2、legal framework for taxation
英国法律PPT
Criminal law(刑法)
• Most of the conteቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱt is descended from the feudal period law, mainly on the basis of jurisprudence, which is the case law(判例法)
所谓判例法（Case Law)，就是基于法院的判决而形成的具有法律效力的判定，这种 判定对以后的判决具有法律规范效力，能够作为法院判案的法律依据
Litigation Law(诉讼法)
• No matter what the lawsuit, litigation procedures are more complicated(繁琐), so far no uniform legal code, the provisions are scattered throughout various laws and precedents
英国皇家军队
The British legal system.
England is is the England the birthplace of the birthplace (发源地） Anglo-American law of the Anglosystem, the system, American law law system has a the law system has a unique historical unique historical tradition and tradition and development development
大宪章起草文本
Currently(目前) implemented in the England, Welsh and Northern Irish legal system of Anglo-American law system, is still represented; the legal system of Scotland has many features of continental law system(大陆法系), which belongs to the hybrid nature of(混合性质) the legal system, but the highest legislative and judicial organs is still the British parliament
北语15秋《英语商务通论》作业1 100分答案
B. Easy to Expand
C. Separated Ownership and Management
D. Continuous Life
标准答案：ABCD
6. The intangible attributes of a product are refered to as___ .
标准答案：ABCD
4. The cost and value of middlemen are ___.
A. time utility
B. place utility
C. information utility
D. form utility
标准答案：ABCD
5. Compared with sole proprietorships and partnerships, corporations have many advantages.Such as___.
A. price
B. reputation of the maker
C. the after-sale service
D. the machine itself
标准答案：ABC
7. Running a partnership has several advantages:
A. Improved Access to Capital and Credit
A.错误
B.正确
标准答案：A
5. Retailers are middlemen who sell goods or services to consumers and represent the final link between producers and end-users.
商务英语工商导论专业单词表
Fundamentals of businessUnit 1sole proprietorship 商个体，个体户partnership 商合伙，合伙公司corporation (股份有限)公司franchise 特许经营license/permit (营业)执照sole proprietor 个体业主shareholder 股东board director 董事会成员，董事unlimited liability 无限责任access获取方法，渠道assets 资产financing 筹集的资金，融资marketing 营销dissolution 解散law firm 法律事务所accounting firm 会计事务所real estate firm 房地产公司partner 合伙人general partner 普通合伙人limited partner (责任)有限合伙人supplier 供货商extend credit 提供信贷legal framework 法律框架go broke 破产internal conflict 内部纷争，冲突broth 肉汤incorporator 公司股东sales revenue 销售收入legal person 法人sue 起诉，控告bankrupt 破产bond 债权collateral 抵押物finance 为…提供资金expansion 扩张separated ownership and management 所有权与经营分离termination 终结resilient 有弹性的，可恢复的dividend 股息，分红income tax 所得税double taxation 双重征税corporate charter 公司执照industrial relations 劳资关系incur 引起，导致stockholder 股东executive 公司行政领导franchisor 授予特许者décor （店铺）装饰attire （员工）服装unit 2replica 复制品centralized 中央集权的chronic shortage 长期短缺product-oriented 产品导向的acquire 获得personal selling 当面推销publicity 媒体推介bulk buying 大宗购买discount price 打折销售uniform specification 统一规格marketing mix 营销组合promotion 促销utility 功能，便利channels of distribution 分销渠道，销售渠道market segmentation 市场细分zero in on… 瞄准，集中精力于…demographic 人口统计的psychographic 消费心态学product-use variable 产品用途因素unit 3convenience goods 方便商品shopping goods （货比三家后再购买的）商品specialty goods 特种商品，特色商品feasibility 可行的marketability 可销售性pilot model 样品，样机prototype 样机commercialization 商业化product life cycle 产品生命周期pricing 定价profit-oriented objectives 利润导向型目标return on capital 资本（投资）回报率sales-oriented objective 销售额导向型目标be sold under cost 亏本销售，赔本买卖follow-the leader objective 跟进型目标equilibrium price 均衡点价格break-even 盈亏平衡点double-edge sword 双刃剑skimming strategy 撇脂战略penetration strategy 渗透战略loss leader pricing strategy （用少量低价商品）诱导战略odd pricing strategy 心理定价战略price lining strategy 分类定价战略unit 4wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商discount store 折扣商店，平价商店turnover 周转率mail-order house 邮购公司vending machine 自动售货机virtual store 虚拟商店，网上商店agent 代理商broker 经纪人time utility 时间上的方便place utility 地点上的方便ownership utility 获得拥有权上的方便information utility 信息上的方便form utility 产品成型上的方便truck rates 卡车运费perishable 易腐烂的forklift 叉车conveyer belt 运输带crane 吊车unit 5promotion mix 促销组合product advertising 产品广告institutional advertising 厂商整体形象广告outdoor billboard 户外广告牌spot （播放）时段specialist magazine 专业杂志hypermedia （互联网上的）超媒体yellow pages 电话薄advertising agency 广告代理公司artwork 艺术设计commission 佣金prospect 物色（潜在顾客）qualify 确认approach 接触（顾客）make presentation 演示handle objections 处理（顾客）不同意见close 成交follow-up售后跟踪point-of-sale displays 销售点上的演示sweep stakes 摸奖，赌券coupon 打折券，优惠券premium 奖励券trade stamp 行业优惠券redeem 兑换，返还trade show 行业展览会sponsorship 赞助public relations 公共关系publicity 媒体推介word of mouth 口碑unit 6portability 可携带性divisibility 可分割性stability 稳定性durability 耐用性，耐磨损性acceptability 合法使用性denomination 面值paper note 纸币inflation 通货膨胀transaction 交易circulation 流通legal tender 法定货币medium of exchange 交换媒体store of value 价值存储unit of account 计算单位，会计单位demand deposit 活期存款interest-bearing 产生利息的checking account 支票帐户withdrawal 取款minimum balance 最少余额credit union 信用社serial number 序列号liquidity变现性，流动性portfolio 投资组合securities 有价证券savings account 存款帐户currency exchange 货币兑换letters of credit 信用证banker＇s acceptance 银行承兑draft 汇票access card 自动柜员机卡credit card 信用卡debit card 借记卡financial counseling 理财咨询home mortgage 住房抵押mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行depositor 存款人pension fund 养老基金premium 保险费unchecked 不受控制的sustainable 可持续的Federal Reserve 美国联邦储备局Fed 美联储discount rate 贴现率open-market operation 公开市场运作vault 金库dealer （有价证券）券商unit 7trade credit 行业信用commercial paper 短期融资券factor （对应收帐等的）贴现account receivable 应收账款account payable 应付账款open account 开立账户，赊账帐户promissory note 本票draft 汇票obligation 义务，债务line of credit 信用额度secured/ unsecured 有/无担保的collateral 抵押物inventory 库存compensating balance 补偿余额revolving credit 循环信用the going interest rate 市场利率face value 面值factor 贴现商debt capital 债务资本corporate bond 公司债券equity capital 权益资本retained earnings 留用利润dividend 股息depreciation 折旧stock 一个公司的股票总称IOU 借据equity financing 股权融资share 股票其中的一张debt financing 借款融资capital structure 资本结构cash flow 现金流utilities companies 水，电等公用事业公司maturity date 到期日principal 本金redemption premium 赎金preferred stock 优先股callable 可召回的common stock 普通股creditor 债权人liquidation 清算unit 8managerial accounting 管理会计financial accounting 财务会计financial statement 财务报表balance sheet 资产负债表owner＇s equity 所有者权益patent 专利copyright 版权current assets 流动资产fixed assets 固定资产intangible assets 无形资产liabilities 负债current liabilities 流动负债long-term liabilities 长期负债current ratio 流动比率quick ratio （acid test ratio）速动比率rental revenue 租赁收入gross profit margin 毛利润率net profit margin 净利润率inventory turnover 库存周转率average inventory 平均库存account receivable turnover 应收账款周转率return on owner＇s investment 投资回报率unit 9securities market 证券市场underwrite 承销broker 经纪人stock