有机化学英文课件chapter11
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有机化学英文课件chapter10
(MeO-N a+)
Alcohols are also converted to metal alkoxides by reaction with bases stronger than the alkoxide ion
• one such base is sodium hydride
CH3 CH2 OH + Na+ HEthanol Sodiu m hy dri de
• as the bulk of the alkyl group increases, the ability of water to solvate the alkoxide decreases, the acidity of the alcohol decreases, and the basicity of the alkoxide ion increases
OH
2-Meth yl-1-p ropan ol (Isobutyl alcohol)
OH
2-Meth yl-2-p ropan ol (tert -Butyl alcohol)
32
4
1 OH
56
cis-3-Methylcyclohexan ol
10
2
1 9
8 6
7
5
OH
3
4
N umbering of th e bicyclic ring takes
precedence over the lcan -3-ol
10-5
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.
Alcohols are also converted to metal alkoxides by reaction with bases stronger than the alkoxide ion
• one such base is sodium hydride
CH3 CH2 OH + Na+ HEthanol Sodiu m hy dri de
• as the bulk of the alkyl group increases, the ability of water to solvate the alkoxide decreases, the acidity of the alcohol decreases, and the basicity of the alkoxide ion increases
OH
2-Meth yl-1-p ropan ol (Isobutyl alcohol)
OH
2-Meth yl-2-p ropan ol (tert -Butyl alcohol)
32
4
1 OH
56
cis-3-Methylcyclohexan ol
10
2
1 9
8 6
7
5
OH
3
4
N umbering of th e bicyclic ring takes
precedence over the lcan -3-ol
10-5
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.
有机化学 英文课件 chapter10
• ethanol forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds which increase attractive forces between its molecules resulting in a higher boiling point • there is no comparable attractive force between molecules of dimethyl ether
• the strength of hydrogen bonding in water is approximately 21 kJ (5 kcal)/mol • hydrogen bonds are considerably weaker than covalent bonds • nonetheless, they can have a significant effect on physical properties
32 30 46 44 60 58 74 72 90 88 86
HOCH2 ( CH2 ) 2 CH2 OH 1,4-Butanediol CH3 ( CH 2 ) 3 CH2 OH 1-Pentanol CH3 ( CH 2 ) 4 CH3
Hexane
10-13
Acidity of Alcohols
10-12
Physical Properties
Structural Formula
CH3 OH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 ( CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 OH CH3 ( CH 2 ) 3 CH3
Compounds
• the strength of hydrogen bonding in water is approximately 21 kJ (5 kcal)/mol • hydrogen bonds are considerably weaker than covalent bonds • nonetheless, they can have a significant effect on physical properties
32 30 46 44 60 58 74 72 90 88 86
HOCH2 ( CH2 ) 2 CH2 OH 1,4-Butanediol CH3 ( CH 2 ) 3 CH2 OH 1-Pentanol CH3 ( CH 2 ) 4 CH3
Hexane
10-13
Acidity of Alcohols
10-12
Physical Properties
Structural Formula
CH3 OH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 ( CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 OH CH3 ( CH 2 ) 3 CH3
Compounds
物理有机化学第11章自由基和光化学反应
CH3
2
CH3
CH3 CH3 (t C4H9O)2 Et C CH2CO Et C CH2CHO CH3 CH3
CO
Et C CH3 CH3 CH2CH3
CH3 Et C CH2 CH3
机理：
引发：
(CH3)3CO-OC(CH 3)3
2 (CH3)3CO
Me Ph C CH2 Me (A)
Me (CH3)3CO Ph C CH2C O Me H
C H
O C N2 O C H CH3 CCl4 CH3 OH -N2 H O C H Cl CH3
C H
O C CH3 H迁移
Hoffmann-Loeffer-Freytag 反应
加热或光照N-卤代胺的强酸性溶液生成四氢吡咯 衍生物的反应。
H
RC H2C H2C H2C H2NR'
Cl
H
RC H2C H2C H2C H2NR'
Zn
CO2气流保护下进行
二聚体（油状物） 蒸发
六苯乙烷
苯
Ph3C•的苯溶液
（黄色）
<O>
振荡
Ph3C-O-O-CPh3
Ph3C H
..
=C(Ph)2
离子游离基
O Na C O Na
当金属钠和二苯甲酮在二甲氧基乙烷中反应时，得到 兰色物质，为二苯甲酮负离子游离基的钠盐
H2SO4 K2S2O8
离子游离基具有顺磁性和导电性，这是由于离子基分 子内的未配对电子和离子键所引起的，多数离子基具 有特殊颜色
反应机理如下：
RCOO 2R －e RCOO －CO2 R
R R
4. 自由基自氧化反应 醛,醚,高分子材料在空气慢慢氧化过程.
