英语语法——定语从句
定语从句 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,在从句中指代前面的先行词,在从句中担任一定的成分。
Ex:the pupils who had been watching started to applaud. 一直在旁边看的小学生们开始鼓掌起来。 Who引导的定语从句,指代先行词pupils,在句中做主语。
I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. 我永远不会忘记上大学的那一天。 When引导的定语从句指代the day,在句中做时间状语。 主要思路: 1、 关系代词引导的定语从句 2、 关系副词引导的定语从句 3、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
4、 As引导的定语从句以及与其他关系词的比较
5、 “介词+关系代词“引导的定语从句 6、 关系代词和关系副词的选择 7、 关系词和先行词的分离
一、 关系代词引导的定语从句 1、 代替人 代替物 人或物
主语 Who Which That
宾语 Whom Which That
定语 Whose (of whom) Whose(of which)
Ex: he is a man who/that means what he says 他是一个说话算话的人 The boy (whom/that) you saw yesterday is here now
你昨天见到的那个男孩现在就在这里 The car which/that was stolen has been found 偷走的车已经找到了 2、使用关系代词应注意的问题
○1、关系代词做介词的宾语,只能用whom,不用who,如果介词在句尾,都可以用。 Ex: This is the girl who/whom he worked with This is the girl with whom he worked 这就是和他一起工作的那个女孩。 ○2、当whose代替物时,就相当于of which.
Ex::the house whose window are broken is unoccupied The house of which window are broken is unoccupied 窗子破了的那所房子没人住。 ○3、which除了指物外,还可指婴儿,动物和表示单数意义的集合词。也可指人的地位,
职业和品格。 Ex:the baby which the nurse brought in was born yesterday 护士抱进来的那个因而是昨天出生的。 The audience which is composed entirely of students is larger than ever
全部由学生组成的观众人数比以前多。 He is exactly the man which such an education was likely to form 他正是这样的教育所能造就出来的人。 3、只能用that,不用which、who、whom的几种情况。
○1、当先行词是all、everything、nothing|、something、anything、little|、much、none、few等不定代词时。 Ex: professor li has told us something that we should do in the summer vacation Professor li 已经告诉我们暑假应该做的事。 He knew everything that happened in the village 他知道在这个乡村发生的所有事。 Much that I learned in the book is very useful 我在那本书中学到的东西非常有用。 ○2、当先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时。
Ex: the first thing that I am going to do this evening is write to my parents 今晚要做的第一件事就是给我的父母写信。 This is the most interesting firm that has been produced in recent years 这是近几年新出品的最有意思的一部电影。 ○3、当先行词被no、every、some 、any 、only 、very 、much等限制词修饰时。
Ex: this is the very book that I have been looking for 这正是我在寻找的书。 There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes 没有人不犯错误。 That’s the only thing that we can do now 目前我们只能这样做了。 ○4、当并列的两个先行词分别表示人与物或人与动物时。
Ex: They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited 他们正在讨论他们访问过的老师和学校。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street 瞧瞧从街上走过来的那个男人和他的驴子。 ○5、主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。
Ex: who is the person that is standing over there 站在那边的那个人是谁? Which of us that knows something about physics does’t know this? 哪一个懂物理知识的人不知道这一点。 ○6、当关系代词在从句中做表语时。
Ex: the modern airplane is not the machine that it was when first invented 现代飞机已经不是刚发明的那种飞机了。 He dosen’t seem to be the man that he was 他似乎和过去不一样了。 ○7、当定语从句为There be句型时。
Ex: I know the difference that there is between you 我知道你们之间的分歧。 4、关系代词but和than引导的定语从句
○1、But具有否定意义,相当于that…not,用于no或其他否定词之后。 Ex: there is no rule but has some exceptions 任何规则都会有意外。 There are very few but admir his talent 很少有人不赞赏他的才干。 ○2、than引导的定语从句,具有比较意义。
Ex: you spent more money than was intended to be spent 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。
