欧洲复习
(必考)欧洲文化入门复习资料
第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of _________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays” . Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History” . Herodotus5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. ThucydidesThe dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.I“came, I saw, I conquered. ” By _______. Julius CaesarThe representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答： In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democrac y” in ancient Greece答： 1 )Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the a dult male citizens.2 ) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?答： 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishingof science, philosophy, literature, art andhistorical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture inEurope and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy;Theyfirst wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about thenature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inheritedorthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour 努力 : Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’scomedies, Plato’sDialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture?答： 1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their militaryand administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答： 1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C.,Rome hadbeen a republic; fromthe year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by landarea’sextension: Encircling the Mediterranea n.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4)In the Roman history ,there came twohundredyears of peaceful time, whichwas guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5)Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine movedthe capital fromRometo Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was dividedintoEast (The Byzantine Empire) andWestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible,which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6.The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translatedfromthe Latin Vulgatein 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The OldTestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, includingthe origin of the worldandof man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt,the period when they began to receive God’sLaw. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells aboutthe Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1 ) Oneis that Jesus Christ is theSon of God, andthat Godsent himtoearth tolive as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2 ) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答： 1)Theoldest extant Greek translation of theOldTestament is known as the Septuagint. Andit is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translatedthe OldTestament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgatein 1382 andwas copiedout by handby theearly groupof reformers ledbyJohn Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’sversion, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It wa sbased on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “ Authorized” or ing James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James.With its simple,majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the RevisedVersion in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答： 1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’sThe Sun AlsoRises, andSteinbeck’sEast ofEden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic ( 日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor andtook control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into L atin both Old and New T estament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______ introducedFrench andItaly writingthe English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer andThe Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of theWestern Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin f“eudum”,a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacleof Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the RomanClassical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts ofWestern Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style inhistory.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith ？答：1) Duringthe Medieval times there was nocentral government tokeeptheorder. The only organization that seemedtounite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian anda member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the leadin politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the geof Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答： 1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. Andthey greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine,kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among otherthings, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’sinterest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced tothe West.5) As trade increased, village andtowns began togrow intocities. Andthe riseof towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答： 1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacleof Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the RomanClassical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important andmostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written inLatin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature fromLatin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B.The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the firstmodern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer andthe Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important andmostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written inLatin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature fromLatin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language usedby Mark twain refers to both local andcolloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region.Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1)With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests toPope, the Roman Catholic Church seemedtobe the only unity across thewestern Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaninguniversal) church receivedheavy taxes fromlay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turnedtothe Church forcomfort andspiritual guidance; the Church alsowas the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the“Age of Faith ”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious;in learning,it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers ’ philosophy, Monasticism,Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________ .the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5.The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spainwas __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking,Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanistthinkers andscholars made attempts toget ridof conservatismin feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as asocio-political movement.It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement whichswept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engagedthemselves in translatingthe Bible intotheir mothertongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church hadlost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答： The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by theyear of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias:Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route toIndia round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour Americawas named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational andcultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion,Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance createda culture which freedman todiscover andenjoythe world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。
西亚、欧洲西部复习
半岛：①②③ ④源自国家：⑩⑧⑨
海域：
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欧洲西 部气候以温 带大陆性气 候、温带海 洋性气候、 地中海气候 为主。
欧洲西部温带海洋性气候分布广泛的原因？
1、地形因素：山脉东西走向且分布在南北两侧，中 部平原广阔，有利于来自大西洋暖湿气流深入内陆。 2、纬度因素：欧洲大陆大部分在北纬40-60之间，终 年盛行来自大西洋的温暖湿润的西风 3、海陆因素：三面临海，形似大半岛，海岸线漫长 曲折，各地距海近 4、洋流因素：欧洲沿岸有北大西洋暖流经过，使沿 海地区显著升温
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棉的产量和出口量居世界·首湖位南教育版
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A线路经过_印__度___洋、_红___海、苏__伊_士___运河、__地_中____海、_大__西___洋，到达 _西_欧__、__美__国_;
B线路经过__阿__拉__伯___海，_好__望___角，__大_西____洋，到达_西__欧_、__美__国______; C线路经过___阿__拉_伯___海，_马__六__甲___海峡，_太__平___洋，到达__日__本__、__东__亚_____.
