Multinational Financial Management(英文版)(ppt 34页)
国际财务管理（英文版）课后习题答案2
IM-1 CHAPTER 1 GLOBALIZATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL FIRMSUGGESTED ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSQUESTIONS 1. Why is it important to study international financial management? Answer: We We are are are now now now living living living in in in a a a world world world where where where all all all the the the major major major economic economic economic functions, functions, functions, i.e., i.e., i.e., consumption, consumption, production, production, and and and investment, investment, investment, are are are highly highly highly globalized. globalized. It It is is is thus thus thus essential essential essential for for for financial financial financial managers managers managers to to to fully fully understand understand vital vital vital international international international dimensions dimensions dimensions of of of financial financial financial management. management. This This global global global shift shift shift is is is in in in marked marked contrast to a situation that existed when the authors of this book were learning finance some twenty years ago. At that time, most professors customarily (and safely, to some extent) ignored international aspects of finance. This mode of operation has become untenable since then. 2. How is international financial management different from domestic financial management? Answer: There are three major dimensions that set apart international finance from domestic finance. They are: 1. foreign exchange and political risks, 2. market imperfections, and 3. expanded opportunity set. 3. Discuss the three major trends that have prevailed in international business during the last two decades. Answer: The 1980s brought a rapid integration of international capital and financial markets. Impetus for globalized financial markets initially came from the governments of major countries that had begun to deregulate their foreign exchange and capital markets. The economic integration and globalization that began in the eighties is picking up speed in the 1990s via privatization. Privatization is the process by which a country divests itself of the ownership and operation of a business venture by turning it over to the free market system. Lastly, trade liberalization and economic integration continued to proceed at both the regional and global levels. IM-2 4. How How is is is a a a country‟s country‟s economic economic well well well-being -being -being enhanced enhanced enhanced through through through free free free international international international trade trade trade in in in goods goods goods and and services? Answer: According According to to to David David David Ricardo, Ricardo, Ricardo, with with with free free free international international international trade, trade, trade, it it it is is is mutually mutually mutually beneficial beneficial beneficial for for for two two countries to each specialize in the production of the goods that it can produce relatively most efficiently and and then then then trade trade trade those those those goods. goods. By By doing doing doing so, so, so, the the the two two two countries countries countries can can can increase increase increase their their their combined combined combined production, production, which which allows allows allows both countries both countries to to consume consume consume more more more of of of both both both goods. goods. This This argument argument argument remains remains remains valid even valid even if if a a country country can can can produce produce produce both both both goods goods goods more more more efficiently efficiently efficiently than than than the the the other other other country. country. International International trade trade trade is is is not not not a a …zero …zero--sum‟ game in which one country benefits at the expense of another country. Rather, international trade could be an …increasing -sum‟ game at which all players become winners.5. What considerations might limit the extent to which the theory of comparative advantage is realistic? Answer: The The theory theory theory of of of comparative comparative comparative advantage advantage advantage was was was originally originally originally advanced advanced advanced by by by the the the nineteenth nineteenth nineteenth century century economist David Ricardo as an explanation for why nations trade with one another. The theory claims that economic well-being is enhanced if each country‟s citizens produce what they have a comparative advantage in producing relative to the citizens of other countries, and then trade products. Underlying the the theory theory theory are are are the the the assumptions assumptions assumptions of of of free free free trade trade trade between between between nations nations nations and and and that that that the the the factors factors factors of of of production production production (land, (land, buildings, labor, technology, and capital) are relatively immobile. To the extent that these assumptions do not hold, the theory of comparative advantage will not realistically describe international trade. 