二、 关系副词引导的定语从句 1、 被代替的先行词 在句中的作用
When 表时间的名词 时间状语 Where 表地点的名词 地点状语 Why Reason 原因状语
Ex: the meeting will be put off next month,when we will have made all the preparations 会议将推迟到下个月,到时也许我们做好了一切准备。 That is the factory where I worked three years ago 那就是我三年前工作的那个工厂。 This is the reason why I am not in favor of the plan 这就是我不赞成这个计划的原因。 2、使用关系副词应注意的问题
○1、time前有序数词或last修饰时,不用when引导,用that或省略。 Ex : this is the last time that I shall give you a lesson ○2、先行词表示方式the way时,不用how,用that或in which,或全省略。 Ex : I don’t like the way that he eyed me
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句:没有逗号,从句省略会使整个主句没有意义。
Ex: the auuthors who he mentioned are well known 他所提到的那些作者都是非常有名的。 He is the man who has strong personality 他是一个个性很强的人。 2、非限制性定语从句:有逗号,从句只起补充说明的作用,省略了也不影响主句的意义。
Ex : the clock,which my great-father bought,is still in good order 这个时钟是我曾祖父买的,现在还走得很准。 My brother,who works abroad,is coming back next week 我哥哥在国外工作,他打算下周回来。 3、使用非限制性定语从句要注意的问题:
○1、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句 Ex: a rocket carries oxygen with it,which makes it possible for the rocket to travel in space 火箭携带着氧气,这样可以使它在太空中飞行。(which不可以换成that) ○2、在限制性定语从句中,关系代词做宾语可以省,在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词做宾语不可省。 Ex: the firm (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher
英语语法之定语从句
英语语法之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句(Attributi ve Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which / that在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
高考英语语法——定语从句
定语从句关系代词的用法1.Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths.A.whom B.whoC.what D.which解析:句意为:幸福和成功经常青睐那些善于意识到自己长处的人。
本题考查定语从句。
先行词为those,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Those are good at recognizing their own strengths.由此可见,先行词在定语从句中作主语,且表示“人”,故选 B 项。
答案: B2.Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world.A.when B.whereC.which D.whom解析:句意为:他最后到了一座完全与外面世界隔绝的孤岛上。
本题考查定语从句。
定语从句修饰的先行词是island,将先行词代入定语从句后为:The island was completely cut off from the outside world.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作主语,且先行词表示“物”。
答案: C3.The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. A.they B.whereC.what D.that解析:考查定语从句。
关系代词that 代替先行词small houses,在从句中作主语。
句意为:这座古老的城镇街道狭窄,小房子挨得很近。
答案: D关系副词的用法4.Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.A.when B.whichC.whose D.Where解析:句意为:很多国家现在都在建立国家公园,在那里动物和植物能够受到保护。
高中英语语法讲义——定语从句
高中英语语法讲义-----定语从句概念1,定语:修饰限定人或物的成分。
a cute girl , the pen on the desk .The boy sitting here is my student. The book bought yesterday is popular.2,定语从句:修饰限定人或物的句子.The boy who is sitting here is my student. The book which was bought yesterday is popular 3,先行词:被定语从句修饰的人或物—the boy / the book. *注意词组---the old man under the tree(指人)4,关系词:代替先行词引导定语从句的词(关系代词和关系副词)---who / which.I, who am 48, teach you English.5,限定性定语从句:从句紧跟在先行词后译为一句话。
6,非限定性定语从句:主句从句逗号分开,译为两句话。
既可对某个先行词也可对整个主句进行补充说明(不用that)。
