美国文学史

一、

二、殖民地时期(1607-1765)

讲经布道等有关神学的材料或日记

三、启蒙时期与独立战争时期(1765-18世纪末)

1. 富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin:人文主义者,相信人性善良

《格言历书》 Poor Richard’ s Almanac

《自传》 The Autobiography 建立了传记文学的传统

2. 潘恩 Thomas Paine: 《常识》 Common Sense

3. 杰斐逊 Thomas Jefferson: 《独立宣言》 Declaration of Independence

4. 汉密尔顿 Alexander Hamilton 杰伊 John Jay 麦迪逊 James Madison:

《论联邦》 The Federalist Papers

5. 词典学家韦伯斯特 Noah Webster 美国在政治上独立了,在文学方面也必须独立;美国以军事著称,也必须以艺术著称世界。

四、浪漫主义时期(1800-1865)

特点:Subjective, heart feeling, man & nature, individualism, inner life,

Indian (past)

Distinct features of American Romanticism: 1. to moralize and edify rather

entertain 2. New American experience, including the exotic landscape, the

frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a new garden of Eden in

America

强调文学的想象力和感情色彩,歌颂大自然,崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情。赞美美国山水,讴歌美国的生活,反映了美国人民的乐观和热情

1. 欧文 Washington Irving:

《见闻札记》 The Sketch Book 开创了美国短篇小说的传统

《睡谷的传说》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 Rip Van Winkle 反英雄小人物

2. 库珀 James Fennimore Cooper:

《皮袜子故事集五部曲》 The Leather-stocking Tales

3. 布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant: 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人

《致水鸟》 To a Waterfowl, 《黄色的堇香花》 The Yellow Violet 从杰克逊上台到南北战争,第一次大繁荣

19世纪的浪漫主义主要表现为超验主义 Transcendentalism

1. 爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson:《论自然》 Nature,《论自立》 Self-Reliance

2. 梭罗 Henry David Thoreau:《沃尔登》 Walden, 《论公民的不服从》 On the

Duty of Civil Disobedience

诗歌方面:

1. 朗费罗 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

2. 惠特曼 Walt Whitman:《草叶集》 Leaves of Grass

3. 狄金森 Emily Dickinson 女

小说家:

1. 霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne: 《福谷传奇》 The Blithedale Romance, 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 The House of the Seven Gables, 《红字》 The Scarlet

Letter

2. 梅尔维尔 Herman Melville: 《白鲸》 Moby Dick

3. 埃德加·艾·伦坡 Edgar Allan Poe: 诗歌《乌鸦》 The Raven 古怪、奇特、病态

深受哥特式小说影响,比较著名的有:《莉盖亚》 Ligeia, 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》 The

Fall of the House of Usher

五、现实主义时期(1865-1918)

特点:Contemporary, common people, open ending, objective, collective morality

铁路的建设,资源的开发,移民带来的廉价劳动力等都促进了工业的发展。着眼于现实生活,努力表现这个充满活力与矛盾、自由竞争和崇尚物质享受的新时代。同时也开始批判现实社会。

现实主义文学时期三位最重要的作家

1. 豪威尔斯 William Dean Howells: 提供理论原则和指导方针 《批评与小说》

Criticism and Fiction, 强调作家应该表现“现实的微笑主义”,解决社会问题的办法往往是乌托邦式的改良主义

2. 马克·吐温 Mark Twain:幽默作家,海明威曾说过:“全部现代美国文学起源于马克·吐温写的一本叫《哈里贝克·费恩历险记》 The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer的书。” 3. 詹姆斯 Henry James: 事态小说 novel of manner,代表作有《一位女士的肖像》

The Portrait of a Lady、 《鸽翼》 The Wings of the Dove、 《专使》 The

Ambassadors、 《金碗》 The Golden Bowl

其主题包括三方面:纯真而粗俗的美国人和虚伪但有教养的欧洲人之间的矛盾与对比;现实生活同艺术的矛盾及艺术家的孤独;物质与精神的矛盾和人生的道德抉择。

19世纪末,美国垄断主义逐步形成,国内矛盾日益尖锐。受法国自然主义影响,用悲观主义宿命论的观点看待事物,比现实主义作家更激进,关心底层人民。

自然主义:Cold, godless, indifferent, hostile, slum, poverty, crime

Determinism: 1. laws of universe, environment 2. heredity family, animal

instruct

1.克莱恩 Stephen Crane: 《街头女郎麦姬》 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, 《红色英勇勋章》 The Red Badge of Courage

2. 德莱赛 Theodore Dreiser: 现实主义和自然主义文学运动中成就最大,《嘉莉妹妹》 Sister Carrie, 《珍妮姑娘》 Jennie Gerhardt,《美国的悲剧》 An American

Tragedy 被评论界称颂为“美国最伟大的小说”

六、现代主义时期(1918-1945)