6. What are multinational corporations (MNCs) and what economic roles do they play? Answer: A A multinational multinational multinational corporation corporation corporation (MNC) (MNC) (MNC) can can can be be be defined defined defined as as as a a a business business business firm firm firm incorporated incorporated incorporated in in in one one country country that that that has has has production production production and and and sales sales sales operations operations operations in in in several several several other other other countries. countries. countries. Indeed, Indeed, Indeed, some some some MNCs MNCs MNCs have have operations in dozens of different countries. MNCs obtain financing from major money centers around the the world world world in in in many many many different different currencies currencies to to to finance finance finance their their their operations. operations. Global Global operations operations operations force force force the the treasurer‟s office office to to to establish establish establish international international international banking banking banking relationships, relationships, relationships, to to to place place place short short short-term -term -term funds funds funds in in in several several currency denominations, and to effectively manage foreign exchange risk. IM-3 7. Mr. Ross Perot, a former Presidential candidate of the Reform Party, which is a third political party in the the United United United States, States, States, had had had strongly strongly strongly objected objected objected to to to the the the creation creation creation of of of the the the North North North American American American Trade Trade Trade Agreement Agreement (NAFTA), which nonetheless was inaugurated in 1994, for the fear of losing American jobs to Mexico where it is much cheaper to hire workers. What are the merits and demerits of Mr. Perot‟s position on NAFTA? Considering the recent economic developments in North America, how would you assess Mr. Perot‟s position on NAFTA?Answer: Answer: Since Since Since the the the inception inception inception of of of NAFTA, NAFTA, NAFTA, many many many American American American companies companies companies indeed indeed indeed have have have invested invested invested heavily heavily heavily in in Mexico, Mexico, sometimes relocating production from the United sometimes relocating production from the United States States to Mexico. Although this to Mexico. Although this might have temporarily temporarily caused caused caused unemployment unemployment unemployment of of of some some some American American American workers, workers, workers, they they they were were were eventually eventually eventually rehired rehired rehired by by by other other industries often for higher wages. Currently, the unemployment rate in the U.S. is quite low by historical standard. At the same time, Mexico has been experiencing a major economic boom. It seems clear that both both Mexico Mexico Mexico and and and the the the U.S. U.S. U.S. have have have benefited benefited benefited from from from NAFTA. NAFTA. NAFTA. Mr. Mr. Mr. Perot‟s Perot‟s concern concern appears appears appears to to to have have have been been been ill ill founded. 8. In 1995, a working group of French chief executive officers was set up by the Confederation of French Industry (CNPF) and the French Association of Private Companies (AFEP) to study the French corporate governance governance structure. structure. structure. The The The group group group reported reported reported the the the following, following, following, among among among other other other things things things “The “The “The board board board of of of directors directors should not simply aim at maximizing share values as in the U.K. and the U.S. Rather, its goal should be to serve serve the the the company, company, company, whose whose whose interests interests interests should should should be be be clearly clearly clearly distinguished distinguished distinguished from from from those those those of of of its its its shareholders, shareholders, employees, creditors, suppliers and clients but still equated with their general common interest, which is to safeguard the prosperity and continuity of the company”. Evaluate the above recommendation of the working group. Answer: Answer: The The The recommendations recommendations recommendations of of of the the the French French French working working working group group group clearly clearly clearly show show show that that that shareholder shareholder shareholder wealth wealth maximization is not a universally accepted goal of corporate management, especially outside the United States and possibly a few other Anglo-Saxon countries including the United Kingdom and Canada. To some extent, this may reflect the fact that share ownership is not wide spread in most other countries. In France, about 15% of households own shares. IM-4 9. Emphasizing the importance of voluntary compliance, as opposed to enforcement, in the aftermath of corporate scandals, e.g., Enron and WorldCom, U.S. President George W. Bush stated that while tougher laws might help, “ultimately, the ethics of American business depends on the conscience of America‟s business leaders.” Describe your view on this statement. Answer: There can be different answers to this question. If business leaders always behave with a high ethical standard, many of the corporate scandals we have seen lately might not have happened. Since we cannot cannot fully fully fully depend depend depend on on on the the the ethical ethical ethical behavior behavior behavior on on on the part the part of of business business business leaders, leaders, leaders, the the the society society society should should should protect protect itself itself by by by adopting adopting adopting the the the rules/regulations rules/regulations rules/regulations and and and governance governance governance structure that structure that would would induce induce induce business business business leaders leaders leaders to to behave in the interest of the society at large. 