英语词汇学文本含义
英语词汇学词的意义与成分分析
E.g.: Pen originally refers to ‘a heavy quill or feather’. Today the writing tool is still “pen”, but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean.
• The Conventionalists, on the other hand, hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. The meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract.
Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
词素是意义的最小单位，复合词和派生词是多语素词，其意义是这些词 素意义的叠加。形态理据指的是有些词可以从构成该词的词缀或其他 手段上分析其意义。
5.2 Motivation
4. Etymological motivation词源理据
Etymological motivation denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. 词的历史渊源决定或影响了词的意义，人们可以从它们的出处与其意 义的关系找出词的理据。
• Conventionality（约定俗成）
英语词汇学与词义辨析
英语词汇学与词义辨析引言语言是人类交流的工具之一，词汇是语言的基本组成部分。
掌握英语词汇学和词义辨析对于学习英语和提高语言表达能力至关重要。
本文将深入探讨英语词汇学的基本概念和词义辨析的方法，帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语词汇。
一、英语词汇学的基本概念1. 词汇的定义词汇是指某一语言中的所有词语的总和，包括单词、短语和固定搭配等。
词汇是语言的基本单位，是理解和运用语言的基础。
2. 词汇的分类英语词汇可以按照不同的分类方式进行划分，如按词性划分（名词、动词、形容词等），按语法功能划分（实词、虚词等），以及按词源划分（派生词、复合词等）等。
3. 词汇的形态变化英语词汇在不同语境中会发生形态变化，如单复数、时态、语态等。
掌握词汇的形态变化规则对于正确运用词汇至关重要。
二、词义辨析的基本方法1. 上下文推测法上下文推测法是通过分析词语所处的语境来推测其具体含义。
学生可以通过理解句子的其他成分、逻辑关系和上下文信息来推测词语的意思。
2. 词源分析法词源分析法是通过研究词语的起源和发展来理解其词义。
学生可以通过了解词语的词源、词根和词缀等信息，推测词语的含义和用法。
3. 词义辨析法词义辨析法是通过比较和对比词语的不同含义来理解其细微差别。
学生可以通过查阅词典和语境分析，辨析词语的具体含义，避免使用词义相近但用法不同的词语。
三、英语词汇学的实际运用1. 词汇的积累与记忆词汇的积累是学习英语的基础，学生可以通过多读多写、背诵和运用词汇，提高词汇量和记忆效果。
2. 词汇的运用与表达学生可以通过灵活运用词汇，丰富语言表达，提高交流效果。
同时，学生也要注意词汇的准确用法和词义辨析，避免语义混淆和歧义。
3. 词汇的拓展与扩展学生可以通过学习词汇的派生形式、近义词和反义词等拓展和扩充词汇量。
同时，学生也要注意词汇的语境运用，避免用词过于生硬或不恰当。
结语英语词汇学和词义辨析是学习英语的基础，掌握这些知识对于提高语言能力和表达效果至关重要。
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
词的意义是指词所表示的事物或概念的内涵。
在英语中，词的意义有
时是明确的，比如“cat”（猫）表示一种动物，而有时则需要通过上下
文来确定其意义，比如“bank”（银行）可能指的是银行或河岸。
词的语用意义是指词在特定语境下所承载的语言功能。
同样的词在不
同的语境中可能会产生不同的语用意义。
比如，“I just cleaned the bathroom”（我刚刚打扫了浴室）中的“just”表示时间的近，而在
“Just do it”（就做吧）中的“just”则表示语气上的鼓励或劝告。
与词的意义不同，词的语用意义是由上下文和社会文化因素共同决定的。
语用意义有时具有隐晦、暗示性的特点，需要读者在了解词的语用背
景和文化内涵的基础上进行理解。
对于学习英语的学生而言，掌握英语词
汇的语用意义也等同于掌握英语语境和文化背景，这有助于提高学生的交
流能力和文化素养。
总体而言，英语词汇学的研究包括词的意义和语用意义两个方面，词
的意义主要是词所表达的事物或概念内涵，而词的语用意义主要表现在特
定语境下所承载的语言功能，需要考虑上下文和社会文化因素的影响。
对
于学生而言，掌握英语词汇的意义和语用意义都是非常重要的，能够提高
学生的语言理解能力和表达能力，帮助学生更好地适应英语语言环境。
词汇学--词的意义及理据
1.In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号） and a referent （所指物）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful. 2.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（ 归纳） and abstraction（抽象）.
Cats
Eagles Frogs Goats
croak. bleat.
• • • • • •
Hens cluck. Larks warble Lions roar Magpies chatter. Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech) pigeons coo. Pigs squeal. Snakes hiss. Wolves howl. Turkeys gobble.
