］new［B］another［C］certain［D］subsequent15.［A］for［B］by［C］in［D］throughPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30points)Passage1It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible.Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel.It is all very well,again,to have a tiger in the tank,but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.You might tolerate the odd road-hog,the rude and inconsiderate driver,but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule.(Perhaps the situation calls for a“Be Kind to Other Drivers”campaign,otherwise it may get completely out of hand.)Road politeness is not only good manners,but good sense too.It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgment in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such acknowledgments of politeness are all too rare today.Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However,misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver,whose manners are faultless,told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.Unfortunately,modern motorists can’t even learn to drive,let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users.It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.16.According to this passage,troubles on the road are primarily caused by________.[A]people’s attitude towards the road-hog[B]the rhythm of modern life[C]the behavior of the driver[D]traffic conditions17.The sentence“You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1)implies that___.[A]our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B]rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C]the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D]nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists18.By“good sense”,the writer means_____.[A]the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably[B]the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C]the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D]the driver’s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations19.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,__________.[A]road users should make more sacrifice[B]drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C]drivers should have more communication among themselves[D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others20.In the writer’s opinion,___________.[A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B]drivers should apply road politeness properly[C]rude drivers should be punished[D]drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage2In the atmosphere,carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror—the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction,the atmosphere will be3°C warmer in the year2050than it is today,if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate.If this warming up took place,the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt,thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities.Also,the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere,possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past,concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet.But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic,which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming:in other words,by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing.The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place.This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However,most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere,where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude,therefore,that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is:Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun.Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and“cold”spots(that is,the relatively less hot spots)on the sun.As the sun rotates,every27.5days,it presents hotter or“colder”faces to the earth,and different aspects to different parts of the earth.This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure,and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term:its heat output goes up and down in cycles,the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years,including the last Ice Age.The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not.One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth’s climate.If this is right,the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counte-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.21.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would_____.[A]prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface[B]mean a warming up in the Arctic[C]account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D]raise the temperature of the earth’s surface22.The article was written to explain________.[A]the greenhouse effect[B]the solar effects on the earth[C]the models of solar-weather interactions[D]the causes affecting weather23.Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere,temperatures thereseem to be falling.This is___________.[A]mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B]possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C]exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D]partly due to variations in the output of solar energy24.On the basis of their models,scientists are of the opinion that________.[A]the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B]it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C]the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D]the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect25.If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct,___________.[A]the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C]the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth evenmore quickly[D]the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthPassage3Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true:that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably some truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood.Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes,but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey(曲棍球)final.There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match,the losers objecting to the final decisions.They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey.Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.”The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析精选文档
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案解析Section I???? Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have 1? that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditionsfor which being overweight is actually 2? . For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3? among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4? of good health.Of even greater 5? is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6? body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7? body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity,8? , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9? , they are not. Obesityis probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with ahigh BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10? others with a low BMI maybe in poor 11? . For example, many collegiate and professionalfootball players 12? as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13? BMI.Today we have a(an) 14? to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15? in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16? with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17? very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasingabout body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18? in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19? . My own hospitalsystem has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launcheda high-visibility campaign 20? childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled[D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient[D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise[D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin[D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance[D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of[D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals[D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn[D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable[D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance[D] taste12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire[D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal[D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity[D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated[D] monitored16. [A]compared [B] combined [C] settled[D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet[D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored[D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies[D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with[D] withoutSection II ?Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①What would you do with $590m? ②This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. ③If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read “Happy Money” by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.①These two academics use an array of behavioural research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.②Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.③Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. ④What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. ⑤It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. ⑥These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.①This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” ②It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).③Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.④This is apparently the reason MacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.①Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. ②Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. ③Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. ④Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. ⑤But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is __________.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that __________.[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, “Happy Money” __________.[A] has left much roo m for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to __________.[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2①An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. ②We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.③Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.①We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. ②We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. ③We stalk aroundthinking we’re hot stuff.①Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. ②Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. ③Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychologicalprocess occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberat ion”. ④If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.①Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. ②Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhance the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. ③In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. ④“I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.”⑤If you are dep ressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.①Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that why people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. ②Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. ③It’s not that people’s profiles aredishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison university, but they portray an idealised version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that __________.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our needs for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s __________.[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to __________.[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to __________.[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can __________.[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3①Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. ②Tears, be they of sorrow, anger or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. ③The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. ④The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. ⑤But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.①Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. ②Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.①Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. ②Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention.③So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.①Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. ②University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recentlyisolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. ③Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. ④Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.①Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.①At Tulane University’s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication (药物), to determine whether a contact lensfits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of“dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.①At Columbia University, Dr. Linsy Farris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes.②Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and onlytiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.31. It is known from the first paragraph that __________.[A] shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American[B] crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy[C] crying usually wins sympathy from other people[D] one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32. What does “both those responses to tears” (Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?[A] Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.[B] The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.[C] The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.[D] Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.33. “Counterproductive” (Line 7, Para. 1) most probably means“_________”.[A] having no effect at all[B] leading to tension[C] producing disastrous impact[D] harmful to health34. What does the author say about crying?[A] It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.[B] It must have a role to play in man’s survival.[C] It is meant to get attention and assistance.[D] It usually produces the desired effect.35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?[A] Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.[B] Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.[C] Emotiona l tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.[D] Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.Text 4①When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. ②Housing is seldom mentioned.①Why is that? ②To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. ③We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. ④Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. ⑤It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reasonis that the issue has always been so politically charged.①Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. ②Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.①The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.②It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.①There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.②The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow againsttheir housing stock debt. ③Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by %.①Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.①But it is not just down to the government.②While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡ billion programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then.③The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power.④The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.⑤We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36. The author believes that the housing sector __________.[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has __________.[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may __________.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would __________.[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] lessen the impact of government interference[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may __________.[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] review the need for large-scale public grants[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] stop generous funding to the housing sectorPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. (10 points)Uncommon Ground—Land Art in BritainThe term Land Art brings to mind epic interventions in the land such as Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty, 6,500 tons of basalt, earth and salt projecting into Utah’s Great Salt Lake, or Roden Crater, an extinct volcano in Arizona, which James Turrell has been transforming into an immense naked-eye observatory since 1979.Richard Long’s A Line Ma de By Walking, however, involved nothing more strenuous than a 20-minute train ride from Waterloo. Having got offsomewhere in suburbia, the artist walked backwards and forwards over a piece of grass until the squashed turf formed a line, a kind of drawing on the land.Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The message of this survey of British land art—the most comprehensive to date—is that the British variant, typified by Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier thanits American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work i s the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautifulblack-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.41. Stone Circle42. Olaf Street Study43. Across the Park44. Towards [A] originates from a long walk that the artist took[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition[D] represents the elegance of the BritishAvebury45. Seven days land art[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors[G] contains images from different parts of the same photographSection III? Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV? WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)答案及解析Section I Use of English1. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。
历年考研英语二真题及答案