You have been admitted to a top university , which has made your parents excited.限定性定语从句:在从句中所做成分关系词先行词指人:1,主语who/ that2, 宾语whom/ who/ that/---3, 定语(某人的)+ n whoseI have a friend. 1, He works in Wuhan.-----I have a friend who / that works in Wuhan.2, I love him -----I have a friend ( whom/ who/ that ) I love.3,His name is Ray.----I have a friend whose name is Ray.*当做介词宾语且和介词一起引导从句时:介词+ whom(人)/which (物)+从句。
初中英语语法——定语从句
定语从句一、考点解读定语从句在初中阶段要求掌握的内容以前不是很多,在以前的教材中,定语从句只是作一些简单的介绍,但现在的新教材中出现的内容较多,而且在中考中的阅读理解、完型填空、汉译英和作文中通常出现含有定语从句的句子,因此我们对于定语从句应该有一个较全面的了解,为在中考中考出高分数打好基础。
我们主要复习如下内容:1.先行词与关系词2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句3.关系代词的用法4.关系副词的用法5.定语从句需注意的事项6.初中阶段学习定语从句的要点二、专题梳理(一)什么是定语从句定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。
充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。
gets first in his class.汤姆是一个用功的学生,他在班里总是第一名。
(修饰名词student。
)Football is played over 80popular.80多个国家都在踢足球,因此足球很流行。
(修饰整个主句Football is playedover 80 countries。
)(二)先行词与关系词1.什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
可以这样理解,之所以称它为先行词,是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词,形容词常位于名词之前。
bring.别忘了我让你带的书。
(the book为先行词。
)2.先行词与关系词的关系:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。
关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。
特别提示:①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。
定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。
英语语法讲义--定语从句
定语从句定语从句:在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系词的作用:1)代替先行词2)引导定语从句3)在定语从句中充当句子成分1. 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, which, that关系副词有: when, where, why2.关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词”结构交替使用,在从句中作状语。
例如:I’ll never forget the day when(on which) I joined the League.Tomorrow I will go to the town(in which) where I was born.I really don’t know the reason(for which) why he was late again.难点:that/which or where/when/why?取决于关系词在定语从句中作状语还是作主语/宾语E.g: This is the museum where my mother worked 10 years ago.This is the museum which was built in 1950.解题方法:使用代入法,把先行词代入从句中,充当主语,宾语时,选择关系代词;充当状语时,选择关系副词。
注意:1)当句中先行词为point, case, situation, scene等表情形时,常常是由where引导的定语从句。
2)当the way当先行词时,关系词可以是that / in which/ ×3.介词+关系代词的情况:关系副词引导的定语从句可以转化为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。
1)介词+ whom,which, 不能省略(不用who/ that ) 介词后物用which,人用whom2)介词的选择要看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配或是介词与前面名词的搭配关系;3)固定词组,习惯用语,尽量不要拆开(不要把介词放到关系代词前) eg.look after,belong toE.g: The dress for which you paid $200 is very beautiful. (固定搭配pay for)4.定语从句中的主谓一致1)当定语从句先行词为one of...结构时,从句谓语用复数。
英语语法——定语从句
spent with your family.
• 5. Mr. Liu is the person _w_h__o_m__/t_h_a__t/_省__略___ you
talked to in the street.
Rules
1. 当关系代词作定语从句宾语时,常将介词提前,用介 词加关系代词引导定语从句。
• 6. They talked about the persons and things
__t_h_a__t__ they remembered at school. • 7. This is the book __t_h_a_t_/_w_h_i_c_h____ I like so
much.
关系副词
Eric is the boy on w__h_o_m_ his father is hard.
关系代词:指代事物
只用that不用which:
从句:关注先行词
1. 先行词是最高级或被最 高级修饰; 2. 序数词或被序数词修饰; 3. 不定代词:all, few, little, something.. 4. 既有人又有物; 5. 被only, the very, no, one of等修饰时; 6. 前已有which; 7. 作表语:先行词-主句
seen.
• 4. Football, __w__h_i_c_h___ is a very interesting game,
is played all over the world.
• 5. He lived in a big house, in front of__w_h__ic_h___
stood a big tall tree.
in Zhuhai.