及时行乐,文学基调是低沉悲观的,探索人物的内心世界,发扬革新精神。这个阶段是美国文学的第二次文艺复兴,第二次大繁荣时期。寻求反映社会分崩离析和道德沦丧的手法技巧,不完整的片段和不连贯性成为作品形式上的主要特点。故事发展进程没有一定的逻辑或说明,叙述角度、声音、语气也不断变换。

Severance from the past, use the past, fragmentation, broke with the

traditional

1. 庞德 Ezra Pound: 意象派 imagism 长篇史诗《诗章》 The Cantos

2. 艾略特 T. S. Eliot: 意象派 imagism, 新诗运动的主要人物 《荒原》 The

Waste Land

3. 弗罗斯特 Robert Frost:《夜之子》 The Children of the Night

4. 奥尼尔 Eugene O’Neil: 《毛猿》 The Hairy Ape, 《大神布朗》 The Great

God Brown, 《奇异的插曲》 Strange Interlude, 《榆树下的欲望》 Desire

Under the Elm 5. 菲茨杰拉德 F. Scott Fitzgerald:《人间天堂》 This Side of Paradise, 文献记录式手法,《了不起的盖茨比》 The Great Gatsby,更富抒情的诗意, 《夜色温柔》 Tender is the Night

6. 海明威 Ernest Hemingway: 迷惘的一代主要作家,Ice-berg theory

《太阳照常升起》 The Sun Also Rises, 《永别了,武器》 A Farewell to Arms,

《丧葬为谁而鸣》 For whom the Bell Tolls (西班牙内战),《一个干净明亮的地方》

7. 斯坦贝克 John Steinbeck:《愤怒的葡萄》 The Grapes of Wrath

8. 福克纳 William Faulkner: 南方,虚构,不仅仅是一个南方作家,而是在美国文学史、甚至世界文坛上举足轻重的一位大师

《喧哗与骚动》 The Sound and the Fury

《斯诺普斯》三部曲:《村子》 The Hamlet, 《小镇》 The Town, 《大宅》 The

Mansion

《八月之光》 Light in August, 《押沙龙,押沙龙》 Absalom, Absalom, 《去吧,摩西》 Go Down, Moses

9. 休斯 Langston Hughes: 《萎靡的布鲁斯》 The Weary Blues

10. 赖特 Richard Wright: 《土生子》 Native Son

七、当代文学(1945-)

麦卡锡主义,“美国梦”成了梦魇,人的异化为主题

特点:1. 垮掉的一代 the Beat Generation 2. 黑色幽默 3. 寻找自我,自我本质

Identity 4. 非虚构小说,新新闻体小说 Neo-press fiction

1. 海勒 Joseph Heller:《第二十二条军规》 Catch-22

2. 艾利逊 Ralph Ellison: 《看不见的人》 Invisible Man

3. 梅勒 Norman Mailer: 《黑夜的军队》 The Armies of the Night 描写1957年为抗议越南战争而举行的向五角大楼进军

4. 波特 Katherine Anne Porter: 女, 《愚人船》 A Ship of Fools

5. 鲍德温 James Baldwin: 《向苍天呼吁》 Go Tell on the Mountain, 《没有人知道我的名字》 Nobody Knows My Name, 《下一次将是烈火》 The Fire Next

Time

6. 汉斯贝里 Lorraine Hansberry: 女,《阳光下的葡萄干》 Raisin in the Sun

合集下载

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结

美国文学史总结

从第二次世界大战后到新世纪,美国文学还有一个值得一提的发展现象——通俗文学(Popular Literature)日益受到重视,过去以低级杂志(pulps)为阵地的通俗小说有了平装本和精装本,进了图书馆和大学。

战后兴起的后现代主义思潮为研究通俗文学起了推波助澜的作用,学术界和思想界对于通俗文学观念的变化,刺激了通俗文学的进一步发展。不但许多传统的通俗小说保持强劲的发展势头,而且诞生了许多新型通俗小说。

这些传统型和创新型的小说,很多都进入了《纽约时报》的“畅销书排行榜”(New York Times Best Sellers)。每一本畅销小说诞生后,都会被改编成电影、电视剧;原创电影、电视剧在走红后也很快派生出同名畅销小说。畅销小说和火爆的影视剧交相辉映,构成战后美国通俗文学的繁荣景象。

50年代,历史西部小说(Historical Western)占据了通俗文学的主导地位,随后现代犯罪小说(Modern Crime Fiction)迅速崛起,在60年代末和70年代初压倒了其他一切通俗小说。

70、80年代是美国通俗小说大发展时期,诞生了诸如甜蜜野蛮小说(Sweet-Savage Romance)、高科技惊险小说(High-Technical

Thriller)之类的新型通俗小说。此外,传统的女性言情小说(Women's

Fiction)、科幻小说(Science Fiction)和恐怖小说(Horror Fiction)也出现有力回潮。

90年代,社会暴露小说(Social Expose Fiction)逐渐成为美国通俗文学领域的主导力量,如此格局一直维持到世纪末。

像马里奥·普佐(Mario Puzo)的《教父》(The Godfather)、斯蒂芬·金(Stephen King)的系列恐怖小说、迈克尔·克莱顿(Michael