研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users —a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that ma keit possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to driveon public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons hadleft the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chi ef executive’s proposals. If the sky,and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a reviewof history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who wantto keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwiseoutside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspape rs like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” wa s actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exertenormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” com missioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housin g style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate a bout how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even t he suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animal s and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at le ast information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worl d’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much tobe done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语(二)十年真题(含答案)
考研英语（二）十年真题及答2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (1)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (10)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (12)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (22)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (24)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (34)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (36)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (45)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (47)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (56)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (58)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (68)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (70)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (80)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (82)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (92)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (94)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (104)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (106)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (117)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising3in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is"4"in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization's director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to9in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009, officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has13more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is16ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those17doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not18for pregnant women, people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other19.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people20infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involved in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding offSectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,"Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby's in London on September15th2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare Mc Andrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:"I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as"a last victory"because________.[A]the art market had witnessed a succession of victories[B]the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C]Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D]it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying"spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"(Line1-2,Para.3),the author suggeststhat________.[A]collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions[B]people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries[C]art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D]works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A]Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.[B]The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C]The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D]Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are________.[A]auction houses'favorites[B]contemporary trends[C]factors promoting artwork circulation[D]styles representing Impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be________.[A]Fluctuation of Art Prices[B]Up-to-date Art Auctions.[C]Art Market in Decline[D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true,"he explained."When I come home from work,I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going,we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me.""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?[A]Talking to them.[B]Trusting them.[C]Supporting their careers.[D]Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase"wreaking havoc"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means________.[A]generating motivation.[B]exerting influence[C]causing damage[D]creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT________.[A]men tend to talk more in public than women[B]nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C]women attach much importance to communication between couples[D]a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A]The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.[B]Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.[C]Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D]Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on________.[A]a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B]a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon[C]other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.[D]a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits,"said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London school of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine."We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,"said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year."Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable."Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deeply rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to________.[A]reveal their impact on people's habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people's buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumer's habits are developed due to________.[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is________.[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states, for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor vs.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of thecommunity to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the US jury system,we learn that________.[A]both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to1968showed________.[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court Judges38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.________.[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______.[A]its nature and problems.[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions.[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.Choose T if the statement is True or F if the statement is not true on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,the787and A350respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.But a group of researchers at Stanford University,led by Ilan Kroo,has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use,and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer,says Dr Kroo,lies with birds.Since1914,scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy.The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips,a phenomenonknown as upwash.Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,and spend less energy propelling themselves.Peter Lissaman,an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,has suggested that a formation of25birds might enjoy a range increase of71%.When applied to aircraft,the principles are not substantially different.Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles,San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah,assume an inverted V-formation,occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions,and proceed to London.They found that the aircraft consumed as much as15%less fuel(coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are,of course,knots to be worked out.One consideration is safety,or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion?Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows.A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter,although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.In zones of increased turbulence,the planes'wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft,in contrast,might be easier to reschedule,as might routine military flights.As it happens,America's armed forces are on the case already.Earlier this year the country's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,though the program has yet to begin.There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated."My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"he adds.So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45.It has been documented that during World War II,Americas armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well."It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,"says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales."I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,'Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.'"Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:You have just come back from the U.S.as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2)Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。
