经济人假设Hypothesis of Economic Man

经济人economic man，又称“理性—经济人、实利人、唯利人”。

经济人假设Hypothesis of Economic Man最早由英国经济学家亚当·斯密Adam Smith提出。

Smith认为人的行为动机根源于经济诱因，人都要争取最大的经济利益，工作就是为了取得经济报酬。

为此，需要用金钱与权力、组织机构的操纵和控制，使员工服从与为此效力。

经济人假设起源于享乐主义，再经19 世纪合理主义的影响而形成。

经济人假设Hypothesis of Economic Man认为，人的一切行为都是为了最大限度地满足自己的利益，工作是为了获得经济报酬。

In economics, homo economicus, or economic human, is the concept in many economic theories of humans as rational and narrowly self-interested actors who have the ability to make judgments toward their subjectively defined ends. Using these rational assessments, homo economicus attempts to maximize utility as a consumer and economic profit as a producer. This theory stands in contrast to the concept of homo reciprocans, which states that human beings are primarily motivated by the desire to be cooperative and to improve their environment.经济人假设：起源The term “Economic Man” was used for the first time in the late nineteenth century by critics of John Stuart Mill’s work on political economy.Below is a passage from Mill’s work that those 19th-century critics were referring to:“[Political economy] does not treat the whole of man’s nature as modified by the social state, nor of the whole conduct of man in society. It is concerned with him solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end”.Later in the same work, Mill goes on to write that he is proposing “an ar bitrary definition of man, as a being who inevitably does that by which he may obtain the greatest amount of necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries, with the smallest quantity of labour and physical self-denial with which they can be obtained.”Although the term did not come into use until the 19th century, it is often associated with the ideas of 18th century thinkers like Adam Smith and David Ricardo. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith wrote:"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest."This suggests the same sort of rational, self-interested, labor-averse individual that Mill proposes (although Smith did claim that individuals have sympathy for the well-being of others, in The Theory of Moral Sentiments). Aristotle's Politics discussed the nature of self-interest in Book II, Part V."Again, how immeasurably greater is the pleasure, when a man feels a thing to be his own; for surely the love of self is a feeling implanted by nature and not given in vain, although selfishness is rightly censured; this, however, is not the mere love of self, but the love of self in excess, like the miser's love of money; for all, or almost all, men love money and other such objects in a measure. And further, there is the greatest pleasure in doing a kindness or service to friends or guests or companions, which can only be rendered when a man has private property."A wave of economists in the late 19th century—Francis Edgeworth, William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, and Vilfredo Pareto—built mathematical models on these assumptions. In the 20th century, Lionel Robbins’ rational choice theory came to dominate mainstream economics and the term Economic Man took on a more specific meaning of a person who acted rationally on complete knowledge out of self-interest and the desire for wealth.链接：/wiki/Economic_man经济人假设：基本观点•多数人天生是懒惰的，他们尽可能逃避工作•数人都没有雄心大志，不愿负责任，而心甘情愿受别人指使•多数人的个人目标都是与组织的目标相矛盾的，必须用强制、惩罚的办法，才能迫使他们为达到组织目的而工作•多数人干工作都是为了满足基本的生理需要和安全需要，因此，只有金钱和地位才能鼓励他们努力工作•人大致可以分为两类，多数人都是符合于上述设想的人，另一类是能够自己鼓励自己，能克制感情冲动的人，这些人应负起管理的责任经济人假设理论的管理措施基于经济人的假设，必然会采取相应的管理措施。

这些措施可归纳为以下3点：(1)管理工作的重点是在提高生产率、完成生产任务方面，而对于人的感情和道义上应负的责任，则是无关紧要的。

简单地说，就是重视完成任务，而不考虑人的感情。

从这种观点来看，管理就是进行计划、组织、经营、指导、监督，这种管理方式叫作任务管理(2)管理工作只是少数人的事，与广大工人群众无关。

工人的主要任务是听从管理者的指挥(3)在奖励制度方面，主要用金钱来刺激工人生产的积极性，同时对消极怠工者采用严厉的惩罚措施。

通俗地说，就是采取“胡萝卜加大棒”的政策。

“泰勒制”就是“经济人”观点的典型代表。

泰勒所提倡的“时间一动作”分析还发现工人中有联合起来对付管理当局的倾向。

为此，他在伯利恒钢铁公司明文规定，除经特殊批准外，不得有4名以上的工人在一起工作，以减少工人对管理当局的反抗。

此外，泰勒提倡的“计件工资制”则完全依靠金钱来调动工人的生产积极性。

胡萝卜加大棒胡萝卜加大棒Carrot and Stick是一种以“奖励”（胡萝卜）与“惩罚”（“大棒政策Big Stick Policy”同时进行的一种策略，又被称为独裁者的怀柔政策。

一个流行的说法是，此语的原型出自美国总统老罗斯福在1901年参观明尼苏达州州博览会时的演说：“Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far手持大棒口如蜜，走遍天涯不着急”，这是一句非洲谚语。

链接：/view/1081875.htm经济人假设在管理方式上的特点从经济人假设出发，管理工作就要对人诱之以利、惩之以罚。

通俗的说法即采取“胡萝卜加大捧”的政策。

在管理方式上，可以概括为以下几点：(1)管理工作的重点是在提高生产率，完成生产任务方面。

而对于人的感情和道义上的责任，则不是管理者考虑的问题。

所以管理就是计划、组织、经营、指导、监督等(2)管理工作是少数人的事，工人的主要任务是听从管理者的指挥(3)严格制定定额，实行计件工资，以金钱收买员工的效力和服从；同时对消极怠工者采用严厉的惩罚措施经济人观念的管理方式，完全是一种“任务管理”。