英文翻译原文10.25
英语翻译高级口译-10
英语翻译高级口译-10 (总分：300.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}SECTION 1 LISTENING TEST{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：30.00) Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of{{U}} (2) {{/U}}, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the{{U}} (3) {{/U}}which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is{{U}} (5) {{/U}}. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. The private system has been joined{{U}} (6) {{/U}}, because private care was simply not looking after{{U}} (7) {{/U}}. But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up{{U}} (8) {{/U}}—more than 10 per cent of the U. S. Budget—{{U}} (9) {{/U}}are left out. These include about half the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}unemployed and those who fail to meet{{U}} (11) {{/U}}on income fixed by a government trying to{{U}} (12) {{/U}}where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no{{U}} (13) {{/U}}over the health system. There is no confinement to what doctors and hospitals{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, other than what the public is able to pay. {{U}}(15) {{/U}}has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a{{U}} (16) {{/U}}, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up. Two-thirds of the population are{{U}} (17) {{/U}}. Doctors charge as much as they want, knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill. {{U}}(18) {{/U}}in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems. In 2004{{U}} (19) {{/U}}climbed 15.9 per cent—about twice{{U}} (20) {{/U}}. Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of{{U}} (2) {{/U}}, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the{{U}} (3) {{/U}}which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is{{U}} (5) {{/U}}. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. The private system has been joined{{U}} (6) {{/U}}, because private care was simply not looking after{{U}} (7) {{/U}}. But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up{{U}} (8) {{/U}}—more than 10 per cent of the U. S. Budget—{{U}} (9) {{/U}}are left out. These include about half the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}unemployed and those who fail to meet{{U}} (11) {{/U}}on income fixed by a government trying to{{U}} (12) {{/U}}where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no{{U}} (13) {{/U}}over the health system. There is no confinement to what doctors and hospitals{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, other than what the public is able to pay. {{U}}(15) {{/U}}has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a{{U}} (16) {{/U}}, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up. Two-thirds of the population are{{U}} (17) {{/U}}. Doctors charge as much as they want, knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill. {{U}}(18) {{/U}}in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems. In 2004{{U}} (19) {{/U}}climbed 15.9 per cent—about twice{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.（分数：30.00） 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：a lot of specialization） 解析：[听力原文]1-20 Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things improperly. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. The private system has been joined by a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly. But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 per cent of the U. S. Budget—large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no confinement to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up. Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want, knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill. The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 2004 the country's health bill climbed 15.9 per cent—about twice as fast as prices in general. 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：advanced technical equipment） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：financial risk） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：handle things improperly） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：organized and financed） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：by a large public system） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the less fortunate and the elderly） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：84.5 billion dollars） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：large numbers of Americans） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：11 million） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the strict limits） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：make savings） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：central control） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：charge for their services） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：The number of doctors） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：heart attack） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：covered by medical insurance） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：The rising cost of medicine） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the country' s health bill） 解析： 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：as fast as prices in general） 解析：
翻译原文
7.3Multiview IntegrationThe techniques described in this book for recovering depth from matched stereo-pairs of im-ages result in a set of points, the range map, being acquired that can be triangulated to describe a single 2.5D manifold in 3-space. In many practical applications of 3D imaging, there is a requirement to generate a complete and closed 3D surface manifold by fusing together, i.e. integrating, multiple 2.5D range maps corresponding to multiple views captured of a single object. In this case sufficient views of the object must be captured to ensure that a closed 3D mesh can be formed.Curless and Levoy [82] stipulate that, ideally, the above process should make use of all the range data collected, take into account the quality or certainty of each local range measure-ment, generate the same 3D mesh irrespective of the order in which range maps are processed and allow incremental addition of range maps. In addition, the integration process should also undertake steps to ameliorate defects in the captured data, for example by detecting and re-moving range map outliers or filling holes in the constructed 3D mesh (to thereby construct a watertight mesh). Finally, the process should not be restricted to objects of any specifictopological configuration and should also be computationally efficient, as tens or even hun-dreds of range maps might have to be integrated in real applications.A very large body of work on range surface integration has been reported in the literature; however, two techniques are most commonly adopted, volumetric integration and direct mesh integration, as described in the following sections.7.3.1Implicit Surfaces and Marching CubesThe basic idea behind volumetric integration, as described by Curless and Levoy [82], involves decimating the 3D space in which the captured range surfaces lie by means of a voxel data structure. Representation and integration of multiple range surfaces within individual voxel elements rely on the concept of a signed distance function D(x) that records the distance in space from an imaged surface to the centre of each voxel. This distance is recorded from each voxel centre to the range surface, following the path of the sightline from the imaging sensor, for positive distances. Negative distances occur where the sensor sightline penetrates the range surface prior to reaching a specific voxel. Figure 7.2 illustrates this geometric configuration. Accordingly, the zero-surface, i.e. when D(x) = 0, represents each range surface and D(x) is therefore termed an implicit function. For each range surface to be integrated the corresponding signed distance functions, d i(x), are constructed and accumulated in voxel space to provide a new zero-surface that in effect averages their relative displacements. ThisFigure 7.2 Signed distance range surface encoding of voxel space. Figure based on [82]i accumulated zero-surface can then be extracted and triangulated using a technique such as marching cubes [280], described briefly in section 7.3.1.4.A further complication is that the quality of the physical sensing mechanism is also taken into account when forming the implicit function for each range surface. When viewing a surface from the reference camera (say) of a stereo-pair, assuming frontoparallel geometry for simplicity, then the optimum surface reconstruction will take place when the observed surface normal is collinear to this camera’s sightline. A cosine angle weighting function w i (x ) can therefore be formed by taking the dot product of the (dominant) camera sightline unit vector and the observed surface normal. This function is used to weight each implicit function sampled. It is then possible to sum the sampled implicit functions within each voxel (x ) from each range i map by taking the first-order moments as follows: }, w i (x )d i (x )D (x ) = }, w (x ). (7.22) Furthermore, the above sum can be formed incrementally as follows to give the signed dis- tance function D i (x ) and weight function W i (x ) accumulated for the i -th range map:W i (x ) D i (x ) + w i +1 (x )d i +1 (x ) D i +1(x ) = W i (x ) + w i +1 , (x )(7.23)W i +1(x ) = W i (x ) + w i +1(x ).The distance x in voxel space over which signed distances are formed in front of and behind the range map has to be restricted to avoid the surfaces of self-occluding manifolds from inter- fering with each other. This places a limit on the minimum thickness of closed manifold that can be constructed by this method. In the implementation of Curless and Levoy the implicit function is formed for half the maximum uncertainty interval in the range measurements in front of (and behind) the range map surface.7.3.1.1 Range Map Pre-segmentationDue to the characteristics of range maps captured by stereo-photogrammetry a number of preprocessing steps are usually required to assist segmenting a cleanly closed volume from multiple captured range maps of an object. Another reason for segmenting out only surfaces of interest is due to the n 3 memory cost of constructing a voxel space, where n is the sample size of each dimension of the imaged volume, it is vital to reduce the imaged volume size to encompass only valid d ata.It is not uncommon to adopt ‘blue screen’ colour segmentation to isolate the object surface of interest in the intensity images of the stereo-pairs and then use these as segmentation masks to isolate the corresponding relevant area in the range maps for integration. Clearly this imposes the limitation of capturing the desired object in front of an appropriately coloured backdrop, typically blue, green or orange, that does not correspond to the colour of the surface to be reconstructed. As this segmentation process may result in fragmentation of the range map, usually a number of morphological operations are applied to smooth the resultant binary segmentation mask, select the largest contiguous blob (assumed to correspond to the surface of interest) and then fill any holes remaining in this blob.When colour segmentation is not possible or inappropriate (monochrome stereo-pairs might only be available or it might not be possible to constrain the capture conditions) then it is possible to threshold the confidence map produced by the stereo matching algorithm in order to identify contiguous regions comprising viably matched s urfaces.7.3.1.2Volumetric Integration Algorithm OverviewThe principal basic algorithmic steps set out by Curless and Levoy [82] are as follows.1.Initialize the voxel space with zeros.2.Construct triangles on the nearest neighbour elements of the range maps such that trianglesare not formed over steep discontinuities by detecting triangles whose side lengths, when taken as ratios of each other, exceed a threshold limit. In this manner the surface normal for each triangle can be extracted and its dot product formed with the (dominant) camera line of sight to produce a weight value for each observed element of each range surface. 3.The signed distance for each voxel for each range map is computed by casting a ray fromthe principal point in the dominant camera through each element in the range map, and the distance noted to each voxel within a distance of ±D max voxels as determined by the range measurement uncertainty.4.Each voxel element is updated by accumulating the weighted signed distances usingEquation (7.24).5.Isolate a new isosurface for D(x) = 0.7.3.1.3Hole FillingWhile the above algorithm will generate a good approximation to an isosurface, unseen areas can result in holes when attempting to triangulate the isosurface. Since there are often situa-tions where the presence of holes in a surface is unacceptable, e.g. when measuring volume change due to surface displacement, a common clinical requirement when assessing the out-come of certain therapies or surgery procedures on the body or face, a means of filling holes is required to produce a watertight surface reconstruction.The standard approach is to label the voxels according to one of the following states: unseen, empty or surface (within ±D max of the accumulated surface). Figure 7.3 illustrates this approach, and it can be seen that surface holes arise at the boundary of empty and unseen voxels. Therefore, placing surfaces at these boundaries provides a simple means of generating a watertight surface based on the minimum of assumptions.The previously described algorithm is now modified as follows.1.Assign all voxels to an initial unseen state.pute the weighted signed distance accumulation on those voxels within ±D max of theaccumulated surfaces as before, labelling these voxels as surface.3.Reset all the voxels between those labelled as surface, following the dominant cameraviewing direction, back to the boundary of the voxel space closest to this camera with the state empty.4.Once more extract the isosurface for D(x) = 0 and also extract a surface at the interfacebetween those regions labelled unseen and those regions labelled empty.Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration333Unseen Hole FillIsosurfaceSignedDistance ±dEmptyObserved IsosurfaceFigure 7.3 Geometric configuration for hole filling. Figure based on [82]Where hole filling is applied then surface discontinuities are likely to arise, thereby gen-erating artefacts. This obvious effect of such hole filling can be reduced by applying local filtering (averaging nearest neighbouring vertices) only to the hole regions themselves. In this way it is possible to avoid blurring the remainder of the mesh while suppressing artefacts. The support region of the filter weights is allowed to taper between the hole-filled region and the observed data in order to smooth their transition [82].7.3.1.4Marching CubesThe final step of the above volumetric integration method requires that the isosurface for D(x) = 0 is constructed from the voxels containing the accumulated signed distance functions. An algorithm called marching cubes, first reported by Lorensen and Cline [280], provides a standard method for constructing a watertight polygon mesh from a volumetrically sampled space. Marching cubes was originally developed to allow isodensity surfaces to be extracted from CT (Computed Tomography) or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) voxel data; in the case described here we are concerned only with extracting the zero isosurface.Marching cubes comprises two principal steps: the intersection of the surface is detected within a local cube generated by eight voxel samples; thereafter the surface within the cube is represented by triangles and their vertex locations computed. Following these steps, we march to the next cube and repeat the process until the entire voxel space has been triangulated. The essential beauty and simplicity of the algorithm stems for the observation that there are a finite number of possible intersections of a surface with a cube (as depicted in Figure 7.4). Therefore, if we can determine which particular type of local surface intersection is taking place, we can triangulate the cube accordingly, the particular form of local mesh being known in advance as shown in Figure 7.4.In order to determine the local intersection configuration, we must first determine how each vertex of the cube is positioned with respect to the surface we are attempting to extract. Each vertex can be in one of two states, inside the surface (including being on the surface) or outside the surface. We assign either a one or a zero to each vertex depending on whether it is in the inside or outside state respectively. Clearly, in order for the surface to intersect with aSpace Reconstruction and Multiview Integration 334Figure 7.4 The 15 unique possible intersections of a triangulated surface and a voxel cube. (Repro- duced from [69])cube, the cube must straddle the surface and therefore the inside –outside state of at least one vertex must be different from the remainder of those neighbours in the cube being tested. Byconsidering the inside –outside states of the vertices of the cube, we can determine, i.e. index, which local form of intersection is taking place. As Lorensen and Cline point out, each cube has eight vertices and each vertex can be in one of two states, therefore there can only be 28 (256) possible intersections. When symmetries are taken into account, only 15 unique states(including the empty state) remain.Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration 335index =Figure 7.5 Cube numbering. (Reproduced from [280] (copyright ACM, Association for Computing Machinery))Having determined the local surface intersection, we must now determine exactly where each vertex of the local triangulation intersects on the appropriate edges of our cube. Cube edge numbering is defined in Figure 7.5 and given a particular intersection vector we can estimate the (zero) position of each triangle vertex by simple first-order interpolation. For example, given that two adjacent cube vertices, located at positions i and j , sample signed distance values of v i and v j respectively, then the location of an interpolated edge e ij offset from j will be （1 + v j ） j − v j ie ij = v i− v j. (7.24)Figures 7.6–7.9 show the results of an algorithm originally developed by the Turing Institute, Glasgow, UK, based on theabove techniques and implemented within the C3D stereo-photogrammetry package [389]. In Figure 7.6 two views of a human head have like- wise been integrated.In a museum artefact scanner application, two stereo-pairs of cameras have been configured to view objects set on a turntable. One stereo-pair views the object side-on, while the second views the object from a raised perspective looking obliquely down. Figure 7.7 shows the dominant camera view of each of the stereo-pairs of images have been captured, in this case a total of eight stereo-pairs. This set of stereo-pair views has been matched to produce eight depth maps which were then integrated to form a complete 3D model, by means of a version of the volumetric integration techniques described in conjunction with marching cubes, in Figure 7.8.The integration process itself can be somewhat unpredictable as to surface selection during merging as can be observed in Figure 7.9, showing the merged contributions from different views; notice the ‘islands’ of range surface that can appear and the jagged intersection bound- ary of the merged s urfaces.Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration336Figure 7.6 Integration of two range surfaces based on marching cubes. (Copyright University of Glasgow)Figure 7.7 Eight dominant camera views of a skull (Plate 8)Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration337Figure 7.8 Five views (four of these have been texture-pasted) of a single complete 3D skull model computed by marching cubes integration of eight range surfaces (Plate 9)It should be mentioned that the volumetric integration approach based upon marching cubes has a number of serious limitations beyond those mentioned at the start of section 7.3.1.The dimensions of the voxel set the effective sampling density of the final model, therefore an overly coarse voxel tessellation will produce aliasing artefacts in the form of stepping contours on the reconstructed model surface. At the same time, fine surface detail captured in the original range images and evident prior to integration may be lost. Typically corners and thin surfaces can be destroyed. However, the severe memory requirements set by sampling the range data using a voxel space usually dictates that the voxel size is considerably larger than the underlying range sampling interval and consequent artefacts and loss of detail become inevitable.Figure 7.9 Two views of the integrated skull model showing the colour-coded contributions from different range maps (Plate 10)Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration3387.3.1.5Implementation ConsiderationsDue to the potentially very large quantities of data and large volume of space that must be voxelized with potentially high precision, many mechanisms have been proposed to make the computational cost of this approach more tractable. It is possible to improve greatly the speed of updating the voxel space with a new range map by resampling this map such that its scanlines align with the voxel grid when traversed [82]. The enormous memory cost of voxelization can be mitigated by means of run-length encoding this data structure [82]. An oct-tree decimation of voxel space can also be employed to reduce memory requirements. This approach is particularly efficient as the signed distance voxels representing the input manifolds usually occupy a comparatively small fraction of the total voxel space.A large number of citations in the literature report extensions and improvements to the ba-sic algorithm described above, some of the more significant publications including resolving topological ambiguities inherent in the original marching cubes formulation [69, 193] and also adaptive generation of surface meshes [324].7.3.2Direct Mesh IntegrationAs an alternative to volumetric approaches to range surface integration, direct mesh integra-tion offers the possibility of retaining more of the original detail contained in the range maps at greatly reduced memory requirements. The principal difficulty encountered when attemptingto merge range maps directly is the very large number of potential intersection cases between the triangles representing the merge boundary between surfaces.A recently proposed direct mesh integration approach [232, 233] circumvents mesh inter-section issues by ensuring that the meshes to be integrated do not overlap. Each range map is assumed, as before, to be referenced to a common coordinate system, established though prior multiview camera calibration. As before, it is also assumed that it is possible to segment the target surface from the dominant images of the matched stereo-pair from each view (the left image in this case). In addition, this approach relies on the availability of the match confidence maps associated with each range map. The basic idea of the approach is to label each pixel of each range map as being in one of four states, visible, occluded, overlapping or unprocessed, as defined in Table 7.2. Figure 7.10 illustrates the geometric relationships in a two range map example.Since the range maps A and B are in the same coordinate system, we can determine those range pixels that are common to both maps and their classification state as in Table 7.2. Having labelled each range map, each map is then grouped into patches comprising pix-els of the same label. Furthermore, to resolve the ambiguity inherent in assigning visi-ble or occluded labels, a confidence competition is run on entire groupings based on the masked confidence images associated with each range image. Those groupings that lose theTable 7.2 Criteria for labelling each range map as being in one of t hefour states listedvisible if r B(m,n) > O B P A + εoccluded if r B(m,n) < O B P A −εoverlapping if | r B(m,n)−O B P A|≤εunprocessed if p B(m,n)∈/BSpace Reconstruction and Multiview Integration339=「Range Image A Range SurfaceElementat (k,l )Data BElementat (m,n)Figure 7.10 Geometric configuration of range maps to be merged. (Adapted from [233], © IEEE Computer Society Press)competition are removed by assigning their corresponding segmentation mask areas to zero(i.e. deselected).The confidence competition determines if the range pixels associated with a contiguous grouping are on average of greater confidence than the corresponding range pixels of all other range maps being integrated. Consider the correlation score C A at element p A(k, l) in range image A and the score C B of the corresponding element p B(m, n) in range image B:rw (k. l) = 1 if C A ≥C B0 otherwise. (7.25)We can then determine the winning patch by finding the average winning confidence contribution:w (k, l) w (k, l)N , (7.26)(k,l)∈Swhere N is the number of elements in the grouped patch S. If W > 0.5 it is retained, otherwise it is removed. Following patch deletion for all of the range images, the unmasked region of each range image is then triangulated. Where meshes generated from different range maps overlap, the overlapped region on each mesh is eroded until each region becomes disjointed from any other region. The set of nonoverlapping meshes are then joined by triangulation,which also fills any gaps that appear between meshes to produce a single continuous mesh.In a further refinement, a cosine surface normal map is employed to cull all range pixels pointing away from the reference camera by more than a preset angle, as is used in volumetricmerging. In this case an angle of approximately 80◦to the viewing angle proved to be viable for removing surface regions that point steeply away from the camera and are therefore likely to be unreliable.Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration340(a)(b)(c)Figure 7.11 Confidence, range and segmentation maps for top, side and rear views of a live pig: (a) match confidence map; (b) range surface maps; (c) blue-screen segmentation masks. (Reproduced from [234], Copyright (2007) Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)In Figure 7.11 example range images of a pig (Figure 7.11(a)), along with their as-sociated match confidence images (Figure 7.11(b)) and foreground segmentation masks (Figure 7.11(c)) are shown. The results of direct mesh integration as described above are illustrated in Figure 7.12 (right) and the eroded surfaces’ preintegration are depicted in Fig-ure 7.12 (left). Finally, examples of surface shaded pig models integrated using direct mesh merging and marching cubes are presented in Figures 7.13 and 7.14, respectively. Notice the artefacts present under marching cubes integration which do not appear on the direct mesh integrated model.Space Reconstruction and Multiview Integration341Figure 7.12 Left: surface meshes after patch deletions and boundary erosion. Right: integrated mesh with triangle insertions (i.e. surface join). (Reproduced from [234], copyright (2007) Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics)Figure 7.13 Range surface integration using direct mesh merging. (Reproduced from [232], © IEEE Computer Society Press)Figure 7.14 Range surface integration using marching cubes. (Reproduced from [232], © IEEE Com-puter Society Press)。
中英文翻译英文原文
BPMN 2.0 Introduction to the Standard for Business Process Modeling By Thomas Allweyer2.1 A First BPMN ModelAs a starting point, a simple BPMN process model is considered. The model of posting a job in figure 1 can be directly understood by most people who previously have been concerned with any kind of process modeling. The way of modeling is similar to well known flow charts and activity diagrams.Figure 1: A simple BPMN modelA business department and the human resources department are involved in the process “Post a Job”. The process starts when an employee is required. The business department reports this job opening. Then the human resources department writes a job posting. The business department reviews this job posting.At this point, there are two possibilities: Either the job posting is okay, or it is not okay. If it is not okay, it is reworked by the human resources department. This is once more followed by the business department reviewing the job posting. Again, the result can be okay or not okay. Thus, it can happen that the job posting needs to be reviewed multiple times. If it is okay, it is published by the human resources department, and the end of the process is reached.In reality, the process for creating and publishing a job posting can be much more complex and extensive. The presented example is –like all examples in this book –a simplification in order to have small and easily understandable models which can be used for explaining the different BPMN elements.2.2 BPMN Constructs UsedBelow each element from the model in figure 1 is explained more closely. The entire process is contained in a pool. This is a general kind of container for a complete process. In the example above, the pool is labeled with the name of the contained process.Every process is situated within a pool. If the pool is not important for understanding the process, it is not required to draw it in the diagram. In a process diagram which does not show a pool, the entire process is contained in an invisible, implicit pool. Pools are especially interesting when several pools are used in order to model a collaboration, i.e. the interplay of several partners’processes. Each partner’s process is then shown in a separate pool. This will be described in chapter 5.The pool from figure 1 is partitioned into two lanes. A lane can be used for various purposes,e.g. for assigning organizational units, as in the example, or for representing different components within a technical system. In the example, the lanes show witch of the process’s activities are performed by the business department and which by the human resource department.Pools and lanes are also called “swimlanes”. They resemble the partitioning of swimming pools into lanes. Every participant of a competition swims only in his own lane.The process itself begins with