【区域地理精品课件】《欧洲西部》区域地理复习
基础知识：二、欧洲西部的人文地理环境
1、畜牧业为主的农业：
（3）地中海气候对植被和农业的影响： ①影响植被：地中海沿的植被适应夏季干热的气候，根系深，树皮厚，
树叶有蜡质层。适宜油橄榄(油料作物)、柑橘、柠檬、无花果和葡萄等果 树的栽培，是欧洲主要的亚热带水果产区。 地中海气候区的植被（叶片有 腊质层）
基础知识：六、中小企业王国——意大利
2.意大利农业：
波河平原是主要 农业区，主要农产品 是小麦、玉米、甜菜 ，半岛南部盛产油橄 榄、葡萄。
基础知识：六、中小企业王国——意大利
3.意大利工业：
意大利工业以出口加工工业 为主。主要工业有钢铁、石化、 汽车、电子电器、冶金、机械设 备等，高新技术产业和中小企业 发达。
思维导图：欧洲西部
典例探究：
图为某岛地理位置示意图。独特的自然环境塑 造了这里类型多样的旅游景观。完成下面小题。
【解析】1．根据经纬网及岛屿轮廓图 可知，此岛为冰岛。位于板块交界处， 多火山地震，故有丰富的地热，形成了 岛上众多的温泉，A正确；极光主要是 太阳的高能带电粒子流（太阳风）使高 层大气分子或原子激发（或电离）而产 生，并不是强烈的阳光导致，B错误； 椰林分布在热带，故C错误，峡湾主要 受冰川作用，形成奇特地貌，D错误； 故选A。
教学目标： １.欧洲西部的地理位置、地形、气候、水文等自然地理特
征。 ２.欧洲西部的工业、农业和旅游业等人文地理特征。 ３.德国、法国、英国、意大利等国经济发展条件和特点。
考点解读： １.结合欧洲西部地图，理解欧洲西部的地理位置、地形、
七年级地理《欧洲西部》复习知识点
七年级地理《欧洲西部》复习知识点第四节欧洲西部 1、位置和范围：纬度位置：大致位于40N-70N，20W-30E之间，北温带为主。
海陆位置：北临北冰洋、西邻大西洋、南临地中海。
宛如亚欧大陆西部向大西洋伸出的一个大半岛。
范围：北欧、西欧、中欧、南欧，约占欧洲面积的一半。
国家：本区有30多个国家，最大是法国，最小梵蒂冈(世界最小)。
本区人口稠密，国家众多，是世界上发达国家集中的地区。
部分国家及其首都：英国：伦敦;法国：巴黎;德国：柏林;瑞士：伯尔尼;意大利：罗马;希腊：雅典;波兰：华沙。
岛国：英国、冰岛。
半岛国：瑞典、意大利等。
内陆国：瑞士、奥地利等。
2、地形：以平原、山地为主，地势南北高、中部低。
四大半岛：斯堪的纳维亚半岛(北部)、伊比利亚半岛、亚平宁半岛、巴尔干半岛。
主要山脉：斯堪的纳维亚山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉。
欧洲地形对气候的影响：平原地形为大西洋水汽深入内陆提供了有利条件，形成大范围的温带海洋性气候。
3、气候：欧洲西部主要有温带海洋性气候、地中海气候、温带大陆性气候、高原山地气候和寒带气候，其中温带海洋性气候和地中海气候非常典型。
温带海洋性气候的成因：位于中纬度大陆西岸，深受西风影响，风从海洋上空带来大量暖湿气流。
欧洲西部温带海洋性气候的影响因素探究：纬度位置：大部分地区位于北纬40°～60°之间，属温带气候;海陆分布：西临大西洋，大陆轮廓曲折，使海洋影响深入内陆;地形：中部为平原，山脉东西走向利于海洋湿润气流深入内陆;洋流：北大西洋暖流经过，对沿岸地区起到增温增湿作用。
4、河流特征：河网较密，水量充沛，长河较少。
多瑙河：发源自德国西南部山地，注入黑海。
流经国家数量最多，流经9国。
莱茵河：注入北海，世界航运最繁忙。
5、农业：欧洲西部沿海地区以温带海洋性气候为主，不利于农作物后期成熟，但适合牧草生长，畜牧业十分发达。
荷兰、丹麦是世界上著名乳畜生产大国。
地中海沿岸地区属地中海气候，夏季炎热干燥，冬季温和多雨，园艺业发达，为亚热带水果产区，盛产柑橘、柠檬、无花果和葡萄。
《欧洲文化入门》复习指南
《欧洲文化入门》复习指南Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture(European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.) I. Greek Culture 。
1.The Historical Context1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought between Greece(希腊)andTroy(特洛伊) 。
2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.?1). The high point of development in Greek culture was marked by (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens(雅典). 。
中考地理复习必背知识点系列专项训练：欧洲(带答案)
2020届中考地理复习必背知识点专项训练：欧洲一、必背知识点1、欧洲的地形特征1）地形以平原为主，地面起伏不大，平均海拔最低2）主要地形区有：东欧平原、西欧平原、阿尔卑斯山等2、欧洲西部的气候特征1）以温带海洋性气候和地中海气候为主2）气候温和，受大西洋的影响很大3、欧洲的河流湖泊1）水网密布，航运发达（原因是受地形和气候的影响）2）欧洲第一长河－－伏尔加河；世界流经国家最多的河流－－多瑙河；以水运繁忙而著称的河流－－莱茵河4、欧洲的人文环境：是世界上经济水平最高、人口最稠密、人口增长最缓慢的大洲。
二、专项训练1．2015年12月10日，中国第一位诺贝尔科学奖获得者、女科学家屠呦呦在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩音乐厅从瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫手中接过获奖证书，为她获得的科学成就画上了完美的注脚。