2
CH3
CH3 CH3 (t C4H9O)2 Et C CH2CO Et C CH2CHO CH3 CH3
CO
Et C CH3 CH3 CH2CH3
CH3 Et C CH2 CH3
机理：
引发：
(CH3)3CO-OC(CH 3)3
2 (CH3)3CO
Me Ph C CH2 Me (A)
Me (CH3)3CO Ph C CH2C O Me H
C H
O C N2 O C H CH3 CCl4 CH3 OH -N2 H O C H Cl CH3
C H
O C CH3 H迁移
Hoffmann-Loeffer-Freytag 反应
加热或光照N-卤代胺的强酸性溶液生成四氢吡咯 衍生物的反应。
H
RC H2C H2C H2C H2NR'
Cl
H
RC H2C H2C H2C H2NR'
Zn
CO2气流保护下进行
二聚体（油状物） 蒸发
六苯乙烷
苯
Ph3C•的苯溶液
（黄色）
<O>
振荡
Ph3C-O-O-CPh3
Ph3C H
..
=C(Ph)2
离子游离基
O Na C O Na
当金属钠和二苯甲酮在二甲氧基乙烷中反应时，得到 兰色物质，为二苯甲酮负离子游离基的钠盐
H2SO4 K2S2O8
离子游离基具有顺磁性和导电性，这是由于离子基分 子内的未配对电子和离子键所引起的，多数离子基具 有特殊颜色
反应机理如下：
RCOO 2R －e RCOO －CO2 R
R R
4. 自由基自氧化反应 醛,醚,高分子材料在空气慢慢氧化过程.
有机化学英文课件chapter10-精选文档
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d
Oxygen
is sp3 hybridized
• two sp3 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds to carbon and hydrogen M acin to sh P IC T • the remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each im ag e fo rm at is n o t su p p o rted contain an unshared pair of electrons
Common
names
• name the alkd by the word alcohol
10-4
Nomenclature-Alcohols
Examples
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t is n o t s u p p o r te d
10-6
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Unsaturated
alcohols
• show the double bond by changing the infix from -anto -en• show the the OH group by the suffix -ol • number the chain to give OH the lower number
• they interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions
有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解75页PPT
有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲 解
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力，那就是法律和礼节秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
最新有机化学专业英语-总结终极版本精品课件
hexa-1,3,5-triene
buta-1,3-diene
H3C
CH3
but-2-yne
hexa-2,4-diyne
第九页，共59页。
脂环烃（alicyclic hydrocarbons）命名(mìng míng)： 烃类名称前 + cyclo-
例: 环己烷: cyclohexane;
环己二烯: cyclohexadiene
p-（para-）对；
第四页，共59页。
1）Aliphatic Hydrocarbons（Fatty Hydrocarbons ，脂肪烃）
烷烃（alkane）命名(mìng míng)： 数字头 + -ane （以a结尾的数字(shùzì)头直接加-ne ）
例: 甲烷: methane; 癸烷: decane; 庚烷: heptane;
多烯的命名(mìng míng): 二烯类：数字头 + -diene 三烯类：数字头 + -triene
例: 乙烯: ethene; 丁烯: butene; 丁二烯: butadiene; 丁三烯: butatriene
第七页，共59页。
炔烃(alkyne )命名：数字(shùzì)头 + -yne （-ine）
60: hexaconta-
15:pentadeca-
25: pentacosa-
70: heptaconta-
16: hexadeca-
26: hexacosa-
80: octaconta-
17: heptadeca-
27: heptacosa-
90: nonaconta-
18: octadeca-
有机化学英文chapter10PPT课件
10-6
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.
CH2 CH2
OH OH
1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)
CH3 CHCH2 HO OH
Alcohols are polar compounds
Macintosh PICT image format is not supported
• they interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions
10-10
Hydrogen Bonding
10-11
Physical Properties
Ethanol and dimethyl ether are constitutional isomers.
Their boiling points are dramatically different
contain an unshared pair of electrons
is not supported
10-4
Nomenclature-Alcohols
IUPAC names
• the parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group
10-5
Nomenclature-Alcohols
Examples
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.
CH2 CH2
OH OH
1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)
CH3 CHCH2 HO OH
Alcohols are polar compounds
Macintosh PICT image format is not supported
• they interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions
10-10
Hydrogen Bonding
10-11
Physical Properties
Ethanol and dimethyl ether are constitutional isomers.
Their boiling points are dramatically different
contain an unshared pair of electrons
is not supported
10-4
Nomenclature-Alcohols
IUPAC names
• the parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group
10-5
Nomenclature-Alcohols
Examples
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
Organic Chemistry 有机化学
Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons ranging from one carbon (C1) up to more than C24. Fractional distillation allows for these components or „fractions‟ to be separated using a fractionating column. In this process, heat is applied to the bottom of the column and lighter compounds with lower boiling points rise to the top, while heavier compounds remain towards the bottom of the column.
Number of C 1 Alkyne NA
2 3
Ethyne Propyne
Butyne Pentyne Hexyne Heptyne Octyne
Formula – CnH2n-2 As with alkenes, a numerical prefix indicates the location of the triple bond.
