97年01月托福听力文字

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托福TPO01听力答案详细解析

以下内容版权归粉叶猪所有，转载请注明TPO 01 –Listening PartSection 1Conversation（场景归类——图书馆）NarratorListen to part of a conversation between astudent and a librarian.StudentHi, um…, I really hope you canhelp me.LibrarianThat‟s why I‟m here. What can I do for you?Student（1）I‟m supposed to do a literature review formy psychology course, but um… havinga hard time finding articles. I don‟t even know where to start looking.LibrarianYou said this is for your psychologycourse, right? So your focus is on …StudentDream Interpretation.LibrarianWell, you have a focus, so that‟salready a good start. Hmmm… well, there‟re a few things… oh,wait… Have you checked to see if your professor put any materialfor you to look at on reserve?StudentAha, that‟s one thing I did know to do. I just copied an article, but I still need three more on my topicfrom three different journals.LibrarianLet‟s get you going onlooking for those then. We have printed versions oftwenty psychology journals in the Reference Section. These are the onespublished within the last year. Then I think about it…there‟s a journal named Sleep and Dream.StudentOh, yeah, the article I just copied is fromthat journal, so I‟vegot to look at other sources.Librarian（2）Ok, actually, most of our materials are available electronicallynow. You can accesspsychology databases or electronic journals and articles through the library‟s computers,and if you want to search by title with the word …dream‟ for example, just type it in and all the articles with “dream” in the title will come up onthe screen.StudentCool, that‟s great! Too bad I cannotdo this from home.Librarian（5）But you can. All of the library‟s databasesand electronic sources can be accessed through any computer connected to theuniversity network.StudentReall y?!I can‟t believe I didn’t know that. It still sounds like it‟s goingto take a while though, you know, going through allof that information, all of those sources.LibrarianMaybe, but you already narrow your searchdown to articles on Dream Interpretation, so it shouldn‟t betoo bad. （3）And you probably notice that there‟s an abstract or summary at the top ofthefirst page of the article you copied. When you go into the databases andelectronic sources, you have the option to display the abstracts on the computer screen, skimmingthose to decide whether or not you want to read thewhole article should cut down some time.StudentRight, abstracts! They‟lldefinitely make the project more durable. （4）I guess Ishould try out the electronic search while I‟m stillhere then, you kno w, just in case.LibrarianSure, er… that computer‟s free over there, and I‟ll be here tillfive this afternoon.StudentThanks, I feel a lot better about this assignment now.词汇：journal n. 日报；杂志version n. 版本database n. 数据库abstract n. 摘要skim v. 浏览assignment n. 任务；作业durable adj. 耐用的；持久的题目：1Why does the student go to see the librarian？解析：注意but后面的内容，他是要找一些资料为了做a literature review，同义替换为 a class paper答案：To ask about how to look forresources for a class paper2What does the librarian say about theavailability of journals and articles？解析：细节题，定位journals and articles，原文中说可以从the library‟scomputers获得，同义替换为in an electronic format答案：Most of them are accessible inan electronic format3 What does the librarian suggest the studentshould do to save time？解析：细节题，题目中save time同义替换原文中cut down some time，原文中skimming these （summaries and abstracts）同义替换为read the summaries答案：Read the summaries of the articlesfirst4What can be inferred about why the womandecides to use the computer in the library？解析：推断题，原文中她说just in case，可推断她可能需要管理员的帮助。

89年1月托福听力文字

89年1月托福听力文字89年1月托福听力文字PART A1. I lent him a book.2. Bob wanted to be a doctor, but he became a teacher instead.3. No one ever listens to a word I say.4. Gary's beginning to come around to my point of view.5. Get to the movie theater by seven and you won't have to wait in the ticket line.6. This biography isn't half as well - written as the last one I read.7. What a wonderful story!8. George helped himself to another piece of pie.9. On the bookshelf in the office is a dictionary for everyone's use10. I like'd a larger suitcase than this one.11. Bill and Mary were enraged when their meeting was cancelled.12. How about keeping the noise level down in here?13. They are getting along fine in their new school14. Typing the essay is the least of my worries.15. I didn't discourage Pamela from doing her art project.16. I suggest we keep the party for Beth as a surprise,17.Sarah wanted to take a makeup exam.18. Are there enough assignment sheets to go around?19. Wasn’t that the city bus that'd j ust pulled away!20. No one knows more about the subject than Polly.PART B21. Paula, will you be ready to leave at eight?No way.Q: What does Paula mean22. Go ahead and have a seat.Thanks, but I'd rather stand.Q: What will the man probably do?23. Did you call an electrician to repair the lamp?No. I got Mike to do itQ: What does the woman mean?24 .I am not sure what the best way is to hang this poster without damaging the wall.Couldn't you use tape? It peels off easily.Q: What does woman suggest?25. Chemistry 502 is really a hard course.So was Chemistry 402 .Q: What do we learn from the conversation?26. Mark is watching a movie on TV.Should he be doing that now with the exams coming up next week?Q: What does the man imply that Mark should be doing?27. Have you picked up your ID card from the office yet?No, the camera for taking photos was broken.Why hasn't the woman gotten her ID card?28. Shall I call you to let you know about the next meeting?By all means.Q: What does the man imply?29. Did you get cut off?No, they asked me to hang up and try again later.Q: What has the woman been doing?30. Would you like to take a break and get a soda?Would I ever!Q: What does the woman mean?31. I can't decide whether to take anthropology or geology this term.It’s six of one and half a dozen of the other.Q: What does the man mean?32. Did you really give away all your science texts when you moved?Only the out-of-date onesQ: What does the woman mean?33. I don’t imagine yo u would have time to help me with this.As it happens, I would.Q: What does the man mean?34. I'm going to the drugstore to buy a birthday card for Aunt Margaret If you wait a minute I'll go with you. I need some aspirine.Q: Why are the man and woman going to the drugstore?35. Dick seems to think this year's football season will be disappointing.That's his opinion. Most others think differently.Q: What does the woman mean?PART CQuestions 36 - 40Excuse me, Dr. Tyler, your secretary said I should come right in.Please do, Jenny How can I help you?I need to get your signature on my schedule card here, on the line above advisor’s approval. Sure, but let's look at it over together first. How many courses do you have here?Six.Six? That's quite a heavy load. Any particular reason?I have to drop my chemistry course last semester when I went into the hospital, so I need to take it again,So you've already learnt a lot of the material.Right. And calculus is a part of the second year requirement.Let's see, Chemistry ,Calculus. Oh I see you'll be in my seminar on themodern American novel.Yes, I'm looking forward to it and the romantic poetry seminar, too. Two seminars? That is rather a lot. Can you handle the work?I think so. The introductory economics is fairly easy and so is the music course.Well, then I'll be happy to sign the card. However, I insist that you come see me after the firstweek of classes so we can make sure this isn’t too much for you.That's a promise.36. Where does this conversation most probably take place?37.When does this conversation take place?38. Why has the woman come to see Dr. Tyler?39. Why did the woman drop her chemistry course?40. What does Dr. Tyler seem most concerned about?Questions 41-45We are rapidly nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music. We have covered several centuries in a very short time. Much too short to do the music justice, of course, but then this is a survey course. From now until the end of the term, we’II be talking about and listening to electronic music Youprobably already know it was in the 1930 s that musical computers and synthesizers first appeared in universityies. The first commercial synthesizers were sold about this time, too. The sophistication and complexity of these instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kind of sound. Some alarmists believe these new instruments will bring an end to classical music or they've already have You know I don't share this view, though I agree we are in the midst of a revolution in instrument design. This, however, is not the first such revolution in musical history and probably not the last one either. Remember we’ve already studied a similar case in the early nineteenth century when The piano replaced the harpsichord and modern brass and wind instruments came into being.One of the most important reasons for the great popularity of electronic instruments is of course their relatively cheap price. Well, just look at it. Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano. Naturally, this has done a lot to increase sales of electronic instruments. But I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments expect them to completely replace acoustic instruments.41. What is the speaker's main topic?42. At what point in the semester is this talk being given?43. What is the speaker's opinion of the idea that electronic instruments will destroy classical music?44. When does the speaker say that another significant change in instrument design took place?45. According to the speaker, how does the price of the electronic keyboard compared with the price of the piano?Questions 46- 50The volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens certainly caused a lot of damage, didn't it? It did, but not as much as experts have predicted. It seems to have had a beneficial effect as well. Really? But weren't crop losses great? Yes, However, since the weather following the eruptions was unexpectedly good, some crop yields remain steady or even increased beyond normal expectancy level. I'm glad to hear that. But what was the beneficial effect you mentioned?A mass destruction of various insect populations.How could the ash have killed insects without affecting people too? It's highly abrasive and quickly wears away the outer wax layer protecting insect bodies. Removal of that layer causes insects to lose body moisture by evaporation, the result is usually lethal. How about that! Sounds like an effective yet natural insecticide.46. What is the main topic of the conversation?47. According to the woman, what was the extent of crop damage?48. What beneficial result did the volcanic ash have?49. What can be inferred about the effect of volcanic ash on people?50. What is the man's attitude toward the information?。

