高考英语阅读理解长难句解析
一个英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂无非是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。这些附属成分常有逗号或分隔符号与句子隔开，且插在一个句子中间，使本来完整的句子被断开，因而增加句意理解的难度。分析长难度的基本方法是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。下面我们来谈谈几种长难句的处理技巧。
一、处理长难句的原则方法
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句，可这样处理：跳读修饰成分，迅速找出主谓结构。这样一来，我们便可以将长句化为短句，将难句化为易句。具体步骤是：先跳读修饰成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意义；然后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分。
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的并列句，可这样处理：先找出其中的并列连词，然后再根据并列连词的意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系，是因果关系还是转折关系等，最后再根据不同的语境关系正确理解句意。
如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理：先分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质，即弄清它是什么从句——名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。注意，弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。
另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文，不仅会浪费时间，而且在许多情况也没有必要。
二、经典高考真题实例分析
下面这篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。文章内容如下：
Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world,
according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St.
Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将)
of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a
population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is
Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles
west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by
people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a
thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called
moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its
name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small
airport and a few hours of television per day.
【解题分析】
1. 跳读插入语：请看文章第一段的第一句。第一步跳过插入语找出句子主干：Tristan da
Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha 是世界上无人居住的最偏僻的岛屿）；第二步理解附加的插入语部分：a 38-square-mile island（该岛面积为38平方英里，而且这是吉尼斯记录之一），这样该句话的意思就弄明白了。
2. 跳读非谓语动词短语：我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (该岛是英国领土，人口大约几千)。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语：Discovered by the Portuguese
admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810（这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan
da Cunha的葡萄牙海军上将发现的，1810年开始有人居住）。通过这样分解难度，我们读得轻松，理解得准确。
3. 跳读分隔现象：请看文章第二段，这一段有35个单词，却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象，又包含了定语从句，又有一个同位语，而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按照顺序来理解，未免有点繁杂，抓不住重点。所以首先要跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容，同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限制性定语从句，找出主干并把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序：Easter Island is coming in a close second（Easter Island是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿）；然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分：Easter Island 常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿，它在最临近的岛屿(Pitcairn Island)东面1,260英里，在南美西面2,300英里。
4. 跳读定语从句：定语从句在阅读理解中是很常见的，有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词，与之关系非常密切，阅读时要特别注意两者的密切联系，跳过限制性定语从句找到主句后要马上回头理解它的含义，确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限制性定语从句：who were lost at sea. 阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切联系：不是别人而是在大海里迷路的人五世纪左右在那里定居。
而非限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切，主要起补充说明作用，它可能出现在主句中间，也可能出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中，阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解，也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限制性定语从句出现在句尾，那阅读时很方便，看完主句后附带着看一下就可以了，因为它只是对先行词的补充说明。如这一段的最后一句：for which the
island is most famous. 看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年，使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。
三、针对性训练题
以下段落均选自近几年的高考英语阅读理解文章，均有一定难度，请你用以上方法试一试：
1. Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also
what others think you think and what you think they think you think. （NMET2000. C 篇）
2. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his
safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.（NMET1999. D篇）
3. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,
the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman
scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man
in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.（NMET2003.C篇）
4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected
computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is
introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent
years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.（NMET2003.E篇）
5. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing
marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(451-452)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and
he bees part of that crowd in the process by decoding their messages and adding his own
interpretation. 【2023年甲卷阅读理解C篇】
2. Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a
conflicted corner of the American psychewe revere them even as they give us frightening dreams.
【2023年甲卷阅读理解D篇】
二、长难句翻译解析
1. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and
he bees part of that crowd in the process by decoding their messages and adding his own
interpretation. 【2023年甲卷阅读理解C篇】
【语法详析】
And 连接两个简单句
【词汇精讲】
1. Conversation n.（非正式）交谈，谈话
But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting "reply all" to join in a
long and unpleasant conversation.
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(205-206)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough
to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus.
2. Indeed, the researchers found that facetoface interactions and conversations affect the
creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise
while also providing freedom from interruptions.
二、长难句翻译解析
1. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough
to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus.
①内容分析
今天的句子看似复杂，其实是个简单句，句子里只有一套主谓结构，其它的全都是补充。
我们先来看句子的主干部分。
主干
The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking
背景噪音的合适级别可能打断我们正常的思考模式
这部分的难度并不高，两个of介词短语补充描述核心词level和patterns，翻译过来就是“背景噪音的级别”和“思考的模式”。“interrupt 打断”，名词形式“interruption”，各位需要注意的是rupt这个词根，表示“break 打破”的意思，应用到这个词根的单词往往带有负面含义，比如：
18个实例让你学会分析长难句
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18个实例让你学会分析长难句，高中英语阅读理解满分必备!