exchange 股票交易所stock brokerage 股票经销商（公司）bull 预计股价会涨者，买多者bear 预计股票会跌者，卖空者speculator 投机者forfeit 放弃growth stocks 绩优股blue chip 蓝筹股，绩优股speculative issues 收益与风险俱大的股票unit 10risk management 风险管理works-in-process 半成品probability 概率pirating 海盗活动the Strait of Malacca马六甲海峡hedging 套期保值feed 饲料risk-sharing mechanism风险分担机制premium 保险费insurance policy 保险合同insurable interest 可保利益indemnity 补偿subrogation 代位proximate cause 近因insured 保户dependent 抚养人utmost good faith 最大诚信compensation 赔偿contribution 全部赔偿不能超过应得补偿insurable risk 可保风险underwrite 承保policyholder 保户property insurance 财产险marine insurance 海险adversity 灾祸aviation insurance 航空险liability insurance 责任险premises 单位，私家所属的场所worker＇s compensation 工伤赔偿split-liability 责任分担vandalism 打砸等破坏行为no-fault auto insurance 无过错汽车保险reimburse 报销surgical expenses 手术费用hospital expenses 住院费用cafeteria plan 自选组合term life insurance 简单寿险limited payment life insurance 定期寿险endowment life insurance 增值寿险straight life insurance 完全寿险group life insurance 集团寿险key person insurance 关键人物险credit life insurance 信用寿险fidelity bond 忠实险surety bond 履行义务险unit 11common law 普通法，习惯法，判例法statutory law 制定法，成文法regulatory law 行政法规jurisdiction 管辖，权限lawful purpose 合法目的competency of parties 合同各方具备能力voluntary agreement 自愿缔约meeting of the minds 合意coercion 胁迫fraudulent manipulation 欺诈操纵consideration 对价proper form 有效形式breach of contract 违约enforceable 可实施的，可执行的tort law 侵权法negligence 疏忽surgical forceps 手术用镊子title to property 财产所有权trial 试用cash on delivery 货到付款，交货付现free on board 离岸价格unauthorized 未经授权的royalty 版税，专利使用费license 允许使用（专利）warranty 担保merchantability 可用性refund 退款negotiable instrument 票据certificate of deposit 存款单maker （本票，支票）出票人drawer （汇票）出票人endorsement 背书blank endorsement 普通背书restrictive endorsement （指定收票人的）特种背书qualified endorsement 限定性背书without recourse 不可追索agency law 代理法principal 委托人，授权人agent 代理人power of attorney 委任书，授权书equitable 公平的terms of reference 授权范围overbill 开出超过合理数额的账单bankruptcy law 破产法petition for bankruptcy 破产申请referee 调解人trustee 托管人proceeds 收益extension agreement 延展协议reorganization 重组unit 13planning 规划means and ends 手段和目的organizing 组织chain of command 指挥链，指令链leading 领导motivate 激励，激发autonomy 自主权rewards 回报，奖励controlling 调控deviation 偏离，背离corrective measure 矫正措施chief executive officer 首席执行官function/division manager 部门经理operating manager 操作层经理human skills 人际关系技能conceptual skills 概括技能technical skills 操作技能recruit 招聘，招募political tint 政治色彩bottom-line manager 一线经理，基层经理proven track record 被实践证明的业绩记录headhunter 猎头公司job specialization 工作专门化departmentalization 部门化unity of command 统一指挥line authority 直线职权staff authority 职能（部门的）职权line-and-staff organization 直线――职能混合型组织responsibility 责任delegation分权，授权span of management 管理跨度，管理幅度hierarchical levels 管理层次，组织结构层次functional organization 按功能划分部门的组织divisional organization 按事业部划分的组织division manager 部门经理，事业部经理generalist 经验全面的人才，通才matrix organization 矩阵型组织standing committee 常设委员会ad hoc committee 特别委员会grapevine 非正式沟通的途径。
香港发展的简介英文作文
香港发展的简介英文作文"English:"Hong Kong, a bustling metropolis nestled on the southern coast of China, has undergone remarkable development over the years. From its humble beginnings as a small fishing village to its current status as a global financial hub, the journey of Hong Kong's development is nothing short of extraordinary.I vividly recall my first visit to Hong Kong several years ago. The energy and vibrancy of the city immediately captivated me. Skyscrapers piercing the skyline, bustling markets filled with a myriad of smells and sounds, and the constant hustle and bustle of people going about theirdaily lives – these are the sights and experiences that define Hong Kong.One of the key factors driving Hong Kong's development is its strategic location. Situated at the mouth of thePearl River Delta and adjacent to the South China Sea, Hong Kong serves as a gateway between East and West. Its proximity to mainland China has enabled it to capitalize on China's rapid economic growth while also maintaining close ties with the international community.Another crucial aspect of Hong Kong's development isits status as a global financial center. With a robustlegal framework, low taxation, and a highly skilled workforce, Hong Kong has attracted numerous multinational corporations, financial institutions, and investors. The city's stock exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, is one of the largest in the world by market capitalization, further cementing its position as a financial powerhouse.Moreover, Hong Kong's infrastructure development has played a pivotal role in its growth story. The city boasts world-class transportation networks, including an extensive subway system, an efficient international airport, and a well-developed road network. These infrastructure investments have facilitated the movement of goods, services, and people, enhancing the city's connectivity andcompetitiveness on the global stage.However, Hong Kong's development journey has not been without its challenges. One of the most pressing issues facing the city is its housing affordability crisis. Skyrocketing property prices have made it increasingly difficult for ordinary citizens to afford decent housing, leading to social inequality and discontent among the population. Additionally, political tensions and concerns over the erosion of civil liberties have cast a shadow over Hong Kong's future trajectory.Despite these challenges, Hong Kong remains resilient and adaptable. Its entrepreneurial spirit and innovative drive continue to propel its development forward. Whether it's pioneering advancements in technology, nurturing creative industries, or promoting cultural exchange, Hong Kong remains a beacon of opportunity and dynamism in the region."中文，"香港，这座坐落在中国南部海岸线上的繁华大都市，经历了多年的显著发展。
市场和政府的关系英文作文