the start event “Employee required”. Processes usually have such a start event. Its symbol is a simple circle. In most cases it makes sense to use only one start event, not several ones.A rounded rectangle represents an activity. In an activity something gets done. This is expressed by the activities’names, such as “Report Job Opening”or “Review Job Posting”.The connecting arrows are used for modeling the sequence flow. They represent the sequence in which the different events, activities, and further elements are traversed. Often this is called control flow, but in BPMN there is a second type of flow, the message flow, which influences the control of a process as well, and is therefore some kind of control flow, too. For that reason, the term “sequence flow”is used. For distinguishing it from other kinds of flow, it is important to draw sequence flows with solid lines and filled arrowheads.The process “Post a Job”contains a split: The activity “Review job posting”is followed by a gateway. A blank diamond shape stands for an exclusive gateway. This means that out of several outgoing sequence flows, exactly one must be selected. Every time the right gateway in the job posting-process is reached, a decision must be taken. Either the sequence flow to the right is followed, leading to the activity “Publish Job Posting”, or the one to the left is selected, triggering the activity “Rework Job Posting”. It is not possible to follow both paths simultaneously.The logic of such a decision is also called “exclusive OR”, abbreviated “XOR”. The conditions on the outgoing paths determine which path is selected. If a modeling tool is used and the process has to be executed or simulated by a software program, then it is usually possible to formally define exact conditions. Such formal descriptions, which may be expressed in a programming language, can be stored in special attributes of the sequence flows.If, on the other hand, the purpose of a model is to explain a process to other people,then it is advisable to write informal, but understandable, statements directly into the diagram, next to the sequence flows. The meaning of “okay”and “not okay”after the activity called “Review Job Posting”is clear to humans –a program could not make use of it.Gateways are also used for merging alternative paths. In the sample process, the gateway on the left of the activity “Review Job Posting”merges the two incoming sequence flows. Again, this is an exclusive gateway. It expects that either the activity“Write Job Posting”or “Rework Job Posting”is carried out before the gateway is reached –but not both at the same time. It should be taken care to use a gateway either for splitting or for joining, but not for a combination of both. The last element in the example process is the end event. Like the start event it has a circle as symbol –but with a thick border.2.3 Sequence Flow LogicThe flow logic of the job posting process above is rather easy to understand. In more complex models it is sometimes not clear how the modeled structure exactly is to be interpreted. Therefore it is helpful if the meaning of the sequence flow’s elements is defined in an unambiguous way.The logic of a process diagram’s sequence flow can be explained by “tokens”. Just as in a board game tokens are moved over the board according to the game’s rules, one can imagine moving tokens through a process model according to BPMN’s rules.Every time the process is started, the start event creates a token (cf. figure 2). Since the job posting process is carried out more than once, many tokens can be created in the course of time. Thereby it can happen that the process for one job posting is not yet finished, when the process for posting another job starts. As it moves through the process, each token is independent from the other tokens’movements.Figure 2: A start event creates a tokenThe token that has been created by the start event moves through the sequence flow to the first activity. This activity receives a token, performs its task (in this case it reports a job opening), and then releases it to the outgoing sequence flow (cf. figure 3).Figure 3: An activity receives a token and forwards it after completionThe following activity forwards the token. It then arrives at the merging exclusive gateway. The task of this gateway is simple: It just takes a token that arrives via any incoming sequence flow and moves it to the outgoing sequence flow. This is shown in figure 4. In case A, a token arrives from the left, in case B from below. In both cases the token is routed to the outgoing sequence flow to the right.Figure 4: Routing of a token by a merging exclusive gatewayThe task of the splitting exclusive gateway is more interesting. It takes one arriving token and decides according to the conditions, to which sequence flow it should be moved. In case A in figure 5, the condition “okay”is true, i.e. the preceding review activity has produced a positive result. In this case, the token is moved to the right. Otherwise, if the condition “not okay”is true, the token is moved to the downwards sequence flow (case B).The modeler must define the conditions in such a way that always exactly one of the conditions is true. The BPMN specification does not state how to define conditions and how to check whichconditions are true. Since the considered process is not executed by software, the rather simple statements used here are sufficient. Otherwise, it would be necessary to define the conditions according to the requirements and rules of the software tool.The token may travel several times through the loop for reworking the job posting. Finally it arrives at the end event. This simply removes any arriving token and thus finishes the entire process (figure 6).Figure 5: Routing of a token by a splitting exclusive gatewayThe sequence flow of every process diagram can be simulated in this way with the help of tokens. This allows for analyzing whether the flow logic of a process has been modeled correctly.It should be noted that a token does not represent such a thing as a data object or a document. In the case of the job posting process, it could be imagined to have a document “job posting”flowing through the process. This document could contain all required data, such as the result of the activity “Review Job Posting”. At the splitting gateway, the decision could then be based on this attribute value. However, the BPMN sequence flow is constrained to the pure order of execution. The tokens therefore do not carry any information, other than a unique identifier for distinguishing the tokens from each other. For data objects there are separate BPMN constructs which will be presented in chapter 10.2.4 Presentation OptionsUsually pools are drawn horizontally. The preferred direction of sequence flow is then from left to right. On the other hand, it is also possible to use vertical pools and to draw the sequence flow from top to bottom, as in the example in figure 7.It makes sense to decide for only one of these possibilities –horizontal or vertical. Nevertheless there are modeling tools which only support horizontal modelingFigure 6: An end event removes an arriving tokenFigure 7: Vertical swimlanes and nested lanesFigure 7 also shows an example of nested lanes. The lane labeled “Sales”is partitioned into the two lanes “Sales Force”and “Order Processing”. In principle it is possible to partition these lanes again, etc., although this only makes sense up to a certain level of depth.It is not prescribed where to place the names of pools and lanes. Typical are the variants selected for figure 1 and figure 7. Here the names are placed on the left of the pools or lanes, or at the top for the vertical style, respectively. The name of a pool is separated by a line. The names of the lanes, however, are placed directly within the lanes. A separation line is only used for a lane that is partitioned into further sub-lanes. Lanes can also be arranged as a matrix. The procurement process in figure 8 runs through a business department and the procurement department, both of which span a branch office and the headquarters. When a demand occurs in a branch’s business department, this department reports the demand. In the next step, the procurement is approved by the same department in the headquarters. The central part of the procurement department then closes a contract with a supplier, followed by the branch’s purchasing department carrying out the purchase locally.Although the BPMN specification explicitly describes the possibility of such a matrix presentation, it is hardly ever applied, so far.12.2 Message CorrelationThe contents of the message flows within one conversation are always related to each other. For example, all messages that are exchanged within one instance of the conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”relate to the same advertisement order. It is therefore possible to use the order ID for the correlation, i.e. the assignment of messages to a process instance. If a customer receives an advertisement for approval, he can determine the corresponding order –and thus the process instance –based on the order ID. All messages of a conversation have a common correlation.A simple conversation which is not broken down into other conversations is called communication. Therefore, the lines are called communication links (the specification draft at some places alsocalls them conversation links). A conversation has always communication links to two or more participants.If the end of a communication link is forked, multiple partners of the same type can be part of the communication, otherwise exactly one. “Process Order for Advertisement”has exactly one customer and one advertising agency as participants, but multiple designers. Therefore, the designer’s pool contains a multiple marker. However, having only the multiple marker in the pool is not sufficient. The conversation “Handle order for an illustration”, for example, has only one designer as participant. Therefore, the respective end of the communication link is not forked.12.3 Hierarchies of ConversationsBesides communications, it is also possible to use sub-conversations. Similar to sub-processes they are marked with a ‘+’-sign. The details of a sub-conversation can be described in another conversation diagram. The diagram of a sub-conversation can only contain those participants who are linked to the sub-conversation within the parent diagram.Figure 171 shows the detailed conversation diagram for the sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”As can be seen from this diagram, it is also possible to draw message flows directly into the conversation diagram. Other than collaboration diagrams, conversation diagrams are not allowed to show processes in the pools or choreographies between the pools.Figure 171: Conversation diagram for sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”The diagram contains those message flows that are related to the same order. To be more precise, they relate to the same inquiry. At the beginning, an order has not been placed yet, and not every inquiry turns into an order. Therefore, the common reference point is the inquiry.Besides the explicitly displayed message flows between customer and advertising agency, the diagram also contains the communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”. All message flows of this communication are also related to the same inquiry, but this information is not sufficient for the advertising agency in order to assign all incoming messages correctly. This is due to the fact that availability requests are sent to several designers. The advertising agency has to correctly assign each incoming availability notice to the correct availability request. Thus, additional information is required for correlating these messages, e.g. the IDs of the availability requests.Therefore it is possible to define a separate communication for the message flows between advertising agency and designer. The message exchanges of this communication can also be modeled in a collaboration diagram (figure 172) or in a choreography diagram (figure 173). Of course, it is also possible to show the message flows of the entire sub-conversation within a single diagram (figures 161 and 162 in the previous chapter).Figure 172: Collaboration diagram for communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”Like sub-processes, sub-conversations can also be expanded, i.e. the hexagon is enlarged, and the detailed conversation is shown in its interior. However, it is graphically not easy to include, for example, the contents of figure 171 into an expanded sub-conversation in figure 170. Unfortunately, the BPMN specification draft does not contain any examples for expandedsub-conversations either.。
第十届CASIO杯翻译竞赛英语组原文及获奖译文
第十届CASIO杯翻译竞赛英语组原文Humans are animals and like all animals we leave tracks as we walk:signs of passage made in snow,sand,mud,grass,dew,earth or moss.The language of hunting has a luminous word for such mark-making:‘foil’.A creature’s‘foil’is its track.We easily forget that we are track-makers,though,because most of our journeys now occur on asphalt and concrete–and these are substances not easily impressed.Always,everywhere,people have walked,veining the earth with paths visible and invisible,symmetrical or meandering,’writes Thomas Clark in his enduring prose-poem‘In Praise of Walking’.It’s true that,once you begin to notice them,you see that the landscape is still webbed with paths and footways–shadowing the modern-day road network,or meeting it at a slant or perpendicular.Pilgrim paths, green roads,drove roads,corpse roads,trods,leys,dykes,drongs,sarns,snickets–say the names of paths out loud and at speed and they become a poem or rite–holloways,bostles,shutes,driftways,lichways,ridings,halterpaths,cartways,carneys, causeways,herepaths.Many regions still have their old ways,connecting place to place,leading over passes or round mountains,to church or chapel,river or sea.Not all of their histories are happy.In Ireland there are hundreds of miles of famine roads,built by the starving during the1840s to connect nothing with nothing in return for little,unregistered on Ordnance Survey base maps.In the Netherlands there are doodwegen and spookwegen–death roads and ghost roads–which converge on medieval cemeteries. Spain has not only a vast and operational network of cañada,or drove roads,but also thousands of miles of the Camino de Santiago,the pilgrim routes that lead to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela.For pilgrims walking the Camino,every footfall is doubled,landing at once on the actual road and also on the path of faith.In Scotland there are clachan and rathad–cairned paths and shieling paths–and in Japan the slender farm tracks that the poet Bashōfollowed in1689when writing his Narrow Road to the Far North.The American prairies were traversed in the nineteenthcentury by broad‘bison roads’,made by herds of buffalo moving several beasts abreast,and then used by early settlers as they pushed westwards across the Great Plains.Paths of long usage exist on water as well as on land.The oceans are seamed with seaways–routes whose course is determined by prevailing winds and currents–and rivers are among the oldest ways of all.During the winter months,the only route in and out of the remote valley of Zanskar in the Indian Himalayas is along the ice-path formed by a frozen river.The river passes down through steep-sided valleys of shaley rock,on whose slopes snow leopards hunt.In its deeper pools,the ice is blue and lucid.The journey down the river is called the chadar,and parties undertaking the chadar are led by experienced walkers known as‘ice-pilots’,who can tell where the dangers lie.Different paths have different characteristics,depending on geology and purpose. Certain coffin paths in Cumbria have flat‘resting stones’on the uphill side,on which the bearers could place their load,shake out tired arms and roll stiff shoulders;certain coffin paths in the west of Ireland have recessed resting stones,in the alcoves of which each mourner would place a pebble.The prehistoric trackways of the English Downs can still be traced because on their close chalky soil,hard-packed by centuries of trampling,daisies flourish.Thousands of work paths crease the moorland of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides,so that when seen from the air the moor has the appearance of chamois leather.I think also of the zigzag flexure of mountain paths in the Scottish Highlands,the flagged and bridged packhorse routes of Yorkshire and Mid Wales,and the sunken green-sand paths of Hampshire on whose shady banks ferns emerge in spring,curled like crosiers.The way-marking of old paths is an esoteric lore of its own,involving cairns, grey wethers,sarsens,hoarstones,longstones,milestones,cromlechs and other guide-signs.On boggy areas of Dartmoor,fragments of white china clay were placed to show safe paths at twilight,like Hansel and Gretel’s pebble trail.In mountain country,boulders often indicate fording points over rivers:Utsi’s Stone in the Cairngorms,for instance,which marks where the Allt Mor burn can be crossed toreach traditional grazing grounds,and onto which has been deftly incised the petroglyph of a reindeer that,when evening sunlight plays over the rock,seems to leap to life.Paths and their markers have long worked on me like lures:drawing my sight up and on and over.The eye is enticed by a path,and the mind’s eye also.The imagination cannot help but pursue a line in the land–onwards in space,but also backwards in time to the histories of a route and its previous followers.As I walk paths I often wonder about their origins,the impulses that have led to their creation, the records they yield of customary journeys,and the secrets they keep of adventures, meetings and departures.I would guess I have walked perhaps7,000or8,000miles on footpaths so far in my life:more than most,perhaps,but not nearly so many as others.Thomas De Quincey estimated Wordsworth to have walked a total of 175,000–180,000miles:Wordsworth’s notoriously knobbly legs,‘pointedly condemned’–in De Quincey’s catty phrase–‘by all…female connoisseurs’,were magnificent shanks when it came to passage and bearing.I’ve covered thousands of foot-miles in my memory,because when–as most nights–I find myself insomniac,I send my mind out to re-walk paths I’ve followed,and in this way can sometimes pace myself into sleep.‘They give me joy as I proceed,’wrote John Clare of field paths,simply.Me too.‘My left hand hooks you round the waist,’declared Walt Whitman–companionably, erotically,coercively–in Leaves of Grass(1855),‘my right hand points to landscapes of continents,and a plain public road.’Footpaths are mundane in the best sense of that word:‘worldly’,open to all.As rights of way determined and sustained by use,they constitute a labyrinth of liberty,a slender network of common land that still threads through our aggressively privatized world of barbed wire and gates,CCTV cameras and‘No Trespassing’signs.It is one of the significant differences between land use in Britain and in America that this labyrinth should exist.Americans have long envied the British system of footpaths and the freedoms it offers,as I in turn envy the Scandinavian customary right of Allemansrätten(‘Everyman’s right’).This convention–born of a region that did not pass through centuries of feudalism,andtherefore has no inherited deference to a landowning class–allows a citizen to walk anywhere on uncultivated land provided that he or she cause no harm;to light fires;to sleep anywhere beyond the curtilage of a dwelling;to gather flowers,nuts and berries; and to swim in any watercourse(rights to which the newly enlightened access laws of Scotland increasingly approximate).Paths are the habits of a landscape.They are acts of consensual making.It’s hard to create a footpath on your own.The artist Richard Long did it once,treading a dead-straight line into desert sand by turning and turning about dozens of times.But this was a footmark not a footpath:it led nowhere except to its own end,and by walking it Long became a tiger pacing its cage or a swimmer doing lengths.With no promise of extension,his line was to a path what a snapped twig is to a tree.Paths connect.This is their first duty and their chief reason for being.They relate places in a literal sense,and by extension they relate people.Paths are consensual,too,because without common care and common practice they disappear:overgrown by vegetation,ploughed up or built over(though they may persist in the memorious substance of land law).Like sea channels that require regular dredging to stay open,paths need walking.In nineteenth-century Suffolk small sickles called‘hooks’were hung on stiles and posts at the start of certain wellused paths: those running between villages,for instance,or byways to parish churches.A walker would pick up a hook and use it to lop off branches that were starting to impede passage.The hook would then be left at the other end of the path,for a walker coming in the opposite direction.In this manner the path was collectively maintained for general use.By no means all interesting paths are old paths.In every town and city today, cutting across parks and waste ground,you’ll see unofficial paths created by walkers who have abandoned the pavements and roads to take short cuts and make asides. Town planners call these improvised routes‘desire lines’or‘desire paths’.In Detroit –where areas of the city are overgrown by vegetation,where tens of thousands of homes have been abandoned,and where few can now afford cars–walkers and cyclists have created thousands of such elective easements.第十届CASIO杯翻译竞赛英语组参考译文路[英]罗伯特·麦克法伦作侯凌玮译人是一种动物，因而和所有其他动物一样，我们行走时总会留下踪迹：雪地、沙滩、淤泥、草地、露水、土壤和苔藓上都有我们经过的痕迹。
大学英语全文翻译
大学英语全文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1P137 EX51.只要你做好准备，面试时你就会充满自信。
You will be full of confidence during the interview as long as you are well prepared.2. 这家商店向顾客允诺绝不卖假货，而且它确实做到了。
The shop promised its customers that it would never sell fake goods, and sure enough it did so.3. 由于他努力工作，最近他被提升为部门经理。
Because he is working hard, he has been promoted to the position of department manager.4. 他受到大家的尊重，因为他有很强的正义感。
He is respected by others because he has a strong sense of justice.5. 汤姆叔叔在病中，所以我们现在不想让他知道这个消息。
Because Uncle Tom is ill, we don’t want to let him in on the news right now.6.一个好的上司应当鼓励他的助手坦率地发表意见。
A good boss should encourage his assistants to be outspoken in expressing their opinions.Unit 8 Passage 1在我离家上大学时，父亲给了我一个忠告：“你选学什么课程无关紧要，要紧的是找好的教授。
”确实，我很快就发现，只要是好老师讲课，所有课程对我来说都会变得趣味无穷。
在温斯坦教授的课上，我可以听到法国革命时期死囚车在巴黎街道上滚滚而过。
英语翻译
Late October十月底, fellow countrymen同胞手足, full member正式会员, gleaming eyes眼睛闪耀着光辉, VIP贵宾, Chinese Communist Party中国共产党, candidates候选人, average height 中等身材, in one‘s middle twenties二十五六岁, Prime Minister首相, militarist军阀, stand squarely端端正正地站着, a deep languor身心疲惫, grope one‘s way摸索着前进, the immeasurable contrast迥然不同, wordless cry无言的呼唤, to and fro来来往往, dense fog浓雾, maternal grandfather外祖父, an eventful day一个重要的日子, passionate struggle感情上的激烈斗争, an upturned face微微仰着的脸, outmoded traditional thinking旧的传统观念, ugly monster丑八怪, let a hundred schools of thought contend百家争鸣, literary circles文学界, heavy make-up浓妆艳抹, flowery language花言巧语, welfare factory福利院, different schools各种流派, the highest ideal/state最高境界, man of letters文学家, sign language手语, school(s) of literatures文学流派, literature school(s)文学流派, Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up长得好看的人不用浓妆艳抹. Deaf mutes聋哑人, principal characters主人公, stand the test of time流传久远, traditional thinking传统观念, a work of literature作品, human development人性发展, grammar school英国的中等学校, conform to遵守，信奉, the Royal Society皇家学会, the Church of England英国国教, cottage industry家庭手工业, diesel locomotive柴油机车, in the air正在酝酿中, from dawn to dark从早到晚, Industrial Revolution 工业革命, the rising town新兴城市, arteries of communication交通动脉, basic occupation基础产业, Department of Agriculture农业部门, a practical man实干家, the Grand canal大运河, self-made career自我奋斗的生涯, stock-raising畜牧业, Homestead Act宅地法, the gold rush淘金热, the Great Lakes五大湖, educational institutions教育机构, centers for scientific research科学研究中心, mountainous regions山区, high plains高原, wild west西部荒原, machine farming 机械农业enterprising men有创意的人, cease to be不复存在, open up开始,expansion into west 向西部扩张, permanent settlement永久居住, the May 4th Movement五四运动, left wing左翼, communist ideology共产主义思想, the Paris Peace Conference巴黎和会, to go on strike罢工, hold a demonstration示威游行, defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors,外争国权，内惩国贼World War I第一次世界大战, national crisis民族危机, Abolish the Twenty-One Demands废除二十一条, a united front统一战线, revolutionary intellectuals革命知识分子, the Northern Warlord government北洋军阀政府, the Revolution of 1911辛亥革命, On New Democracy新民主主义论, the Northern Expedition北伐, the Third Session of Seventh National People‘s Congress七届人大第三次会议, Permanent members of the Security Council安理会常任理事国, the Reform Movement of 1898戊戌变法, China‘s neo-democratic revolution中国新民主主义阶级, the mass of the proletariat广大的无产阶级, New Democracy新民主主义, the cultural revolution文化革命, the urban intelligentsia市民阶级, anti-feudal movement反封建运动, Nile Valley尼罗河河谷, Aswan High Dams阿斯旺高坝, at the mouth of the river河流入海口, drop anchor抛锚, half in, half out of the sea一半泡在海里，一半在陆地上, Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚, the Nile Delta尼罗河三角洲, Miditerranean地中海, ghost town被遗弃而无人烟的村镇, the Equator赤道, floods and droughts旱涝灾害, Pyramid金字塔, Summer resort避暑胜地, member of a team队员, negative effects不良的后果, the course of the Nile尼罗河河道, pharaoh法老, municipal government市政府, bussiness district and residential section商业区与居民区, Mediterranean climate地中海气候, automobile components汽车零部件, Festival of Arts艺术节, Natural History Museum自然历史博物馆, lord mayoralty市长职位, raw material原材料, mean temperature平均温度, mineral deposits矿藏, Encyclopaedia Britannica大不列颠百科全书, marketing centre贸易中心, backdrop布景，背景, a focus of transportation交通枢纽, Victoria Square维多利亚广场, Torrens River托伦斯河, the Hall of Preserving Harmony保和殿, thePalace Museum故宫博物院, the Sun Yat-sen Park中山公园, historical sites历史遗址, the cobbled roadway鹅卵石路, the Golden Water Bridge金水桥, moat护城河, the Nine-Dragon Screen九龙壁, Qiong Island琼岛, the cultural relics文物, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal京杭大运河, the imperial garden御花园, the Meridian Gate午门, the Outer Palace外朝, the Inner Court内廷, the Gate of Supreme Harmony太和殿, the Hall of Complete Harmony中和殿, Iron Screen铁影壁, the White Dagoba白塔, glazed tiles琉璃瓦, labor intensive industries劳动密集型产业, sovereign nations主权国家, joint ventures合资企业, fortunes are tied together,命运相连Economic Performance经济实力, sum total总额, economic sanctions经济制裁, G8 Summit作国集团峰会, per capital GNP人均国民生产总值, two way trade双向贸易, mutual prosperity共同繁荣, aggregate output总产量, foreign exchange外汇, international trade世界贸易, director-general总干事, heavy/light industries重、轻工业, bilateral trade双边贸易, a sound foundation坚实基础, coastal areas沿海地区, telephone connections,电话用户economic course,经济道路food production食品加工业, embrace discipline支持或遵守准则, offshore oil exploration近海石油勘测, financial services sector金融服务业, the international community国际社会, foreign exchange dealing,外汇交易domestic competition国内竞争, an average growth rate平均增长率, appreciation of RMB人民币升值, vast size and resources地大物博, outward investor海外投资, the policy of opening to the outside world对外开放政策, net income,净收入major economy,经济大国flows of capital资本流动, established markets发育健全的市场, the Exclusive Economic Zones专属经济区, social security社会保障, the World Trade Organization 世贸组织, multilateral principles多边规(原)则, aviation and marine insurance航空和海事保险, European Union (EU)欧洲联盟, economic reform经济改革, a tribute to归功于, foreign investment海外投资, inward investment对内投资, have a stake in与利害攸关, international bank lending国际银行借贷, share of markets市场份额, economic liberalization经济自由化, keep inflation in check控制通货膨胀, international trade and investment国际贸易和投资, finite stock定数，定量, basic principle首要原则, at the present stage现阶段, the total grain output target粮食总产量目标, water-control project水利工程, self-sufficiency rate自给率, self-sufficiency through self-reliance通过自力更生实现自给自足, inland waters内陆水域, the multiple crop index复种指数, the yield per unit area单位面积产量, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway 青藏铁路, aquatic products水产品, intensification集约化, supply and demand供需, a harmonious society和谐社会, arable land可耕地, food safety食品安全, animal by-products畜牧业, arbor food stuffs木本食物, intensify water-control projects兴修水利, the development of science and technology科技进步, productive capacity生产能力, the artificial grasslands人工草场, calculation测算, agonizing flashbacks痛苦的回忆, reel down蹒跚地走, river bed河床, teem with充满, downpour倾盆大雨, Saint Valentine‘s Day情人节, footbridge过街桥，人行道, in an instant瞬间，片刻, fall apart坍塌，四分五裂, in spring and summer,春夏两季come and go瞬间即去Roman Catholic cathedral罗马天主教堂, Saint Valentine‘s Day情人节, to walk a dog遛狗, fiance未婚夫, the far bank河对岸, keep interest浓厚（强烈的）兴趣, great-grand mother 曾祖母, popular science科普读物, absorption in the past沉溺于过去, the flower of one‘s youth 风华正茂, think to oneself反思，细想, length of infancy幼年期的长度, joys and sorrows酸甜苦辣, higher education高等教育, Olympic mascot奥运吉祥物, maternal grandfather外祖父, in the hope of寄希望于, be not unwelcome未尝不可, St. Peter‘s圣彼得（教堂）, the Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂, flower bed花坛, a frog at the bottom of a well井底之蛙, the China Children Press少年儿童出版社, write a preface作序, the British Museum大英博物馆, travel notes游记, a collection of essays,散文集tulip郁金香, the Silk Road丝绸之路, volunteer志愿者,Vatican梵蒂冈, Pope教皇, arena斗兽场, the Louvre卢浮宫, colourful and vivid绚丽生动, lineal representative嫡系子孙, be well-dressed衣冠楚楚，衣着讲究, from head to toe从头到脚, to pick and choose挑选, hum a tune,哼曲子，哼小调county history郡志, the club dance俱乐部舞会, renowned knight有名的武士, by nature本性，本质, drugstore杂货店, to hover about犹豫，徘徊, cast at him a glance向他一瞥, the captain of the boys领班, by nature a little irritable生性有点暴躁, the looks外表, a great shame真遗憾, the go-between中间人，媒人, not to spare oneself不惜力气, the New Year‘s Sacrifice祝福（中国习俗）, lackluster eyes没有神采的眼睛, early winter初冬, Xianglin‘s Wife祥林嫂, brother-in-law小叔子, during one‘s trial period试工期内, the wolf‘s den草窠, sacrificial meat福礼, sure enough果真, a long narrow swale狭长的洼地, wind and twist蜿蜒曲折, a part-time river季节性河流, arid gully干涸的峡谷, the late spring暮春, full of sun阳光璀璨, brush line灌木林带, the range of mountain山脉, a kind of invitation殷勤邀请, in well-mannered silence规规矩矩，一声不响, take in打量, a far cry from与。
英语翻译原文