1997年专业四级真题听力原文

听力原文1997Legal Age for Marriage (1997)Throughout the United States, the legal age for marriage shows some difference. The most common age without parents’ consent is 18 for both females and males. However, persons who are under age in their home state can get married in another state, and then return to the home state legally married. Each state issues its own marriage license. Both residents and non-residents are qualified for such a license. The fees and ceremonies vary greatly from state to state. Most states, for instance, have a blood test requirement, but a few do not. Most states permit either a civil or religious ceremony, but a few require the ceremony to be religious. In most states a waiting period is required before the license is issued. This period is from one to five days depending on the state.A three-day-wait is the most common. In some states there is no required waiting period.PART ⅢLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A STA TEMENT1. John met me at the door and said his dormitory wasn’t full, but in fact it was.2. We just can’t get over the fact that Jane failed while Mary succeeded.3. At the moment there was no course I enjoyed more than composition.4. If I had known the exercises should be handed in today, I’d have finished them yes terday.5. I woke up at 8:30, knowing that the appointment was at 9:45, but despite all my plans, I still got there at 10:00.6. If only I had paid more attention to my spelling in the examination.7. Come in, John. Please excuse the mess. We only moved in here a month ago and we’re in the middle of house decoration.8. David decided to take the overnight express train to Rome. Usually he would have gone by plane. But now he wanted to have some time on his own before he got back home.9. My students went camping last weekend. They had a wonderful time and they stayed warm and dry in spite of the weather.SECTION B CONVERSATION10. M: Why did you get up at 6:40? I thought your meeting wasn’t until 10:30.W: I wanted to visit the park before I left. It’s the first time I’ve seen it.11. W: London is a gorgeous city. From here you can see the Palace Skies.M: Wait until we can get to Paris and Madrid. And don’t forget about Rome.12. M: Do you have any idea what the passage is about?W: I’m as much in the dark as you are.13. M: I’d like to apply for the position you have advertised in China Daily.W: A good command of English and computing is a must as far as the position is concerned.14. W: I see that Vincent is smiling again.M: Yes, he decided to speak to h is boss’s mother about his problem at work rather than to go directly to his boss.15. M: We got the computer repaired last week.W: Oh, so it could be fixed.16. W: There was a storm warning on the radio this morning. Did you happen to be listening? M: No, but what a shame! I guess we’ll have to change our sailing plans. Would you rather playgolf or go cycling?SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item One (17)The authorities in Hong Kong have released the second group of Vietnamese boat people from detention after Vietnam refused to accept them. The group of sixteen had been detained in 1991 when they entered Hong Kong. The release last month of more than 100 boat people in Hong Kong caused protest from local residents opposing any move to allow the boat people to stay permanently. There are still some 24,000 Vietnamese boat people in detention camps in Hong Kong.News Item Two (18-19)NATO troops are to join their former Cold War enemies in training exercises in Poland this week. The drills which will begin on the 17th are the first major joint exercises of the Western and Eastern armies under NATO’s partnership. Some 900 soldiers from 13 countries will take part. NATO says it will be a good way to share peace-keeping experiences and develop a common understanding of operational procedures.News Item Three (20-22)A twenty-year action plan for cutting the rate of world population growth is expected to win wide approval today in Cairo. Delegates at the UN-sponsored conference on population complete the final talks on the plan Monday. The document is non-binding but it will serve as a guideline for countries and states that fund health care and family planning programs. The world population of 5.7 billion currently is growing at more than 90 million a year.News Item Four (23-25)In the Philippines a ferry carrying at least 400 people has sunk after an apparent collision with a cargo ship. There was no immediate report of casualties. The accident occurred at about 11:30 a. m. , local time, at the mouth of Manila Bay shortly after the ferry left the Manila port. A Philippines coast guard’s spokesman said the ferry had been hit by a 12,000 ton Sing apore registered cargo vessel. Further details were not immediately available.。

97年5月托福听力文字

97年5月托福听力文字1.W: Thanks a lot, this scarf will be perfect with my blue jacket.M: Made a good choice, did I?Q: What does the man mean?2. A: My cousin Bob is getting married in California. And I can't decide whether to go.B: It's a long trip. But I think you'll have a good time.Q：What does the man imply?3. A: Excuse me. Could you bring me a glass of water please?B: Sorry. But I am not a waiter.Q：What does the man mean?4. A: Got the time?B: It's a little after ten.Q：What does the woman mean?5. A: You did an excellent job on that presentation.B: Thanks. I put a lot of time into it.Q：What does the woman mean?6. A: Are you ready to go jogging?B: Almost. I have to warm up first.Q：What does the woman mean?7. A: I've been calling David for the past half hour, but I keep getting a busy signal.B: Well, if you don't get him soon, we'll just have to go to the movies without him.Q：Why are the women trying to call David?8. A: If I don't find my wallet pretty soon, I'm going to have to report it stolen.B: Hold on. Before you call the campus security office, have you checked you car, all your jacket pockets, everywhere?Q：What does the woman suggest the man do?9. A: I notice you don't buy your lunch in the cafeteria any more.B: When prices went up, I decided to bring my own.Q：Why doesn't the woman buy food in the cafeteria?10. A: You know my car hasn't been the same since I bumped into that telephone pole.B: You'd better have that looked into before you drive to Florida.Q：What does the woman mean?11. A: Hello. I'd like two seats for this evening show.B: Sorry, but the performance is already sold out. Would you be interested in something later this week?Q：What does the woman imply?12. A: That leaky faucet is starting to get to me.B: What should we do about it?Q：What does the woman want to know?13. A: Could you please tell me where to find running shoes?B: Yes. They'll be on the second floor in sporting goods.Q：Where is this conversation probably taking place?14. A: Mary, did you drop off the roll of film for developing?B: No, I got Susan to do it.Q：What happened to the roll of film?15. A: The floor is awfully wet. What happened?B: No sooner had I gotten into the shower than the phone rang.Q：What does the man imply?16. A: Aren't you leaving tomorrow for vacation? All packed and ready to go?B: Not quite. I still have to stop by the drug store and get my allergy prescription refilled.Q：What does the man imply?17. A: It's so mild today. Want to go for a bike ride after your last class?B: What's the latest we could start? My last class is a chemistry lab and it often runs late.Q：What does the woman mean?18. A: I knew Laurie played the piano, but I didn't know she played the guitar.B: Neither did I. It seemed she just picked it up on her own over this summer.Q：What does the woman mean?19. A: I heard that Park Electronics is going to be holding interviews on campus next week.B: Yeah? What day? I'd like to talk to them and drop off my resume.Q：What does the woman want to do?20. A: You know some TV channels have been rerunning a lot of comedies from the sixties. What do you think of those old shows?B: Not much. But then the new ones aren't so great either.Q：What does the man mean?21. A: Jenny, here is the book you loaned me. But I'm a bit embarrassed. I can't seem to find the jacket for it.B: I'd have never even noticed. You are one of the few people who actually returns books to me. Q：What can be inferred from the conversation?22. A: Did you hear if the debate team is going on to the state competition or did they get eliminated?B: Actually, I haven't been following their progress this year.Q：What does the man imply?23. A: I want to take comparative anatomy（比较解剖学）this year, but according to the requirements, I have to have taken the introductory biology course first.B: Ask the professor if you can take them simultaneously. All he can do is say no.Q：What does the woman suggest the man do?24. A: If I can get Brian to pay back the money I lent him last week, I could get that new tennis racket.B: I hope you have better luck than I did.Q：What does the woman imply?25. A: I hear you're quite proficient on the violin.B: I'm pretty rusty after all these years.Q：What does the man mean?26. A: I really want to see the play at the outdoor theater tonight. Will you come with me?B: You know I hate battling all those mosquitoes, but if you have your heart set on it.Q：What can be inferred about the man?27. A: Have you visited the new exhibit?B: Not yet. But it'll be at the student center until June.Q：What does the man imply?28. A: I have to be at the dentist's at 7:30 tomorrow morning.B: Then you won't miss any classes.Q：What does the woman imply?29. A: I am taking up a collection for the jazz band. Would you like to give?B: Just a minute while I get my wallet.Q：What will the woman probably do next?30. A: Your cousins just called. They are stranded(束手无策) at the beach.B: So they didn't manage to get a lift after all.Q：What had the woman assumed about her cousins?Part B31-34A: Hey, Karen. Looks like you got some sun this weekend.B: Yeah, I guess so. I spent the weekend at the beach.A: Oh, yeah? That's great! Where did you stay?B: Some friends of my parents live out there. And they invited me for as long as I wanted to stay. A: So, what do you doing back here already?B: Oh, I have a paper I need to work on. And I just couldn't do any serious studying at the beach. A: I don't blame it. So, what did you do out there? I mean, besides lie out in the sun, obviously. B: I jogged up and down the beach and I played some volleyball. You know, I never realize how hard it is to run on sand. I couldn't even get through a whole game before I had to sit down. It's much easier to run on the wet sand near the water.A: Not to mention cooler. Did you go swimming?B: I wanted to, but they said the water isn't warm enough for that until a couple of months from now. So I just wetted in up to my knees(涉水于过膝深的地方).A: It all sounds so relaxing. I wish I could get away to the beach like that.B: It looks like you could use it. Don't tell me you spent the weekend in the library again.31. How did the woman spend last weekend?32. Why did the woman come home so soon?33. Why did the woman have to stop playing in the volleyball game?34. Why didn't the woman go swimming?35-38A: Thanks for stopping by, Ann. I'd like to talk to you about a research project that I thought you might be interested in. A friend of mine is working in Yellow Stone National Park this summer. B: Yellow Stone! I've always wanted to spend some time out Wyoming（怀俄明州）.A: Wait till you hear what the project is. She's working with the buffalo population.The herds have been increasing in size lately which is good in theory.B: Yeah. But I thought they were in endanger of becoming extinct.A: Well, apparently, because of all the winter tourists, paths are created in the snow.More buffalo survived in the harsh winters because the paths made it easier for the buffalo to move around and find food. But it turns out that some of the herds are infected with the bacteria. B: Oh, yeah. I heard about that. A blue…A: A blue seller abutters.B: Right. It's been around for quite a while.A: Yes, it has. And because the buffalo population is increasing, they've been roaming more than usual. And the disease's begun to spread to the cattle ranches that border the park.B: That's bad news. Isn't that the disease that causes animals to abort（流产）their young?A: Yes. And it's caused a lot of controversy. Some of the ranchers even want to destroy the buffalo herds.B: That's awful! Have they made much progress with the research?A: So far, they've been collecting tissue samples from dead buffalo to see if the bacteria is present.B: I'll really be interested in working on this. You know I've been researching diseased animal population.A: That's why I thought of you. I took the liberty of mentioning your name to my friend.She's hoping you'll be able to spend the whole summer out there.B: Well, I was going to work on my thesis a lot in July. But I'm sure my adviser wouldn't want me to pass up（拒绝）this opportunity.35. What did the professor want to talk to Ann about?36. According to the professor, why is the buffalo population increasing?37. Why does the professor think Ann would be interested in going to Yellow Stone?38. How will Ann probably spend the summer?Part C39-41Welcome to Everglades（沼泽地）National Park（没记错的话，应该是位于佛州）. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's a home to numerous species of plants and wild life. And one and half million acres that's too big to see it all today. But this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Tailor Slue. This is a good place to start because it's a home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and of course a world famous alligators. Don't worry. There's a boardwalk（木板路）that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie（大草原）. From there we'll head at some other marshy and even jungle-like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a close view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider running a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We hate to have to come looking for you.（我们可不想去找你，意为不要走丢）You have a good fortune of being here in the winter, the best time of the year to visit. During the spring and summer the mosquitoes will justabout to eat you alive（生吃了你）. Right now, they are not so bothersome, but you'll soon want to use an insect repellent（驱虫剂）.39. What is the main purpose of the tour?40. What does the speaker imply about pedaling across the water in a canoe?41. Why is it good to visit the everglades in the winter?42-46Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this series on survival in outer space. Please excuse the cameras. We are being radio taped for the local TV stations. Tonight I'm going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival—the space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, that's probably the first thing that comes to mind（头脑中闪现）, right? Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is a vacuum. There's no gravity or air pressure. Without protection, a body would explode（爆炸）. What's more, we'd cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel. This photo enlargement here is a left side's image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission. This part is the torso（躯干）. It's made of seven extremely durable layers. This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation. Next is what they call a bladder of oxygen. That's a inflatable（膨胀的）sack filled with oxygen to simulate atmospheric pressure. This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the earth atmospheric sea level. The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation. Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible allowing free movement, so we can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet. I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?42. What is the speaker's main purpose?43. What will cause an unprotected human body to explode in outer space?44. Where is the bladder of oxygen located?45. What does the speaker show the audience as she describes the main part of the space suit?46. What will probably happen next?47-50Good evening. My name is Pam Jones and on behalf of the modern dance club, I'd like to welcome you to tonight's program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of the Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp's rock ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production. It includes some animation, slow motion and stop action phrases that really help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 AD. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework that looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks. You'll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family's attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple. But exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you can figure it out. The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by David Burn of the rock band Talking Heads. And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Radnor who is perfectly suited to Tharp's adventurous choreography（舞台舞蹈）. Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead the discussion about the symbolism Mr. Tharp used. We hope you can stay for that. So, enjoy tonight's video and thank you for your support.47. What is the purpose of the talk?48. Why was the video version of the dance more successful than the theater production?49. What kind of music is the dance performed to?50. What will probably be included in the discussion after the program?。