市场和政府的关系英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The relationship between the market and the government is a complex and dynamic one. On one hand, the market operates based on the principles of supply and demand, competition, and profit maximization. On the other hand, the government plays a crucial role in regulating the market, ensuring fair competition, protecting consumer rights, and promoting social welfare.In a free market economy, the government's role is often limited to creating a legal and regulatory framework within which businesses can operate. This includes enforcing contracts, protecting property rights, and preventing anti-competitive practices. The government also provides public goods and services that the market may not adequately supply, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare.At the same time, the government also intervenes in the market to correct market failures and promote socialwelfare. This may include implementing policies to address income inequality, protect the environment, or regulate industries with significant market power. Government intervention can take many forms, such as taxation, subsidies, price controls, and regulations.The relationship between the market and the government is not always harmonious. Conflicts often arise when the government's intervention is seen as excessive or when it fails to address the needs of the market. Businesses may lobby for deregulation and lower taxes, while consumers and workers may demand more government intervention to protect their interests.Despite these conflicts, the market and the government are interdependent and rely on each other to function effectively. The market needs the government to provide a stable and predictable legal and regulatory environment, while the government relies on the market to generate the tax revenue needed to fund its activities.In conclusion, the relationship between the market andthe government is a complex and multifaceted one. Both play essential roles in the economy, and their interactions shape the way resources are allocated, goods and services are produced and distributed, and the overall well-being of society.。
英文合同法律适用条款(2篇)
第1篇1.0 IntroductionThis Legal Applicability Clause (“Clause”) forms an integral part of the Contract of Sale and Supply of Goods and Services (“Contract”) entered into between [Seller's Name] (“Seller”) and [Buyer's Name] (“Buyer”) on [Date of Contract](the “Effective Date”). The parties agree that the laws and regulations set forth in this Clause shall govern the interpretation, enforcement, and resolution of any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Contract.2.0 Governing Law2.1 The law s of [Jurisdiction Name] (the “Governing Law”) shall govern the validity, interpretation, performance, and enforcement of this Contract and any disputes arising hereunder.2.2 The parties hereby submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [Jurisdiction Name] for the resolution of any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Contract.3.0 Conflict of Laws3.1 In the event of any conflict between the Governing Law and the laws of any other jurisdiction, the Governing Law shall prevail and shall be the controlling authority in resolving any disputes.3.2 The parties agree that they shall not invoke the law of any other jurisdiction as a means to circumvent the provisions of this Contract or to escape the jurisdiction of the courts of [Jurisdiction Name].4.0 Applicable Regulations4.1 The parties acknowledge that this Contract shall be subject to and governed by any applicable regulations, rules, and standards promulgated by any governmental authority having jurisdiction over the subject matter of this Contract.4.2 The parties agree to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and standards, including but not limited to those related toimport/export, taxation, and environmental protection.5.0 Dispute Resolution5.1 In the event of any dispute arising out of or in connection withthis Contract, the parties shall first attempt to resolve the dispute amicably through negotiation.5.2 If the parties are unable to resolve the dispute through negotiation within a reasonable period of time, the dispute shall be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the rules of the [Arbitration Institution Name] (the “Arbitration Rules”).5.3 The arbitration shall be conducted in [City/Country Name] and shall be decided by a sole arbitrator appointed in accordance with the Arbitration Rules.5.4 The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on both parties, and shall be conclusive evidence in any legal proceedings arising out of or in connection with this Contract.6.0 Entire Agreement6.1 This Legal Applicability Clause, together with the terms and conditions of the Contract, constitutes the entire agreement between the parties regarding the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations, and discussions, whether written or oral, between the parties.6.2 No modification or amendment of this Contract shall be valid or binding unless it is in writing and signed by both parties.7.0 Waiver7.1 The failure of either party to enforce any provision of this Contract shall not be deemed a waiver of such provision nor of the right of the party to enforce such provision.7.2 Any waiver by either party of any breach of any provision of this Contract shall not be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same or any other provision.8.0 Survival8.1 The provisions of this Legal Applicability Clause shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract and shall continue to bind the parties and their respective successors and assigns.9.0 Miscellaneous9.1 If any provision of this Legal Applicability Clause is held to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.9.2 The headings in this Legal Applicability Clause are for convenience only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of any of its provisions.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Legal Applicability Clause as of the Effective Date.[Buyer's Name]By: ___________________________Name: ___________________________Title: ___________________________Date: ___________________________[Seller's Name]By: ___________________________Name: ___________________________Title: ___________________________Date: ___________________________Note: This Legal Applicability Clause is a general template and shouldbe reviewed and customized by legal counsel to ensure it meets the specific needs and circumstances of the parties involved.第2篇This Contract Law Applicability Clause (the "Clause") shall govern the interpretation, enforcement, and resolution of disputes arising from or in connection with this Agreement (the "Agreement") between the parties hereto (collectively, the "Parties").1. Governing Law1.1 The Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction specified in Article 2 below (the "Applicable Law").1.2 The Parties hereby submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of thecourts of the jurisdiction specified in Article 2 below (the "Exclusive Jurisdiction") in any and all disputes arising out of or in connection with the Agreement.2. Jurisdiction2.1 The Parties agree that the jurisdiction specified in Article 2.2 below shall be the Exclusive Jurisdiction for the resolution of disputes arising out of or in connection with the Agreement.2.2 The Exclusive Jurisdiction shall be:a. For disputes arising in the territory of the United States of America, the courts of the State of New York, United