Stability of Slopes1 IntroductionGravitational and seepage forces tend to cause instability in natural slopes, in slopes formed by excavation and in the slopes of embankments and earth dams. The most important types of slope failure are illustrated in Fig.9.1.In rotational slips the shape of the failure surface in section may be a circular arc or a non-circular curve．In general，circular slips are associated with homogeneous soil condition sand non-circular slips with non-homogeneous conditions．Translational and compound slips occur where the form of the failure surface is influenced by the presence of an adjacent stratum of significantly different strength．Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope: the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slope. Compound slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections．In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface．2 Analysis for the Case of φu =0This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay underundrained conditions, i.e. For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a)is shown in Fig.9.2. Potential instability is due to the total weight of the soil mass(W per unit Length) above the failure surface．For equilibrium the shear strength which must be mobilized along the failure surface is expressed aswhere F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：Therefore(9.1)The moments of any additional forces must be taken into account．In the event of a tension crack developing ，as shown in Fig.9.2，the arc length L a is shortened and a hydrostatic force will act normal to the crack if the crack fills with water．It is necessary to analyze the slope for a number of trial failure surfaces in order that the minimum factor of safety can be determined．Based on the principle of geometric similarity，Taylor[9.9]published stability coefficients for the analysis of homogeneous slopes in terms of total stress．For a slope of height H the stability coefficient (N s) for the failure surface along which the factor of safety is a minimum is(9.2)For the case ofφu =0，values of N s can be obtained from Fig.9.3.The coefficient N s depends on the slope angleβand the depth factor D，where DH is the depth to a firm stratum．Gibson and Morgenstern [9.3] published stability coefficients for slopes in normally consolidated clays in which the undrained strength c u(φu =0) varies linearly with depth．Example 1A 45°slope is excavated to a depth of 8 m in a deep layer of saturated clay of unit weight19 kN／m3:the relevant shear strength parameters are c u =65 kN／m2 andφu =0．Determine the factor of safety for the trial failure surface specified in Fig.9.4.In Fig.9.4, the cross-sectional area ABCD is 70 m2.Weight of soil mass=70×19=1330kN／mThe centroid of ABCD is 4.5 m from O．The angle AOC is 89.5°and radius OC is 12.1 m．The arc length ABC is calculated as 18.9m．The factor of safety is given by：This is the factor of safety for the trial failure surface selected and is not necessarily the minimum factor of safety．The minimum factor of safety can be estimated by using Equation 9.2.From Fig.9.3，β=45°and assuming that D is large，the value of N s is 0.18.Then3The Method of SlicesIn this method the potential failure surface，in section，is again assumed to be a circular arc with centre O and radius r．The soil mass (ABCD) above a trial failure surface (AC) is divided by vertical planes into a series of slices of width b, as shown in Fig.9.5.The base of each slice is assumed to be a straight line．For any slice the inclination of the base to the horizontal isαand the height, measured on the centre-1ine,is h. The factor of safety is defined as the ratio of the available shear strength(τf)to the shear strength(τm) which must be mobilized to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium, i.e.The factor of safety is taken to be the same for each slice，implying that there must be mutual support between slices，i.e. forces must act between the slices．The forces (per unit dimension normal to the section) acting on a slice are：1.The total weight of the slice，W=γb h (γsat where appropriate)．2.The total normal force on the base，N (equal to σl)．In general thisforce has two components，the effective normal force N'(equal toσ'l ) and the boundary water force U(equal to ul )，where u is the pore water pressure at the centre of the base and l is the length of the base．3.The shear force on the base，T=τm l.4.The total normal forces on the sides, E1 and E2.5.The shear forces on the sides，X1 and X2.Any external forces must also be included in the analysis．The problem is statically indeterminate and in order to obtain a solution assumptions must be made regarding the interslice forces E and X：the resulting solution for factor of safety is not exact．Considering moments about O，the sum of the moments of the shear forces T on the failure arc AC must equal the moment of the weight of the soil mass ABCD．For any slice the lever arm of W is rsinα,therefore∑Tr=∑Wr sinαNow,For an analysis in terms of effective stress，Or(9.3)where L a is the arc length AC．Equation 9.3 is exact but approximations are introduced in determining the forces N'．For a given failure arc the value of F will depend on the way in which the forces N' are estimated．The Fellenius SolutionIn this solution it is assumed that for each slice the resultant of the interslice forces is zero．The solution involves resolving the forces on each slice normal to the base，i.e.N'=WCOSα-ulHence the factor of safety in terms of effective stress (Equation 9.3) is given by(9.4)The components WCOSαand Wsinαcan be determined graphically for each slice．Alternatively，the value of αcan be measured or calculated．Again，a series of trial failure surfaces must be chosen in order to obtain the minimum factor of safety．This solution underestimates the factor of safety：the error，compared with more accurate methods of analysis，is usually within the range 5-2%.For an analysis in terms of total stress the parameters C u andφu are used and the value of u in Equation 9.4 is zero．If φu=0 ,the factor of safety is given by(9.5)As N’ does not appear in Equation 9.5 an exact value of F is obtained．The Bishop Simplified SolutionIn this solution it is assumed that the resultant forces on the sides of theslices are horizontal，i.e.X l-X2=0For equilibrium the shear force on the base of any slice isResolving forces in the vertical direction:(9.6)It is convenient to substitutel=b secαFrom Equation 9.3，after some rearrangement，(9.7)The pore water pressure can be related to the total ‘fill pressure’ at anypoint by means of the dimensionless pore pressure ratio，defined as(9.8)(γsat where appropriate)．For any slice,Hence Equation 9.7 can be written:(9.9)As the factor of safety occurs on both sides of Equation 9.9,a process of successive approximation must be used to obtain a solution but convergence is rapid．Due to the repetitive nature of the calculations and the need to select an adequate number of trial failure surfaces，the method of slices is particularly suitable for solution by computer．More complex slope geometry and different soil strata can be introduced．In most problems the value of the pore pressure ratio r u is not constant over the whole failure surface but，unless there are isolated regions of high pore pressure，an average value(weighted on an area basis) is normally used in design．Again，the factor of safety determined by this method is an underestimate but the error is unlikely to exceed 7％and in most cases is less than 2％．Spencer [9.8] proposed a method of analysis in which the resultant Interslice forces are parallel and in which both force and moment equilibrium are satisfied．Spencer showed that the accuracy of the Bishop simplified method，in which only moment equilibrium is satisfied, is due to the insensitivity of the moment equation to the slope of the interslice forces．Dimensionless stability coefficients for homogeneous slopes，based on Equation 9.9，have been published by Bishop and Morgenstern [9.2].It can be shown that for a given slope angle andgiven soil properties the factor of safety varies linearly with γu and can thus be expressed as F=m-nγu(9.10)where，m and n are the stability coefficients．The coefficients，m and n arefunctions ofβ,φ’，the dimensionless number c'/γand the depth factor D.Example 9.2Using the Fellenius method of slices，determine the factor of safety，in terms of effective stress，of the slope shown in Fig.9.6 for the given failure surface．The unit weight of the soil，both above and below the water table，is 20 kN／m 3 and the relevant shear strength parameters are c’=10 kN/m2 andφ’=29°.The factor of safety is given by Equation 9.4.The soil mass is divided into slices l.5 m wide. The weight (W) of each slice is given byW=γbh=20×1.5×h=30h kN／mThe height h for each slice is set off below the centre of the base and thenormal and tangential components hcosαand hsinαrespectively are determined graphically，as shown in Fig.9.6.ThenWcosα=30h cosαW sinα=30h sinαThe pore water pressure at the centre of the base of each slice is taken to beγw z w，where z w is the vertical distance of the centre point below the water table (as shown in figure)．This procedure slightly overestimates the pore water pressure which strictly should be) γw z e，where z e is the vertical distance below the point of intersection of the water table and the equipotential through the centre of the slice base．The error involved is on the safe side．The arc length (L a) is calculated as 14.35 mm．The results are given inTable 9.1∑Wcosα=30×17.50=525kN／m∑W sinα=30×8.45=254kN／m∑(wcos α-ul)=525—132=393kN／m4 Analysis of a Plane Translational SlipIt is assumed that the potential failure surface is parallel to the surface of the slope and is at a depth that is small compared with the length of the slope. The slope can then be considered as being of infinite length，with end effects being ignored．The slope is inclined at angle βto the horizontal and the depth of the failure plane is z．as shown in section in Fig.9.7.The water table is taken to be parallel to the slope at a height of mz (0<m<1)above the failure plane．Steady seepage is assumed to be taking place in a direction parallel to the slope．The forces on the sides of any vertical slice are equal and opposite and the stress conditions are the same at every point on the failure plane．In terms of effective stress，the shear strength of the soil along the failure plane isand the factor of safety isThe expressions forσ,τandμare:The following special cases are of interest．If c’=0 and m=0 (i.e. the soil between the surface and the failure plane is not fully saturated),then(9.11)If c’=0 and m=1(i.e. the water table coincides with the surface of the slope)，then：(9.12)It should be noted that when c’=0 the factor of safety is independent ofthe depth z．If c’ is greater than zero，the factor of safety is a function of z, and βmay exceed φ’provided z is less than a critical value．For a total stress analysis the shear strength parameters c u andφu are used with a zero value of u.Example 9.3A long natural slope in a fissured over consolidated clay is inclined at 12°to the horizontal．The water table is at the surface and seepage is roughly parallel to the slope．A sliphas developed on a plane parallel to the surface at a depth of 5 m．The saturated unit weight of the clay is 20 kN／m3．The peak strength parameters are c’=10 kN/m2 andφ’=26°；the residual strength parameters are c r’=0 andφr’=18°.Determine the factor of safety along the slip plane(a)in terms of the peak strength parameters (b)in terms of the residual strength parameters．With the water table at the surface(m=1)，at any point on the slip plane，Using the peak strength parameters，Then the factor of safety is given byUsing the residual strength parameters，the factor of safety can beobtained from Equation 9.12:5General Methods of AnalysisMorgenstern and Price[9.4]developed a general analysis in which all boundary and equilibrium conditions are satisfied and in which the failure surface may be any shape，circular，non-circular or compound．The soil mass above the failure plane is divided into sections by a number of vertical planes and the problem is rendered statically determinate by assuming a relationship between the forces E and X on the vertical boundaries between each section．This assumption is of the formX=λf(x)E (9.13)where f(x)is an arbitrary function describing the pattern in which the ratio X/E varies across the soil mass andλis a scale factor．The value ofλis obtained as part of the solution along with the factor of safety F．The values of the forces E and X and the point of application of E can bedetermined at each vertical boundary．For any assumed function f(x) it is necessary to examine the solution in detail to ensure that it is physically reasonable (i.e. no shear failure or tension must be implied within the soil mass above the failure surface). The choice of the function f(x) does not appear to influence the computed value of F by more than about 5% and f(x)=l is a common assumption．The analysis involves a complex process of iteration for the values ofλand F，described by Morgenstern and Price[9.5]，and the use of a computer is essential.Bell [9.1] proposed a method of analysis in which all the conditions of equilibrium are satisfied and the assumed failure surface may be of any shape．The soil mass is divided into a number of vertical slices and statical determinacy is obtained by means of an assumed distribution of normal stress along the failure surface．Sarma [9.6] developed a method，based on the method of slices，in which the critical earthquake acceleration required to produce a condition of limiting equilibrium is determined．An assumed distribution of vertical inter slice forces is used in the analysis．Again，all the conditions of equilibrium are satisfied and the assumed failure surface may be of any shape．The static factor of safety is the factor by which the shear strength of the soil must be reduced such that the critical acceleration is zero．The use of a computer is also essential for the Bell and Sarma methods and all solutions must be checked to ensure that they are physically acceptable．References[1]Bell,J,M.(1968):’General Slope tability Analysis’, Journal ASCE, V01.94,No.SM6.[2]Bishop,A.W.and Morgenstern,N.R.(1960)：‘Stability Coefficients for Earth SlopesGeotechnique，V o1.10.No.4．[3]Gibson,R.E.and Morgenstern,N.R.(1962):’A Note on the Stability of Cuttings in NormallyConsolidated Clays’.Geotechnique,V o1.12.No.3[4]Morgenstern,N.R.and Price,V.E.(1965):’The Analysis of the Stability of General SlipSurfaces’,Geotechnique，V o1.1 5,No.1.[5]Morgenstern,N.R.and Price,V.E.(1967): ‘A Numerical Method for Solving the Equations ofStability of General Slip Surfaces’Computer Journal，V oi.9,P.388．[6]Sarma,S.K. (1973):’Stability Analysis of Embankments and Slopes’,Geotechnique，V o1.23，No.2.[7]Skempton,A.W.(1970):’First-Time Slides in Over consolida ted Clays’(Technical Note)，Geotechnique,V o1.20.No.3[8]Spencer，E．(1 967)：‘A Method of Analysis of the Stability of Embankments AssumingParallel Inter-Slice Forces’，Geotechnique，V o1.17.No.1．[9]Taylor,D.W.(1937):’Stability of Earth Slopes’,Journal of the Boston Society of CivilEngineers，V o1.24,No.3。
翻译及原文
Unit 1 要提高我们的英语水平，关键是多读、多写、多听、多说。此外，尽可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。如果你脑子里没有储存大量好的英语文章，你就不能用英语自由的表达自己的思想。一边学一边总结经验也很有帮助，因为这样做，我们就能搞明白哪种学习方式是更有效的。能够产生最理想的效果。只要我们坚持努力学习，到时候我们就会完成掌握英语的任务。 To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.