托福2003年01月听力原文

2003.01 Edited by Merlion, based on sausage's original workPart A1.M: Do you think I could use your computer to type my research paper?W: If you don’t mind waiting a couple of hours.What does the woman imply?2.W: Look I got a letter from my cousin Jeff in Alaska.M: Can I get the return address from the envelope?What will the man probably do?3.W: This book is two weeks overdue, and I see from our records that another borrower ha s already come in looking for it.M: I am terribly sorry, but I was called out of town unexpectedly for a few weeks.What does the man imply?4.M: I just saw Larry from our chemistry study group, and he said the grades we got on th e mid exam, they’ve finally been put up.W: They have? Where?What does the woman want to know?5.W: Have a good trip! I hope you won’t have too long a walk from the car to the check in ar ea. That’s a lot of luggage for you to carry by yourselfM: Well, I’ll get the driver to give me a hand.What does the man mean?6.W: I don’t know what to think. Which outfit should I wear to my job interview, the black dr ess or the navy blue suit?M: Well, Jane, you’ve got to consider the image you want to present, and I say the suit is more professional looking.What does the man imply?7.M: Now that you’ve finished writing your thesis, do you think you will have time to sit bac k and take it easy? Maybe take a little bit vacation?W: Believe me, that’s exactly what I intend to do.What does the woman mean?8.W: Did you hear? They are moving Kathy to the New York office.M: They are? That’s news to me.What does the man mean?9.M: Please excuse the mess I haven’t had any time to clean.W: What mess? You should see how I left my room this morning.What does the woman imply?10.W: $200 to fix my computer? I thought you said you could do it for 50.M: I did, but it’s not the keyboard after all. That’s the major part inside the machine that w ill cost a lot more to replace.What does the man mean?11.M: What a great television program. That was really stimulating. Don't you think?W: Well, only if you like politics.What does the woman imply about the television program?12.W: Hi, Dan, I just came by to see if you want to work out to the gym with me this afternoo n.M: I’d love to but I don’t think I’m up to it today. I ’m coming down with a cold.What does the man mean?13.W: The research project from my political science course on the presidency is due in just t wo weeks. But there’s so much to talk about, I don’t know how to even begin to pick a sub ject.M: You know, Mary is doing her graduate work in political science. She would certainly kno w how to narrow the topic down.What does the man suggest the woman do?14.M: You wouldn’t have to have an extra blank cassette I could buy of you, would you?W: As a matter of fact, I do.What will the woman probably do next?15.W: My cousin Lisa said she mailed me some books, but they never came.M: Well, you just moved into a new dormitory. She probably sent them out before she ha d your new address.What does the man imply?16.W: A light jacket like this aught to be warm enough for today, don't you think? It's been pr etty mild the last couple of days.M: Ur, I go back in and get something heavier. If you don't need it when you get to campu s, you could always just leave it in the car.What does the man suggest the woman do?17.M: Excuse me. Prof, since we are having a test next Wednesday on Chapter 4, I was wond ering if there are any more problems I can work on to review for it.W: Well. The ones I have I’ve already given out in class, but it probably wouldn’t hurt to g o back and redo a few of them.What does the Prof say about problems that can be used for review?18.M: This is incredible! Only the first day of our Modern American History course and we’ve a lready been assigned to read three chapters by the next time we meet.W: If that surprises you, then obviously you never had a class before with Prof Smith. What does the woman imply?19.M: Excuse me. This roommate matching questionnaire is so long and I am kind of in a hurr y. Do I have to answer all the questions?W: Just the first side, the ones on the back are optional.What does the woman mean?20.M: Isn’t this a terrific painting? It looks great on the wall in my office.W: To be honest, I don’t know what you see in it.What does the woman mean?21.W: Did you hear what George did last night? He was cooking dinner for the members of th e drama club and he spilled spaghetti sauce all over the kitchen.M: Doesn’t surprise me one bit, he did the same thing last semester, only with the Spanis h club and chocolate syrup.What does the man imply about George?22.M: You are not planning to transfer to a different U. next year, are you?W: If I were, you’d be the first to know.What does the woman imply?23.M: There is nothing I hate worse than straightening up my apartment before a party. W: It’s not so stressful if you don’t wait until the last minutes.What does the woman imply the man should do?24.M: What are you doing cooped up here in the lounge on such a beautiful spring day? I can’t understand why everyone isn’t out there in the fresh air, getting some sunshine.W: You won't be saying that if you have my allergies.What does the woman imply?25.W: You’ve made enough soup to feed an army.M: This way we’ll have plenty left over for lunch tomorrow.What does the man mean?26.M: I’m really torn. I need a new bicycle, and I just can’t decide which one to get. There ar e just too many different kinds to choose from.W: Don’t ask me. As far as I am concerned, a bike is a bike; it’s just transportation. What does the woman mean?27.M: I was surprised to see Ed in the job center today. Do you think he’s unhappy over admissions? He’s about the best worker they have over there.W: I know. But I hear that his bo ss’s never said a thing to him to acknowledge that. And h ow would you feel if you’ve been there 3 years and still made the same salary?What does the woman imply?28.M: Did you get caught driving in that downpour after work yesterday? Everyonehad their lights on and I could hardly see where I was going.W: That must have been a local storm. I go home in the office direction and it was fine. What does the woman mean?29.W: Now that was a delicious meal, shall we order dessert?M: Not if we expect to make it back in time for our two-o’clock lecture.What does the man mean?30.M: Matthew’s just told me he is moving to a new apartment, way over in Oakville. That’s s o far away. Can you believe it?W: Oh, so that’s why he’s trying to buy a car.What can be inferred about the woman?Part B31-34 new students on campusM: I see you still got all your suitcases with you too. We must have the same problem. W: Let me guess. Your room’s been given to someone else?M: Yep.W: I don’t get it! They sent me my room number a long time ago.M: Me too. Well, at least there is room in another dorm, Bundy Hall.W: That’s where they’re putting me too. But you’ll realize that unless you have a car, Bund y is at least at 25 minutes walk from the center of campus. And don’t count on taking the c ampus bus, it runs at really inconvenient time.M: Great way to start your college career. But, I don’t know, maybe there is a positive sid e of all these. Since we’ll be so far away from everything, we’ll be forced to use our time w isely.W: True. I’ve heard lots of first year students get into trouble because they hang out ever y day in the student center till it closes.M: Exactly! And not only that, we will get plenty of exercise from all that extra walking. W: Yeah. And that is not exactly easy walking either. Around here you just about need a p air of hiking boots, and to enjoy mountain climbing.M: You count to get avoid there. But at least there are great vistas from some of the buildi ngs, not to mention the possibility of some serious sled riding when it snows.31. What problems do the students have?32. What does the woman imply about the campus?33. What is one disadvantage of living in Bundy Hall?34. According to the man, what mistake do many first year students make?35-38 social psychologyM: One of the most common questions we ask about people’s behavior is why. Why she sa y this? Why he do that? Sometimes the reason is obvious, for example, someone is drivin g down the street, the light turns red, they stop, why?W: Because they have to, legally I mean.M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don’t question it. But when th e reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior could have negative conseque nces, we’ll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psycholo gists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of behavior, it’s called c ausal attribution. And one theory suggests, there’s a pattern in the way we go about attrib uting causes to people’s behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of rea sons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you’re driving down the road a nd all of a sudden some guy turn into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brake to avoid an accident. How do you react?W: I’ll probably get very angry.M: Because….W: Well, he’s not paying attention, he’s a bad driver.M: So you automatically attribute the driver’s behavior to an internal factor. He himself is t o blame because he is careless.W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I’d be attributing his behavio r to an external factor, something beyond his control.M: Good. Now how do you usually explain our own negative behavior?W: We blame external factors.M: That’s right.35. What is the main topic of the discussion?36. According to the Prof, when are people likely to try to explain someone else’s behavio r?37. The Prof mentions an example of a driver who stops at a red light. What does he use t he example to demonstrate?38. According to the discussion, how do most people explain their own negative behavior?Part C39-43 geologyToday, I’d like to talk about some of the changes land can undergo, specifically desertificat ion, that’s the process through which land becomes part of a desert. Now a desert is define d as a place that receives a certain maximum amount of rainfall. But you may not know th at it usually takes more than just a lack of water to turn productive land into a desert. The re are several specific human activities that when combined with a lack of rainfall encourag e desertification. For example, over cultivation, growing more crops than soil can suppor t. The soil loses its nutrients, so it needs either to be fertilized or to be left unused for at le ast a season. But if neither of these things happens, if these nutrients in the soil don’t ge t replaced, the damaged soil stops producing. Another cause of desertification is overgrazi ng. That’s when the grasses and trees and shrubs of an area are expected to feed more an imals than they reasonably can. Too many animals eating in the same area will kill the veg etation. And because it’s the roots of this vegetation that hold much of the soil together, when too much of the vegetation dies, the soil erodes. But maybe the most ironic example o f human behavior that can lead to desertification is irrigation. It may seem to run counter t o common sense to say that introducing water into an area can cause it to become more li ke a desert. But there are plenty of bad irrigation practices that do just that. Bringing in to o much salty water and then not providing adequate drainage for it will fill the soil with sal t, and turn the area into a desert.39. What is the main topic of the talk?40. How is the soil damaged by over cultivation?41. What is over grazing?42. How does over grazing damage soil?43. According to the speaker, what is the main problem with irrigation?44-47 biologyI’ve mentioned how DNA have solved many mysteries in biology. And today I want to talk about how it might relate to hypothesis about the travels of the green turtle. Every winte r some green turtles make a 2000 km journey from Brazil to Ascension Island in the middl e of Atlantic, where they mate and lay eggs. But the question is why do they travel so far t o lay their eggs? One researcher hypothesized that there are two parts to the explanatio n. One is natal homing, the instinct that drives green turtles to always return to the beac h where they were hatched. The second part has to do with continental drift, the theory th at the positions of earth continents have changed considerably overtime. Brazil and Ascens ion Island were once much closer together, and continental drift drove them apart. But th e turtles kept on going back to the island where they hatched. However another scientist q uestion this explanation on the ground that it would be very unlikely that conditions would allowe generations of turtles over hundreds of millions of years to keep going back to the same nesting ground every single year. So, what is the connection to DNA? Well, there a re groups of green turtles that nest in locations other than the Ascension Island. If green t urtles always return to the place where they were hatched, then the turtles that have bee n going to the Ascension Island to nest would’ve been genetically isolated long enough to h ave DNA that was very different from the green turtles that nest else where. But when scie ntists examine DNA from these turtles, their DNA wasn’t that different from the DNA of th e turtles that go to Ascension Island. Do you have a shock? Well, we still don’t know the a nswer to the question about why a certain group of turtles go to Ascension Island, but thi s study was a nice example of the usefulness of DNA analysis to biology.44. What does the Prof mainly discuss?45. What do green turtles do when they get to Ascension Island?46. According to one hypothesis, why do green turtles go to Ascension Island?47. How is DNA used in research on green turtles?48-50 historyAs I am sure you are aware, history is full of people who were so admired that over the ce nturies they become almost mythical figures. George Washington is a good example. Every one knows this story about his chopping down the cherry tree when he was young and bra vely confessing to his mischief later. People greatly admired Washington’s integrity. And so, out of that, this story evolved, even though no one knows for sure whether the incident ever occurred. Then there is the American Indian, Poke Hunters, beloved by history for m aking peace between the English Colonies and the American Indians. The history of her life has also become somewhat mythical. At the historical society exhibit next week, we’ll see many artistic works depicting the major events of her life. And while we are there, keepi ng in mind that much of what you’ll see in the paintings reflects how much she was admire d, but not necessarily the fact of her life. For instance, one painting shows her saving the li fe of Jon Smith, an English Colonist, who had been captured by her tribe. Smith, so the sto ry goes, was about to be executed when twelve-years-old Poke Hunters lay her head on to p of his. Tells you a lot about her courage. But Jon Smith himself related this story only ye ars after Poke Hunters had become famous, which suggests that he may have embellished the truth a little bit, as many of the works that we’ll see in next week may have done. So mething else to remember: paintings portrait her physical appearance in many different w ays, but always flattening ways. Yet only one picture of her was ever painted while she was living.48. Why does the speaker mention the story about George Washington and the cherry tree?49. According the speaker, why is Poke Hunters famous?50. What does the speaker imply about most of the paintings of Poke Hunters?。