基础英语1991(有答案)
北京师范大学1991年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题I．Grammar 25%A. Insert articles where necessary in the blanks in the following passage.（5%）The study of language can be interesting, stimulating and rewarding. There is no other subject which has such direct relevance to your everyday life and whose benefits can be readily seen in quality of your existence. Y ou had already worked out systems of language for communicating with others, especially to get what you wanted, before you came to formal education. The fact that you said “b uyed”instead of “bought”at age of three was not reflection of your incompetence, but indication that you had already begun to work out sound for past tense of verb ,only to be thwarted by nature of English language in having so many irregular forms.Already today, as you read this, you will have used your language in a variety of ways for variety of purposes. Y ou will have spoken to your friends at college in different way from way you spoke at breakfast time at home. If you have already had to do some written work, you will have used different form of your language from that accepted in group, discussion. Nor does . versatility in your uses of language end there. Y ou will know yourself that you are capable of using variety of language structures and range of vocabulary according to your audience and impression you want to give and response you want to elicit. Similarly you will have mastered how to respond to language use, whether written or spoken. Y ou will have estab lished for yourself, possibly intuitively, means of assessing when remark is to be taken seriously or humorously or when person is being friendly or matter-of-fact or hostile. Sometimes person you know well does not have to utter complete statement for you to know what is meant, and conversely you may sometimes pick up wrong signal and misunderstand person because of choice of word or stress given to a syllable.B. Insert in each blank in the following sentences with the most appropriateform of the verb given in the brackets （10%）1. New Orleans __ (found)in 1718 as a French fortification near the mouth of theMississippi River. It now __ （rank）as the second busiest port in America.2. By 2000,scientists surely （discover）a cure for the common cold.3. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but I （not, invite）.4. If the tall young man （use）an adding machine properly, he would still havebeen working there.5. It is important that course design （relate）to a particular social context andthe aims of particular students.6. In order to avoid __ （make）mistakes in subject-verb agreement, you must beable （recognize）the difference between singular and plural subjects.7. Saying that we don't need （teach）grammar is like （say）that youcan have a chicken （walk）around without bones.8. That little girl had a narrow escape, She （hit）by a car if her father （pull）her out of the street.9. A: Carlos has been trying （start）that engine for nearly an hour.B: In that case, why doesn't he try （change）the sparking plugs.10. A prefix is a combination of letters （place）before a word or word root tomodify its meaning. A suffix is a combination of letters （add）at the end of aword or word root to indicate the function of the word in a sentence or to form a newword.C. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.（Cross out the wrong parts and put thecorrection just above them. ）（10%）1. Once the police was called, the riot was brought under control quickly.2. A great many educators firmly believe that English is one of the poorest taught subjects inhigh schools today.3. People say him to be an honest boy.4. No matter how good my paintings are, I am conscious that they may be havingunacceptable imperfections.5. He had spent months to build his fiber-glass boat, and now that it was ready, hewanted all his friends to come and saw it.6. Every year a large percentage of the profits from the college plays are given to thescholarship fund for drama students.7. Some Italian scholars stressed the study of grammar, rhetoric, learning about historyand poetry.8. Henry Burson gave such a stirred performance that the audience stood up and clappedfor five minutes.9. So as to make sure of their usage, I looked up these words in the dictionary.10. Sewing, knitting, and weaving are her favourite hobbies; in fact busy as she is, eitheractivity is usually included in her daily life.I1. V ocabulary （20%）A. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase given below.EACH WORD OR PHRASE IS USED ONCE ONLY. （5%）futile, go a long way, grip, innate, derived, jeopardize, submissiye, inevitable,spontaneously, probes1. People in some countries today are fond of saying that only two things are :deathand taxes.2. Some scientists believe that the ability to learn a language is rather thanlearned.3. My mother always advised me, “Be firm but not aggressive; be polite butnot .”4. A good scientist into all aspects of a problem in order to find solutions.5. A person who is truly kind does thoughtful things for others ,without havingto be asked or reminded.6. The ritualized greetings used today are probably from the primitive gesturesof prehistoric human beings.7. Max had been working so hard that he decided to take a vacation, even though heknew he might his chance of doing well on the upcoming examination8. Tan's behavior became stranger every day until he seemed to completely lose hison reality.9. John is intelligent, hardworking and honest, He should in his profession.10. I have tried for a number of years to get my father to buy a new bike, but my attemptshave been he just won't part with his old one.B ．Read the definition in Column A, then circle the word in Column B thatbest fits the definition. （10%）Example: 1. agree to usually ascend (consent) deliver rustic （A）（B）1. briefness, shortness height cut length brevity renown2. rejoicing, exulting dedicate enjoy giddy solemn jubilant3. annul, repeal aid consent nullify repeat annihilate4. diverge, digress repel progress repeat deviate hesitate5. thwart, baffle divide fierce change stop frustrate6. skillful, nimble modest creative unskilled deft mature7. captivate, fascinate enthrall entangle charge archaic control8. sickness, illness bedlam malady recovery health mutation9. arrange data harmony purpose form design tabulate10. indifferent, languid energetic serene heavy listless cheerful11. return to health hope recuperate reiterate reenlist regain12. of or like a college campus quarry collegiate collector connect13. foreign alienate different unusual ornamental exotic14. rise and fall equal limit accuse attribute fluctuate15. at ease in talking alert affable polite beautiful courageous16. reflect, consider speculate deplore enlarge estimate compile17. occupy wholly enrol include encompass engross surround18. disperse, scatter dispel compel defeat deviat pervade19. fill with energy vital evoke profit invigora inspire20. obstinate, headstrong genteel lazy mediocre dogged eccentricC. Write a definition or synonym of the underlined word it appears in context. （5%）1. About ten years ago, I decided not to complete high school; in retrospect, I believethat was a bad decision.2.He felt that the situation was hopeless, and the futility of his efforts bothered him agreat deal.3. Bob is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without see-king the opinions of others.4. It is difficult to list all of John's attributes because he has so many different talentsand abilities5. This apple appeased my hunger temporarily, but I could still eat a big dinner.III. Reading Comprehension （25%）Read the following extract and answer the questions attached.The facts of our situation should appear abundantly plain. No one can doubt that man- kind could destroy itself in the suicide-pact of a nuclear war. Y et those same powers of de- struction can be turned to industrial uses and to the benefit of the human race. Almost as se- rious as the nuclear explosion is the population explosion. How are 4,000,000,000 people going to co-exist twenty years from now? Unless we read aright the lessons of the Past, ap- ply the science and technology of the Present and plan, with wisdom, for the Future, weshall not find the answer.That answer cannot lie in Space excursions. No one can, nor would want to, curb the restless outreaching curiosity of Man. It is true that, throughout all history, nations have di- verted their material surpluses to military adventures, to destruction and killing. And if man- kind could conceivably find a common purpose in Space enterprises, it might be a rational alternative to wars, but it ought to be a common purpose, not a competitive one--not …throwing Pyramids into Space‟ at the expense of our own backyard.But the real answer must lie here, on our own planet. Our civilisation is now global, patterned with diverse cultures, ideologies and ways of life, but, in terms of material survival and