Unit 2: 随着捐款源源不断的进来，我校明年的财务状况会好多了。这样我们就能集中营对我们作为教育工作者必须承担的最重要的任务：鼓励学生实现他们的学业目标，培养他们成为有责任感、靠得住的人，使他们对将来的生活有所准备，并在他们追求物质及精神满足的过程中给予引导。 With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly / academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.
英译中 原文 (中国日报)
一、China’s Year of the Gragon baby boomChina is in the midst of a baby-making boom, as couples try to ensure that their children are born during the Y ear of the Dragon, which began Monday. The dragon is considered the most auspicious zodiac sign in Chinese culture. Once reserved for the emperor, it is believed to bring strength and good luck.Parents are sparing no expense to prepare for their dragon babies. As a result, nannies in Beijing have been able to double their rates. And the effects won't end there. The baby boomlet means all those dragon babies destined for such greatness will soon be locked in fierce competition for spots in China's best schools, as the dragon babies of the year 2000 are now.我的译文：二、Living in :V ancouverThe access from a booming and dense downtown to the great outdoors is nearly unrivalled in North American cities. Nearby options include kayaking around the city, skiing on frosted peaks and mountain biking through the rainforest. "It's a giant playground," said Julie Desaulniers, a transplant from Montreal who lives in North V ancouver with her family. "The north shore is a mountain biking mecca and I run on rainforest trails every weekend."Hollywood has set up permanently in V ancouver and it is where many movies and TV shows are filmed, including the Twilight series. Enterprising folks have even set up tours for the Twi-hards who come seeking some scent of Bella and Edward.我的译文三、Is Facebook worth $100 billion ?$100 billion: That‘s the number that has been tossed around Wall Street in recent weeks as the social-networking juggernaut quietly began the process of becoming a publically traded company. Y esterday, investors finally got the information they needed to make a more informed choice as Facebook filed papers with government regulators declaring its intent to sell stock to the public.Facebook‘s S-1 was full of information and little factoids that, up until now, were closely guarded secrets of the notoriously enigmatic Silicon V alley phenom. For the first time, the public saw how much money Facebook has made over the years – and how it spends it. With this information finally public, investors can now come up with their own valuation for Facebook.我的译文：四、Walking in London is so much funI had been expecting to walk into work today: I had assumed the strikes included the Tube and was almost disappointed to discover that the trains would be running as usual. I migh t go by foot anyway. Walking is a neglected pleasure. We don‘t do it often enough with the express intent of enjoying ourselves. We see it as the way to get somewhere quickly rather than a soothing way to spend half an hour or more. But it also opens our eyes to what has been there all along.我的译文五、Why you wouldn’t want to be famous ?These days, it‘s not an assumption so much as a statistical fact that young people put fame and fortune at the top of their life ―to do‖ lists. Why do they put fame aheadof stuff like ―be the best mechanic I can be‖ or ―raise a good family‖? Because it‘s a cultural axiom that being famous is awesome, and anything less is for chumps.But there are a few things people who assume that should know. We‘ll go ahead and define fame as the ability to be recognized anywhere by anybody who logs whatever the national daily average of TV and Internet foreplay is. This ability isn‘t all it‘s cracked up to be, and here‘s why.我的译文六、Being a parent is easy and intuitive , correct ?The prevailing ethos about being a parent is that it's mostly intuitive and uniformly joyful, even though the news, and our own lives, are full of those who found it so conspicuously otherwise that they made an utter mess of actual human beings. This mythology has two effects. One is that parents who don't feel happy or competent are made to feel like freaks—and to just keep quiet about the fact. The other is that this makes everyone believe not only that anyone can be a parent, but also that everyone ought to do it, even those who seem by character or inclination to be ill equipped. When I was in college I read a book by Ellen Peck called "The Baby Trap" about the virtues of choosing childlessness. It seemed completely insurrectionary. It still does.我的译文七、Why Men Have a Harder Time Making Friend ?When men hit their 30s, many cling to their high school and college friends. And if these don't last, men have a hard time forming new friendships. I'm not talking about work-out partners and neighbors you pound a few beers with while ribs are grilling, I'm talking about confidants. People who you are willing to share your innermost selfto because you feel it will be valued and accepted (regardless of what evils lurk there). Women are fantastic at cultivating these relationships. Women spend substantial time and energy to creating intimate relationships, safe havens and people that care about the good things that happen to them. Men? Not so much. With one exception: Men who get married. With wives in charge of their social life, men get a free pass to a rich social life.八、Are you a save-orexic or a splurge aholicExperts say the way we spend, save and invest is often dictated by deep-seated psychological issues relating to self-worth, security and status. It is not a coincidence that we borrow terms from the consulting couch to talk about our spending, such as ‗retail therapy' and ‗shopaholic'.A study by Professor Karen Pine, author of Sheconomics, a book about women and money, confirms many use shopping as an emotional outlet.Eight out of ten admit they spend when they are miserable, or hit the stores to compensate for something lacking in their life.Financial experts say another female tribe uses money as a security blanket and lives under a self-imposed austerity regime that would make George Osborne blanch. 我的译文九、Steve Jobs’ Love Letter Wrote For His WifeWe didn't know much about each other twenty years ago. We were guided by our intuition; you swept me off my feet. It was snowing when we got married at the Ahwahnee. Y ears passed, kids came, good times, hard times, but never bad times. Ourlove and respect has endured and grown. We've been through so much together and here we are right back where we started 20 years ago - older and wiser - with wrinkles on our faces and hearts. We now know many of life's joys, sufferings, secrets and十、Diary of a Separation---A big effort to make it a happy birthdayI like birthdays. I like fuss, a grand gesture. X can't understand the fuss. It's about upbringing, I think: his parents unceremoniously hand him something - not even wrapped - at some point within a few months of the date. I'm fairly sure they don't know when it is. For me, birthdays mean surprises, parties, over-excited children blowing out candles on sponge cakes. Like pencil marks on the wall, they are the backbone around which you hang family rituals. Birthdays are also a way to make up for the failings - perceived or real - of the past 12 months.我的译文十一、Canada in RV"Y ou are in black bear country. On cycling and walking trails, sing or ring your bell before bends to avoid surprising one. If you are attacked, act dead." My kids were thrilled when they read the leaflet - we were desperate to see a bear or a moose, despite the advertised dangers.More importantly, we had discovered what we'd been seeking on our three-week exploration of rugged, enchanting (and only occasionally threatening) Maritime Canada, a region in the south-east of the country surrounded and shaped by the Atlantic Ocean. It's home to wildernesses largely untamed by human hand, playgrounds where we could camp under the stars within earshot of waves crashing on the beach.十二、T ake a break from work : One year sabbatical to travelDo you secretly thought of what you think is a great project: a long journey? A gap year is just for you, to see the end of the world. 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The gene the team identified is called ABCC9 and has been nicknamed the ―Thatcher gene‖ in honor of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, famous for needing as little as four hours of sleep a night.Researchers discovered that people who had two copies of one common variant of ABCC9 slept十七、100-foot diet100-foot diet is a diet that consists mostly or exclusively of food grown in one's garden.The 100-foot diet emphasizes on reducing one's carbon footprint by growing most of the food you consume closer to home, the distance from the garden to your dinner table is within 100 feet. With health and affordability in mind, more people are taking the plunge and are growing their own fruits and vegetables.Major benefits of 100-foot diet include:1. Eat more nutritious food, which leads to better health2. Reduce your exposure to unwanted, toxic pesticides3. Increased food security4. 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英文翻译原文
Morphological characteristics of triple junction region and process of the peritectic reaction during directional solidification of Cu–Ge alloysYanqing Su,Shujie Wang,Liangshun Luo ⇑,Jinchuan Jie,Jingjie Guo,Hengzhi FuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,PR Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 26February 2012Received in revised form 24May 2012Accepted 10June 2012Available online 19June 2012Keywords:Peritectic reactionDirectional solidification Liquid–solid reactions Cu–Ge alloys Crystal growthRemelting–resolidificationa b s t r a c tA huge triple phase region of the nonfaceted–nonfaceted peritectic reaction within a large temperature region (around 8K)was obtained in directionally solidified Cu–Ge alloys,which provides a convincing experimental evidence for studying the morphology of peritectic reaction trijunction region.The huge non-isothermal triple phase region suggests that the peritectic reaction occurs in a composition range,which is different from the classic isothermal model with a fixed composition (Liquid +solid solution a (CuGe 12)?solid solution f (CuGe 12.8)).The geometrical morphology of triple junction region shows that the primary a phase remelted ahead of the growing peritectic phase and resolidified near the triple phase junction.And some new characteristics of the peritectic reaction were also observed and systematically analyzed.The results demonstrate that the peritectic reaction during directional solidification occurs in the style:Liquid +remelted a (CuGe (12$12Àx ))?f (CuGe (12.8–12.8+y ))+resolidified a (CuGe 12).The x and y depend on growth conditions and alloy composition.The remelting and resolidification phenomenon were discussed in detail,in which the effects of temperature gradient,mechanical equilibrium and solute diffusion were considered.Orientation relationship between the phases was studied by the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD)technology.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionPeritectic reaction is frequently encountered in many technolog-ically important materials (e.g.,steels,brass,bronze,intermetallic compounds,magnetic materials,and YBa 2Cu 3O y superconductors).Many interesting microstructures have been found during direc-tional solidification of peritectic alloys,which have drawn much attention since the last decade [1].The peritectic reaction may bring some important influences to the peritectic two-phase growth dur-ing directional solidification [1,2].However,there is limited under-standing of the peritectic reaction mechanism during directional solidification.Kurz,Hillert,and Kerr et al.[1,3,4]have proposed more detailed theories.They considered that the diffusion of solute in the liquid phase controls the propagation of the peritectic phase.Further studies have been carried out in recent years.Fredriksson and Nylén applied the Bosze–Trivedi model to analyse the mechanism of the peritectic reaction,which is developed for describing the growth process of precipitate plates [5–7].The Fredriksson–Nylén model has been widely used to analyse the peritectic reaction pro-cess in directionally solidified Cu–Sn,Al–Mn and Ag–Sn alloys.However,the effects of the temperature gradient were not considered in the model [5].Through in situ observation by a con-focal scanning laser microscope in Fe–C and Fe–Ni system,Phelan,Shibata and McDonald et al.found that the reaction rates increase with increasing undercooling,and are much faster than the ones predicted by the Fredriksson–Nylén model [5,8–10].So,it was con-sidered that the peritectic reaction in Fe–C alloys is not controlled by the diffusion of carbon in the liquid,but perhaps by thermal dif-fusion [8].However,Ohno and Matsuura [11]suggested that the solid diffusion of carbon can not be negligible in Fe–C alloys,and used quantitative phase-field simulation to simulate the process.The solute distribution of the liquid in the triple phase region is not clear until now.In addition,Boussinot and Ohno et al.pre-sented the simulate results of the isothermal peritectic reaction process,which involves the morphology of the trijunction [11,12].The geometrical shape of the trijunction region of the iso-thermal solidification can be different from that of the directional solidification [3,5,11–13].Hillert [3]was the first to predict that both dissolution and some resolidification of the primary phase during peritectic reac-tion are required.But till now,the resolidification phenomenon has not been well substantiated and the clear morphology of tri-ple-phase junction is rarely observed because the acquired triple phase regions of the peritectic reaction are too small to clearly present the phenomenon [5,8,9–10,13].In 6xxx series wrought Al alloys,a complex faceted-peritectic reaction was further analyzed0925-8388/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.06.038Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+8645186413910.E-mail address:luols@ (L.Luo).by Sha et al.,and the triple phase junction was observed by TEM. Nevertheless,the resolidification phenomenon in faceted-peritec-tic reaction was not also clearly presented[14].So,the experimen-tal evidences about the mechanism of the peritectic reaction during directional solidification are still not enough.To obtain strong peritectic reaction,directional solidification experiments are conducted at low pulling velocities V.Binary Cu–Ge peritectic system was selected to avoid the formation of some microstructures,which suppress peritectic reaction,such as single phase,bands and island banding structures.The solidifica-tion interval of the hypo-peritectic Cu–Ge alloys is up to 110–120K(see Fig.1).In previous experiments[5,13,15],the pri-mary phase substrate is usually cellular or dendritic rather than platelike.The uneven surface and solute enrichment among sec-ondary dendrite arms can influence the morphology of the triple junction.By analogy with eutectic andthe surface curvatures of the columns orence the undercooling of the peritectic growththe adverse effects,a macrosegregation structurewill be prepared in a cylindrical sample,inmary phase locates in the center surrounded bytic phase.During the peritectic reaction,thesubstrate is cylindrical(with diameter about2the influences of the uneven surface and solutesecondary dendrite arms.The formation of the macrosegregationdouble-diffusive convection.During directionalthe rejected solute(Ge)is lighter than Cu,tion is induced by the temperature andthe axial direction.When the lateral confinementof the crucible diameter to the untablefor an infinite medium)is smaller than unity,convection can be formed ahead of theaxisymmetricflow directly transfers the rejectedinterface from the center to the border of theradial segregation of solute[16–19].Thus,mainly grows at the center of the sample.Whening of the primary phase is smaller,the primarygether and form a single cylinder above theThen a macrosegregation structure of the twoformed in the sample.The main purpose of the paper is to investigatethe geometrical morphology of the triplemechanism of the remelting andphase during directional solidification.Thereaction is analyzed based on theof the triple-junction region.Finally,thebetween the phases is studied by EBSD.2.ExperimentalThe peritectic reaction a(12.0at.