1991年1月托福听力文字

1991年1月托福听力文字PART A1.I couldn't hear her name clearty.2.I wouldn't mind having a roommate.3.Little did she realize that the present was for her.4.I wonder if you could shut the door.5.We just can't get over the fact that Ted and Margie got married.6.I ish I had more time to spend with you.7.I used to watch a lot of TV,but now I can't stand it.8.On your right is the information booth.9.He fell down and hurt himself.10.What a long bus ride this is!11.Jane wants to buy that painting?12.Ruth liked Henry's watch so much that he bought himself one exactly like it.13.You'll come right on time,won'you?14.Carrol was told that she had gained the top score.15.Students outnumbered teachers at the rally.16.No one could keephime iron speaking.17.The sea's very calm.18.She stopped feeling the ducks at eht park.19.I can't risk not telling him.20.Jeff and Alan share a common outlook or life.PART B21.W:Will you take biology next semester?M:I've had enouth science courses.Q:What does the man mean?22.W:The chicken dish's really spicy.M:So is the saled.Q:What does the man mean?23.W:Sam won't be able to play in the basktetball game this weekM:Yah,he hur his knee pretty badly a while back,I don't know why he didn't quit right away. Q:What does the man mean?24.W:Did you go to the big sale at Spener's yesterday?M:I had to visit my aunt in the hospital.Q:What does the woman imply about the sale?25.W:I'm going to the zoo to make some sketches of elephants today.M:May I go with you?I have the same assignment.Q:What do we learn about the man and woman from this conversation?26.W:Has Srivia been working hard on her term paper?M:Day in and day outQ:What does the woman say abut Srlvia?27.W:Can you please tell me where I'd find gym shoes?M:Yes,they'd be in the sportswear department at the back of the sotre.Q:What is the man doing?28.W:I would really like to know why Donna is always 50 hostile toward me?M:Did you ever think of just coming right out and asking her?Q:What does the man suggest that the woman do?29.W:I'm going to be up all night suduying for my examM:Do you really think that's wise?Q:What does the woman imply?30.W:What will yu do with yur cat when yu leave for cacation?M:I'm having Ken take care of it.Q:What'll happen to the woman's cat?31.W:Now that they have soundproofed the room,it sure is a lot easier to work in here.M:You said it!Q:What does the man mean?32.W:Bill thinks you shouldn't use your good knife to fix that.M:Why should he care?It's not his knife.Q:What does the man mean?33.W:Shouldn't we invite more people to the dance?M:The more,the merrier.Q:What does the man mean?34.W:Registration ougint to be easier than ever this year.M:Unless the computer breaks down.Q:What does the woman imply about this year's registration?35.W:Do you have to work overtime on your job?M:Every so often I doQ:What does the man say about working extra hours?36-41Before we get to the student center,I'd like to show you Brrrnely hall,one of the five co-ed undergraduate residence halls of the university.Just next to it is Barmley dining-hall,Since there are only a few small kitchens in the dorms,most students buy meal contracts,whick entitle them to twenty meals a week at any of the cafeterias.With the exception of Sunday evenings and cacation breaks,dining-halls like Barnley are open every day for breakfast, lunch and dinner.Students simply present their meal tickets at the door and go through the line,helping themselves to as much food as they want.While dietitians work hard to offer students a nutritious and well-balanced diet,many of your young men and women claim that Barnley food,like most dorn food,leaves much to be desired,However,there are certain times,expecially around Thankgiving and Christmas,when the dining-hall staff goes all out preparing seasonal specialties,together with steak and seafood,These dinners are always exceptional and well attended.But regardless of what cooking,Barmley is a good place to get together with friends and to meet new people,as is the student center which is coming up on our right.36.Why do most students buy meal contracts?37.Who usually eats in Brmley dining-hall?38.When are meals not served in Brmley dining-hall?39.What does a student need in order to enter the dining-hall?40.What do students who eat in Barmley dining-hall usually complain about?41.When do students most enjoy eating at Barmley dining-hall?42-46W:Wake up,Erik,time to rise and shine.M:Ha,oh,hi,Jane.I must have fallen asleep while I was reading.W:You and everyone else.It looks more like a campground than a library.M:Well,the dorm's too noisy to study in,and I guess this place is too quiet.W:Have you had any luck finding a topic for your paper?M:No,Prof Grant told us to write about anything in cultural anthropology.For once I wish she had not given us so much of a choice.W:Well,why not write about the ancient civillizations of Mexico.You seem to be inteested in that part of the world.M:I am,but there is too much material to cover.I'll be writing forever,and Grant only wants five to seven pages.W:So then limit it to one region of Mexico,Say the Uka town.You've been there and you said it's got lots of interesting relics.M:That's not a bad idea.I brought many books and things back with the last summer,that would be great resource material,now if I can only remember where I put them.42.What was the man doing whenthe woman approached him?43.Why has the woman come to talk to the man?44.What seems to be the man's problem?45.What is known about Prof.Grant?46.Why doesn't the man want to write about the ancient civillizations of Mexico?47-50Good water-color brushes cost a fortune,especially the large sizes,which are the most useful.Of all the things you need for painting in water color,brushes are the most important.So you should skimp on everything else if necessary,but buy the best brushes you can afford,Water-color brushes are made from red sable,the best brush by far,Oxhair,including sabeline;camel hair,squirrel hair and other animal hairs as wll as mylon.Some brushes lack rigidity.I would suggest you avoid any brush labelled camel or squrrill,unless you like to paint with a mop.They are floppy,The red sable is the best,but if you can't afford one,the sabeline or ox-hair brushes are quite well.Nylon brushes appeal to many people because they are inexpensive and they produce acceptalbe effect on paper,47.What is the major subject of the talk?48.According to the speaker,which brush is considered the best?49.Why do some people prefer nylon brushes?50.With which aspect of brushes is the speaker primarily concerned?。

托福TPO听力30文本(含MP3音频)