10. Suppose you are interested in investing in shares of Nokia Corporation of Finland, which is a world leader leader in in in wireless wireless wireless communication. communication. communication. But But But before before before you you you make make make investment investment investment decision, decision, decision, you you you would would would like like like to to to learn learn about the company. Visit the website of CNN Financial network () and collect information information about about about Nokia, Nokia, Nokia, including including including the the the recent recent recent stock price stock price history history and and and analysts‟ analysts‟ views views of the of the compa company. ny. Discuss what you learn about the company. Also discuss how the instantaneous access to information via internet would affect the nature and workings of financial markets. Answer: As students might have learned from visiting the website, information is readily available even for for foreign foreign foreign companies companies companies like like like Nokia. Nokia. Nokia. Ready Ready Ready access access access to to to international international international information information information helps helps helps integrate integrate integrate financial financial markets, dismantling barriers to international investment and financing. Integration, however, may help a financial shock in one market to be transmitted to other markets. IM-5 MINI CASE: NIKE‟S DE CISION Nike, a U.S.-based company with a globally recognized brand name, manufactures athletic shoes in such such Asian Asian Asian developing developing developing countries countries countries as as as China, China, China, Indonesia, Indonesia, Indonesia, and and and Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam using using using subcontractors, subcontractors, subcontractors, and and and sells sells sells the the products in the U.S. and foreign markets. The company has no production facilities in the United States. In In each each each of of of those those those Asian Asian Asian countries countries countries where where where Nike Nike Nike has has has production production production facilities, facilities, facilities, the the the rates rates rates of of of unemployment unemployment unemployment and and underemployment underemployment are are are quite quite quite high. high. high. The The The wage wage wage rate rate rate is is is very very very low low low in in in those those those countries countries countries by by by the the the U.S. U.S. U.S. standard; standard; hourly wage rate in the manufacturing sector is less than one dollar in each of those countries, which is compared with about $18 in the U.S. In addition, workers in those countries often are operating in poor and unhealthy environments and their rights are not well protected. Understandably, Asian host countries are are eager eager eager to to to attract attract attract foreign foreign foreign investments investments investments like like like Nike‟s Nike‟s Nike‟s to to to develop develop develop their their their economies economies economies and and and raise raise raise the the the living living standards of their citizens. Recently, however, Nike came under a world-wide criticism for its practice of hiring workers for such a low pay, “next to nothing” in the words of critics, and condoning poor working conditions in host countries. Evaluate Evaluate and and and discuss discuss discuss various various various …ethical‟ …ethical‟ as as well well well as as as economic economic economic ramifications ramifications ramifications of of of Nike‟s Nike‟s decision decision to to invest in those Asian countries. Suggested Solution to Nike‟s DecisionObviously, Obviously, Nike‟s Nike‟s investments investments in in in such such such Asian Asian Asian countries countries countries as as as China, China, China, Indonesia, Indonesia, Indonesia, and and and Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam were were motivated to take advantage of low labor costs in those countries. While Nike was criticized for the poor working working conditions conditions conditions for for for its its its workers, workers, workers, the the the company company company has has has recognized recognized recognized the the the problem problem problem and and and has has has substantially substantially improved the working environments recently. Although Nike‟s workers get paid very low wages by t he Western standard, they probably are making substantially more than their local compatriots who are either under- or unemployed. While Nike‟s detractors may have valid points, one should not ignore the fact that the company is making contributions to the economic welfare of those Asian countries by creating job opportunities. IM-6 CHAPTER 1A THEORY OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGESUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO APPENDIX PROBLEMSPROBLEMS 1. Country C can produce seven pounds of food or four yards of textiles per unit of input. Compute the the opportunity cost of producing food instead of textiles. opportunity cost of producing food instead of textiles. Similarly, compute the opportunity cost of producing textiles instead of food. Solution: The opportunity cost of producing food instead of textiles is one yard of textiles per 7/4 = 1.75 pounds of food. A pound of food has an opportunity cost of 4/7 = .57 yards of textiles. 