建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：现代建筑文献、资料英文题目：Modern Architecture文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《Advanced Encryption Standard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2004.10.25外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第二次大战后的三十年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题, 息息相关的工程中的现代性,从而影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为工业革命的一部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的'火'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板. 这些建设大大加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更大的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述, "黑暗魔鬼作坊"的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. 水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览, 1851年,是一个早期的例子,钢铁及玻璃施工; 可能是一个最好的例子,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达(而非纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统一宫, 建于1926年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例(比如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物,在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和瓦尔特格罗皮乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗皮乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和工艺和传统工业技术.赖特的建筑生涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过瓦斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗皮乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重大的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有一个共同的目的,巩固了他们融入国际化风格这是一个重要的转折点. 在二战的时间包豪斯的代表人物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛大学设计黑山书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单一的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯一可接受的, 设计解决方案,从约1932年至约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
外文文献译文(建筑工程)-12页精选文档
黄山学院毕 业 设 计系 别：_________________________班 级：_________________________姓 名：_________________________指 导 教 师：_______郭富__________________ 2019年5月8 日 目 录1 中文翻译 (1)1.1钢筋混凝土 (1)1.2土方工程 (2)1.3结构的安全度 (3)2 外文翻译 (6)2.1 Reinforced Concrete (6)2.2 Earthwork (7)2.3 Safety of Structures .......................................... 9 刘星 10土对本（2）班 土木工程系1 中文翻译1.1钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。
其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。
其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。
因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。
由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。
将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。
这一要求是可以达到的。
因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。
如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。
浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。
对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。
建筑外文文献及翻译
建筑外文文献及翻译外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,ChinaAbstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order tosatisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocateeach resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4] discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Based on GPSS language, simulation model of resou rces allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite thatthe project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model. 2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATION AND THEAFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .Whenresource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the proj ect’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Wh ere w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of the project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influenceof the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECT ENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of c ritical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource islimited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled humanresources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration t ime .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved inresource allocation problem in multi-project is N. Eachproject is indicated with Q i ,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have beendetermined ,which are respectively w 1,w 2…w n .(3)The total number of the critical human resources is R ,withr k standing for each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4)Δki = others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5)Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. tEi isthe expected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources to finish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resources demand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I that needs the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6)According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happensthe daily cost loss due to the delay is △c i for projectI .According to the projec t’s importance ,the delay of aproject will not only cause the cost loss ,but will also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while the latent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this article temporarily.)(7)From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,thetime-gap between the real and expected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources to finish some task is △t i,( △t i=t A i-t E i). For there exists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positive number.(8)According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss ofproject I is C i (C i= △t i* △C i ).