States of America;b. For disputes arising in the territory of the European Union, the courts of the Member State where the registered office of the Party with the principal place of business is located;c. For disputes arising in the territory of any other country, thecourts of the country where the registered office of the Party with the principal place of business is located.3. Interpretation3.1 In the interpretation of this Agreement, the following rules shall apply:a. The headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement;b. Where the words "include," "includes," "including," "such as," and similar words are used, they shall be deemed to be followed by the words "without limitation";c. References to a statute, regulation, or other law include references to any amendments, replacements, or consolidations thereof;4. Force Majeure4.1 The Parties shall not be liable for any failure or delay in the performance of their obligations under this Agreement due to any cause beyond their reasonable control, including but not limited to acts of God, war, civil unrest, government action, labor disputes, and natural disasters (collectively, "Force Majeure").4.2 If a Force Majeure event occurs, the affected Party shall promptly notify the other Party in writing of the nature, duration, and expected impact of the Force Majeure event.4.3 The Parties shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the Force Majeure event and to resume performance under this Agreement as soon as possible.4.4 If a Force Majeure event continues for a period of more than [insert duration, e.g., 30 days], either Party may terminate this Agreement by giving written notice to the other Party.5. Entire Agreement5.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations, and discussions, whether oral or written, relating to the subject matter of this Agreement.5.2 No amendment, modification, or waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by both Parties.6. Assignment6.1 The Parties may not assign their rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other Party, except that either Party may assign this Agreement in its entirety to a successor in connection with a merger, acquisition, or sale of all or substantially all of its assets.6.2 Any assignment in violation of this Clause shall be void and of no effect.7. Confidentiality7.1 The Parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of all information disclosed to them by the other Party in connection with this Agreement (the "Confidential Information"), except as permitted by this Clause or as required by law.7.2 The Parties shall use the Confidential Information solely for the purpose of performing their obligations under this Agreement and shall not disclose the Confidential Information to any third party without the prior written consent of the other Party.7.3 The obligations of confidentiality under this Clause shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.8. Miscellaneous8.1 This Clause may be amended or supplemented only by a written agreement executed by both Parties.8.2 If any provision of this Clause is held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.8.3 The failure of either Party to enforce any provision of this Clause shall not be deemed a waiver of such provision or of the right to enforce such provision.8.4 This Clause may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Contract Law Applicability Clause as of the Effective Date (defined below).[Signature of Party 1][Name of Party 1][Title of Party 1][Date][Signature of Party 2][Name of Party 2][Title of Party 2][Date]Effective Date: [Date]This Contract Law Applicability Clause is an integral part of the Agreement and shall be enforceable as such.。
外资企业英文指南
外资企业英文指南English Guide for Foreign-Invested Enterprises:Foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in China are companies that have received investment from foreign entities, either in the form of equity or other forms of capital contribution. These enterprises are subject to specific regulations and requirements that differ from those applicable to domestic Chinese companies. This guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key aspects that foreign-invested enterprises should be aware of when operating in China.1. Establishment and Registration:- The establishment of a foreign-invested enterprise in China involves a multi-step process, including obtaining the necessary approvals, registering the company, and obtaining relevant licenses and permits.- The specific requirements for establishing an FIE depend on the industry, the amount of investment, and the type of legal entity (such as a wholly foreign-ownedenterprise, a joint venture, or a foreign-invested partnership).- The registration process typically includes submitting various documents, such as the business license, articles of association, and identification documents of the shareholders and legal representatives.2. Regulatory Environment:- Foreign-invested enterprises in China are subjectto a complex regulatory framework, which includes laws, regulations, and policies governing their operations.- Key regulations that FIEs need to be aware of include the Foreign Investment Law, the Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, and industry-specific regulations.- FIEs must comply with various requirements, such as obtaining necessary approvals, obtaining relevant licenses and permits, and adhering to industry-specific regulations and standards.3. Taxation and Accounting:- Foreign-invested enterprises in China are subjectto a range of taxes, including corporate income tax, value-added tax, and various other taxes and fees.- FIEs must comply with China's accounting standards and regulations, which may differ from the accounting practices in the parent company's home country.- Proper tax planning and compliance are crucial for FIEs to manage their tax liabilities and avoid potential penalties or disputes with the tax authorities.4. Human Resources and Labor Management:- FIEs must comply with China's labor laws and regulations, which cover areas such as employment contracts, social insurance, and labor dispute resolution.- Hiring and managing local Chinese employees can be challenging due to cultural differences and the complexityof the labor market.- FIEs may need to navigate issues related to work permits, visas, and the employment of foreign nationals in China.5. Intellectual Property Protection:- Protecting intellectual property (IP) is a significant concern for foreign-invested enterprises in China, as the country's IP landscape can be complex and challenging.