2. Consider the no-trade input/output situation presented in the following table for Countries X and Y. Assuming that free trade is allowed, develop a scenario that will benefit the citizens of both countries. IM-7 INPUT/OUTPUT WITHOUT TRADE _______________________________________________________________________ Country X Y Total ________________________________________________________________________ I. Units of Input (000,000) _______________________ ______________________________ Food 70 60 Textiles 40 30 ________________________________________________________________________ II. Output per Unit of Input (lbs or yards) ______________________ ______________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Food 17 5 Textiles 5 2 ________________________________________________________________________ III. Total Output (lbs or yards) (000,000) ______________________ ______________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Food 1,190 300 1,490 Textiles 200 60 260 ________________________________________________________________________ IV . Consumption (lbs or yards) (000,000) _____________________ ______________________________ Food 1,190 300 1,490 Textiles 200 60 260 ________________________________________________________________________ IM-8 Solution: Examination of the no-trade input/output input/output table table indicates that Country X X has has has an an absolute advantage advantage in in in the the the production production production of of of f f ood ood and and and textiles. textiles. Country Country X X X can can can “trade “trade “trade off” off” off” one one one unit unit unit of of of production production needed needed to to to produce produce produce 17 17 17 pounds pounds pounds of of of food food food for for for five five five yards yards yards of of of textiles. textiles. Thus, Thus, a a a yard yard yard of of of textiles textiles textiles has has has an an opportunity cost of 17/5 = 3.40 pounds of food, or a pound of food has an opportunity cost of 5/17 = .29 yards of textiles. Analogously, Country Y has an opportunity cost of 5/2 = 2.50 pounds of food per yard of textiles, or 2/5 = .40 yards of textiles per pound of food. In terms of opportunity cost, it is clear that Country X is relatively relatively more more more efficient in producing food and efficient in producing food and Country Y is relatively more efficient in producing producing textiles. textiles. textiles. Thus, Thus, Thus, Country Country Country X X X (Y) (Y) (Y) has has has a a a comparative comparative comparative advantage advantage advantage in in in producing producing producing food food food (textile) (textile) (textile) is is comparison to Country Y (X). When there are no restrictions or impediments to free trade the economic-well being of the citizens of both countries is enhanced through trade. Suppose that Country X shifts 20,000,000 units from the production of textiles to the production of food where it has a comparative advantage and that Country Y shifts shifts 60,000,000 60,000,000 60,000,000 units units units from from from the the the production production production of of of food food food to to to the the the production production production of of of textiles textiles textiles where where where it it it has has has a a comparative comparative advantage. advantage. Total output will now be (90,000,000 x 17 =) 1,530,000,000 pounds of food and [(20,000,000 x 5 =100,000,000) + (90,000,000 x 2 =180,000,000) =] 280,000,000 yards of textiles. Further suppose that Country X and Country Y agree on a price of 3.00 pounds of food for one yard of textiles, and that Country X sells Country Y 330,000,000 pounds of food for 110,000,000 yards of textiles. Under Under free free free trade, trade, trade, the the the following following following table table table shows shows shows that that that the the the citizens citizens citizens of of of Country Country Country X X X (Y) (Y) (Y) have have have increased increased increased their their consumption of food by 10,000,000 (30,000,000) pounds and textiles by 10,000,000 (10,000,000) yards. IM-9 INPUT/OUTPUT WITH FREE TRADE __________________________________________________________________________ Country X Y Total __________________________________________________________________________ I. Units of Input (000,000) _______________________ ________________________________ Food 90 0 Textiles 20 90 __________________________________________________________________________ II. Output per Unit of Input (lbs or yards) ______________________ ______________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Food 17 5 Textiles 5 2 __________________________________________________________________________ III. Total Output (lbs or yards) (000,000) _____________________ ________________________________ Food 1,530 0 1,530 Textiles 100 180 280 __________________________________________________________________________ IV . Consumption (lbs or yards) (000,000) _____________________ ________________________________ Food 1,200 330 1,530 Textiles 210 70 280 __________________________________________________________________________ 。
国际财务管理(英文版)课后习题答案2
CHAPTER 1GLOBALIZATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL FIRMSUGGESTED ANSWERS TO END—OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS QUESTIONS1 。
Why is it important to study international financial management？Answer: We are now living in a world where all the major economic functions, i.e.，consumption，production, and investment，are highly globalized. It is thus essential for financial managers to fully understand vital international dimensions of financial management. This global shift is in marked contrast to a situation that existed when the authors of this book were learning finance some twenty years ago. At that time, most professors customarily (and safely, to some extent) ignored international aspects of finance 。
This mode of operation has become untenable since then.2. How is international financial management different from domestic financial management？Answer ：There are three major dimensions that set apart international finance from domestic finance 。
Multinational Financial Management Alan Shapiro
Байду номын сангаас
THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL FOR FOREIGN PROJECTS
k0 is used as the discount rate in the calculation of Net Present Value. 2. Two Caveats a. Weights must be a proportion using market, not book value. b. Calculating WACC, weights must be marginal reflecting future debt structure.
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CHAPTER 14
THE COST OF CAPITAL FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW:
I. THE COST OF EQUITY CAPITAL II. THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL FOR FOREIGN PROJECTS III. DISCOUNT RATES FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IV. THE COST OF DEBT CAPITAL V. ESTABLISHING A WORLDWIDE CAPITAL STRUCTURE
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THE COST OF EQUITY CAPITAL
Cov(rm, ri) is the covariance between asset and market returns and σ2 rm , the variance of market returns.
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II. THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL FOR FOREIGN PROJECTS
国际财务管理 英文版答案1
Chapter 1Multinational Financial Management: An Overview Lecture OutlineManaging the MNCFacing Agency ProblemsManagement Structure of an MNCWhy Firms Pursue International BusinessTheory of Comparative AdvantageImperfect Markets TheoryProduct Cycle TheoryHow Firms Engage in International BusinessInternational TradeLicensingFranchisingJoint VenturesAcquisitions of Existing OperationsEstablishing New Foreign SubsidiariesSummary of MethodsValuation Model for an MNCDomestic ModelValuing International Cash FlowsUncertainty Surrounding an MNC’s Cash FlowsOrganization of the Text12 International Financial Management Chapter ThemeThis chapter introduces the multinational corporation as having similar goals to the purely domestic corporation, but a wider variety of opportunities. With additional opportunities come potential increased returns and other forms of risk to consider. The potential benefits and risks are introduced. Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion1. What is the appropriate definition of an MNC?2. Why does an MNC expand internationally?3. What are the risks of an MNC which expands internationally?4. Why do you think European countries attract U.S. firms?5. Why must purely domestic firms be concerned about the international environment?POINT/COUNTER-POINT:Should an MNC Reduce Its Ethical Standards to Compete Internationally?POINT: Yes. When a U.S.-based MNC competes in some countries, it may encounter some business norms there that are not allowed in the U.S. For example, when competing for a government contract, firms might provide payoffs to the government officials who will make the decision. Yet, in the United States, a firm will sometimes take a client on an expensive golf outing or provide skybox tickets to events. This is no different than a payoff. If the payoffs are bigger in some foreign countries, the MNC can compete only by matching the payoffs provided by its competitors.COUNTER-POINT: No. A U.S.-based MNC should maintain a standard code of ethics that applies to any country, even if it is at a disadvantage in a foreign country that allows activities that might be viewed as unethical. In this way, the MNC establishes more credibility worldwide.WHO IS CORRECT? Use the Internet to learn more about this issue. Which argument do you support? Offer your own opinion on this issue.ANSWER: The issue is frequently discussed. It is easy to suggest that the MNC should maintain a standard code of ethics, but in reality, that means that it will not be able to compete in some cases. For example, even if it submits the lowest bid on a specific foreign government project, it will not receive the bid without a payoff to the foreign government officials. The issue is especially a concern for large projects that may generate substantial cash flows for the firm that is chosen to do the project. Ideally, the MNC can clearly demonstrate to whoever oversees the decision process that it deserves to be selected. If there is just one decision-maker with no oversight, an MNC can not ensure that the decision will be ethical. But if the decision-maker must be accountable to a department who oversees the decision, the MNC may be able to prompt the department to ensure that the process is ethical.Chapter 1: Multinational Financial Management: An Overview 3 Answers to End of Chapter Questions1.Agency Problems of MNCs.a.Explain the agency problem of MNCs.ANSWER: The agency problem reflects a conflict of interests between decision-making managers and the owners of the MNC. Agency costs occur in an effort to assure that managers act in the best interest of the owners.b.Why might agency costs be larger for an MNC than for a purely domestic firm?ANSWER: The agency costs are normally larger for MNCs than purely domestic firms for the following reasons. First, MNCs incur larger agency costs in monitoring managers of distant foreign subsidiaries. Second, foreign subsidiary managers raised in different cultures may not follow uniform goals. Third, the sheer size of the larger MNCs would also create large agency problems.parative Advantage.a.Explain how the theory of comparative advantage relates to the need for internationalbusiness.ANSWER: The theory of comparative advantage implies that countries should specialize in production, thereby relying on other countries for some products. Consequently, there is a need for international business.b.Explain how the product cycle theory relates to the growth of an MNC.ANSWER: The product cycle theory suggests that at some point in