小编推荐：查看托福口语TPO1-33文本+MP3，请点击：TPO口语1-34查看托福阅读TPO1-33阅读原文+题目+答案，请点击：TPO阅读1-33查看托福写作TPO1-25文本大全，请点击：TPO写作1-25托福TPO听力30文本（含MP3音频）上海新航道托福为大家整理了TPO听力30文本，下载TPO听力30MP3音频：/s/1c0x5PhI查看托福听力TPO1-29原文+题目+MP3音频下载，请点击：TPO听力1-29TPO 30Section1Conversation1NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and an employee at the student activity center.StudentThis is the administrative office, right?EmployeeUh-huh. How can I help you?StudentWell, I am stopping by to reserve a place for my school club that meet and work, pretty much on a regular basis. Ideally, our preference would be to have our own office.EmployeeHmm…well, we are out of private offices. But we do have some semi-private options still available.StudentWhat do you mean?EmployeeWell, it’s a setup where you’ll have a larger workspace shared by two other clubs. In other words, each club would have its own work area within that one room.StudentOh. Are there any divider, walls or anything?EmployeeOh, yes. There will be a couple of dividers, so there’s some privacy.StudentUm. We’ll work with that then. I wouldn’t want to be without an office.EmployeeOK. Here are the two forms you have to fill out. Why don’t you do it no w while I set that up through out computer system.StudentOK.EmployeeSo what’s your club’s name? And the last name of the club president.StudentOh, it’s the photography club. And it’s Williams. That’s me. John Williams.EmployeeHmm…that’s not pulling up anything on my screen. Um…let me try something else. Uh, how about your faculty advisor’s name?StudentSarah Baker. She is in the Arts Department.EmployeeHmm…No. Strange. You know your club is just not showing up in my online records. Is this an est ablished club?StudentNo. Actually it’s a brand-new one.EmployeeHmm…have you completed the registration process?StudentYeah, last week. That was my very first step.EmployeeRight. Well, for my purposes, a club definitely has to be registered before I can proceed further. At the moment, however, it appears that there’s no record of your club’s registration.StudentReally? I thought everything was finalized last week.EmployeeWell, it is surprising. Usually there’s a 24-hour turnaround in our computer database. So then do you have the registration approval letter from the review committee? That would give me the verification I need.StudentYeah. I do. I mean, well, I don’t have it with me. But … I… I, uh, can get it from my dorm room, bring it back wi th me and submit it with those forms you need from me.EmployeeGreat! That’ll work. And just so you are aware, there’re lots of benefits to being registered.StudentOh, yeah. I think the university will give us permission to set up a website, right? I want to get students sharing their ideas on the website, you know, establish a photography blog.EmployeeYes. You’ll be able to do that. And…um…actually there’s more. You’ll be allowed the use of audiovisual equipment at no cost. You’ll receive a club mailbox and a club email address. You’ll be allowed to post your flyers and posters around the campus for publicity. And you could be eligible for funding for club events.StudentWell, we are definitely interested in hiring a professional speaker at one of our campus events at some point in the semester. And speakers almost always charge a fee. So I’ll definitely follow up on that.Lecture1NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.ProfessorWe’ve been talking about animal cognition—the study of animal intelligence. Now, much of the research in this area is motivated by the search for animal analogues, or parallels to human cognitive processes. And one of the processes we’ve been investigating is metacognition.What is metacognition? Well, it’s being aware of what one knows or feels, uh, um… having an awareness of one’s state of mind. And making decisions about behavior based on what one knows. Researchers have long been interested in whether animals possess this capability, but…but couldn’t test it because animals aren’t able to report their feelings.But recently one group of researchers found a way to solve this problem. They did studies with…with monkeys and dolphins that provide evidence that these animals have the ability to feel uncertainty, to feel unsure about something and…and…well, to know that they are uncertain.So how could these researchers figure out if an animal feels uncertainty. Well, it began with a study one of them did on a dolphin, who had been trained to recognize a particular high-pitched tone. The dolphin was taught to press one of two paddles depending on whether it heard the high tone or one that was lower. Food was a reward for a correct response. But if the wrong paddle was pressed, the dolphin had to wait several seconds before it could try again. The task varied in difficulty according to the pitch of the second tone. The closer it came in pitch to the first one, the hard it became for the dolphin to correctly identify it as low. And the researcher noted that the dolphin is quite eager to press the paddle when it was sure of the answer, but exhibited hesitation during difficult trials.Next the researcher introduced a third option, a third paddle that would initiate a new trial, giving the dolphin the choice of passing on difficult trials. Once the dolphin figured out the result of pressing this new paddle, it did choose it frequently when the trial was difficult. The researcher took that as an indication that the animal wanted to pass because it didn’t know the answer and knew it didn’t know.But there was a problem. Other researchers protested that the… the opt-out response was simply a learned or conditioned response. You remember intro to psychology, right? In other words, by pressing the pass paddle, the dolphin avoided having to wait and hasten the possibility of a full reward by moving directly to the next trial. So the experiment didn’t necessaril y indicate that the dolphin had knowledge of its own uncertainty, just that it wanted to avoid negative consequences.So more recently, our researcher and his colleagues devised a new study, this time using monkeys. In this experiment, the monkeys had to identify certain patterns displayed on a computer screen. These patterns were analogous to the tones used in the dolphin study. One type of pattern was of a specific density and was to be classified as dense, while the second type of pattern could vary in density, but was always less dense than the first one. And the monkeys’ task was to identify this second type as sparse. So the denser the second type of pattern was, the more difficult the task became.And as in a previous study, the monkeys were given a third choice that would allow them to pass on to a new trial. But unlike in the dolphin experiment, the monkeys had to c omplete four trials before they got any feedback. They didn’t know if they responded correctly or incorrectly after each trial because there was no reward or punishment. At the end of four trials, feedback was given. The monkeys received a full reward for each correct response. And a time-out during which a buzzer was sounded for each incorrect response. But the monkeys had no way to tell which reward or punishment was associatedwith which response. And they didn’t get either reward or punishment for choosing the pass option, the…um…the uncertainty response. But nevertheless they still chose this option in the appropriate circumstances when the trial was particularly difficult. And this is evidence that it wasn’t a conditioned response, because that response didn’t guarantee a faster reward.So what does all this tell us about animal consciousness or animals’ awareness of themselves and their state of mind? Can we really know what’s going on in the minds of animals? No. Of course not. But exploring the metac ognitive capacity of animals could become an important criterion in highlighting the similarities and differences between human and animal minds.HumanBy Michael S. Gazzaniga/books?id=nD4u-YdmX88C&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=metacognition+dolphin+press+paddles &source=bl&ots=co2_Da3oLo&sig=FSfz5EeoUh0j-sPyqmOfbCiSNys&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D_bjUcn9E6T7ygHE4oGQCw &ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=metacognition%20dolphin%20press%20paddles&f=falseLecture2-PaleontologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a paleontology class.ProfessorAs we’ve discussed, birds are apparently descendants of dinosaurs and shared many commonalities with some dinosaur species, like…um…feathers and maybe even flight and of course egg laid. OK.So, many paleontologists, myself included, have wondered about other similarities between dinosaurs and birds. Since adult dinosaur fossils have sometimes been discovered near or on top of nests, we’ve been looking at the dinosaur parenting behavior.StudentParenting behavior, well, th at sounds so gentle and caring. But dinosaurs were ferocious reptiles and reptiles don’t take care of their young, do they?ProfessorWell, some reptiles incubate their eggs, crocodiles do. And as for popular attitudes towards dinosaurs…well, take the Oviraptor for instance.In the 1920s, a paleontologist discovered the fossil remains of a small dinosaur near a nest containing eggs. He assumed the dinosaur was stealing the eggs, so he named it Oviraptor that means egg thief in Latin, which fueled the generally negative public image of such dinosaurs.But by the 1990s, other experts had convincingly made the case that instead of robbing the nest; the Oviraptor was probably taking care of the eggs. You see, dinosaurs’ closest living relatives – birds and crocodiles – display nesting behavior. And dinosaur fossils have been found in postures that we now believe to indicate brooding behavior, that is, sitting on the eggs until they hatch.So we are curious about the type of care dinosaurs gave to their young. And we’d like to figure out which dinosaur parent, the male or the female gave the care.StudentShouldn’t the behavior of crocodiles and birds give us some clues then?ProfessorWell, with crocodiles, it is the female who guards the nest, and with birds, it depends on the species, it can be the male or the female that takes care the eggs, or both. In over 90 percent of all bird species, both parents take care of the eggs and the young birds.StudentBut sometimes it’s just the male?ProfessorWell, exclusive care by the male parent is much less common, but it does occur. Now, for animals other than birds, the care of young by both parents is pretty unusual in the animal kingdom. Males contribute to parental care in fewer than five percent of all mammalian spec ies. It’s even less frequent among reptiles. And exclusive care by the male is very rare. So researchers have wondered about the evolution of male parenting behavior in birds for quite some time. And now there’s research showing that for some of the birds’dinosaur relatives, it’s likely that the male parent was also in charge of taking care of the eggs.StudentHow did they figure that out?ProfessorWell, first they looked at clutch volume, that’s the number of eggs in the nest of crocodiles, birds and th ree types of dinosaurs, including Oviraptors that are thought to be closely related to the dinosaur ancestors of birds.So when researchers examined fossilized remains of nests, they found that the dinosaurs had larger clutch volumes, more eggs in the nests that is, than most of the crocodiles and birds that were studied. But, and this is important, their clutch volumes matched those of birds that have only male parental care. You see, bird species in which only the males take care of the nest tend to have the largest clutches of eggs.StudentSo what’s the connection between bird and dinosaur behavior?ProfessorWell, researchers now believe, because of this study, that the male parenting behavior of these birds might have its origins in the behavior of dinosaurs.StudentBased only on evidence of clutch volume size, the number of eggs?ProfessorNo, there’s more. They also examined the fossilized bones of those three types of dinosaurs that were found on or near nests to determine their sex. You see, adult female birds during egg production produce a layer of spongy bone tissue inside certain long bones. And so did female dinosaurs of the kinds that were investigated. This spongy tissue serves as a source of calcium for eggshell formation. But when the dinosaur fossils were examined, there were no spongy bone deposits.StudentMeaning that those dinosaurs on the nests were probably adult males who wouldn’t have needed calcium for making eggshells.ProfessorExactly. And then there’s this: birds like the kiwi, the ostrich and the emu; they share certain physical characteristics with these dinosaurs. And interestingly, they also show a consistent pattern of nest care by the male./wiki/Origin_of_birdsAre Bird really Dinosaurs?/diapsids/avians.html/chipperwoods/photos/dinos.htm/birds.html/article.php?ch=16&id=161.