初中英语语法专题—定语从句讲解
初中英语语法专题—定语从句讲解一、什么是定语从句?定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
它通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词后面,并对其进行进一步的说明或限制。
二、引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词主要有:that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where等。
- that用于修饰物,常用来引导限制性定语从句;- which用于修饰物,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;- who用于修饰人,常用来引导限制性定语从句;- whom用于修饰人,在非正式情况下,常省略为who,也可以引导非限制性定语从句;- whose表示所属关系,修饰人或物;- when表示时间,在定语从句中用来引导时间状语从句;- where表示地点,在定语从句中用来引导地点状语从句。
三、定语从句的位置和用法定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句尾,用来修饰名词或代词。
它可以进一步说明名词的性质、特征、来源等。
以下是一些示例:1. The book that you borrowed from me is very interesting.that you borrowed from me is very interesting.你从我这里借的那本书非常有趣。
2. The girl, who is wearing a red dress, is my sister.who is wearinga red dress, is my sister.那个穿红裙子的女孩是我的妹妹。
3. The city where I was born is very beautiful.where I was born is very beautiful.我出生的城市非常美丽。
4. I have a friend whose father is a doctor.whose father is a doctor.我有一个朋友,他的父亲是医生。
(完整版)英语语法之定语从句
定语从句定语从句的两个重要见解:先行词和关系词:先行词:被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。
关系词:重复指代先行词,起连结主句和从句的作用,并且在定语从句中充任必定成分的连结词称为关系词。
关系词有两个作用:1.代词的作用:重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充任必定成分,比方 I don’t like people who never keep their word. 中的 who 指代 people 并且作从句的主语。
2.连结作用:即连结主句和从句,如上句 who 起着连结主句 I don’tlike people 和从句 who never keep their word 的作用关系词在定语从句充任的成分在上一节中,在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时,提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充任必定的成分” 。
所以接下来的解析思路是,以关系词为出发点,从两个角度来谈定语从句:一是关系词在从句中所能充任的各样不同样样成分;二是关系词与先行词的对应关系,即不同样样的先行词要由不同样样的关系词来指代。
关系词用作从句的主语1.I like guys and they have a good sense of humor.↓2.I like guys who have a good sense of humor.点睛:这里的关系词 who 代替 and they,来指引定语从句 who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词 guys。
这个 guys 就是先行词。
翻译:我喜爱有风趣感的男生。
3.Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments.翻译:生气就忧如一个窃贼,偷取了我们的幸福光阴。
4.He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty,nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise.翻译:一个人若在 20 岁时不俊秀, 30 岁不健康, 40 岁不丰饶, 50 岁时不理智,那么他将永久不会拥有这些。
初高中英语语法---定语从句 详细讲解
定语从句讲解一、详细的定语从句讲解定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。
名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
高考英语 语法—定语从句相关课件
i will never forget the days ____ I stayed with you. I will never forget the days ____ I spent with you.
This is the place ____ I visited years ago. , 先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的词, 先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的词 This is the place ____ I lived years ago.why! 关系词不一定用when, where或 关系词不一定用 或
3.2 在下列情况宜用 在下列情况宜用which 不用 不用that: 1) 当介词放在关系代词前时 2) 在非限制性定语从句中 3) 有两个定语从句,其中一个用了 有两个定语从句,其中一个用了that,则另 则另 一个用which 一个用
3.3 one of the… vs. the one of the… The only one of the… The very one of the… She is one of the few persons who ______ Spanish. know She is the one of the few persons who _______ Spanish. knows A. know B. knows
As is said above, as is mentioned above, as is often the case (with…), (对…)这是常有的事 对 这是常有的事 as is reported, As everybody knows,
When: 指“时间”,在定语从句中作时间状语, 时间” 在定语从句中作时间状语, 用 在表示时间的词后面。 在表示时间的词后面。 Eg: That happened on the day when I saw you. where: 指“地点”,在定语从句中作地点状语, 地点” 在定语从句中作地点状语, 用 在表示地点的词后面。 在表示地点的词后面。 Eg: This is the place where I stayed years ago. Why: 指“原因”,在定语从句中作原因状语,多 原因” 在定语从句中作原因状语, 放在the reason 后面。 后面。 放在 Eg: This is the reason why he was late.