读材料和图，下列海峡是屠呦呦领取获奖证书的斯德哥尔摩所在大洲与她的祖国所在大洲的分界线是（）A．土耳其海峡 B．直布罗陀海峡C．丹麦海峡 D．德雷克海峡2．2015年12月10日，中国第一位诺贝尔科学奖获得者、女科学家屠呦呦在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩音乐厅从瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫手中接过获奖证书，为她获得的科学成就画上了完美的注脚。
读材料和图，F处是一海峡，东面连通的是地中海，西面连通的大洋是（）A．北冰洋 B．印度洋 C．太平洋 D．大西洋3．2015年12月10日，中国第一位诺贝尔科学奖获得者、女科学家屠呦呦在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩音乐厅从瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫手中接过获奖证书，为她获得的科学成就画上了完美的注脚。
读材料和图，屠呦呦，1930年12月30日出生于浙江宁波，请问她的出生地濒临的边缘海是（）A．渤海 B．黄海 C．东海 D．南海4．下列关于欧洲的叙述正确的是（）A．欧洲河流短小，航运价值低B．欧洲地形以平原为主C．欧洲是世界上人口密度最小的洲D．欧洲的人口问题是人口增长过快5．四位同学根据手中卡片内容的因果关系，将它们放入如图中的正确位置，其中选择③号方框的同学是（）A．B．C． D．6.读“某地各月气温和降水量变化图”，关于其气候特点的表述，正确的是（）A．夏季高温多雨，冬季寒冷干燥B．终年高温，一年中有明显的干季和雨季C．终年温和多雨，气温和降水的年变化小D．夏季炎热干燥，冬季温和多雨7．埃菲尔铁塔位于哪个国家（）A．英国 B．法国 C．德国 D．意大利8．欧洲人酷爱乳产品和牛羊肉，与这种饮食习惯有密切关系的（）A．发达的种植业B．发达的林业C．发达的畜牧业D．发达的加工业9．欧洲西部大部分国家使用统一的货币（）A．美元 B．人民币 C．欧元 D．英镑10．欧洲西部没有的气候类型是（）A．温带海洋性气候 B．温带季风气候C．地中海气候 D．温带大陆性气候11．欧洲西部旅游资源丰富。
专题复习欧洲思想解放运动
材料二：1912年春，孙中山代表中华民国南京临时政府颁布《中华民国临时约法》。约 法规定：中华民国主权属于国民全体；国内各民族一律平等；国民有人身、居住、财产、 言论、出版、集会、结社、宗教信仰等自由……确立行政、立法、司法三权分立的政治 制度…… 材料三：西洋人因为拥护德、赛两先生，闹了许多事，流了多少血，德、赛两先生才渐 渐从黑暗中把他们救出来，引到光明世界。我们现在认定，只有这两位先生可以救治中 国政治上、道德上、学术上、思想上一切的黑暗。 ――陈独秀《本志罪案之答辩书》
《人权宣言》；法国大革命；启蒙思想（启蒙运动）；
【点拨：结合九年级上册第4单元、第22课来分析】
【知识深化】 思想解放与社会进步（中国篇）
（表格涉及八年级上册7、8、9课相关内容）
思潮 代表人物 著作刊物 实践 主张
影响
中国近代化思潮
变法图强
三民主义
康有为、梁启超
孙中山
讨论2：思想解放留给我们什么？
1、精神财富
解放思想、更新观念、与时俱进；追求民主、自由、 平等、科学；不惧世俗、勇于探索、敢于斗争；
2、对待思想文化的态度
去其糟粕，取其精华，有选择的吸收；
【知识运用——荆州中考】
（荆州2007） 7．法国《人权宣言》的意义主要表现在( B )
A.宣告了反抗殖民压迫的正义性
批判对象
天主教会、神学
封建专制制度、天主教会
代表人物 但丁
达芬奇 莎士比亚 伏尔泰 孟德斯鸠
《欧洲文化入门》复习题
《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B. C.D. The 5th century2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of TroyA. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by AeschylusA. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by SophoclesA. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematicsA. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architectureA. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in313 __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe _______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won thecrusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137.Which of the fol lowing was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800 ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James38.Who is the author of the Opus Maius ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia53.Which of the follo wing works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnifiedobjects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence…was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to _______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing completecensorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited theSovereign’s power in certain important directions ________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini80.