%22/subjects/dinosaurs/Dinobirds.html/releases/2013/04/130418104324.htm/news/2008/04/080424-trex-mastodon.html/question/index?qid=20090410204910AAkxv2nSection2Conversation2NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and his art history professor.ProfessorHow was the museum?StudentGreat. I hadn’t been there for a few years.ProfessorDid you enjoy the Van Gogh painting?StudentThat’s the thing. Looks like I have to change my topic.ProfessorHmm… we are getti ng close to the deadline. You were writing about the theme of night in the paintings of Vincent Van Gogh.It’s a wonderful topic.StudentI know. People don’t usually think of Van Gogh as an artist of nocturnal themes. They think of brightness, sunshine, a ll that yellow and orange.ProfessorYou are right of course about the intense light associated with his daytime paintings. But his night paintings don’t exactly lack brightness.StudentThat’s the paradox that I really like, the paradox of painting a nigh ttime scene using so much color and light. So I was planning to focus mostly on his painting Starry Night.ProfessorBut?StudentWhen I went to the museum to look at the actual painting, like you told me to. It wasn’t there.ProfessorReally? Isn’t it par t of the permanent collection?StudentYes. But it’s on loan right now to a museum in Europe.ProfessorAh, I see. Well, I am strict about having students write about paintings they can observe firsthand.StudentWell, I found another painting I could study instead.ProfessorOK.StudentI read that there are two paintings called Starry Night. The first one was done by the French realist painter Millet. It may have been the inspiration for Van Gogh’s painting. Millet’s painting is located near my family’s h ouse in Connecticut. And I am going there this weekend and could study it then. I made sure it’s not out on loan.ProfessorThat definitely would work then. Van Gogh copied many of Millet’s compositions. We know that he really admired Millet’s work. And a lot of us think Van Gogh saw this particular painting by Millet in Paris in the late 1700s.StudentYeah. Although Millet was a realist painter, and Van Gogh a post-impressionist, the two paintings still share lots of features, not just the name. The most striking shared feature has got to be the amazing light effects. I am excited to go see it. But one other thing …ProfessorUh-huh.StudentI was thinking about getting a head start on my next assignment while I am at the gallery in Connecticut, the assignment on miniatures. They have a lot of miniature portraits of children as part of their permanent collection.ProfessorAmerican miniatures?StudentYeah. So I figured I could also get started on that essay, study a few while I am there. I’d focus on the m eaning of the objects that some of the children are holding, some are holding flowers, one child has a rattle, another a toy violin…ProfessorThat would be fine. Uh, those objects…we call them attributes. The attributes chosen to be included in a particul ar miniature was often meant to communicate parents’ hopes and dreams for their child. So I think you’ll learn a lot about how people viewed children at the time the miniature paintings were done.Lecture3-AstronomyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorThere’s been a lot of talk recently about life on Mars, at the level of microorganisms anyway, mainly because of a few important discoveries and inventions.For example, one major discovery was that at one point water was present on Mars. How do we know? Well, in 2004, an exploration robot discovered jarosite there.Jarosite is a yellowish brown mineral with a crystalline structure that’s also found on Earth. It contains iron, potassium an d hydroxide. The interesting thing is t hat on Earth at least it needs highly acidic water to form. So we’ve got water or had it at one point. And since most planetary scientists believe that water is essential to life, the presence of jarosite means that one prerequisite for life was once present on Mars.But there’s another thing about jarosite. One step in its formation on Earth involves microorganisms; they actually speed up the formation of jarosite dramatically. Now, theoretically it is possible for jarosite to form without the help of biological life forms. But we don’t really know for sure if this happens ‘cause… well, because every corner of Earth has some form of biological life.But jarosite on Earth incorporates all kinds of microorganisms into its crystalline structure. So it’s possib le that if the jarosite on Mars was also formed with the help of microorganisms, we might be able to detect remnants of them in the samples we find. And we have instruments now that will enable us to try to do this. For example, there’s a new instrument called the microfabricated organic analyzer, or M.O.A.The organic analyzer is an amazing tool. It will be able to collect soil samples and analyze them right there on Mars, pure, untouched samples. It will let us eliminate the risk we would take of contaminating the samples if they were brought back to Earth. And what they’ll look for specifically in the soil is amino acids.Amino acids, as you may know, are the building blocks of proteins. In fact, there are twenty standard amino acids involved in making pr oteins and lots more that aren’t.And here’s the important thing. Amino acids are what we call handed. They can exist in two forms, which are mirror images of each other like hands. Right and left hands have the same number of fingers in the same order plus one thumb. But right and left hands are not the same; they are mirror images. Well, like hands, amino acids can be right or left-handed. And the twenty that make up the proteins on Earth are all left-handed.Now, one reason the M.O.A., the organic analyzer is so impressive is that it tests not just for the presence of amino acids but also for the handedness of amino acids. If amino acids are found, it would be especially interesting if they show a prevalence of one type of handedness, either left, like amino acids on Earth, or right.See, other physical processes in space, processes that don’t involve living organisms, can create amino acids. But the ones synthesized through abiotic processes, which is to say not involving microorganisms, occur in equal numbers of right- and left-handed.So, a prevalence of left-handed amino acids would indicate they were biological in origin, which would be amazing! A prevalence of right-handed ones…well, that would be really amazing!! Because the organisms that created th em would be unlike anything we have on Earth, which produce only left-handed ones.Lecture4-Music HistoryNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a music history class. The professor has been discussing music of the twentieth century.ProfessorAnd what in strument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n’ roll?StudentThe electric Guitar?ProfessorExactly. I think it’s fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre, which became popula r in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s.But long before that even, people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars. The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar, which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years, many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way, at first at least with the electric guitar, to make it louder.So let’s get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh, Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long, Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage3 in the mainland US. It a ctually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres, rock ‘n’ roll most notably, but also jazz and blues.3 a widespread temporary enthusiasm or fashion: computer games are all the rage .Anyway, by the 1920s, with the advent of the public dance movement, people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it, especially in large public settings. As I mentioned, the instrument was played horizontally, on the lap. Since the strings faced upward, the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done, because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger. So what would you do?StudentFind a way to amplify the sound?ProfessorYes. And to do that, inventors started attaching electronic devices, electrical coils to the acoustic guitars. And the electronics worked! But attaching electronics didn’t just affect how loudly you could play. It also changed the quality of th e sound.These early electric guitars were hollow and these early amplifiers caused vibrations in the bodies of the instruments. So as the sound got louder, it became more distorted, fuzzy-sounding. And what musicians at the time wanted was a pure, clean sound.StudentSo where does Les Paul fit in? Wasn’t he the first to electrify acoustic guitars?ProfessorUh…no. Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul’s solid body eliminated the vibrations, and thus the distortions.StudentExcuse me. But when I think of electric guitar music, I think of Jimi Hendrix.ProfessorJimi Hendrix, one of my favorites.StudentBut Hendrix’s style really was all about distortion, that’s what’s so great about his music, all those special effects. I thi nk a lot of rock ‘n’ roll fans prefer that to a pure sound.ProfessorYeah. You are getting ahead of me here. But good, because the point I was going to make is that the sound of rock ‘n’ roll changed over the years. And the designs and technology of electric guitars made those changes possible.So whereas Les Paul’s goal wa s to remove the distortion, later musicians wanted to produce it. And by the time Jimi Hendrix came around. Well, essentially, Hendrix reinvented the electric guitar, in the sense that he created amazing effects and vibrations that changed the sound of roc k ‘n’ roll completely. So eventually, people tried to improve on Les Paul’s model, well, to modify it I should say.TPO30听力题目文本Section1Conversation-11 Why does the student go to speak with the woman?A. To get permission to organize a club event.B. To arrange for a work space for his club.C. To inquire about a photography class.D. To reserve a room for photography exhibit.2 What is the student's attitude toward the room he is offered?A. He thinks that sharing a room is a good way to find out about other clubs.B. He considers a semiprivate room to be acceptable.C. He is concerned that there will not be enough storage space in a semiprivate room.D. He is surprised that there are not enough private rooms for all the clubs.3 Why does the woman ask the student for an approval letter?A. All new clubs must submit an approval letter to the student activities center.B. She needs it to request funding for the club on his behalf.C. She needs proof that the new club has a faculty advisor.D. The approval letter can serve as verification of the club's registration.4 Near the end of the conversation, what does the student indicate he will have to do ?A. Retrieve a letter from his dormitory roomB. Reschedule some club eventsC. Ask a committee to review his registrationD. Pay a registration fee to start a new club5 For what activity does the student consider requesting funding?A. Designing a club Web siteB. Reserving audio-visual equipmentC. Sponsoring a guest speakerD. Setting up a campus e-mail accountLecture-16 What is the lecture mainly about ?A. The difference between cognition and metacognitionB. A study showing that dolphins have less cognitive capacity than monkeysC. The effectiveness of using food as a reward in experiments with monkeysD. Research that investigates whether animals are aware of feeling uncertainty7 Why does the professor mention the inability of animals to report what they are thinking ?A. To emphasize that language learning is an ability unique to humansB. To explain why researchers must be sensitive to nuances in animals' behaviorC. To point out a difficulty in testing for metacognition in animalsD. To show the need for advancements in the study of animal communication8 In the dolphin study, how did the researcher make the dolphin's task increasingly difficult ?A. By showing the dolphin two patterns that were similar in densityB. By playing two sounds that became progressively closer in pitchC. By producing sounds that were just within the dolphins' range of hearingD. By introducing a third paddle that ended on trial an began a new one9 According to the professor, what objections did some researchers raise with regard to the dolphin study?A. The study did not distinguish between learned and higher-level responses.B. The dolphin was not rewarded consistently for pressing the third paddle.C. Only one dolphin was used in the experiment.D. The results could not be replicated in a later study.10 What can be inferred from the results of the study in which monkeys did not receive immediate feedback?A. The researchers based the study on an incorrect hypothesis.B. Monkeys respond best to negative reinforcement.C. Monkeys become confused when they do not receive rewards.。