阅读是英语考试的重中之重，对英语阅读中的长难句理解是攻克阅读的有效方法。本文将着重讲解高考英语阅读真题中的长难句，希望提高大家阅读能力。
长难句解题思路
1. 首先寻找连词：连词包含并列连词，从属连词和关系词，并且依据连词将长句划分成短句；
2. 依据五大句型基本结构，判断短句的句子成分。注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词（现在分词，动名词，过去分词，不定式），明确句子的谓语动词，剥离定语，状语，从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句：时间状语从句，定语从句
When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.
长句分析：
(1) when 引导的是时间状语从句;
(2) he had seen: 是一个定语从句，修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语，因此省略了关系代词that。注意：先行词为不定代词everything时，关系代词不可使用Which；
(3) to the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语；
(4) describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;
长句翻译:
当他回来时，这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句：目的状语从句，宾语从句
The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.
长句分析：
(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句，so 前面的句子是主句，that 后面的句子是目的状语从句；
(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语，it 是指示代词， 指代的是robot.
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(199-200)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary
and they’re keeping it as a security blanket – 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13
percent keep it in case of emergencies.
2. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a
home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member.
二、长难句翻译解析
1. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary
and they’re keeping it as a security blanket – 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13
percent keep it in case of emergencies.
①内容分析
在看今天的句子之前，我们先来看看2019年全国1卷的这两道语法填空题，也是我被问了无数次的题目。
Of (69) __________ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six (70)
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(265-266)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of
human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
plex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a
member of the research team.
2. Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service
campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones
when they are behind the wheel.
二、长难句翻译解析
1. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance
of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product
of a plex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(133-134)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
133. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their
fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names.
134. The findings, based on performances and selfevaluation by about 275 college students,
indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they
are easily distracted and can’t focus on one activity.
二、长难句翻译解析
133. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their
fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names.
①内容分析
这个句子只有30个字，但是语法现象细分起来，真够复杂的。各位一定要耐心慢慢看。
首先还是拆句子，这次拆完是七个部分，你看的明白为什么这么拆嘛？
Eventually, they start to lose track of 主句
who they really are, 从句关系词who断开
seeing themselves the way 非谓语动词表示同时
(that) their fans imagine them, 从句关系词that省略
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(293-294)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. Customs officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going
through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
2. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings,
even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
二、长难句翻译解析
1. Customs officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going
through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
【语法详析】
本句的主干为Customs officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you，强调but之后的内容。when you are going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare为时间状语从句，and连接are和have两个谓语动词，to declare作nothing的定语，主动形式表被动。
【词汇精讲】
customs /ˈkʌs·təmz/ n. 风俗，习惯，海关【动】accustom, be accustomed to习惯于
tolerant /ˈtɒl.ər.ənt/ adj. 宽容的，忍耐的【动】tolerate【名】tolerance 【组】be tolerant of
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(285-286)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is
monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “offline” activity.
2. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities
that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.
二、长难句翻译解析
1. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is
monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “offline” activity.
根据连词、关系词和标点符号的位置，句子可以拆分为三部分：
第一部分
And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives
这部分中最重要的是“in contrast to sth 与某事相反、与某事截然不同”，是阅读理解过程中需要重点关注的对比标志。对比是作者在各类文体中广泛使用的写作手法，在阅读理解的细节题中也属于高频考点，所以看到文章里出现形容词副词比较级最高级、相同相似不同、各种描述比较关系的短语和逻辑关系时，一定要意识到这里出现了对比，可能是文章的重点信息所在。
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(73-74)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
73. The futurists recognized that the future world is continuous with the present world, so we can
learn a great deal about what may happen in the future by looking systematically at what is
happening now.
74.He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the
fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more
advance races and societies.
二、长难句翻译解析
73.The futurists recognized that the future world is continuous with the present world, so we can
learn a great deal about what may happen in the future by looking systematically at what is
happening now.
第一步：断句
该句的信号词有：
①从句引导词that ②介词短语with ③句内标点逗号 ④介词about/从句引导词what ⑤介词短语in the future ⑥介词by... ⑦介词at/从句引导词what 所以断句完成后如下：
The futurists recognized / that the future world is continuous / with the present world, / so we
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(263-264)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译
1. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than
necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t
eat,” Curtin says.
2. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodental, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the
upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce
such sounds.
二、长难句翻译解析
1.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than
necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t
eat,” Curtin says.
所谓概括和具体，实际上就是我们经常谈到的“总分”，是英文的语句、段落和篇章里应用最为频繁的逻辑结构。这次的语句中涉及的“whether … or …”并列结构，同样属于总分逻辑的实际应用。