interdependence, inescapably one. We have seen, in this book, how a procession of civilisations perished and were succeeded by others, which salvaged the enduring values of the predecessors. Mistakes were made on a local or regional scale, but now they can be made on a global scale.Ever since primeval Man made his first tools, harvested his first crops so that he was no longer dependent on an elusive food-supply and stored his grains so that he was no longer constrained by the seasons, the generations of mankind have been struggling to master theirenvironment. To mere survival have been added the opportunities for the fuller life, the material amenities and cultural enjoyments--still denied to the many and rejected by many.With the resources of modern science and technology, tempered by wisdom, we can escape from the limitations of past civilisations, and succeed where they failed.But, remembering the 4,000,000,000 people who will share this planet in twenty years' time, science and statesmanship will have to work fast.RITCHIE CAIDER: The Inheritors （1961）1. Ring the letter for the word that most nearly expresses the meaning of the underlinedword as it is used in the extract. （5 % ）Example: abundantly（L. J） a. obviouslyb. reallyc. fullyd. surprisingly（1）curb（L. 8） a. comply b. prohibitc. restraind. terminate（2）elusive（L. 21） a. dependable b. miserablec. precariousd. providentialN（3）constrain（L. 22） a. bridle b. controlc. inhibitd. oblige（4）deny（I.. 24） a. disown b. refusec. rejectd. withhold（5）temper（L. 25） a. fortify b. mitigatec. softend. tune2．Explain the meanings of the following underlined words as they are used in the extract．（5％）（1）population explosion（L.4）（2）rational（L.11）（3）at the expense of（L. 13）（4）salvage（L．17）（5）amenities（L．24）3．Explain fully the meaning of“Throwing Pyramids into Space”（112）（5％）4．What point of view do you think Ritchie Calder hoped to persuade the reader to adopt?（10％）Ⅳ．Translation （30％）A．Render the following passage into Chinese．（18％）They a11 had a dream，once upon a time．It went something like this：good grades，the right schools，perhaps even an M．B．A．Then after a few hard years of 12—hour days and total loyalty to the company，they would get the big prize—a hefty salary leadingsomeday to a comfortable retirement. Now that dream of job security is like so many other youthful fantasies, just a memory. It has been replaced by a scary new vision of job anxiety.With world industries shrinking in a declining economy，even highly skilled professionals are likely to find that there are no new jobs in their field．Many of the victims of this recession are middle managers，often people in their 30s and early 40s．This was supposed to be the prime of their lives，their peak earning years．Instead，they find themselves weighted down by mortgages, young familes, big bills and an increasingly uncertain future.（Newsweek，Nov．5，1990）M．B．A．一Master of Business Administration B．Render the following passage into English．（12％）她在天津度过了学生时代。
1992年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
Ⅰ. In each sentence, decide which of the four choicea given will most suitably complete the sen-tence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. ( 15 points )l . I will give this dictionary to _ wants to have it.A. whomeverB. someoneC. whoeverD. anyone2. After having gone _ far, George did not want to turn back.A. enoughB. muchC. suchD. that3. _ all our kindness to help her, Sarah refused to listen to us.A. AtB. ForC. InD. On4. Richard doesn' t think he could ever _ what is called "free-style" poetry.A. take onB. take overC. take toD. take after5. In the past men generally perfered that their wives _ in the home.A. workedB. would workC. workD. were working6. I don't want to lend any more money to him; he's already in debt _ me.A. toB. forC. ofD. with7. The business of each day, _ selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.A. it beingB. be itC. was itD. it was8. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she _ the baby for her sister until 9:30 .A. must have looked after B would have to look afterC. had to look afterD. should have looked after9. _ , he does get initated with her sometimes.A. As he likes her muchB. Much though he likes herC. Though much he like herD. Much as he likes herIO. Califomians and New Englanders speak the same language and _ by the same federal laws.A. standB. conformC. abideD. sustainIl . The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which are never used outside the subject or field _ .A. in viewB. in questionC. in caseD. in effect12 . The long-awaited Hubble Space Telescope,_ to orbit the Earth next March ,will ob-serve some of the oldest stars in the sky.A. subjectB. owingC. availableD. due13. _ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A. To be freeB. FreeingC. To freeD. Freed14. The patient has been _ of the safety of the operation.A. assuredB. guaranteedC. entrustedD. confirmed15. Will you _ this passage to see if there is any misprint?A. look upB. go overC. dwell on "D. work out16. The patients believe that the doctor knows exactly how to put them _.A. correctB. straightC. rightD. well17. Although he thought he was helping us prepare the dinner, he was actuaily _ theway .A. inB. byC. offD. on18. If we believe something is good and true we should tn it.A. hold upB. keep onC. hold onD. keep up19. _, more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar energy, not to mentionthe big cities in the region.A. Alone in the small townB. In the small alone townC. In the alone small townD. In the small towll alone20 . The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.A. to be robbedB. robbedC. to have been robbedD. having been robbed21 . The engineers are going through with their highway project , the expenses haverisen .A. even thoughB. just becauseC. now thatD. as though22: Although we had told then not to keep us waiting, they made no _ to speed up deliv-eries .A. trialB. attemptC. actionD. progress23 . Water will continue to be _ it is today-next in importance to oxygen.A. howB. whichC. asD. what24. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now.A. must have beenB. would have beenC. were .D. would be25. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, which_increase the risk of heart disease.A. in tumB. in retumC. by chanceD. by tums26. The tourist is prevented from entering a country if he does not have passport.A. . an operativeB. a validC. an efficientD. an effective27. I like to go to the cinema when I am in the _ for it.A. motiveB. mindC. moodD. notion28. The project requires more labor thanA. has been put inB. have been put inC. being put inD. to be put in29. Circus tigers, although they have been tamed, can _ attack their trainer.A. unexpectedlyB. deliberatelyC. reluctantlyD. subsequently30. There seemed little hope that the explorer, _ in the tropical forest, would find hisway through it.A. to be desertedB. having desertedC. to have been desertedD. having been desertedⅡ. Each of the passags below is fnllowed by some questions. For each question four answersare given. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SIIEET. (30 points) 1 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the mst of petrol and the quick pace of modem life,but manners on the roads are beaoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is aU vvy well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have onein the driver's seat is arnother matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a 'Be Kind to Other Drivers' campaign, otherwise it may get com-pletely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized be-havior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem tralfic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it. However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at solne hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always a-mazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies. A veteran driver, whose mallners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists leamt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give riseto bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can' t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-owrner-ship explo-sion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us totake this message to heart.31 . According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused byA. people' s attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modem lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions32. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog . . . the rule. " (Para. I ) implies thatA. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists33. By "good sense" , the writer meansA. the driver' s ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver' s prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver' s tolerance of nlde or even savage behaviorD. the driver' s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations34. Experts have long pointed out that in the faoe of car-owner-ship explosion,A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drlvers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesd. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others35. In the writer's opinion,A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jams 2 In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror--the glass in the roof ofa greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather expert' s prediction, the annosphere will be 3C warmer in the year2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present tate. If this warming up tookplace, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres andseverely flooding coastal cities. Also, the i n c r e a s e i n a t m o s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e w o u l d l e a d t o g r e a t b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > c h a n g e s i n t h e c l i m a t e o f t h e n o n t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e , p o s s i b l y r e s u l t i n g i n a n a l t e r a t i o n o f b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > e a r t h ' s c h i e f f o o d - g r o w i n g z o n e s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > 0 0 I n t h e p a s t , c o n c e r n a b o u t a m a n - m a d e w a r m i n g o f t h e e a r t h h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e A r c t i c b r bd s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > be c a u s e t h e A n t a r c t i c i s m u c h c o l d e r a n d h a s a m u c h t h i c k e r i c e s h e e t . B u t t he w e a t h e r e x p e r t s b r b d sf i d = " 1 9 7 " > a r e n o w p a y i ng m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o W e s t A n t a r c t i c , whi c h m a y b e a f f e c t e d b y o n l y a f e w d e g r e s s o f b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > w a r m i n g , i n o t h e r w o r d s , b y a w a r m i n g o n t h e s c a l e t h a t w i l l p o s s i b l y t a k e p l a c e i n t h e n e x t f i f t y b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > y e a r s f r o m t h e b u r n i n g o f f u e l s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > 0 0 S a t e l l i t e p i c t u r e s s h o w t h a t l a r g e a r e a s o f A n t a r c t i c i c e a r e a l r e a d y d i s p a p p e a r i n g . T h e e v i - b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > d e n c e a v a i l a b l e s u g g e s t s t h a t a w a r m i n g h a s t a k e n p l a c e . T h i s f i t s t h e t h e o r y t h a t c a r b o n d i o x i d e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > w a r m s t h e e a r t h . b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > 0 0 H o w e v e r , m o s t o f t h e f u e l i s b u r n t i n t h e n o r t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e , w h e r e t e m p e r a t u r e s s e e m t o b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > b e f a l l i n g . S c i e n t i s t s c o n c l u d e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t u p t o n o w n a t u r a l i n f l u e n c e s o n t h e w e a t h e r h a v e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > e x c e e d e d t h o s e c a u s e d b y m a n . T h e q u e s t i o n i s : W h i c h n a t u r a l c a u s e h a s m o s t e f f e c t o n t h e b r b d s f i d = "2 0 6 " > w e a t h e r ? b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > 0 0 O n e p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h e v a r i a b l e b e h a v i o r o f t h e s u n . A s t r o n o m e r s a t o n e r e s e a r c h s t a t i o n h a v e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > s t u d i e d t h e h o t s p o t s a n d " c o l d " s p o t s ( t h a t i s , t h e r e l a t i v e l y l e s s h o t s p o t s ) o n t h e s u n . A s t h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > s u n r o t a t e s , e v e r y 2 7 . 5 d a y s , i t p r e s e n t s h o t t e r o r " c o l d e r " f a c e s t o t h e e a r t h , a n d d i f f e r e n t a s - b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > p e c t s t o d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e e a r t h . T h i s s e e m s t o h a v e a c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f e c t o n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > t h e e a r t h ' s a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y o n w i n d c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e s u n i s a l s o v a r i a b l e b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > o v e r a l o n g t e r m : i t s h e a t o u t p u t g o e s u p a n d d o w n i n c y c l e s , t h e l a t e s t t r e n d b e i n g d o w n w a r d . b r b d s f i d = " 2 13 " > 0 0 S c i e n t i s t s a r e n o w f i n d i n g m u t u a l r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n m o d e l s o f s o l a r - w e a t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d b r b d s f i d = " 2 14 " > t h e a c t u a l c l i m a t e o v e r m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s , " i n c l u d i n g t h e l a s t I c e A g e . T h e p r o b l e m i s t h a t b r b d s f i d = " 2 15 " > t h e m o d e l s a r e p r e d i c t i n g t h a t t h e w o r l d s h o u l d b e e n t e r i n g a n e w I c e A g e a n d i t i s n o t . O n e w a y b r b d s f i d = " 2 16 " > o f s o l v i n g t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l d i f f i c u l t y i s t o a s s u m e a d e l a y o f t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s w h i l e t h e s o l a r e f -。
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所有真题解压密码统一为： 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e/f67d6c87fe1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（理科）免费下载/file/f63c1f611f1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（文科）免费下载/file/f69e7be62b1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（理科）免费下载/file/f6eea5129f1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（文科）免费下载/file/f6809113772000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（理科）免费下载/file/f6ef06aace2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（文科）免费下载/file/f671223f302001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（理科）免费下载2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（文科）免费下载/file/f6f114601b2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（理科）免费下载/file/f6915280772002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案（文科）免费下载/file/f6e1ac8cea2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f66667304e2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f661baec682005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f6cd6c1f492006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f66cb7ed252007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f66b4a311d2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f68d0206262009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载/file/f6b586d1cf2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题及答案免费下载考研计算机真题下载：/file/f6d5291e25#2009年统考专业计算机科学与技术_试题及参考答案免费下载/file/f6b4aec92c#2010年考研计算机学科专业基础综合考试_试题及答案解析免费下载考研金融真题下载：/file/f61a6dd69c#2002年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f67479d5cb#2003年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f6b6bba7bf#2004年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载2005年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f6b0083056#2006年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f6659f1c89#2007年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f6868bfbf3#2008年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载/file/f62c5dbc64#2009年金融学研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题及答案免费下载。
1991考研英语一真题(含答案解析)
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1. ［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify2. ［A］on ［B］at ［C］with ［D］behind3. ［A］experienced ［B］determined ［C］established ［D］accustomed4. ［A］efficiency ［B］technology ［C］art ［D］performance5. ［A］Of ［B］For ［C］Above ［D］In6. ［A］inspire ［B］create ［C］cause ［D］perceive7. ［A］add ［B］apply [C] affect [D]reflect8. ［A］occasion ［B］event ［C］fact ［D］case9. ［A］equally ［B］completely ［C］initially ［D］hardly10.［A］definite ［B］possible ［C］sure ［D］clear11. [A］focus ［B］attend ［C］follow ［D］insist12. ［A］exhibit ［B］demonstrate ［C］expose ［D］interpret13. ［A］Like ［B］Unlike ［C］As ［D］For14. ［A］purpose ［B］goal ［C］value ［D］intention15. ［A］if ［B］when ［C］which ［D］asSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)Passage 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So,as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done! ”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.16. What the wise man said suggests that_____.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to doanything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good mendo nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep awayfrom evil17. According to the author, if a person is foundguilty of a crime,_____________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved18. Compared with those in small towns,people in large cities have________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government19. The writer is sorry to have noticedthat_______.[A］people in large cities tend to excusecriminals[B] people in small towns still stick to olddiscipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for peoplein difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances areengaged in criminal activities20. The key point of the passage is that______.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained inschools and families[B] more good examples should be set forpeople to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed onpeople’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value ofaccountabilityPassage 2The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educationalambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.21. The period of adolescence is much longer inindustrial societies because_______.