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TPO-5TPO 05 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a counselor at the University Counseling Center.StudentHi, thanks for seeing mein such short notice.CounselorNo problem. How can Ihelp?StudentWell, Ithink I might have made a mistake coming to the school.CounselorWhat makesyou say that?StudentI’m a little overwhelmed bythe size ofthis place. I comefrom a small town. Therewere only 75 of us in myhigh school graduating class. Everyone knew everyone.We all grew up together.CounselorSo it’s a bit of a culture shock for you? Being one of15,000 studentson a bigcampus in an unfamiliar city?StudentThat’s an understatement. Ijust can’t getcomfortable in class or in the dorms. You know, socially.CounselorUm…well,let’s startwith theacademics. Tellme about you classes.StudentI’m taking mostly introductorycourses and some are taught in these huge lecturehalls.CounselorAnd you are having trouble in keeping pace with the material?StudentNo, in fact I got an A on my first economics paper.It’s just that,it’s so impersonal, I’m not used to it.CounselorAre your classes impersonal?StudentNo, it’s just that…for example, in sociology yesterday,the professor asked a question, so I raised my hand, several of us raised our hands. And Ikept my hand up because Idid the reading and knew theanswer.But the professor just answered his own question and continued with the lecture.CounselorWell, in a big room it’s possible he didn’tnotice you. Maybe he was starting to save time.In eithercase Iwouldn’t takeit personally.StudentI suppose. ButI just don’t know how to,you know,distinguish myself.CounselorWhy not stop by his office during office hours?StudentThat wouldn’tseem right. You know, taking time from other studentswho needhelp?CounselorDon’t say that. That’s what office hours are for. Thereis no reason you couldn’t pop in to say hi and tomake yourself known. Ifyou are learning a lot in class,let theprofessor know. Wouldn’t you appreciate positive feedbackif you werea professor?StudentYou are right. That’s a good idea.CounselorOK, er…let’s turn toyour social life. How’s it going in thedorms?StudentI don’t have much in common with myroommate or anyone else I’ve met so far.Everyone’s into sports and I’m m ore artsy,you know,into music. I play thecello. CounselorHah, have you been playing long?StudentSince age ten. It’s a big part ofmy life. Athome I was the youngest memberofour community orchestra.CounselorYou are not going tobelieve this. Thereis a string quarteton campus, all students. And it so happened that the cellist graduated last year.They’ve been searching high and low for a replacement,someone with experience. Wouldyou be interested in auditioning?StudentAbsolutely.I wanted toget myacademic worksettled beforepursuing mymusic here.But Ithink this would be a good thing for me. Iguess if I reallywant to fit in hereI should find people who love music as much as I do. Thank you. CounselorMypleasure.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a sociology class.Professor:Have you everheard theone about alligatorsliving in New York sewers?Thestorygoes like this: a family went on vacation in Florida and bought a couple of baby alligatorsas presentsfor theirchildren, then returned from vacation toNew York, bringing the alligators home with themas pets. But thealligatorswould escape and find their wayinto the New Yorksewer system where they startedreproducing, grew to huge sizesand now strike fear into sewer workers.Have you heard this story? Well,it isn’ttrue and it never happened. Butdespite that, thestory has been around since the 1930s. Or how about thesong ‘twinkle, twinkle little star’,you know, ‘twinkle, twinkle, little star,ho w I wonder what you are’. Wellwe’ve all heard this song. Where am I going withthis? Well, both the song and the storyare examplesof memes.And that’swhat we would talkabout, thetheoryof memes.A meme is defined as a pieceof information copied from person toperson. Bythis definition, most ofwhat you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes.All thewords you know, allthe scientific theoriesyou’ve learned, therules your parentstaught you to observe, all arememes that have been passed on fromperson to person.So what?You maysay. Passing on ideas from one person to another isnothing new.Well, thewhole point of defining this familiar process astransmission of memesis so that wecan exploreits analogy with thetransmission of genes. Asyou know, all living organisms pass on biologicalinformation through the genes.What’s a gene? A gene is a piece ofbiological information that getscopied or replicated, and thecopy or replica is passed onto the new generation. So genesare defined as replicators.Genesare replicatorsthat pass on information about propertiesand characteristicsoforganisms. Byanalogy, memesalso get replicated and in theprocess pass on cultureinformation from person to person, generation togeneration. So memes arealso replicators.To be a successful replicator,thereare threekeycharacteristics: longevity,fecundity and fidelity.Let’s take acloser look.First, longevity. A replicator must exist long enough to be able to get copied,and transfer itsinformation. Clearly, thelonger a replicator survives, the better itschances of getting its message copied and passed on. So longevity is a key characteristicof a replicator. Ifyou take thealligator story,it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, mymemory.I can tellyou thestory now orten yearsfrom now,the same with the twinkle, twinkle song. So these memeshave longevity because theyarememorable for one reason or another.Next,fecundity.Fecundity is theability toreproduce in large numbers. Forexample,the common housefly reproducesby laying several thousand eggs,so each fly gene getscopied thousands of times. Memes, well, theycan bereproduced in large numbersas well. How many timeshave you sung the‘twinkle, twinkle song’ to someone? Each timeyou replicated that song, andmaybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet,a small childmaybe.And finally, fidelity. Fidelity means accuracyofthe copying process. We knowfidelity is an essential principle ofgenetic transmission. Ifa copy ofa geneis abit different from theoriginal, that’s called a genetic mutation. And mutationsare usually bad news. An organism often can not survive with a mutated gene.And so a gene usually can not be passed on, unless it’s an exactcopy. For memeshowever,fidelity is not always so important.For example, if you tellsomeone thealligator story Itold you today, it probably won’t be word for word exactly as I said it. Still, it will be basically the same story,and the person who hearsthe storywill be able to pass it along. Other memesare replicated withhigher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. Ithad the exact samewords 20 years ago as it does now.Well, that’s because we see songs assomething that has to be performed accuratelyeach time.Ifyou change aword, the otherswill usuallybring you in line. They’ll say, ‘that’s not how you sing it’,right?So, you can see how looking at piecesof culturalinformation as replicators,as memes, and analyzing them in termsoflongevity, fecundity and fidelity, wecan gain some inside about how theyspread, persist or changeLectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein an Astronomy ClassProfessor:Last week, wecovered some argumentsagainst going back to the Moon. Butthereare compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, um… notthe least of which is trying topinpoint themoon’s age. We could do this in theoryby studying an enormousimpact crater,known as the SouthPole-Aitken Basin. Um…it’s located in themoon’s South Polar Region. But, since it’s on thefar side of the moon, it can only be seen from space. Hereis an image of…we’ll callit theSPA Basin. Thiscolor-coated image of theSPA Basin, those aren’t itsactual colors obviously, thisimage is from the mid 90s, from the American spacecraft called Clementine. Um…unlike earlier lunar missions, Clementine didn’t orbit only around the moon’s equator.Itsorbits enable it to send back data to create thistopographical map of … well,the grey and white area towardsthe bottom is the South Pole, thepurples and blues inthe middle correspond to low elevations - theSPA Basin itself, theorangesand redsaround it are higher elevations. The basin measures an amazing2,500 km in diameter,and itsaverage depth is 12 km. That makesit thebiggest known crater in our solar system and it maywell be theoldest.You know planetary researcherslove studying deep craters untillearn aboutthe impacts thatcreated them,how theyredistributed piec esof a planet’s crust and in this case, we especially want to know if any ofthe mantle, thelayerbeneath the crust,was exposed by the impact. Not everyone agrees, but some expertsare convinced thatwhatever created the SPA Basin did penetrate theMo on’s mantle.And we need to find out, because much more than thecrust,the mantle containsinformation about a planet’s or Moon’s totalcomposition. And that’s keyto understanding planet formation. Um… Dian?Dian: So, the only wayto know the basin’s age is tostudy its rocksdirectly? Professor: well,from radio survey data,we know that the basin contains lots of smaller craters. So it must be really old, about 4 billion years, give or takea few hundred million years. But that’s not very precise.Ifwe had rocksamplesto study,we’d know whetherthe small craters wereformed by impacts duringthe final stagesof planetaryformation, or if theyresulted from later meteor showers.Dian: But if we know around how old the Basin is, I’m not sure that’s reas on enough to go to the Moon again.Professor: No…,but such crude estimates…um…wecan do better than that. Besides, thereare other things worth investigating, like is there waterice on the moon? Clementine’s data indicated that thewall of the south-polar crater was more reflective than expected. So some experts thinkthere’s probably ice there.Also, data from a later mission indicatessignificant concentrations of hydrogen and by inferencewater less than a meterunderground at both poles. Student: Well if there’s water,how did it get there?Underground rivers?Professor: Wethink meteors that crashed into the moon or tails ofpassing cometsmay have introduced water molecules. Anywater moleculesthat foundtheir wayto the floors of cratersnear th e moon’s poles, that water would be perpetuallyfrozen,because thefloors ofthose cratersare always in shadow. Um…furthermore,if the water icewas mixed in with rockand dust, it would be protected from evaporation.Dian: So are you saying theremight be primitive life on the moon?Professor: that’s not mypoint at all. Um… o.k.,say thereis waterice on the moon. That would be a verypracticalvalue for a future moon base forastronauts. Water ice could be melted and purified for drinking. Itcould also be broken down into itscomponent parts- oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen couldbe used to breathe,and hydrogen could be turned into fuel, rocketfuel. So waterice could enable the creation ofa self-sustaining moon base someday, a mining camp perhapsor a departure point for further space exploration.Student: Butholding tonsof equipment to the moon to make fueland build alife support system for a moon base, wouldn’t that be too expensive?Professor: Permanentbase, maybe a way’s off,but weshouldn’th ave to waitfor that. The dust at the bottom ofthe SPA Basin reallydoes have a fascinating storyto tell.I wouldn’t give for a fewsamples of it.ConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentHi, Iwas wondering if Icould talkwith you about the assignment in the filmtheoryclass.ProfessorOf course,Jill.StudentItseems that prettymuch everyone else in the class getswhat theyaresupposed to be doing but I’m not so sure.ProfessorWell, theclass is for studentswho are reallyserious about film. You must havetaken film coursesbefore.StudentYeah, in high school, film appreciation.ProfessorUm…Iwouldn’t think thatwould be enough. Did you concentrate mainly onform or content?StudentOh, definitely content.We’d watch,say Lord of the Flies, and then discuss it.ProfessorOh, that approach, treating film as literature, ignoring what makes it unique.StudentI liked it, though.ProfessorSure, but that kind of class. Well, I’m not surprised that you are feeling a little lost. You know, we have two introductory coursesthat are supposed to betaken beforeyou get to mycourse, one in film art, techniques, technical stuffand another in film history. So studentsin theclass you are in should be prettyfar along in film studies. In fact, usually thesystem blocks anyone trying to sign up for the class theyshouldn’t be taking. And who hasn’t takenthe coursesyou are required todo first as prerequisites.StudentWell, Idid have a problem with that but I discussed it with one of your office staff, and she gave me permission.ProfessorOf course.No matter how many timesI tellthem,theyjust keep on…Well, foryour own good, I really suggest dropping back and starting at theusual place. StudentYes. ButI’ve already been in thisclass for 4 weeks. I’d hate to just drop it now especially since Ifind it so different,so interesting.ProfessorI guess so. Frankly Ican’t believe you’ve lasted this long. These are prettyin-depth theorieswe’ve been discussing and you’ve beendoing OKso far,Iguess. Butstill, theprogram’s been designed to progress through certainstages. Like anyother professional training we build on pervious knowledge.StudentThen maybe you could recommend some extra reading I can do to…catchup?ProfessorWell, areyou intending to study film as your main concentration?StudentNo, no. Iam just interested. I’m actually in marketing,but thereseemsto be aconnection.ProfessorOh…well, in…in that case, if you’re taking thecourse just out of interest, Imean I still highly recommend signing up for theintroductory coursesat somepoint, but in the meantime,thereis no harm I guess in trying to keepup withthis class. Theinterest is clearly there.Eh, instead ofany extra reading justnow though, you could view some of theold introductorylectures. Wehavethem on video. That would give you a better handle on the subject.It’s still aprettytall order,and wewill be moving right along, so you will reallyneed tostayon top of it.StudentOK, I’ve been warned. Now,could Itellyou about the idea for the assignment?LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a chemistryclass.ProfessorOkay. Iknow you all have a lot ofquestions about this lab assignment that'scoming out so ... I'mgonna takea little time this morning to discuss it.So, you know theassignment has to do with Spectroscopy, right?And yourreading should help you get a good idea of what that'sall about. But,let's talkabout Spectroscopya littlenow just tocover the basics.What is Spectroscopy? Well,the simplest definition I can give you is thatSpectroscopy is the study of theinteraction between matterand light. Now,visible light consists of different colorsor wavelengths, which together make upwhat's called spectrum, a band of colors, like you see in a rainbow. And allsubstances,all forms of matter,can be distinguished according to whatwavelength of light theyabsorb and which ones theyreflect.It'slike, um, well,everyelementhas, what we call, itsown spectralsignature.Ifwe can read thatsignature,we can identify the element.And that's exactlywhat spectroscopydoes.Now,Laser Spectroscopy,which is the focus ofyour assignment, worksbymeasuring veryprecisely what parts ofthe spectrum are absorbed bydifferentsubstances.And it has applications in a lot of different disciplines. And yourassignment will be to choose a discipline that interestsyou, and devise anexperiment. For example,I'm gonna talk about art. I'minterested in the artandto me it'sinteresting how spectroscopy is used to analyze art.Er... let'ssay a museum curatorcomes toyou with a problem. She's comeacross this painting that appears to be an original - let'ssay, a Rembrandt.And she wants to acquire it for her museum. Butshe's got a problem: she's not absolutelycertain it'san original.So, what do you do? How do you determine whetherthe painting's authentic?Okay. Thinkabout the scientific process. You've got the question: Isthepainting a Rembrandt? So first, you'll need to make a list of characteristics the painting would have tohave to be a Rembrandt.Then you have to discover whetherthe painting in question has those characteristics.So first ofall, you'll need to know thetechniques Rembrandt used when he applied paint tocanvas - his brushstrokes, how thickly he applied his paint. So you’d need to workwith an art historian who has expert knowledge ofRembrandt'sstyle.You'd have to know when he created his paintings, um...what pigmentsheused, in otherwords, what ingredients he used to make different colors ofpaint, costhe ingredients used in paints and binding agents plus varnishes, finishes, what have you, have changed over time.Since you're trying to verify that'sa Rembrandt, theingredients in thepigment would need to have been used during Rembrandt's lifetime - in the 17thcentury.And that's wherechemistrycomes in. You've got to find out what'sinthose pigments, learn their composition, and that requireslab work - detectiveworkreally - in a word, Spectroscopy.So, how do we use Spectroscopy? Well, we put an infrared microscope - a spectroscope - on tinytiny bitsof paint. And using ultraviolet light we can see the spectralsignature ofeach component part ofthe pigment. Then wecompare these signatureswith those ofparticular elements like zinc or lead, to determine what the pigment was made of.So, you can see whythis type ofanalysis requires a knowledge ofthe history ofpigments, right?How and when theyweremade? Say we determined a pigment was made with zinc, forexample.We know the spectralsignature ofzinc. And it matchesthat of thepaint sample. We also know that zinc wasn't discovered untilthe 18th century. And since Rembrandt lived during the 17th century, we know he couldn't have painted it.Now,Spectroscopy has a verydistinct advantage over previous methods of analyzing our works, because it's not invasive. You don't have to remove big chips of paint to do your analysis, which is what othermethods require.All you do is train themicroscope on tiny flecksof paint and analyze them.Now a word or two about restoration. Sometimes original art works appear questionable or inauth entic because they’ve had so many restorersaddtouchup layers to cover up damage, damage from the paint havingdeteriorated over time.Well, spectroscopy can reviewthe composition ofthose touchup layers too. So we can find out when theywereapplied. Then if wewant to undo some bad restoration attempts, we can determine what kind of process wecan use to remove them to dissolve the paint and uncover theoriginal.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a literatureclass.ProfessorNow we can't really talkabout fairy taleswithout first talking about folk tales because there'sa strong connection between these two genres, these twotypesof stories. In fact,many fairy talesstarted out as folk tales.So, what's a folk tale?How would you characterize them?Jeff?Jeff:Well, theyareold stories, traditional stories. Theywerepassed down orallywithin culturesfrom generation togeneration, so theychanged a lot over time.I mean,everystory teller,or, maybe everytown, might have had a slightlydifferent version ofthe same folk tale.Professor:That's right.There'slocal difference.And that'swhy wesay folk talesare communal. Bycommunal, we mean theyreflectthe traitsand the concernsofa particular community at a particular time.So essentially the same tale could be told in different communities, with certain aspectsof the tale adapted to fitthe specific community.Um, not the plot, the details of what happens in the storywould remain constant.That was the thread that held the tale together.But allthe other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience.Okay. So what about fairy tales? Th…theyalso are found in most cultures, buthow are theydifferent from folk tales?I guess the first question is: what is a fairy tale?And don’t anyone say “a storywith a fairy in it” because we all know that very few fairy talesactually have those tinymagical creaturesin them.But,whatelse can we say about them?Mary.Mary:Well, theyseem tob e lessrealistic than folk tales…like theyhave something improbable happening - a frog turning into a prince, say. Oh, that'sanother common element,royalty - a prince or princess. And fairy talesall seem to take place in a location that'snowhere and everywhereat the same time.Professor:What's the line-up? How do all the storiesstart?Once upon a time, in a faraway land...oh, in the case of folk tales,each story teller would specify a particular location and time,though the time and location would differ for different storytellers.With fairy tales, however,the location is generally unspecified, no matterwho the storytelleris. That land far away... We'llcomeback to thispoint in a few minutes.Student:Um...I,I thought that a fairy tale was just a written version of an oral folk tale. Professor:Well, not exactly,though that is how many fairy talesdeveloped. For example,in thelate 18th century, theGrimm Brotherstraveled throughout what's now Germany, recording localfolk tales. These were eventually published as fairytales, but not before undergoing a processof evolution.Now,a number ofthings happen when an oral talegetswritten down. First, the language changes. Itbecomesmore formal, more standard - some might say,"less colorful". It's like thedifference in your language depending on whetheryou are talking to someone, or writing them a letter.Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, an authoritative version with a recognized author is created. The communal aspect getslost. The tale no longer belongsto the community.It belongs to theworld, so to speak. Because ofthis,elementslike place and time can no longer be tailored to suit a particular audience. So theybecome less identifiable, moregeneralizable to anyaudience.On the other hand, descriptions ofcharactersand settings can be developedmore completely. Infolk tales,charactersmight be identified bya name, butyou wouldn't know anything more about them. Butin fairy tales,people nolonger have to remember plots. They're written down, right? So more energycan be put into otherelementsof thestory like characterand setting. So youget more details about thecharacters, about where the action takesplace,what people's houseswere like,ur, whetherthey're small cabins or grandpalaces. And it's worth investing thatenergybecause thestory,now in bookform, isn't in danger ofbeing lost. Those details won't be forgotten. Ifa folk taleisn't repeated byeach generation, it may be lost for all time.But with a fairytale,it's always there in a book, waiting to be discovered, again and again.Another interesting differenceinvolves thechange in audience.Who thestoriesare meant for? Contraryto what many people believe today, folk taleswereoriginally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairy talesseem targeted toward children nowadays?源于：小马过河相关推荐：2012年11月18日托福写作真题解析2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福听力真题解析。