- FIEs should develop and implement comprehensive IP protection strategies, including registering trademarks, patents, and copyrights, and enforcing their IP rights.- Collaboration with local partners or suppliers may also require careful IP management to safeguard the company's valuable assets.6. Market Entry and Expansion:- Foreign-invested enterprises must carefully navigate the Chinese market, which can be vastly different from their home markets in terms of consumer preferences, distribution channels, and competitive dynamics.- Successful market entry and expansion often require a deep understanding of the local market, strong local partnerships, and the ability to adapt the company's products, services, and strategies to the Chinese context.7. Compliance and Risk Management:- Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is critical for foreign-invested enterprises in China, as non-compliance can result in significant penalties, legal disputes, and reputational damage.- FIEs should develop and implement robust compliance programs, including regular audits, employee training, and the establishment of internal control systems.- Risk management is also essential, as FIEs may face various risks, such as political, economic, and operational risks, which require proactive strategies to mitigate and manage.中文指南:外资企业在中国经营需要注意的关键事项:1. 企业设立和注册:- 外资企业在中国的设立涉及多个步骤,包括获取必要的批准、公司注册以及相关许可证的取得。
工商导论unit1
2) Forms of Business Ownership
• • Legal Classification Economic types Based Classification
Starting a Small Business
2) Forms of Business Ownership
Legal Classification
financial resources and skills
fund, maintain, and expand its operation responsible manner, business ethics
laws and government regulations,
Contents
Unit 1 & 12
3. The People and Activities of Business
all activities concerned with obtaining money and using it effectively
The Organization of This Book
Figure 1.1
• Sole Proprietorship 独资企业 • Partnership 合伙企业 • Corporation 公司
Economic types Based Classification
• • • • • • • State-owned Enterprises 国有企业 Collectively-owned Enterprises 集体所有制企业 Private Enterprises 私营企业 Corporate Enterprises (Joint-equity Enterprises) 股份制企业 Joint Venture 联营企业 Foreign-funded Enterprises 外商投资企业 Joint-equity cooperative Enterprises 股份合作企业
国际会计(双语)国际会计(双语)学习指南
Study guide for international accountingCHAPTER 1Introduction to international accountingLEARNING OBJECTIVES:1.To identify and understand the importance of the eight factors that has asignificant influence on accounting development.2.To understand the definition of IA of this textbook.3.To be familiar with the detailed contents of IACHAPTER OUTLINEDevelopment of IAEight factors▪Sources of Finance–In countries with strong equity markets, Disclosures are extensive to meet the requirements of widespread public ownership.–in credit-based systems where bans are the dominant source of finance, accounting focuses on creditor protection through conservative accounting measurements. Development of IA▪Legal System. The legal system determines how individuals and institutions interact. ▪Taxation . tax legislation effectively determines accounting standards because companies must record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes.▪Political and Economic Ties. Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and similar forces.Development of IA▪Inflation. Inflation distorts historical cost accounting and affects the tendency of a country to incorporate price changes into the accounts.▪Level of Economic Development. This factor affects the types of business transactions conducted in an economy and determines which ones are most prevalent. Development of IA▪Education Level. Highly sophisticated accounting standards and practices are useless if they are misunderstood and misused.▪Culture. Cultural variables underlie nations’ institutional arrangements (such as legal systems)Definition of IAInternational accounting can be viewed in terms of the accounting issues uniquely confronted by companies involved in international business. It also can be viewed more broadly as the study of how accounting is practiced in each and every country around the world, learning about and comparing the differences in financial reporting and other accounting practices that exist across countries.Definition of IAThis book is designed to be used in a course that attempts to provide an overview of the broadly defined area of international accounting, and that focuses on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and some international hot topics.Detailed Contents on IA▪International accounting is a well-established specialty area within accounting and has two major dimensions:▪Comparative: Examining how and why accounting principles differ from country to country▪Pragmatic: accounting for the operational problems and issues encountered by individuals and firms in international business.Detailed Contents on IA▪L. Radebaugh and S. Gray (1993, p. 9) also write that the study of international accounting involves two major areas:▪descriptive/comparative accounting and the accounting dimensions of international transactions/multinational enterprises.▪principally covers the problems encountered by multinational corporations: Financial reporting problems, translation of foreign currency financial statements, information systems, budgets and performance evaluation, audits, and taxes.Objectives of Research on IA▪Global Harmonization. As business entities increasingly operate in multiple counties, they encounter the cost of dealing with diversity in financial reporting requirements. ▪Financial Reporting in Emerging Economics. As ever increasing amounts of capital are invested in countries with emerging economics, the quality of financial reporting in these countries is coming under the microscope.Objectives of Research on IA▪Social and Environmental Reporting. One of the consequences of the globalization of business enterprises is that companies now have stakeholders not just in their home country but in all the countries where they operate.CHAPTER 2International accounting harmonizationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:1. Recognize the arguments for and against harmonization.2. Identify the pressures for and the obstacles to harmonization.3. Become familiar with the main organizations involved in harmonization.CHAPTER OUTLINEHistory and Recent Developments▪Prior to 1960, there was little effort devoted to the international harmonization of accounting standards. Efforts have been made by a number of organizations to reduce the differences between accounting systems since then.Main International Bodies InvolvedPrinciples-Based vs. Rules-Based Approaches▪Principles-based standards represent the best approach for guiding financial reporting and standard setting, of any given transaction.▪Rules-based standards provide companies the opportunity to structure transactions to meet the requirements for particular accounting treatments.Obstacles to Harmonization▪Differences in the regulatory framework .▪The "true and fair view" .▪The various interpretation of fundamental principle .▪A binding tax accounting linkLikely future trends▪The convergence of IAS and national accounting standards is, and always has been one of the IASB's key objectives. Three basic future roles exist for the IASB:✓Producing standards for those countries that have no standards of their own✓Assisting in the reduction of diverse national practices✓Acting as an umbrella organizing for national standard settersImplication▪The demand of international capital markets helps to drive harmonization. IASB has become more cognizant of the need to work with national standard setters and bring them into membership of IASB, which may be possible to eliminate the differences between national and international standards. The current agreement could then be viewed as the first step in a much longer process.IASB ( International Accounting Standards Board)▪IASB's responsibilities:✓Develop and issue International Financial Reporting Standards and Exposure Drafts, and✓Approve Interpretations developed by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC).CHAPTER 3ACCOUNTING FOR FOREIGN CURRENCYLEARNING OBJECTIVES:▪ 1. Provide an overview of foreign exchange markets and define related terminology.▪ 2. Describe the different types of foreign exchange exposure and exchange difference.▪ 3. Understand some of the more common foreign currency transactions. CHAPTER OUTLINEAccounting for Foreign Currency Transactions▪a transaction that requires payment or receipt (settlement) in a foreign currency is called a foreign currency transaction.▪Exchange difference is the difference resulting from reporting the same number of units of a foreign currency in the reporting currency at different exchange rates. Accounting for Foreign Currency Transactions▪Importing or Exporting of Goods or Services✓At the date the transaction is first recognized.✓At each balance sheet date that occurs between the transaction date and the settlement date.✓At the settlement date.Accounting for Foreign Currency Transactions▪Recognition of Exchange Differences✓the single- transaction approach✓the two- transaction approachHedging Foreign Exchange Rate Risk▪A derivative instrument may be defined as a financial instrument that by its terms at inception or upon occurrence of a specified event, provides the holder (or writer) with the right (or obligation) to participate in some or all of the price changes of another underlying value of measure, but does not require the holder to own or deliver the underlying value of measure.Hedging Foreign Exchange Rate Risk▪two broad categories✓Forward-based derivatives, such as forwards, futures, and swaps, in which either party can potentially have a favorable or unfavorable outcome, but not both simultaneously (e.g., both will not simultaneously have favorable outcomes).✓Option-based derivatives, such as interest rate caps, option contracts, and interest rate floors, in which only one party can potentially have a favorable outcome and it agrees to a premium at inception for this potentiality; the other party is paid the premium, and can potentially have only an unfavorable outcome.Hedging Foreign Exchange Rate Risk▪Forward Exchange Contracts▪Options▪Fair Value Hedge – Using a Forward Contract▪Hedging an Identifiable Foreign Currency Commitment Using a Forward Contract (A Fair Value Hedge)▪Hedging a Forecasted Transaction Using an Option (Cash Flow Hedge) Translation Of Foreign Financial Statements▪Derivation of the Issue of Foreign Currency Translation✓Translation exposure, sometimes also called accounting exposure, refers to gains or losses caused by the translation of foreign currency assets and liabilities into the currency of the parent company for accounting purposes.✓The choice of any method for the translation of the financial statements of a foreign business operation involves two basic questions:(i) how shall foreign currency financial statements be translated——in particular what exchange rates are to be used for different assets/liabilities/equity accounts?(ii) how and when shall foreign exchange gains or losses be recognized?CHAPTER 4Business combinationsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:•(1)Understand the economic motivations underlying business combinations.•(2)Learn about the alternative forms of business combinations, from both the legal and accounting perspectives.•(3)Introduce concepts of accounting for business combinations；•(4)emphasizing the purchase method.•(5)See how firms make cost allocatCHAPTER OUTLINE4.1 The Accounting Concept of Business Combinations4.2 The Legal Form of Business Combinations4.3 Reasons for Business Combinations4.4 Accounting for Business Combinations Under the Purchase Method4.5 The measurement of Goodwill and ControversyCHAPTER 5Consolidated financial statementsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:•(1)Recognize the benefits and limitations of consolidated financial statements.•(2)Understand the requirements for inclusion of a subsidiary in consolidated financial statements.•(3)Apply the consolidation concepts to parent company recording of the investment in a subsidiary at the date of acquisition.•(4)Allocate the excess of the fair value over the book value of the subsidiary at the date of acquisition.CHAPTER OUTLINE5.1 Demand from IAS 275.2 The adjustment of Intercompany Transactions5.3 Parent Company Recording and Consolidated Statement of financialposition at Acquisition Date5.4 Subsequent Statement of financial positionCHAPTER 6Accounting for changing priceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:▪ 1. Explain basic concepts relating to inflation accounting. Understand the distinction between changes in the general level of prices in an economy, which affect the purchasing power of the measuring unit, and changes in the prices of specific assets and liabilities, which affect balance sheet valuations and income measurement.▪ 2. Explain the underlying thoughts and methods of dealing with inflation.▪ 3. Restate conventional financial statements based on historical costs to a common measuring unit.CHAPTER OUTLINEDefects of historical cost accounting▪The results of comparison of performance and position statements over time will be unreliable, because amounts are not valued in terms of common units.▪Borrowings are shown in monetary terms, but in a time of rising prices a gain is actually made (or a loss in times of falling prices) at the expense of the lender as, in real terms, the value of the loan has decreased or increased.▪Conversely, gains arising from holding assets are not recognized.▪Depreciation writes off the historical cost over time, but, where asset values are low (because based on outdated historical costs), depreciation will be correspondingly lower, so that a realistic charge for asset consumption is not matched against revenue in the performance statements.Overview of Accounting for changing prices▪Changing prices affect financial reports in two principal ways:✓Measuring unit problem✓Valuation problemAccounting Measurement Alternatives▪Acquisition Cost/Nominal Dollar Accounting▪Acquisition Cost/Constant Dollar Accounting▪Current Cost/Nominal Dollar Accounting▪Current Cost/Constant Dollar AccountingRestatement of Monetary and Non-monetary Items▪A monetary item is a claim receivable or payment in a specified number of dollars, regardless of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar.▪A non-monetary item is any asset, liability, or shareholders’ equity account that has no claim to or for a specified number of dollars.Evaluation of Acquisition Cost/Constant Dollar Accounting▪When compared with current-cost accounting (discussed next), constant-dollar accounting carries a higher level of objectivity. Independent accountants can examine canceled checks, invoices, and other documents to verify acquisition-cost valuations and transaction dates. The restatements to constant dollars use general price indexes published by governmental bodies.Evaluation of Current Cost/Nominal Dollar Accounting▪Current-cost accounting measures performance and financial position in terms of the current market prices. Managers likely make decisions in terms of current costs, not out-of-date acquisition costs. Thus, for assessing management’s actions, current-cost financial statements provide information on the same basis that management used to make decisions.▪Critics note two shortcomings of current cost/nominal dollar accounting:✓auditors cannot as easily verify current-replacement-cost valuations as they can acquisition-cost valuations.✓the use of nominal dollars means that the measuring unit underlying current-replacement-cost valuations varies across time.CHAPTER 7Accounting for financial instrumentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:1. Examine budgeting and performance evaluation issues for international firms.2. Discuss global risk management tools and strategies including multinational capitalbudgeting and foreign exchange risk management.3. Identify the main constituents of cross-border transfer pricing policies, define thetransfer pricing methods, and consider the issues in devising a transfer pricing strategy.4. Recognize the critical role of information technology systems in the effectiverecording, processing and dissemination of financial and managerial accounting information.CHAPTER OUTLINE1 Challenge for the accounting profession2 Accounting and Reporting for Financial Instruments: International Developments ▪In the process of completing the most recent series of amendments, the IASB conducted an extensive due process, which began in 2001 and included the following: ▪(1) Conducting numerous board deliberations prior to the June 2002 exposure drafts;2.1 Overview of IAS 32▪The following are the major U.S. standards that address financial instruments accounting and reporting:▪(1) SFAS 107, Disclosures About Fair Value of Financial Instruments.▪(2) SFAS 133, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities.▪(3) SFAS 140, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities.▪(4) SFAS 150, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Both Debt and Equity.2.2 Overview of IAS 392.3 Recognition and Derecognition of Financial Assets and Liabilities2.4 Hedge Accounting Guidance2.5 Impairment of Financial Instruments2.6 Convergence with U.S. GAAP3 Financial instruments3.1 Illustration of Traditional Financial Instrument3.2 Illustration of Derivative Financial Instrument4 DERIV ATIVES USED FOR HEDGING▪SFAS No. 133 established accounting and reporting standards for derivative financial instruments used in hedging activities. Special accounting is allowed for two types of hedges—fair value and cash flow hedges.4.1 Fair Value Hedge4.2 Illustration of Interest Rate Swap4.3 Cash Flow Hedge5 OTHER REPORTING ISSUES▪Additional issues of importance are as follows:▪(1) The accounting for embedded derivatives.▪(2) Qualifying hedge criteria.▪(3) Disclosures about financial instruments and derivatives.Chapter 8 financial reporting in different countriesLearning objectives:•Identify the major policy-setting bodies and their role in the standard-setting process.•Appreciate US GAAP .•Understand convergence of US GAAP to IFRSs.Chapter outline:Parties Involved in Standard SettingSecurities and Exchange CommissionAmerican Institute of CPAsFinancial Accounting Standards BoardFinancial Accounting Standards BoardDue ProcessTypes of PronouncementsGovernmental Accounting Standards Board Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesIssues in Financial ReportingIssues in Financial ReportingConceptual FrameworkDevelopment of Conceptual FrameworkChapter 9 corporate governanceLearning objectives:1.describe the definition of corporate governance2.describe some corporate governance theory3.describe the principle of corporate governance chapter outline:2 What is corporate governance?3 Corporate governance theoryPrincipal-agent theoryClassical Stewardship Theory3.3 Modern Stewardship Theory3.4 Stakeholder TheoryPrinciples of corporate governanceCorporate governance modelsMechanisms and controls of corporate governance Features of poor corporate governance。
英语税法考试题及答案
英语税法考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not considered a taxable event under tax law?A. Sale of goodsB. Purchase of servicesC. InheritanceD. GiftAnswer: D2. What is the general rule for determining the tax jurisdiction for a multinational corporation?A. The country where the corporation is incorporatedB. The country where the corporation's headquarters are locatedC. The country where the corporation's profits are generatedD. The country where the corporation has a permanent establishmentAnswer: D3. What is the term used to describe the process of taxing the same income more than once?A. Tax evasionB. Tax avoidanceC. Double taxationD. Tax deferralAnswer: C4. Which of the following is not a method of tax evasion?A. Offshore bankingB. False invoicingC. Tax planningD. Money launderingAnswer: C5. What is the term for the legal minimum amount of tax that a taxpayer must pay?A. Tax bracketB. Tax thresholdC. Tax exemptionD. Tax deductionAnswer: B6. What is the term used to describe a tax system where the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases?A. Progressive taxB. Regressive taxC. Proportional taxD. Flat taxAnswer: A7. Which of the following is not a type of indirect tax?A. Value Added Tax (VAT)B. Corporate taxC. Sales taxD. Excise dutyAnswer: B8. What is the term for the process of adjusting the tax base to account for inflation?A. IndexationB. DepreciationC. CapitalizationD. AmortizationAnswer: A9. What is the term used to describe a tax system where the tax rate remains the same regardless of the taxable amount?A. Progressive taxB. Regressive taxC. Proportional taxD. Flat taxAnswer: C10. What is the term for the legal maximum amount of tax that a taxpayer can pay?A. Tax ceilingB. Tax floorC. Tax capD. Tax limitAnswer: C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ is the process of determining the tax base and the tax rate applicable to a taxpayer.Answer: Tax assessment2. A ________ is a legal document issued by a tax authority that outlines the amount of tax owed by a taxpayer.Answer: Tax notice3. The ________ is the total amount of tax collected by a government in a given period.Answer: Tax revenue4. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the sale or transfer of property.Answer: Property tax5. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the income of individuals and businesses.Answer: Income tax6. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the consumption of goods and services.Answer: Consumption tax7. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the production, sale, or use of specific goods or services.Answer: Excise tax8. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the transfer of wealth, such as through inheritance or gifts.Answer: Wealth tax9. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the value of goods that crossa country's border.Answer: Customs duty10. A ________ is a tax that is levied on the financial transactions between banks.Answer: Stamp duty三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between direct and indirect taxes.Answer:Direct taxes are taxes that are levied directly on the income or wealth of individuals and businesses, such as income tax and property tax. Indirect taxes, on the other hand, are taxes that are levied on the consumption of goods and services, such as VAT and sales tax. The main difference is that direct taxes are paid directly by the taxpayer, while indirect taxes are collected by businesses on behalf of the government and passed on to the consumer.2. Describe the concept of tax evasion and provide an example.Answer:Tax evasion is the illegal act of deliberately not paying the full amount of tax that is owed to a government. It involves the use of dishonest methods to avoid paying taxes, such as hiding income or assets, falsifying records, or using offshore accounts. An example of tax evasion could be a business owner who underreports their sales to reduce the amount of sales tax they owe.3. What is the purpose of tax planning, and how does it differ from tax evasion?Answer:Tax planning is the legal process of arranging one's financial affairs to minimize the amount of tax owed while remaining within the boundaries of the law. It involves strategies such as taking advantage of tax deductions, credits, and exemptions. Tax planning differs from tax evasion in that it is a legal activity, whereas tax evasion is illegal and involves dishonest methods to avoid paying taxes.4. Discuss the role of tax treaties in international tax law.Answer:Tax treaties are agreements between countries that aim to prevent double taxation and tax evasion by coordinating their tax laws and providing a framework for the exchange of tax information. They play a crucial role in international tax law by ensuring that businesses and individuals are not taxed twice on the same income and by facilitating cooperation between tax authorities to combat tax evasion and avoidance.四、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）A multinational corporation has its headquarters in Country A and operates in several countries, including CountryB and Country C. The corporation has a significant amount of income generated in Country B, where it has a permanent establishment. The corporation also has income from Country C, but it does not have a permanent establishment there. The tax rate in Country A is 30%, in Country B is 25%, and in CountryC is 20%. The corporation is concerned about potential double taxation and is seeking advice on how to minimize its tax liability.Answer:In this scenario, the multinational corporation should consider the following steps to minimize its tax liability and address the concern of double taxation:1. Utilize tax treaties: The corporation should review any tax treaties that exist between Country A, Country B, and Country C. These treaties often include provisions to prevent double taxation, such as credit or exemption methods.2. Apply for tax credits: If the corporation pays taxes in Country B and Country C, it may be eligible for tax credits in Country A to offset the taxes paid in the other countries. This can help reduce the overall tax liability.3. Optimize the structure: The corporation should consider the structure of its operations in Country B and Country C to maximize the benefits of tax treaties and minimize taxes. This may involve reorganizing its operations or transferring profits to countries with lower tax rates.4. Engage in tax planning: The corporation should engage in tax planning to take advantage of deductions, credits, and exemptionsavailable in each country. This can help reduce the taxable income and, consequently, the tax liability.5. Consult with tax professionals: Given the complexity of international tax laws and the potential consequences of non-compliance, the corporation should consult with tax professionals who are familiar with the tax laws of all relevant countries. This can help ensure compliance and minimize the risk of double taxation or other tax-related issues.By following these steps, the multinational corporation can navigate the complex landscape of international tax laws and minimize its tax liability while remaining compliant with the laws of all countries in which it operates.。