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and lawsagainst child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost theirformal recognition and symbolic significance22. Former social ceremonies that used to markadolescence have given place to_________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes23. No one can expect to fully enjoy theadulthood privileges until he is_______.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old24. Starting from 22, _______.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basicrights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than whenhe is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted bysociety25. According to the passage, it is true that___.[A] in the late 19th century in the United Statesthe dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission ofhis parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reachedadulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of childlabor laws until he can join the armyPassage 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light—to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10, 000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物) .26. A growing plant needs water for all of thefollowing except_________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide27. The essential function of photosynthesis interms of plant needs is______.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water28. The second paragraph uses facts to developthe essential idea that________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the waterit absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substanceneeded for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found inits composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the watervapor loss29. According to the passage, which of thefollowing statements is true?[A]The mineral elements will not be absorbedby the plant unless they are dissolved in itsroot.[B] The woody stems contain more water thanthe leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to besaturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plantis synthesized.30. This passage is mainly about________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxidePart BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a longtime now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can p rovide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section ⅢWriting(15points)Directions:A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B) Time limit: 40 minutesC) Word limit: 120 -150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference。
1995数学二真题
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beingswere portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument infavor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by thescience fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would beinterested in the discussion?[A] attended[B] Attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides hebuilding blocs from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style________ in a personal one.[A] rather than[B] Other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by thesmooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today‟s pop music can serve as a creative force ________stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyBlifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areCtoo valuableto be wastedD.12. In debating one must correct the opponent‟sAfacts, deny the relevance of hisproof, or deny thatB whatChe presents as proof, unlessDrelevant, is sufficient.13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichBprovides the psychologicalsatisfaction thatC can make the differenceDbetween a full and an empty life.14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manBfor having promotedCsea travel, that man wasDPrince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.15. Accounts ofA scientific experiments are generally correct forBthose write aboutCscience are careful in checkingDthe accuracy of their reports.16. whenever we hear ofA a natural disaster, evenBin a distant part of the world, wefeel sympathyC for the people to have affectedD.17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trustingBourhealth, wealth and happiness to elements with whomCvery names the generalpublic areDunfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallBa portionof its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forBan improvement in the standard of living or,alternately, to do muchC to protect our diminishingDresources.20. If individuals are awakenedA each time asBthey begin a dream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even thoughCtheir total amount of sleephas beenDsufficient.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitationto a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped22. [A] ________ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to themayor for approval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. [A] man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough moneyto live on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundredyears.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ freemedical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because theyhad more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman‟sspeech.[A] fatigued[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to findwhat was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit‟send.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and thecity is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions ofpassengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ forlanguage learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dished if he couldfinish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off[D] let out35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitterregrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ inthe dictionary.[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn‟t have time so far to go into it ________, but he gave us anidea about his plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission40. It‟s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in afurious state.[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credibleSection II Close TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. __41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, __47__ examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if onlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1151. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages ofadvertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers‟ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author‟s opin ion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providinginformation[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take12大家版词典级22年考研英语真题及答案逆序版risks, to con front the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances a nd to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we‟re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we‟re slow to adapt to change or t hat we‟re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author‟s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题13Text 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become compl icated. Many of life‟s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place14大家版词典级22年考研英语真题及答案逆序版60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an informationera[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the …win at all costs‟ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B‟s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题15child‟s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B‟s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoolsbecause ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates‟ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influe nce dominates the shaping of one‟s characteristics[C] the development of one‟s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The16大家版词典级22年考研英语真题及答案逆序版ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indee d, when one‟s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead s to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual‟sadaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题17[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgettingoccurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be。
英语考研之1991-1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