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97 年01月托福听力文字 Part A 1. A: I invited your mother to lunch yesterday. But she said she didn’t have any free time. B: Yeah. She’s just got a new job. What does the man mean? 2. A: The sound of all that traffic is driving me out of my mind. B: It is bad. But the highway will reopen tomorrow. Then we won’t have all those cars passing by any more. What does the woman imply? 3. A: I don’t understand why I received such a low grade on my term paper. B: You should make an appointment with the professor to discuss it. What does the woman suggest the man do? 4. A: I’m going to the vegetable stand today. Can I pick up anything for you? B: No, thanks. I just came back from the market myself. What does the woman mean? 5. A: I’ve been running a mile every afternoon for the past month. But I still haven’t been able to lose more than a pound or two. I wander if this worth it. B: Oh, don’t give up now. It always seems hard when you just starting out. What does the woman mean? 6. A: We’re having a part at our house on the weekend of the thirtieth. Would you like to join us? B: That sounds like a lot of fun. But I’ll need to check my calendar first. What does the man imply? 7. A: Just one person in the whole class got an A on the test. You! B: All right! What does the woman mean? 8. A: Would you like to go to the movies with us tonight? B: To the movies? Tonight’s the biggest concert of the year. What does the man mean? 9. A: Did you pick up my books form Ron’s house? B: Sorry. It slipped my mind. What does the man mean? 10. A: Could you lend me your biology notes? B: Do you think you’ll be able to make out my handwriting? What does the woman imply about the notes? 11. A: I just saw an ad on television that said men’s suits were on sale today and tomorrow at Conrad’s Men’s Wear. B: Great! That’s just what I’ve been waiting for. What will the man probably do? 12. A: John, I’m sorry. But I forgot to bring your tape player back. B: Well, as long as I get it by Friday. What does the man mean? 13. A: I’m way behind in my letter writing. I’ve got to get started. B: Who’s got time to write letters? Exams are coming up, remember? What does the man imply the woman should do? 14. A: Hi, Ann. Where are you rushing off to? B: I’m on my way to pick up the text for American history. I’m in shock. It’s going to be 65 bucks. What does the woman mean? 15. A: Is Luis going to join us for a short break? B: Yes, if she can tear herself away from her studies. What does the woman imply about Luis? 16. A: Here are two empty seats. B: Don’t you think these are too closed to the movie screen? What does the woman imply they should do? 17. A: I found a perfect book bag but I’m about 20 dollars short. B: Don’t look at me. I don’t get paid for another week. What does the man imply? 18. A: I’m bored with the same food all the time. Let’s try something different Saturday night. B: How about an Italian place. What does the man suggest they do? 19. A: What we need is a roommate who is neat and considerate. B: Let’s write that in the ad: neatness and consideration a must. What do the speakers hope to do? 20. A: These watches are outrageously expensive. B: You think they are bad? You should see the ones in the jewelry store. What does the woman imply? 21. A: Sue, would you like to be my lab partner with the next experiment? B: Sure. I just can’t believe you still want to work with me after I messed up last time. What does the man mean? 22. A: Which game do you think is more difficult to learn, chess or bridge? B: They are like apples and oranges. What does the man mean? 23. A: I didn’t see your fellowship announced with the others. B: The dean’s still waiting on it. He wants to see my grades from this semester first. What does the woman mean? 24. A: What on earth did you do to your eyes? B: Oh, nothing. It looks a lot worse than it feels. What does the man mean? 25. A: I decided to apply to grad school in engineering for next year. B: More school? I’m going into business for myself. What does the man plan to do? 26. A: My shoulder’s been hurting for a couple of weeks now ever since I moved that heavy desk by myself. B: If it hasn’t gotten better by now, you should have it looked at. What does the woman mean? 27. A: I’m calling to check on the status of my TV.