%Ge)+L(17.5at.%Ge)?f(12.8at.%Ge)occurs at824°C.The Cu–Ge peritectic phase diagram is shown in Fig.1.The Cu–Ge peri-tectic alloys were prepared from99.99wt.%pure Cu to99.99wt.%pure Ge.Direc-tional solidification experiments were carried out in a Bridgman-type furnace, which is consisted of four zones:primary heater I and secondary heater II(Ta tubes heated by resistance heating),a water cooled liquid metal bathfilled with liquid Ga–In–Sn alloy,and an adiabatic zone(Fig.2).The temperature gradient of the furnace can be regulated by changing the temperature of secondary heater II.The samples of1.8mm in diameter placed in alumina tubes of2mm in inner diameter were pulled at selected velocities after initial melting and thermal stabilization.At the end of each pulling,the crucible was dropped into the liquid Ga–In–Sn alloy. The quenching velocity is1.0Â105l m/s,which is much higher than the pulling velocities(3–15l m/s).After quenching,the solid–liquid interface is retained quickly and the liquid of the triple phase region is freezed.Because the corrosion behavior of the solid before and after quenching is different,electrolytic deep etch-ing technique is applied to distinguish the quenched boundaries.The optical microstructures were observed by using an Olympus GX71optical microscopy.The EBSD and SEM observations were performed on a Quanta200FEG scanning electron microscope.The samples used for optical observation were etched with a solution of15ml HCl,20ml H2O and8g FeCl3.The electrolytic deep etching was performed at a temperature of about18–20°C,for60s,with1.7V and a solution made of300ml water and700ml phosphoric acid.3.Results and discussionThe physical symbols used in the study are listed in Table1. 3.1.MicrostructuresFig.3displays the longitudinal sections of the samples which were directionally solidified at the growth velocities of3and 15l m/s.It is apparent from Fig.3(a and b)that,with decreasing growth velocity,the primary phase changes from dendritic to cel-lular and the peritectic phase changes from non-planar to planar.Fig.1.Cu–Ge peritectic phase diagram[19].2.Schematic diagram of the two heating-zone Bridgman type apparatus.Compounds539(2012)44–4945peritectic f phase.The reaction regions are enlarged in Fig.3(g and h)to clearly illustrate the geometrical shapes of the huge L/f/a trijunction regions.During the peritectic reaction,the stable f phase(platelike)grows along the metastable a(cylindrical)accom-panied by the remelting of the primary a phase ahead of the grow-ing peritectic f phase.The macrosegregation structure will lead to that the volume fraction of the peritectic phase is always larger than the theoretical values,which induces a large peritectic reaction region.The and has a maximum value in the triple junction.The D x value can be controlled by solute diffusion,growth conditions and the remelting of a.In Fig.3(g and h),the geometrical characteristics of the triple phase regions(the non-isothermal triple phase region GðD k maxþD L maxÞand the negative curvature of the a/L boundary)suggestFig.3.Micrographs of longitudinal sections of directionally solidified Cu–Ge alloys G=35K/mm.(a)V=15l m/s and C0=15.0at.%Ge,(b)V=3l m/s and =15.0at.%Ge,(c)V=3l m/s and C0=12.4at.%Ge,and(d)V=3l m/s and =12.8at.%Ge.(e–h)Are enlarged views of the L/a/f trijunction regions which labelled in(a–d),respectively.Fig.4.SEM images revealing geometrical morphology of phases near triple junction during directional solidification(Deep-etching).(a)G=45K/mm,V=2l m/s and 0=12.8at.%Ge,and(b)G=45K/mm,V=2l m/s and C0=15.0at.%Ge.that the peritectic reaction during directional solidification occursin a changeable composition range and includes a resolidified a phase,which is different from the classic reaction model (Liquid+a-CuGe12?f-CuGe12.8)[1,3,5,6].Based on the above analysis,the peritectic reaction is represented as:Liquidþremelted aðCuGeð12—12ÀxÞÞ!fðCuGeð12:8—12:8þyÞÞþresolidified aðCuGe12Þ:ð1ÞTo make it easier for us to interpret the peritectic reaction equa-tion,the kinetic undercooling of the peritectic reaction is ignoredtemporarily.The x and y values are estimated as G D L max=m aSandG D k max=m fS,respectively.The x,y values and resolidification thick-ness in Fig.3are shown in Table2.It can be found that when the pulling velocity V is higher,the peritectic reaction is closer to isothermal reaction.3.3.Solute distribution of the triple phase regionDifferent from the previous experiments[5,8–10,13,15],the huge triple phase region makes it possible to measure the concen-tration distributions directly.In Fig.5,the overall Ge concentration tion of the liquid phase is much higher than that of the peritectic fphase(C f=12.8at.%Ge).Namely,solute enrichment and diffusion occur in the triple phase region.Because of the existence of the temperature gradient,the analysis of the peritectic reaction pro-cess essentially requires dealing with the coupling effect between the solute and temperaturefields.3.4.The remelting and resolidification of the primary phaseBecause the sizes of the mushy zones are very small(about10–100l m(Fig.3)),the effects of convection on peritectic reaction can be negligible[16].3.4.1.Remelting of the primary phaseFig.6shows the process of the peritectic reaction during direc-tional solidification.During directional solidification,as the pulling proceeds,the a phase coarsens and rejects Ge solute to the mushy zone(see Fig.6b).In the mushy zone,the liquid concentration should vary with temperature along the solidification direction, following the liquidus.Thus,the concentration gradient within the liquid phase at equilibrium can be written as G=m aL,wherem aLis liquidus slope of a.When the liquid phase is undercooled below the peritectic tem-perature by D T KP[13,14],the peritectic reaction occurs and the f phase is formed.The liquid phase contacting with the growing fphase is rich in solute Ge at C fP(Fig.6a).As the f phase grows,a sol-ute boundary layer is built up ahead of the f interface,as shown inFig.6(c).It should be noted that the C fPis higher than C aPat T KP(seeFig.6a,C aPis defined in Table1).This means that the liquid concen-tration in a certain region is higher than C aPÀðG=m aLÞl,which is the liquid concentration in equilibrium with the a phase(Fig.6c).Thus, the liquid phase in the region is supersaturated with respect to theTable2The x,y values and resolidification thickness in Fig.3.Figure x(at.%Ge)y(at.%Ge)Resolidificationthickness(l m)Fig.3(e)%0.01%0%0Fig.3(f)0.05%05Fig.3(g)0.30.38Fig.3(h)0.4%010Fig.5.Concentration profiles measured along the line1and the line2in Fig.4(a).(a)Line1and(b)Line2.Y.Su et al./Journal of Alloys and Compounds539(2012)44–4947During peritectic reaction,the remelting length of a (D L max )mainly depends on the length of the supersaturated zone,which is controlled by the coupling of the solute and temperature fields .3.4.2.Influence of the growth conditions on the remeltingFig.7shows the influence of the growth conditions on the remelting degree of the a phase.In Fig.7(a–c),the remelting de-gree of the a phase increases with increasing the G/V ratio from 5Â109to 1Â1010Ks/m 2,which agrees well with the numerical calculation results in Ref.[12,17].During the peritectic reaction,as G/V increases,the supersaturated zone ahead of the peritectic interface increases.Thus,the distence D L max increases.In Fig.7(d–e),the remelting degree of a phase increases with increas-ing the alloy composition C 0due to the increase of the thickness of the f phase.However,when C 0increases up to 16.0at.%Ge for G/V =1.3Â1010Ks/m 2(Fig.7f),the remelting zone of the a phase al-most disappears due to the lack of the primary phase.3.4.3.Resolidification of the primary a phaseDuring the growth of the f phase over the a phase (peritectic reaction),the triple junction must satisfy the mechanical equilib-rium condition described by the Young’law (Pr =0)(see Fig.4a).The relation of the three phases is determined by themechanical equilibrium condition [3,26].Thus,a negative curva-ture of the a /L boundary (a groove structure)close to the triple-phase point is required.The triple phase region after deep etching (in Fig.4a)shows a typical example of the groove structure after quenching.As the f phase grows,the remelting and resolidifcation of a occur in the groove,and a near couple growth of the resolidi-fied a and the f phase forms in the vicinity of the triple junction.Fig.6(a)shows that the liquid composition for the growth of the tion,the negative curvature of the /L boundary can also promote the resolidification of a ,but can not play a major role in the experiments.The resolidification thickness is closely related to D L ,V ,and the thickness of the f phase near the triple junction .In the vicinity of the triple junction,thick f phase can provide more Ge atoms to the groove.Thus,a strong lateral diffusion coupling can be induced,which corresponds to a thick resolidified a (e.g.Fig.4).Low velocities V can ensure that there is sufficient time for the lateral diffusion coupling (Cu and Ge)to be established and reach equilibrium.3.5.Orientation relationshipThe structure of the L/f /a trijunction was studied by the EBSD technology.Fig.8(b)-(d)shows the corresponding EBSD maps rel-ative to the surface normal direction (ND).It can be clearly seen from Fig.8(c)and (d)that the peritectic phase taking part in the peritectic reaction is composed of two crystals (f 1and f 2).As can be seen in Fig.8(e),there is a clear orientation relationship be-tween the a phase and the two peritectic crystals:h 1120i f ==h 110i a ;f 0001g f ==f 111g a .This crystallography relationship comes from the initial stage of nucleation of the peritectic phase over the primary phase.However,the a –f interfaces do not corre-spond exactly to the dense packing planes.During peritectic reac-Fig.6.Schematic illustration of the peritectic reaction process.(a)Hypothetical peritectic phase diagram.(b)Schematic illustration of the process of the peritectic reaction during directional solidification.The dotted arrows indicate the diffusion of Cu and Ge atoms.The white solid arrows indicate the migration direction of the interfaces.(c)Schematic illustration of the composition variations ahead of the phase in the mushy zone.(d)Temperature gradient (G )and liquidus temperatures of a and f (T a /L and T f /L ),showing the green region which is supersaturated with respect to with respect to the a phase .D L max corresponds to the highest temperature of the remelting of a (T M ).Fig.7.The remelting degree of the primary phase at V =3l m/s.(a)G =15K/mm and C 0=12.8at.%Ge,(b)G =25K/mm and C 0=12.8at.%Ge,(c)G =30K/mm and C 0=12.8at.%Ge,(d)G =40K/mm and C 0=14.5at.%Ge,(e)G =40K/mm and C 0=15.5at.%Ge,and (f)G =40K/mm and C 0=16.0at.%Ge.tion,the peritectic phase has some freedom to adapt the interfaces as a function of the thermal conditions while keeping the original crystallographic relationship.4.Conclusions(1)In the huge L/f/a trijunction region of the peritectic reaction,the geometrical morphology of the triple phase junction and the phenomenon of remelting and resolidification of the pri-mary a phase are clearly presented in directionally solidified Cu–Ge peritectic alloys.However,the resolidification phenomenon can be hardly observed at a growth velocity above15l m/s.(2)The resolidification of the primary phase is mainly caused bydiffusion coupling between the groove of the a phase and the interface of the f phase under the constraint of mechan-ical equilibrium at the triple junction.The huge non-isother-mal remelting region of the primary a phase is caused by the supersaturated zone due to the coupling of the solute andtemperaturefields,which suggests that the reaction occurs in a wide composition range.The remelting quantity and resolidification thickness of the primary a phase are closely related to the growth conditions and the thickness of the peritectic phase.(3)EBSD reveals that the resolidified a phase directly grows onthe a-matrix and keeps the crystallographic orientation before remelting.There is a orientation relationship between the a and f phases:h1120i f==h110i a,f0001g f==f111g a.(4)Clearly,the motion of the triple phase region during peritec-tic reaction is an extremely complex physical process.Quan-titative analysis and numerical simulations can help us to further understand the physical mechanism. 