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical,his figures are frozen and their action stiff _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”4.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament andthe New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empirein the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, fromwhich the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all wasJerusalem.12.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective effortsof oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures;Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with theabsolute authority of the Bible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism inthe 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in manyWestern countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besidesbeing profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in thehands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature,philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in a popular formof Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The onlyorganization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism. F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work isgenerally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times andeventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature andin England it was philosophy and drama. T13.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms ofChristianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: I think ,therefore I am.”T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimentalappeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture.F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as theViennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi,Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for hediscovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughte r at tragic things. Man’s fate isdecided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.3.Neo-classicism ---It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.4. Calvinism ---The French theologian put his thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was known as Calvinism. Calvinism rejected the papal authorities and stressed the absolute authority of God' s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. It also held that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of salvation. Many historians have suggested that Calvinism helped to pave the way for Capitalism.5. Reformation ---It was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It was led by Martin Luther and swept over the whole of Europe. This movement was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Reformers believed in direct communication between the individual and God, engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have institutional reforms and were interested in liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow and shattered Medieval Church's stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.V. Write on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. （20分）It is said that the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written. Do you agree with this statement Please give your own reasons.(1) Yes, I agree with the statement. (2’)(2) Introduction to the Bible. (8’)(3) Bible’s significant place in Western culture. (10’)。
西欧复习
⑦德国
A奥斯陆 B维也纳 C罗马 D阿姆斯特丹 E伦敦 F巴黎 G柏林
1.欧洲三大著名的旅游国是（ B ） A.英国、法国、意大利 B.意大利、西班牙、法国 C.荷兰、冰岛、丹麦 D.德国、西班牙、葡萄牙 2.下列各国不属于欧洲西部“袖珍国”的是（ C ） A.列支敦士登B.摩纳哥 C.芬兰D.圣马力诺
3.下列城市与旅游特色搭配正确的是（ D） A.啤酒节——维也纳 慕尼黑 B.音乐之都——巴黎 维也纳 C.艺术之都——慕尼黑 巴黎 D.千年古都——罗马 4.以下欧盟国家与其对应的首都,错误的是（ D） A.法国——巴黎 B.比利时——布鲁塞尔 C.意大利——罗马 D.西班牙——伦敦 马德里
5.我国某制表厂打算从欧洲某国引进制表高技术， 到哪个国家寻求合作伙伴好些（ B ） A.瑞典B.瑞士C.英国D.丹麦 6.我国某公司的高级职员打算休假时到欧洲某国 参观古奥运会会场，他要到哪个国家去（ D ） A.法国B.德国C.英国D.希腊
将欧洲部分国家与其特色产业连线：
瑞士 瑞典 丹麦 挪威
汽车、机器制造业、造船业 钟表王国 海洋渔业
畜牧业、“欧洲牧场和食品库”
荷兰
花卉种植业
将下列旅游胜地与所在的国家及国家首都连线：
峡湾风光 水城威尼斯 音乐之都 风车之国 马克思墓 艺术之都 啤酒之都
①意大利 ②挪威 ③荷兰 ④奥地利 ⑤法国 ⑥英国
7、下列景点位欧洲西部的是（ B ）
A
B
C
D
8、下品D.甘蔗
19世纪前期的欧洲和1848年革命复习
第三章资本主义世界体系的初步形成和社会主义运动的发展第二节 19世纪前期的欧洲和1848年革命学案【知识点拨】维也纳体系的建立、动摇、瓦解(一)体系的建立1814年—1815年，俄英普奥四大国召开维也纳会议，重新划分了欧洲版图并确立了欧洲的统治秩序，这被称为维也纳体系。
1.维也纳会议的内容：①限制法国，保证欧洲均势②按大国意志重划欧洲版图③分割海外殖民地(法)④维持德意分裂。
2.维护体系的工具：神圣同盟、四国同盟(二)维也纳体系瓦解1.瓦解的原因：维也纳体系下，欧洲封建君主国加强了封建专制统治，政治上日趋反动，在其统治下，各种矛盾日趋尖锐，主要有以下矛盾：资产阶级、人民大众与封建统治者的矛盾，被压迫民族与欧洲殖民国家之间的矛盾，同盟内部矛盾。
2.瓦解的过程：①动摇：1821—1829年希腊通过独立战争独立，维也纳会议确立的欧洲版图被改动，在希腊、比利时独立过程中，神圣同盟内部矛盾进一步激化，以致破裂；1832年，法国发生七月革命推翻复辟的波旁王朝，维也纳体系名存实亡。
②瓦解：1848年欧洲革命进一步打击了欧封建势力，彻底瓦解了维也纳体系。
注意：维也纳体系的特点：①建立在英俄普奥四国均势基础之上的②违背历史潮流维护封建统治③是战胜国宰割战败国和弱小民族国家基础上形成的统治秩序，体现了大国的强权政治④具有掠夺性和历史的倒退性(三)对维也纳体系的评价维也纳会议的主宰国逆历史潮流而动，扶助法、葡、西班牙等封建国家复辟，竭力维护封建统治秩序，镇压革命运动，是历史的倒退；最终被资本主义驱逐出历史舞台；四大国坐地分脏，践踏弱小民族国家利益是历史的反动；该体系下，各国常用召开会议的办法解决国际争端，客观上使近代国际关系进入了一个新的历史时期。
“维也纳体系是一种历史的反动”对这句话如何理解。
所谓“历史的反动”，实质就指维也纳体系违背历史潮流。
当时欧洲资本主义兴起，工业革命的开展，工业资产阶级力量壮大，无产阶级日益觉悟，各地民族独立意识增强，这些成为当时历史发展的潮流，这就是其历史的反动性表现所在。