Limitations of Reference Theory
1.Many words have no real-world referents. Yet speakers do know the meanings of these expressions. 2.Similarly, function words have no realworld entities to refer to.
现代英语词汇在语篇中体现的语义特征
现代英语词汇在语篇中体现的语义特征姓名刘凡鸿班级英语三班学号110801321现代英语词汇学在语篇中体现的语义特征词汇是构成语言的三大要素之一，是构成更大的结构如句子、段落乃至整个篇章的基础，其核心是词义。
语言学家Zimmerman 认为,词汇学习对语言学习者而言应处于中心地位。
索绪尔(1916)认为,每一个词都是语言学的微观世界,都是文献和文化的缩影。
词汇是人们进行交际和文化传承的最重要的中介,词汇语义的变化和发展在一定程度上记载着人类社会的发展过程。
面对日新月异、层出不穷的新现象和新事物,为了满足表达的需要,人们除了创造新词以外,更多的是在已有的词汇上派生出新的语义来进行描述。
旧词出新义，这一词汇语义的新变化既充分体现了人类的聪明才智,满足了交际的实际需要,又符合语言以简洁为贵的经济原则。
语言的变化是永恒的、绝对的。
词汇语义的演变主要体现为新词的产生、旧词的淘汰、以及词义的更新。
根据传统词汇学的观点，词汇语义的演变可归纳为词义的扩大、缩小和转移三种类型。
英语词汇的产生是英汉两种语言双向交流的产物，一些带有中国特色的名称和概念进入了英语词汇，同时还有一些英语词汇进入了汉语，在中国的文化环境中衍生出新的含义，形成了中国英语词汇的语义文化特征。
在中文翻译中，英语词义的文化特征主要包括词义的扩大或缩小，词义褒贬色彩的转换，词义引申以及词义创新。
(一) 词义的扩大。
即词义所指范围延伸,词义外延扩大。
如:salary 最初的含义是指“士兵食盐的配给”，后来词义扩大，指“上兵的薪水”，如今泛指任何人的“薪水”。
lady 原来指高贵、文雅、体面的妇人，而在现代英语中它的语义扩大到泛指任何“女士”(a female individua1)。
intellectual在美国和欧洲，intellectua1只包括大学教授等有较高学术地位的人，而不包括普通大学生。
在中国，知识分子包括大学生大学教授、工程师、中级教员，在农村地区甚至中学生都是知识分子，而且有的知识分子表示一个政治阶层。
英语词汇学-词汇的语用意义Pragmatic_meaning
Grammatical context
In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
The word “paper” has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but in each of the following context, it conveys only one meaning. a sheet of paper It is obvious that the main reason for bringing out this a white paper or that meaning of the word a term paper “paper” is the specific words which the word today’s paper “paper” is combined with. examination paper
Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性
Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factors such as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved. e.g. ―小姐”
narrowing
At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey)
Pragmatic meaning is distinctly nonconventional in nature. (meaning in use)
英语：英语词汇学： 词义
❖ It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、ZJ、 地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响，
❖ Stylistic meaning 文体意义 ❖ Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which
make them appropriate for different contexts.除了其概念意义外，许多词带有文体特 征，这使它们适宜于不同的语境。 ❖ This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. it is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and stylistic meaning. 文体差异对同义词而言尤其如此。据观察，很少有词既有相同的概念意义，又有相同的文 体意义。 ❖ Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degreees of formality: ‘frozen’, ‘formal’, ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’。 People generally do not go that far. They normally classify styles into ‘formal’, ‘neutral’and ‘informal’. ❖ 马丁 裘斯在其《五只钟》这个书中提出 5 个等级的正式程度：刻板、正式、磋商、随便、 亲热。但人们一般并没有 分得那么细，他们通常将文体分为正式、中性和非正式。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky 第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、V ocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
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英语词汇学文本含义
英语词汇学是培养和检验自学能力应考者词汇学的基本理论知识和实际语
言能力而设置的一门专业课程。
英语词汇学是以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象的课程。
主要内容有词的基本知识，词的形态结构，词的构成方式，词的意义及语义关系，英语词汇的来源与发展，词义的变化，习语及词典知识。
英语词汇学以传授英语词汇的基本理论和基本知识为任务，属于理论知识课。
但是，其实践性很强，因为词汇本身是构成语言的具体材料，在传授理论的过程中必然要涉及丰富的语言材料和大量的词语例证。
设置本课程的目的要求：是自学应考者对英语词汇学具有比较系统，比较完整的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高词语的理解，释义和综合运用的能力，以便毕业后能够较好地适应工作的需要。