(9)The duration time of activities can be expressed by theworkload of activities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicated with following expression of t A i =ηi/R i*,.In the expression , ηi refers to the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed to be fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resourcesbeing allocated to projects I actually, with the equation R i * =∑=R k ki 1δexisting. Due to the resource competition theresource demands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower priorities may not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of the resource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activities and the project, while theworkload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation modelin multi-project environment can be established .Here, the optimization model is :F i =min Z i = min ∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1δη i c ? 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ?=min )E i R i ki i t -∑=1δη (3)。
现代建筑外观的英语作文
现代建筑外观的英语作文Modern architectural design has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting both advancements in technology and shifts in aesthetic preferences. In this essay, I will delve into the characteristics and significance of modern architectural exteriors.One prominent feature of modern architectural exteriors is the emphasis on sleekness and minimalism. Clean lines, geometric shapes, and simplicity are often prioritized, giving buildings a contemporary and sophisticated appearance. This minimalist approach not only creates visually appealing structures but also promotesfunctionality and efficiency in design.Another key aspect of modern architectural exteriors is the use of innovative materials and construction techniques. Architects and designers are increasingly exploring new materials such as glass, steel, and concrete to achieve striking visual effects and enhance structural integrity.Additionally, advancements in construction technology have enabled the creation of complex shapes and forms that were once difficult to achieve, allowing for greater creativity and experimentation in architectural design.Furthermore, modern architectural exteriors often incorporate sustainable design principles to minimize environmental impact. Green building practices such as incorporating renewable energy sources, optimizing natural lighting and ventilation, and using recycled materials have become more prevalent in contemporary architecture. This not only reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions but also creates healthier and more livable spaces for occupants.The concept of "parametric design" has also revolutionized modern architectural exteriors. Parametric design involves using algorithms to generate and manipulate complex geometric forms, resulting in dynamic and innovative architectural compositions. This approach allows architects to explore a wide range of design possibilities and create structures that are both visually striking andfunctional.Moreover, modern architectural exteriors often seek to establish a strong connection with their surroundings. Whether it's through thoughtful site planning, integration of landscaping elements, or responsive facades that adapt to environmental conditions, contemporary buildings strive to harmonize with their environment and enhance the overall urban fabric.In addition to aesthetics and functionality, modern architectural exteriors play a crucial role in shaping the identity of cities and communities. Iconic buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, and the Sydney Opera House have become symbols of their respective cities, attracting visitors from around the world and contributing to their cultural and economic vitality.In conclusion, modern architectural exteriors are characterized by sleekness, minimalism, innovation, sustainability, and a strong sense of place. By embracingnew technologies, materials, and design principles, contemporary architects are pushing the boundaries of creativity and reshaping the built environment in profound ways. As we continue to evolve and adapt to changing needs and preferences, the future of architectural design promises to be both exciting and transformative.。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
现代建筑文化英语作文
现代建筑文化英语作文Modern architectural culture is a reflection of the values and ideologies of our society. It encompasses the design, construction, and appreciation of buildings that define our contemporary urban landscapes. From skyscrapers to sustainable eco-friendly structures, modern architecture is a testament to human ingenuity and innovation.One of the key features of modern architectural cultureis its emphasis on functionality and efficiency. Gone are the days of ornate and elaborate designs; instead, architects prioritize practicality and usability in their creations. This shift towards minimalism and simplicity is a response to the demands of our fast-paced and technology-driven world.Another defining aspect of modern architectural cultureis sustainability. With the growing awareness of environmental issues, architects are now incorporating eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient designs into their projects. The result is a landscape of buildings that not only serve their intended purposes but also minimize their impact on the planet.Furthermore, modern architectural culture is characterized by a celebration of diversity and inclusivity. Architects are increasingly mindful of the need to create spaces that are accessible to people of all abilities and backgrounds. This inclusive approach not only fosters a sense of community but also promotes social equality and understanding.In addition, the influence of technology on modern architectural culture cannot be overstated. The development of advanced building materials and construction techniques has revolutionized the way architects envision and realize their designs. From 3D printing to parametric modeling,technology has opened up new possibilities for creating structures that were once thought to be impossible.In conclusion, modern architectural culture is a dynamic and evolving field that reflects the values and aspirationsof our society. From its emphasis on functionality and sustainability to its celebration of diversity and technological innovation, modern architecture continues to shape the way we live and interact with our built environment. It is an exciting time to be a part of this ever-changing culture, as architects continue to push the boundaries ofwhat is possible in the world of design and construction.。
现代建筑英语
Modern Architecture: A Fusion ofCreative Vision and FunctionalityModern architecture is a reflection of the technological advancements, innovative ideas, and creative vision of architects. The field of modern architecture is rapidly evolving, with an emphasis on designing sustainable, energy-efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. These structures incorporate cutting-edge technologies and materials that provide optimal functionality, accessibility, and comfort.Gone are the days of dull, monotonous, and uninspiring buildings. Modern architecture is all about creating structures that are visually appealing, functional, and environmentally conscious. Architects play a vital role in shaping the world we live in, and their work has a profound impact on our lives.The concept of modern architecture is based on the principle of form following function. In essence, architecture is not just about creating beautiful buildings but also about designing structures that meet the needs ofthe people who use them. Architects strive to createbuildings that are not only visually stunning but alsoefficient and practical.One of the key features of modern architecture is the use of innovative materials and technologies. Materials like steel, glass, and concrete have revolutionized the field of architecture, allowing architects to create shapes and forms that were once impossible. Advanced 3D printing technologyand sustainable materials like bamboo and recycled plasticare also gaining popularity in modern architecture.Sustainability is another important aspect of modern architecture. Environmental concerns and rising energy costs have pushed architects to create structures that reduceenergy consumption and carbon footprints. Buildings that are energy-efficient, rely on renewable energy sources, and incorporate green spaces and materials are becoming increasingly popular.In conclusion, modern architecture is a fusion ofcreative vision, function, and sustainability. Architects all over the world are pushing the boundaries of what is possible, and the future of architecture looks promising. As we look ahead, we can expect to see more buildings that are areflection of our values, ideas, and vision for the future.。
毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料及译文 建筑类型和设计
毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：建筑类型和设计Building types and designAbstract: As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment ,education and other social activities .Key words: industrial buildings; civil buildings; social activitiesA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,themetallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services,suchasschools,officebuildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gym nasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day”rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a d ining alcove .the “night” rooms consist the roost.t he “services” comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .Architectural design development so far, is no longer content merely to live and businesses use natural resources are becoming scarce in today's society, energy saving, environmentally friendly building construction to become the development trend of the future. Market has been as energy conservation, green building the driving force,the recent century represented a harmonious environment, real estate sellingenergy-saving also proves this point. This also means that ordinary people had alienated the energy saving type of real estate, gradually unfold the mystery, to the public.Water reuse and efficient use of water resources technologyReflections Harmony century urban life, the introduction of green, energy-saving building construction concept, the full use of geographical terrain and climate, natural advantages, according to human comfort requirements and weather conditions for construction planning and design, Kunming bring a “non-green , uncooperative”, the life of the proposal, environmental protection into a harmonious way of life.Deep sense of crisis of water scarcity, water conservation harmony century by water reuse treatment systems. “Water”, also known as “recycled water” or “back water”, water reuse is the main form of eff icient use of water resources. “Harmony Century” water reuse treatment systems throughout the real estate sub-quality implementation of all water emissions, returning after a biological focus, depth filtration UV disinfection treatment process, used for toilet flushing, car washing, cleaning, and to meet the landscape and a huge pool green eco-system needs, efficient use of water resources, water cost savings of more households.Impermeable layer of drainage technique with noise“Harmony Century” the introduction of the same layer emission technologies, to achieve the same floor of the main drainage branch pipe and branch pipes are not across the floor drain in the floor within the same established connection to the main drainage pipe.The traditional approach, there are a number of drainage construction, it is hard to solve the problem: noise can interfere with the drainage upstairs downstairs; floor are many holes, the downstairs when the fire could spread to the upstairs; maintenance, when renovation of damage to the downstairs ceilings; sewage poured into the trap as a result of health problems; leaks, clogged affect the downstairs tenants, disputes.