英语考研之1991-1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man. But they insisted that its3results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population. 5contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years，from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a6agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists8history and economics, have9two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was10by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed ［C］labeled［D］markedPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.\[A\] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality\[B\] the blind could be happier than the sighted\[C\] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things\[D\] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to.\[A\] areas short of electricity\[B\] dams without power stations\[C\] poor countries around India\[D\] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?\[A\] They bring in more fertile soil.\[B\] They help defend the country.\[C\] They strengthen international ties.\[D\] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.\[A\] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"\[B\] "More haste, less speed"\[C\] "Look before you leap"\[D\] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhatfaster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 averages. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that reengineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "reengineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleagues, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish-"the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".15. According to the author, the American economic situation is.\[A\] not as good as it seems\[B\] at its turning point\[C\] much better than it seems\[D\] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth.\[A\] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle\[B\] fall short of businessmen's anticipation\[C\] meet the expectation of business people\[D\] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because.\[A\] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"\[B\] he does not think the productivity revolution works\[C\] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading\[D\] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?\[A\] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.\[B\] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.\[C\] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.\[D\] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harshremarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "the Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of （Mis）information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, " notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."19. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.\[A\] confrontation\[B\] dissatisfaction\[C\] separation\[D\] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.\[A\] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power\[B\] show the author's sympathy with scientists\[C\] explain the way in which science develops\[D\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?\[A\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\[B\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\[C\] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as antiscience.\[D\] Tagging environmentalists as "antiscience" is justifiable.22. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. antiscience" is.\[A\] impartial\[B\] subjective \[C\] biased\[D\] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people-numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states-Florida, Texas and California-together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th-with Cleveland and Washington, D.C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate-37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people-about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18. 5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s.\[A\] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history\[B\] witnessed a southwestern shift of population\[C\] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth\[D\] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that .\[A\] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution\[B\] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants\[C\] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living\[D\] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"25. We can see from the available statistics that.\[A\] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US\[B\] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West\[C\] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration\[D\] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means.\[A\] people in favor of the trend of democracy\[B\] advocates of migration between states\[C\] scientists engaged in the study of population\[D\] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that.\[A\] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior\[B\] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true\[C\] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions\[D\] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can he deduced from the fact that.\[A\] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions\[B\] they have been found to share certain geological features\[C\] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years\[D\] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining.\[A\] the structure of the African plates\[B\] the revival of dead volcanoes\[C\] the mobility of the continents\[D\] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about.\[A\] the features of volcanic activities\[B\] the importance of the theory about drifting plates\[C\] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies\[DJ the process of the formation of volcanoesPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31）But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy）.32）The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait.33）Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34）If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35）Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation isa scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Section ⅣWriting36.Directions:A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirement below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments.1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Manpower Inc, with 560 000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people1into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay，One day at a time. 2industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive3reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.4its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This "5" work force is the most important6in American business today, and it is7changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens9by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.1.［A］swarm［B］stride ［C］separate［D］slip2.［A］For［B］Because［C］As ［D］Since3.［A］from［B］in［C］on ［D］by4.［A］Even though［B］Now that ［C］If only［D］Provided that5.［A］durable［B］disposable［C］available［D］transferable6.［A］approach［B］flow ［C］fashion［D］trend7.［A］instantly ［B］reversely［C］fundamentally［D］sufficiently8.［A］but ［B］while［C］and［D］whereas9.［A］imposed［B］restricted［C］illustrated［D］confined10.［A］excitement［B］conviction［C］enthusiasm［D］importancePart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Read the passages carefully and choose the bestanswer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part-other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death-probably by a deadly injection or pill-to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, " he says.11. From the second paragraph we learn that.\[A\] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries\[B\] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia\[C\] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law\[D\] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means.\[A\] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia\[B\] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries\[C\] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes\[D\] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will.\[A\] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia\[B\] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient\[C\] have an intense fear of terrible suffering。
考研英语二历年真题答案解析-2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题
SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very_1_, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, _2_, a younger sibling._3_, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to _4_: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, _5_ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy _6_. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a _7_ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can _8_ you just a little too far. And then the _9_happens:You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too _10_and does nobody any good. You wish that you could_11_ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there._12_, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may _13_for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also _14_your child’s self-esteem. If you consistently lose your_15_with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the _16_ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when _17_ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills. Certainly, it’s incredibly _18_ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with _19_situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and _20_ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.第1题1.[A]tedious[B]pleasant[C]instructive[D]tricky［参考答案］D［答案解析］[A] tedious单调沉闷的[B] pleasant愉悦的[C] instructive有益的[D] tricky狡猾的【答案】[D]【解析】根据首段首句对于全文主旨的提示，可以得知这篇完形是围绕“成为好的父母”主题展开。