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毕业设计(论文)英文翻译原文2013年10 月25 日Enterprise receivables management analysed---FenXi mining chemical company zhaoAipingabstractIn order to meet the expanding sales and increase the competitiveness of the enterprises, reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management expenses need, the business activities in El often created accounts receivable. Accounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. Because of the important account receivable, according to some accounts receivable management and accounting, points out the existing problems in the disadvantages of account receivable mismanagement, and puts forward some to strengthen the management of accounts receivable practices.Key words receivables; The provision for; Management riskOne,accounts receivable and management conceptAccounts receivable is the enterprise is an important, the risk is bigger liquid assets, its quality is good or bad for a business often has had a significant impact. These long-term difficult to recover the accounts receivable existence, seriously affected the enterprise. The normal production and business enterprise management costs, increased to different extent some enterprise into a financial crisis.The role of account receivable. Expand sales, increase the competitiveness of the enterprises in the fierce market competition situation, is to promote the sales of credit is an important way. Enterprise credit is actually to provide customers with the two transactions, to customer selling products, and in a limited period introverted customers funds. In credit-tightening, market weakness, lack of money, the promotion with obvious credit for enterprise sales role. New products and explore new market is more important significance.Reduce inventory, reduce inventory risk and management costs. To the enterprise to hold finished goods inventory additional fee, warehousing costs and insurance expenses; Instead, the enterprise to hold accounts receivable, you do not need the spending. Therefore, when the enterprise products inventory more for long time, generally can use more favorable credit conditions, the inventory into pipes receivable and reduce finished goods in stock, save related expenses.Second,Accounts receivable in the management of the existing problems(a)Enterprise accounting irregularities of accounts receivableEnterprise to accounts receivable accounting is not standard. According to the provisions of the state financial and accounting systems. Accounts receivable is accounting enterprise for selling goods or services to happen to purchase unit shall be recovered or accept labor unit payments. But the enterprise did not strictly according to the provisions of the accounting enterprise receivables. Cause some should not be in the project accounting money also included in the project, cause accounts receivable accounting has no reality.(b)Debts of accounts receivable confirmation not in timeThe account receivable NPLS not timely, to the enterprise confirmed the appearance of virtually increased asset caused. Because enterprise to accounts receivable slackened management, especially some enterprise also to accounts receivable as means of adjustingprofit. So on the account receivable SiZhang confirmation on staying there ~ some problems. Is mainly to stay SiZhang has already formed the receivables confirm fast enough, for many years in the accounts receivable formed account long-term, eased some already can't withdraw, this provision for the provision for no provision of virtual enterprise assets, causing thickening.(c)Business managers and business operators lack of financial managementconsciousness and ideasBecause some of the managers and operators enterprise financial management consciousness and lack of management concept. To accounts receivable is lack of effective management and collect investigation the author feel. In Shanxi Province in the part of the province tube enterprise still exist serious planned economy of ideas, these people to the market economy can't say don't understand, also cannot say don't understand, the main thing is not starts from oneself, and in practical work is often said the much, do less. Thought is drunk on the production and business operation this center, not how to do well management finance the primacy, failed to do the business management financial management as the center. Financial management to fund management as the center. The management of funds and use only paying attention to how to borrow and spend money, not for existing resources and capital for effective configuration and mobilize. Cause enterprise produced a considerable amount of receivables, also do not actively from the Angle of strengthening management, so lots of money to clean up the long-term retention outside. Affected the enterprise normal production and operation activities and the efficient use of the funds.Third,The drawbacks of the receivable mismanagement(a)Reduce the service efficiency of fundsReduce enterprise funds use efficiency, make enterprise profits down because of enterprise logistics and cash flow not consistent, merchandise shipped, prescribing sales invoices. Payment is not keeping pace recovery, and sales have established, this not up recovery entry sales. Certainly will cause no cash inflow generated sales tax on profits and losses, and sales income paid and years be paid in advance. If involves span more than to sales revenue account receivable. Then can produce enterprise by current assets paid annual shareholders dividend. Enterprise for such pursuit arising from the pad surface benefits and tax payment paid shareholders take up a lot of liquidity, as time passes will influence enterprise capital turnover. Which led to the enterprise actual operation situation veiled. Influence enterprise production plan and sales plan, etc, can't realize the set benefit goal.(b)Exaggerated enterprise operating resultsBecause our country enterprise executes accounting foundation is the accrual (receivable meet system). The current credit happened all to write down current income. Therefore, the enterprise account profit increase does not mean that can meet the schedule of realizing cash inflows. Accounting system requires the enterprise in accordance with the percentage of account receivable balance to extract the provision for, the provision for a 5% rates generally for 3% (special enterprise except). If the actual loss of bad happened more than extract the provision for, will give enterprise to bring the great loss. Therefore, the enterprise of account receivable existence. On the TAB virtually increased sales income. In oerstate enterprise operation results. Increased risks of an enterprise cost.(c)Speeding up the enterprise's cash outflowsSell on credit although can make the enterprise produces more profits, but did not make enterprise cash inflows increase, on the contrary make enterprise had to use limited liquidity to various taxes and fees paid, accelerate the enterprise's cash outflows, main performance for:Enterprise tax payments. Accounts receivable bring sales income. Not actually receive cash, turnover is computational basis with sales, the enterprise must on time pay by cash. Enterprise pay tax as value added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resources tax and urban construction tax, inevitable meeting with sales revenue increases.Income tax payments. Accounts receivable generate revenue, but not in cash income tax, and realizing cash payment must on time.Cash the distribution of the profits. Also exist such problems. In addition, the cost of the management of accounts receivable and accounts receivable recycling costs will accelerate enterprise cash outflows.(d)The business cycle has influence on enterpriseOperating cycle from obtain inventory to the sales that inventory and withdraw cash this time so far. Operating cycle depends on inventory turnover days and accounts receivable turnover days, the business cycle is combined. From that. Unreasonable accounts receivable existence, make business cycle extended, affected the enterprise capital circulation, make a lot of liquidity precipitation in non-productive link. Cause enterprise cash shortage, influence salaries and raw material purchasing, serious impact on the enterprise normal production and operation.Increased receivables management process. Error probability, brings to the enterprise enterprise to face the additional loss accounts receivable account, possibly to the timely discovery, accounting errors can prompt understanding and other receivables accounts receivable dynamic enterprise details. Cause responsibility unclear. Accounts receivable contract, Taiwan about, commitments, the formalities of examination and approval of such material scattered, lost may make the enterprise has happened on the account receivable unable to receive the full recovery of repayment, the only partially withdraw through legal means. Can recover, but due to material not whole and cannot be recovered, until eventually form the enterprise assets loss.Four,To strengthen the management of accounts receivable method(a)Comprehensive comb, and establish material parameterFor enterprise all kinds of receivables launch a comprehensive system of comb, queuing, check the work. Because in past economic activity business minority, inefficient pattern. Hard to adapt to the market economy requirement, the law of development in the increasingly fierce market competition gradually be eliminated, the enterprise is in production, BanTingChan, failed state, has formed a widespread accounts receivable account for a long (most age 3 years), former party leave the state of operation and the debtor changes etc. Phenomenon, to clear a check increase the difficulty. Workers should browse a large number of original documents, traced back to carefully each individual accounts receivable from the nature, time, happened contents, amount. According to zhang age, systems, area and the possibility of recovery of accounts receivable are classified. Carefully analyzed collection verify each sum of money and amount. And this system, more likely way back near the door check account receivable; Way to outside the system, and is unlikely to far back of receivables through telephone enquiries, enterprise sent a letter, lawyers sent a letter way to undertake checking: some not so clear accounts receivable multilateral bug verification. Please go back to the original sales personnel, agent help check to ensure that the data obtained by the accurate, reliable and accurate data collected in the visiting for the future of written-off receivables smoothly provide effective legal evidence. More importantly, with the debtor written-off receivables personnel and check accounts concerning the debtor family residence, operation sites, property status, income level made a comprehensive and detailed understanding, and according to the command of the debtor to evaluate solvency debt-repaying possibility. Judge, lock key goals for the next great written-off receivables smoothly and lay the foundation.(b)Multi-pronged approach.we great effort, increaseAfter the preparation work or do. Accounts receivable written-off receivables entered the substantial "punish collect" crucial stage. In actual work, in order to give attention to collect the magnificence of the enterprise with benefit, one of the debtor to classify, different properties analysis of the debtor to adopt targeted collect method, in order to make the whole written-off receivables achieved good effect. The debtor to business clients. To possess management qualification, sound system, assets in good condition of customers, after consultations communication with the other, try to take groovy gathering way, so that both the collect keep good business cooperation relations; But for malicious long-term default behavior, used first lawyer in demand for collection, correspondence is invalid cases, still choose be representative of the debtor to court, apply for a court for compulsory execution. In the majesty of the law, the other group of a deterrent to repay the debtor will repay arrears, self-consciously plays to the whole written-off receivables to point the impetus with. On the system internal worker arrears. For system inside worker due to illness, life difficult, and many other reason formed non-business temporary loan, first of all, issued a document, clearly stipulates that deadline repossessed; Secondly, a large amount of arrears. Indeed, in a difficult to pay off after consultation with staff. Payment agreement signed. Divide second month in salary charged or deduct; Finally, the internal to laid-off employees and have extra-large disease worker, its economy is really difficult to repay embarrassment. In a humane treatment, offer certain debt relief. Such already make whole written-off receivables reach the expected effect, also can let laid-off workers to their real challenges organization care. Adopting property preservation measures. In the actual collect process. Often encountered some have the repayment ability but reimbursement conditions or timing immature the obligor, collect personnel can cooperate actively court on the debtor's property implement preservation, making cdo in court, under the help of the relevant accounting units and individuals to impose preservation of property. For property preservation at the same time. Appoint our wealth pipe center visit regularly the obligor, closely watching the debtor whereabouts, understand their property status. Once found the debtor reimbursement conditions mature, immediately notify the court, suspend the property preservation, reactivated cases. Applied to the court for compulsory execution withdraw arrears.(c)Establish customer credit system.Strict credit business formalities for examination and approval from years of written-off receivables accounts receivable see. A few enterprises in experience increased sales push credit sales policy. Did not establish a complete customer credit system, to the customer assets status, reimbursement ability, financial situation, the credit rating don't know much. Even after receivable formation. Find the debtor to punish frequently occurred. There are a fewenterprise to the customer credit conditions are too broad. Credit approval rights too scattered, sometimes a sales personnel can decided to sell on credit business formation. Cause some credit rating is low customers easily get credit, increasing the risk of bad loans.(d) Earnestly implement post responsibility system, strict appraisal, rewardsand punishments and trenchantSome enterprise although also established a comparatively perfect accounts receivable credit sales, management, a great responsibility and internal control system, but in actual work but become a mere formality, non-existing. Cause the enterprise internal responsibility unclear, the reward is unknown situation. To a certain extent, encourages the formation of large receivables, increasing the operating risk of an enterprise. So only with a good set of system doesn't solve all the problems in the practical work, the key still need to implement these system will reach the designated position, achieves truly in the bud.Five, summarizedEnterprise's financial risk is objective existence, but it is also to some extent can foreseeand control. Enterprise only has some knowledge on the financial risk, considering thefinancial risk, when making decisions on a regular basis to the enterprise all kinds of financial information to compare analysis, find out the potential risk factors for enterprises to establish a financial risk prevention system, can make the enterprise financial risk is minimized, the health sustainable development.Foreign source ：Friends of the accounting, in 2009 (30) 84 85。