4 5 6 7 8
Alkane b.p. trend
As alkanes get larger in size, the intermolecular forces increase due to a greater amount of dispersion forces. The table below and graph to the right show the trend in boiling point for simple, straight-chain alkanes. The longer the chain, the greater the forces between molecules
Number of C 1 Alkyne NA
2 3
Ethyne Propyne
Butyne Pentyne Hexyne Heptyne Octyne
Formula – CnH2n-2 As with alkenes, a numerical prefix indicates the location of the triple bond.
4 5 6 7 8
Alkane b.p. trend
As alkanes get larger in size, the intermolecular forces increase due to a greater amount of dispersion forces. The table below and graph to the right show the trend in boiling point for simple, straight-chain alkanes. The longer the chain, the greater the forces between molecules
有机化学英文课件chapter1-精品文档75页
u The number of shared pairs
• one shared pair forms a single bond
• two shared pairs form a double bond
• three shared pairs form a triple bond
1-15
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an extranuclear space, diameter 10-10 m, which contains negatively charged electrons
1-4
Electron Configuration of Atoms
u Electrons are confined to regions of space called principle energy levels (shells)
1-3
Schematic View of an Atom
• a small dense nucleus, diameter 10-14 - 10-15 m, which contains positively charged protons and most of the mass of the atom
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-16
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an example of a polar covalent bond is that of H-Cl • the difference in electronegativity between Cl and H is
有机化学第二版第11章酚和醌
第十一章 酚和醌
本章主要内容
1. 酚的构造、分类与命名. 2. 酚的制备方法与重要的酚. 3. 酚的化学性质及结构对性质的影响. 4. 苯醌的结构特点与性质. 5. 萘醌、蒽醌的结构特点与应用.
编辑ppt
（一）酚
11.1 酚的结构、分类和命名
◆ 酚是羟基（-OH）直接和苯环相连的化合物，官能 团为酚羟基.
Br
ArN2Cl H3+O ArOH
N2HSO4
H3+O
△ Br
OH Br
编辑ppt
1.如何从苯出发合成间苯二酚？
2.从萘出发合成 -萘酚及其衍生物？
H+
H
165℃
编辑ppt
11.3 酚的物理性质
◆酚大多数为结晶固体，微溶于水。 ◆酚分子中含有羟基，酚分子间、酚与水分子间有
氢键缔合，其沸点和溶点高于质量相近的烃. ◆邻、间、对苯二酚的熔、沸点渐高.
与羟胺反应
苯 醌 单 肟 （ wo) 与 对 亚硝基苯酚的互变
编辑ppt
互变异构体
（4）还原反应 ☺对苯醌与对苯二酚可通过还原与氧化反应互变。
(黄色) 熔点 116℃
醌氢醌(暗绿色) 171 ℃
无色
☺对苯醌与对苯二酚可生成分子络合物，称为醌氢醌，
其缓冲溶液可用作标准参比电极。
☺对苯二酚的水溶液中加入FeCl3，溶液先呈绿色，再 变棕色，最后也析出暗绿色的醌氢醌晶体。
◆碱催化先形成苯氧负离子，苯氧负离子比苯酚有 更强的亲核性.
编辑ppt
羟甲基苯氧负离子
3.醛过量时形成羟甲基较多的中间产物:
2,4--二羟甲基苯酚
2,6--二羟甲基苯酚
4.酚过量时形成不含羟甲基的中间产物:
本章主要内容
1. 酚的构造、分类与命名. 2. 酚的制备方法与重要的酚. 3. 酚的化学性质及结构对性质的影响. 4. 苯醌的结构特点与性质. 5. 萘醌、蒽醌的结构特点与应用.
编辑ppt
（一）酚
11.1 酚的结构、分类和命名
◆ 酚是羟基（-OH）直接和苯环相连的化合物，官能 团为酚羟基.
Br
ArN2Cl H3+O ArOH
N2HSO4
H3+O
△ Br
OH Br
编辑ppt
1.如何从苯出发合成间苯二酚？
2.从萘出发合成 -萘酚及其衍生物？
H+
H
165℃
编辑ppt
11.3 酚的物理性质
◆酚大多数为结晶固体，微溶于水。 ◆酚分子中含有羟基，酚分子间、酚与水分子间有
氢键缔合，其沸点和溶点高于质量相近的烃. ◆邻、间、对苯二酚的熔、沸点渐高.
与羟胺反应
苯 醌 单 肟 （ wo) 与 对 亚硝基苯酚的互变
编辑ppt
互变异构体
（4）还原反应 ☺对苯醌与对苯二酚可通过还原与氧化反应互变。
(黄色) 熔点 116℃
醌氢醌(暗绿色) 171 ℃
无色
☺对苯醌与对苯二酚可生成分子络合物，称为醌氢醌，
其缓冲溶液可用作标准参比电极。
☺对苯二酚的水溶液中加入FeCl3，溶液先呈绿色，再 变棕色，最后也析出暗绿色的醌氢醌晶体。
◆碱催化先形成苯氧负离子，苯氧负离子比苯酚有 更强的亲核性.
编辑ppt
羟甲基苯氧负离子
3.醛过量时形成羟甲基较多的中间产物:
2,4--二羟甲基苯酚
2,6--二羟甲基苯酚
4.酚过量时形成不含羟甲基的中间产物: