微观经济各种曲线图

IC
0
Good X
Reference
參考書目
• Lam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Microeconomics Third Edition, Macmillan • Lam Pun Lee, Advanced Level Macroeconomics Third Edition, Macmillan
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
Marginal cost
邊際成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
First-degree price discrimination
邊際生產曲線
TP
TP max. Slope=MP=AP
TP
0 AP,MP
MP max. AP max.
Variable factor
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Total product curve
總生產曲線
TP
TP max. Slope=MP=AP
TP
0 AP,MP
MP max. AP max.
Variable factor
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Average product curve
平均生產曲線
TP
TP max. Slope=MP=AP
TP
0 AP,MP
MP max. AP max.
Variable factor
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Marginal product curve
Q
Monopoly
壟斷
P MC
P
AC
D=AR
MR
0
Q
Q
Law of diminishing marginal returns
邊際報酬遞減定律
TP
TP max. Slope=MP=AP
TP
Law of diminishing marginal returns
0 AP,MP
MP max. AP max.
0
Q
Economic rent
經濟租
Price S
P1
Economic rent
D
0
Q1
Units of a factor
Transfer earning
轉移收入
Price S
P1
Transfer earning
D
0
Q1
Units of a factor
All-or-nothing Pricing
總成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
Average fixed cost
平均固定成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
收縮性財政政策
E
Y-line
E’
E
45°
0
Yf
Ye
Y
Deflationary gap
緊縮缺口
E
Y-line
G
DG
E
R
45°
0
Ye
Yf
Y
Inflationary Gap
膨脹缺口
E
Y-line
E
F
IG
G
45°
0
Yf
Ye
Y
Liquidity trap
流動之迷
E LM1 LM2
IS
0
Yf
Y
Crowding-out effect
MFC=0
Output
0
Total variable cost
總可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
Total cost
菲利蒲士曲線
Unemployment (%)
Quota
配額
P S
Pt Pe World market price
D
0
Q1
Q
Q2
Good X
Tariff
關稅
P S
Pt Pe
a
b c
d e f
T
World market price
D
0
Q1
Q3
Q4
Q2
Good X
Average propensity to consume
貨幣市場的均衡
r
Ms
Md
0
M
Paradox of thrift
節儉之迷
E S’ S
E S’ S I
0
I
0
Ye’
Ye
Yf
Y
Ye’
Ye
Yf Y
Expansionary fiscal policy
擴張性財政政策
E
Y-line
E’
E
45°
0
Ye
Yf
Y
Contractionary fiscal policy
P S
Black market price Market Price
Price ceiling
D Q
0
Excess demand
Price floor
價格上限
Wage rate
Surplus
W1
S
Minimum wage
We
W0
D
0 Q1 Q2 Labour
Elastic demand
高彈性需求
P
A B
D Q
0
Law of supply
供給定律
P S
B
A
Q
0
Equilibrium Price
均衡價格
P S
Pe
D
0
Q
Surplus
盈餘
P S Excess supply
Pe
D
0 Qe
Q
Shortage
短缺
P S
Pe
Excess demand D
0 Qe
Q
Price ceiling
價格下限
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
Average cost
平均成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Unitary elastic demand curve
單一彈性需求曲線
P
Gain=Loss
Loss in revenue
Gain in Gain in revenue revenue
D
0
Q
Budget constraint
預算限制
Good Y
5 4 3 2 1
P
Q
R
S
0 1 2 3
Good X
0
Q*
Q
Profit maximization
利潤最大化
P MC
P
MR=MC (profit maximization)
D=AR
MR
0
Q
Deadweight loss
無謂損失
P S=MC
Pm
Pc
D=AR
MR
0 Qm Qc
Q
Monopoly rent
壟斷租
P MC AC’ AC
P
D=AR
MR
0
Q
Total revenue
總收入 TR
TR
TR Q
0
AR,MR
AR Q
0
MRLeabharlann Baidu
Average revenue
平均收入
TR
TR Q
0
AR,MR
AR Q
0
MR
Marginal revenue
邊際收入
TR
TR Q
0
AR,MR
AR Q
0
MR
Perfect competition
完全競爭
P
MC
AC d=MR=AR=P AVC
W3 W2 W1
0
0
Work 24 (hours) Leisure C B A Quantity supplied of labor
J-curve
J曲線
Trade balance
J-curve
+
0
Time (+)
-
Marginal utility
邊際效用
Good Y
Slope= Marginal Utility
一級價格分歧
P MC
D=MUV=MR Q
0
Third-degree price discrimination
三級價格分歧
Market A Market B Both Markets
P
P
P
MC
PA P1 PB
MRA QA
DA
MRB
DB
MRA+B
DA+B
Q
0
QB
Q
Q
Q
Law of demand
需求定律
Variable factor
AP
0
MP
Variable factor
Total fixed cost
總固定成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
排擠效果
r LM
r2
r1
IS2
IS1
0
Y1
Y2
Yf
Y
crowding-out effect
LM Curve
LM 曲線
r LM
r2
r1
0
Y1
Y2
Y
IS Curve
IS 曲線
r
r2
r1
IS
0
Y1
Y2
Y
Rate of change of money wage rates (% p.a.)
0
Phillips curve
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
0
AC, AFC, AVC, MC, MFC, MVC MC=MVC AC
Output
AVC AFC
MFC=0
Output
0
Average variable cost
平均可變成本
TC,TFC,TVC TC
Slope=MC=AC
TVC Slope=MC=AVC TFC
Consumer’s burden
S1
Seller’s burden
D
0
Q
Subsidy
補貼
P
S1
Subsidy
Seller’s benefit Consumer’s benefit
S2
D
0
Q
Consumer surplus
消費者盈餘
P
Consumer’ s surplus
Price
Total exchange value
全量或零售定價
P
AUV1=P1
All-or-nothing demand
P2
MUV
0
Q1
Q2
Q
Contractionary monetary policy
收縮性貨幣政策
r
Ms’
Ms
Md
0
M
Expansionary monetary policy
擴張性貨幣政策
r
Ms’
Ms
Md
0
M
Equilibrium in money market
P
D
Elastic Demand
M
a 0
b
D’
Q
Inelastic demand
低彈性需求
P
D
M
Inelastic Demand
a 0
b
D’
Q
Perfectly elastic demand
完全彈性需求曲線
P
D
0
Q
Perfectly inelastic demand
完全無彈性需求曲線
P D
0
Q
E C
C
a
Y
Slopes=APC
0
Y
Marginal propensity to consume
E C
Slopes=MPC
a
0
Y
Backward bending labor supply
向後彎曲勞力供應曲線
Income
Slope=W3 Slope=W2 C B A Slope=W1
Wage rate
D = MUV
0
Q
Economies of scale
規模經濟
$
LRAC
economies of scale
0
Qm
Output
Diseconomies of scale
規模不經濟
$
LRAC
diseconomies of scale
0
Qm
Output
Producer surplus
生產者的盈餘
P S
Indifference curve
無異曲線
Good Y
5 4 3 2 1
A
B
C
D IC (utility=10) Good X
1 2 3 4 5
0
Utility maximization
效用最大化
Good Y B C
E IC3
IC2
D
0
IC1
L
Good X
Sales tax
銷售稅
P
S2
Tax