“Harmony Century” using the same drainage system, installed only in the civil riser, interior designers can be free of the bathroom layout, drainage branch pipe inthe renovation by interior design drawings for installation. As a result, not only solved the problem of traditional drainage patterns to achieve the clarity of property rights, each household has a fully independent health space, tenants will not be the upper interference, while still meeting the personalized decoration, personalized decoration . Solar energy saving lamp“Harmony Century” will be back in two years ago, solar lighting in the planning, is the first application of solar lighting in Kunming than real estate, energy-saving environmental protection played a role model.Solar energy street lights, without power because of their influence, without ditching embedding, not consumption of conventional energy, as long as the sunny spot to be installed and so on. Harmony century, the first to use solar lights, charging at night during the day, no external power supply, safety and energy conservation pollution; the process of charging and switching lights from the microcomputer intelligent control, automatic lights dark, dawn, turn off the lights automatically, without manual operation, stable and reliable , long life, full of energy saving; solar power supply systems over ad hoc charge, discharge, anti-reverse and lightning, etc., more secure and reliable operation.Thermal insulation of aerated concrete brick insulation, noise, radiation Aerated concrete is a new type of light porous materials, it is light weight, good insulation properties, high strength, shock resistance, sound insulation performance, high temperature and so on.Since only the weight of aerated concrete brick and sand-lime brick is equivalent to 1 / 3 of ordinary concrete, 1 / 5, greatly reducing the weight of body building, built to improve the seismic performance of buildings.We can see from the structure, the internal structure of aerated concrete, like bread, like a large number of evenly distributed closed pores, so in general do not have the sound-absorbing building materials performance。
英文作文 现代建筑
英文作文现代建筑下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Modern architecture is all about pushing the boundaries and creating something unique and innovative. It's not just about functionality, but also about making a statement and leaving a lasting impression.When you look at modern buildings, you can't help but be amazed by the creativity and imagination that went into their design. From the sleek lines of a skyscraper to the futuristic curves of a concert hall, modern architecture is all about breaking away from tradition and embracing the new.One of the most exciting things about modern architecture is the use of cutting-edge materials and technology. Glass, steel, and concrete are no longer just building materials – they're works of art in their own right. And with advances in 3D printing and other construction techniques, the possibilities are endless.But modern architecture isn't just about the big, bold statements. It's also about creating spaces that are functional and sustainable. From green roofs to energy-efficient design, modern architects are constantly looking for ways to minimize their impact on the environment.Of course, not everyone is a fan of modern architecture. Some people find it cold and impersonal, preferring the warmth and character of older buildings. But love it orhate it, there's no denying that modern architecture has changed the way we think about the spaces we live and work in. And as technology continues to advance, who knows what the future holds for the world of architecture?。
建筑学 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 世界建筑
LOUISIANA MANIFESTOJean NouvelWorld Architecture．May2010 V ol．05．21~23路易斯安那宣言让·努维尔世界建筑．2010年5月第05期．21~23页摘要：让·努维尔的“路易斯安那宣言”是他对于当今建筑的思考和想法最为深刻的表达。
这篇文章和他的项目与短片，在2005年6月7日－9月18日，于丹麦的路易斯安那现代艺术博物馆展出。
它曾以多种文字出版。
其哲学的基本原则是，一个建筑是有生命的、唯一的、特殊的，并且要与其周围环境、场所精神和谐共处。
该展览是让·努维尔工作室、特约馆长让－路易斯·弗洛门特和路易斯安那博物馆合作举办的。
（维雷娜·辛德勒）关键词:路易斯安那；建筑设计；现代艺术博物馆；意识形态；场所精神2005年，建筑更加倍地在消除地方的特征，把它们变得平庸无奇，蛮横地对待它们。
它有时会取代风景，独自创造风景，这不过是另一种抹去风景的方式。
但是，相反，路易斯安那是情感的震撼。
体现出一个很快被遗忘的真理：建筑具有超越的能力。
建筑能够显露地理、历史、色彩、植被、视野、光线。
它以桀敖不驯、自然不做作的姿态来到这世界、并活着。
它独一无二。
它体现了路易斯安那精神。
它是一个小世界，一个气泡。
没有任何形象、没有任何言论能够彰显它的深度。
你必须身临其境才能体验到这一切，才会相信。
建筑是我们世界的延伸，当世界不断在缩小时。
当我们用愈来愈快的速度在全球到处跑；当我们聆听和观看相同的全球网络，分享相同的灾难所引起的震动；当我们随着相同的畅销歌曲的节奏跳舞，看着相同的球赛；当全球充斥着相同的影片，明星是全球人物；当一国总统想要统治世界；当我们到克隆商场购物，在同样的幕墙后头上班……以及，当世界变小理当产生的好处不被列为全球重点课题时……好比说，为什么教育无法通过相同的全球网络，更快速、确实地消除文盲？为什么能够拯救世界性流行病患者的药品无法及时送达？在这个追求高效率和盈利、配有一整套经济概念的意识形态特征愈来愈明显的世界，面对这些新情况，建筑同样难以幸免。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、 steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2 must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ , Ⅲ grade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。