Crichton)的《侏罗纪公园》(Jurassic Park)和《失落的世界》(The Lost World)、玛格丽特·杜鲁门(Margaret Truman)的“谋杀案”系列政治暴露小说等,都是我国读者较为熟悉的美国通俗文学作品。

美国文学史名词解释

美国文学史名词解释

1.American Puritanism:The first setters who became the founding fathers of the American nation.they were a group of serious,religious people,advocating highly religious and moral principle.they carried with them to American a code of values,a philosophy of life,and a point of a view,in time,took root in the new world. Puritanism:a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the Church of England of remnants ([ˈremnənt)遗迹of the Roman Catholic “popery” that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted in the 17th century for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that informed their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. 2.Transcendentalism:it was a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th century.it began as a rebellion against traditionally beliefs held by the english church that the god superseded the individual.it stressed intuitive understanding of god without help of church,and advocated independence of the mind.transcendentalists departed from orthodox Calvinism in that the importance and efficacy of human striving,as opposed to the bleaker puritan picture of complete and inescapable depravity堕落. 3.American Romanticism:an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the

美国文学史名词解释 2

美国文学史名词解释 2

American realism: a)As a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as a reaction

against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the

commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. b)The American realists advocated “verisimilitude of detail derived

from observation,” the effort to approach the norm of experience —a reliance on the representative in plot, setting,

and character, and to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.

American Naturalism: Naturalism was an outgrowth of Realism that responded to theories in science, psychology,

human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. It had been shaped by the war, by the social

upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teachings of Darwinism.

美国文学史及选读

美国文学史及选读

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)

美国文学史及选读1

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学

1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and

other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史

3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses

(荷兰人,瑞典人,德国人,法国人,西班牙人,意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志),他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.

5. 第一批美国永久居民:the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at

Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6. 船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版,被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in

美国文学史名词解释 3

美国文学史名词解释 3

1、Romanticism浪漫主义a movement of the 18th and 19th century that affected

the whole of Europe and America.

It is the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules and

over the sense of fact or the actual, a psychological desire to escape

from unpleasant realities.

Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which

developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

It emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society

as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

It looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for

inspiration

的特点:frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith

in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he

natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。

美国文学史

美国文学史

美国文学史

一.知识点

1.清教主义代表人物:Edwards Franklin

2.富兰克林的作品:《Poor Richard’s Almanac》《Autobiography》

3.富兰克林自传中的十三个美德:Temperance(节制)silence (少言) order(秩序)

frugality (节俭)Industry(勤勉) sincerity (真诚) resolution(决心)justice (公正)

moderation (中庸)cleanliness(整洁)chastity(镇定) tranquility(节欲)humility(谦逊)

This work is a puritan document. It is puritan because it is a record of self-examination and

self-improvement.

4.富兰克林作品中的谚语:lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned.

God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed,

early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

5.美国浪漫主义代表人物:Irving Cooper

6.Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.His

works are《The Sketch Book》《Rip Van Winkle》《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow》

美国文学史及选读 2

1 History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)

美国文学史及选读1、2

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学

1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands,

Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史

3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and

Portuguese (荷兰人,瑞典人,德国人,法国人,西班牙人,意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志),他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.

5. 第一批美国永久居民:the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at

Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6. 船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版,被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American

美国文学史总结 2

Part I The Literature of Colonial America(殖民地时期的文学)

Chapter 1

 John Smith 约翰.史密斯

1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since

the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》(1608)

2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图,附:一个乡村的描述》(1612)

3. The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》(1624)

Chapter 2

 William Bradford (威廉.布拉德福德)

 Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》(1826)

 John Winthrop (约翰.温思罗普)

 The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》(1856)

Chapter 3

 John Cotton (约翰.科登)

 Roger Williams (罗杰.威廉姆斯)

 A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》

Chapter 4

 Anne Bradstreet(安妮.布雷兹特里特)(女性作家)

 The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》

美国文学史及选读的名词解释(全)

美国文学 名词解释

1. American Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury

in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in

American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury who stimulated(刺激) the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love,

birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They

wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and

biography.

2. Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished

in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of

(完整word版)美国文学史名词解释

(完整word版)美国文学史名词解释

美国文学史名词解释

Romanticism

1. The American Romanticism covers the first half of the 19th century。

2. American Romanticism was both imitative and independent. Some of American romantic

writing was modeled on English and European works. While it was in essence the expression

of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason

that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien。

3。 The American national experience of “pioneering” into the west proved to be a

rich fund of material for American writers to draw upon。

4。 The “newness” of the Americans as a nation is another major element connected

with American Romanticism. Their ideals of individualism and political equality, and

their dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American.

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