词汇学 词意义共23页文档
英语词汇学词的意义与成分分析
E.g.: Pen originally refers to ‘a heavy quill or feather’. Today the writing tool is still “pen”, but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean.
• The Conventionalists, on the other hand, hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. The meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract.
Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
词素是意义的最小单位，复合词和派生词是多语素词，其意义是这些词 素意义的叠加。形态理据指的是有些词可以从构成该词的词缀或其他 手段上分析其意义。
5.2 Motivation
4. Etymological motivation词源理据
Etymological motivation denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. 词的历史渊源决定或影响了词的意义，人们可以从它们的出处与其意 义的关系找出词的理据。
• Conventionality（约定俗成）
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
词的意义是指词所表示的事物或概念的内涵。
在英语中，词的意义有
时是明确的，比如“cat”（猫）表示一种动物，而有时则需要通过上下
文来确定其意义，比如“bank”（银行）可能指的是银行或河岸。
词的语用意义是指词在特定语境下所承载的语言功能。
同样的词在不
同的语境中可能会产生不同的语用意义。
比如，“I just cleaned the bathroom”（我刚刚打扫了浴室）中的“just”表示时间的近，而在
“Just do it”（就做吧）中的“just”则表示语气上的鼓励或劝告。
与词的意义不同，词的语用意义是由上下文和社会文化因素共同决定的。
语用意义有时具有隐晦、暗示性的特点，需要读者在了解词的语用背
景和文化内涵的基础上进行理解。
对于学习英语的学生而言，掌握英语词
汇的语用意义也等同于掌握英语语境和文化背景，这有助于提高学生的交
流能力和文化素养。
总体而言，英语词汇学的研究包括词的意义和语用意义两个方面，词
的意义主要是词所表达的事物或概念内涵，而词的语用意义主要表现在特
定语境下所承载的语言功能，需要考虑上下文和社会文化因素的影响。
对
于学生而言，掌握英语词汇的意义和语用意义都是非常重要的，能够提高
学生的语言理解能力和表达能力，帮助学生更好地适应英语语言环境。
词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
词汇学- 词的意义
• The Chinese word 蚯蚓, for example, is so named according to the wriggling movement of the worm; the English earthworm (土虫) is named according to the worms living environment; the German Regenwurm(雨虫) is named according to the weather under which the worm comes out to work. Although the same kind of .worm is called different names in the three different languages, these names are all based on the typical features of the referent.
第四单元 词的意义
Part II.Motivation
• 任意说（唯名论、约定论、习惯派） • 名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异 于约则谓之不宜。名无固实，约之以命实， 约定俗成谓之实名。《荀子集解· 正名》 What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. Romeo,doff thy name And for that name ,which is no part of thee Take all myself. (Romeo and Juliet, Act II, scene 2)
1. Phonetic motivation
词汇学
注意：
a）有些复合词不能望文生义，如eggplant，pineapple，midwives （助产士，也可以指男的）silverware（餐具，也可以是塑料制 成的） b）由于喻义使理据不明显，如night-cap（睡前喝的酒）sweettooth（喜欢甜食的人）
• （3）语义分析 • 根据词的本义和引申义的关系可以了解某个词表示某种意 义的理据。 • 如table从法语借用而来，木板当成桌子；glass（玻璃杯） 是因为玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的 • （4）词源分析 • 根据词的出处与其意义的关系得出词的理据。 • 如braille（盲文）源自盲文的创始人布雷勒（Louis braille）；walkman（随身听），商标转化而成。 • 注意： • a）表示同一事物的词在不同的语言里可能有不同的理据， 如汉语中“火车”开动要用火，train 一系列的车厢连在一 起。 • b）民俗词源（folk etymology）或者联想词源（associative etymology）多表现在外来语。
理据——词与词之间的联系，即语言符号与客观事物和现 实联系的依据。词的理据可以从语音、构词、语义和词源 四个方面进行分析
• （1）语音分析 根据发音创造出来的词 flap （鸟儿拍动翅膀）bang （门等发出的声响）tick-tack（钟表滴 答声）cuckoo（杜鹃鸟 咕咕声） pit-a-pat（吧嗒吧嗒的响声；劈劈啪啪声）等等 • （2）构词分析 派生词和复合词可能带有理据，如派生词teacher，worker，leader， singer等都是动词加上施事后缀-er构成的，表示做这些动作的人； 复合词shoe-maker 分析词缀推导出词义，如col（一起）+lapse（落）； co（一起）-worker（工作者）；de（向下）value（价值）
词汇学讲义整理文稿
词汇学讲义Chapter 1 A General Survey of English VocabularyA word is a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning( both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. ―词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能1. The development of English vocabularyThe relationship is specific and general lexical items. Word is included in the vocabulary.V ocabulary ( more than 1,000,000) : 1/ native words (Anglo- Saxon origin or Old English); 2/ borrowed wordsFor students of English lexicology, they should know something about: the historical development of the English vocabulary as well as about its rapid growth today.A/ The study of the historical development of the English vocabulary should not be treated in isolation from the growth of the English language itself. The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from about 450AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/Old English period (449—1100) This period of English language is known as Old English or Anglo—Saxon English. The vocabulary of Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock..b/ Middle English period (1100-1500) The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.c/ Modern English period (1500--)The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English.In the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. In this period, the study of classics were stressed and result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin.B/ The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary (esp. after the World War II) and the causes. After the World War II, neologisms swept in at a rate much faster than that of the pre-war period.Main reasons: ①marked progress of science and technology ②socio-economic, political and cultural changes ③the influence from other cultures and languages2.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaA. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) wordsWords of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words, while those borrowed from other languages are loan/borrowed words.In English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of English language.The fundamental features of the basic word stock are: 1. National character 2. Stability 3.Word-forming ability 4. Ability to form collocationsSince the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.B. By level of usage1. Common words2. Literary words a. Archaic words b. Poetical words3. Colloquial words4. Slang words5. Technical wordsC. By notion: function words and content words3. Sound and Meaning of a Word2 schools about the relation of sound and meaning of a word:a/ the Naturalists: Their opinion is that there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and meaning.b/ the Conventionalists: with an opinion that the relation between sound and meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract.Use the examples on P2 to illustrate the opinions of the 2 schools.Lexical and Grammatical Meaning of a Word•There is a close relation between lexical and grammatical meaning of a word; lexical meaning is changing with the change in grammatical meaning.Meaning and Concept of a Word:Meaning is closely related to a concept. A concept is the base of the meaning of a word. A word is used to label a concept. It acts as the symbol for that concept. The concept is abstracted from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on, that we are thinking about. We call this the referent. The word labels the concept, which is abstracted from the referent; the word denotes the referent, but does not label it. Their relation can be diagrammed as follows:Word --- Meaning ( concept) --- referent词意义（概念）所指对象This formula shows that the word refers to the referent through a concept.A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.Notes: 1/词由一定的形式（发音与书写）2/ 每个词都有一定的形式与概念，这两方面缺一不可，统一在每个词中。
词汇学-- 词义的分类及分析
• Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. • 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独 立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中， 其词汇意义相同。
4) Collocative Meaning 搭配意义
• It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. • 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意 义。 • Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning "good- looking", but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.
2. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning 概念意义&联想意义
• Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the
dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
• 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。
语义特征(semantic features)
• 语义特征(semantic features)是对人类经验的 一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)， 用来描述任何语言的语义。 • 例如，对名词的描述，可以是人或非人、有 生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、 抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。 • 如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义 特征：[Human], [Adult], [Male], [Concrete], [Unmarried]。
词汇学5-词的意义
Semantic motivation
Semantic motivation explains the relationships between the literal sense and the figurative sense through associations. The figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who know the literal meaning.
To sum up, Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.
Concept:
Though meaning and concept are closely related, they belong to different categories: Concept is the result of human cognition while meaning is the result of language use. Sense: Sense denotes the intrinsic semantic relationship inside the language. It is not concerned with the connection between words and what these words indicate in the world. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.
5.3 词汇意义
5. 3 词汇意义5.3.1 涵义和指称义涵义和指称义是词汇意义的两个侧面,彼此既有联系，又有差异。
涵义(sense)是词汇抽象的、内在的、独立于语境之外而存在的意义。
这种意义通常是词典编撰人员所关心的。
例如："dog"在字典中被定义为” a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, non-retractile claws, and a barking, howling, or whining voice.” (新版牛津英语词典，2003 这里，“狗”并不指任何现实世界中具体的某一条狗，任何一种具有定义特征的人都可称为“狗”。
这便是”狗”这个词的涵义。
指称义是词汇在特定的语境中所指称的具体事物。
它是关于语言与非语言的客观世界之间的关系。
例如:”The dog is barking.”在这个例子中，”dog”一定是有所指的，特指在这个情景中谈论的这条”狗”。
这就是在这个特定的情景中“狗”的指称义。
很显然，在语言形式具有相同的涵义但是却有不同的指称义是正常的。
5.3.2主要的意义关系5.3.2.1同义现象同义现象指意义的相同或相近现象。
由于历史的原因，大量的外来词加入本族语，使得英语中富含同义词。
在任何语境中都可以相互替代的绝对同义词十分罕见。
绝大多数同义词之间存在着语义上的微妙差异。
同义词通常分为五类：1）方言同义词（Dialectal synonyms ）方言同义词是指在语义上相同或相近的词，但是用在不同的方言之中，如：British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorluggage baggagelorry truckpetrol gasolineflat apartmentwindscreen windshieldtorch flashlight即使在美国英语或英国英语内部也存在方言同义词。
5英语词汇学词的意义与成分分析
概念意义一致
感情，特定文体等方面的关联意义不一致
❖ Examples, the mouth of a river 河口 the foot of the hill 山脚 The pen is mightier than the sword. 笔锋利于剑。
2. 概念角度(Concept) 奥格登和理查兹“词义三角” (triangle of
significance):
the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept. In a tree diagram(树形图), the relation is shown as follows:
词(words)=事物(things) The word is the thing, and the thing is the word.
London
❖ Desk ❖ Book
缺陷：
在日常所使用的大量词汇中，有许多词 无法使人们看到所指称的事物是什么。
ask, popular, beautiful, difficult, the… tradition, order, meaning….
含义或意思——the idea or sense that the word represents
“意义”有一定的多义性和复杂性，一直备受 关注。很多学者对它进行探究。
柏拉图(Plato): 词义就是对事物，行为和属性的 命名。
洪堡特：词语是单个概念的符号，词始终针对 概念。