time, the firm will attempt to capitalize on its perceived advantages in markets other than where it was initially established.3.Imperfect Markets.a.Explain how the existence of imperfect markets has led to the establishment of subsidiaries inforeign markets.ANSWER: Because of imperfect markets, resources cannot be easily and freely retrieved by the MNC. Consequently, the MNC must sometimes go to the resources rather than retrieve resources (such as land, labor, etc.).b.If perfect markets existed, would wages, prices, and interest rates among countries be moresimilar or less similar than under conditions of imperfect markets? Why?ANSWER: If perfect markets existed, resources would be more mobile and could therefore be transferred to those countries more willing to pay a high price for them. As this occurred, shortages of resources in any particular country would be alleviated and the costs of such resources would be similar across countries.4 International Financial Management4. International Opportunities.a.Do you think the acquisition of a foreign firm or licensing will result in greater growth for anMNC? Which alternative is likely to have more risk?ANSWER: An acquisition will typically result in greater growth, but it is more risky because it normally requires a larger investment and the decision can not be easily reversed once the acquisition is made.b. Describe a scenario in which the size of a corporation is not affected by access tointernational opportunities.ANSWER: Some firms may avoid opportunities because they lack knowledge about foreign markets or expect that the risks are excessive. Thus, the size of these firms is not affected by the opportunities.c. Explain why MNCs such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo, Inc., still have numerous opportunities forinternational expansion.ANSWER: Coca Cola and PepsiCo still have new international opportunities because countries are at various stages of development. Some countries have just recently opened their borders to MNCs. Many of these countries do not offer sufficient food or drink products to their consumers.5. International Opportunities Due to the Internet.a.What factors cause some firms to become more internationalized than others?ANSWER: The operating characteristics of the firm (what it produces or sells) and the risk perception of international business will influence the degree to which a firm becomes internationalized. Several other factors such as access to capital could also be relevant here. Firms that are labor-intensive could more easily capitalize on low-wage countries while firms that rely on technological advances could not.b.Offer your opinion on why the Internet may result in more international business.ANSWER: The Internet allows for easy and low-cost communication between countries, so that firms could now develop contacts with potential customers overseas by having a website. Many firms use their website to identify the products that they sell, along with the prices for each product. This allows them to easily advertise their products to potential importers anywhere in the world without mailing brochures to various countries. In addition, they can add to their product line and change prices by simply revising their website, so importers are kept abreast of the exporter’s product information by monitoring the exporter’s website periodically. Firms can also use their websites to accept orders online. Some firms with an international reputation use their brand name to advertise products over the internet. They may use manufacturers in some foreign countries to produce some of their products subject to their specification6. Impact of Exchange Rate Movements. Plak Co. of Chicago has several European subsidiariesthat remit earnings to it each year. Explain how appreciation of the euro (the currency used in many European countries) would affect Plak’s valuation.Chapter 1: Multinational Financial Management: An Overview 5 ANSWER: Plak’s valuation should increase because the appreciation of the euro will increase the dollar value of the cash flows remitted by the European subsidiaries.7. Benefits and Risks of International Business. As an overall review of this chapter, identifypossible reasons for growth in international business. Then, list the various disadvantages that may discourage international business.ANSWER: Growth in international business can be stimulated by (1) access to foreign resources which can reduce costs, or (2) access to foreign markets which boost revenues. Yet, international business is subject to risks of exchange rate fluctuations, and political risk (such as a possible host government takeover, tax regulations, etc.).8. Valuation of an MNC. Hudson Co., a U.S. firm, has a subsidiary in Mexico, where political riskhas recently increased. Hudson’s best guess of its future peso cash flows to be received has not changed. However, its valuation has declined as a result of the increase in political risk. Explain.ANSWER: The valuation of the MNC is the present value of expected cash flows. The increase in risk results in a higher expected return, which reduces the present value of the expected future cash flows.9. Centralization and Agency Costs. Would the agency problem be more pronounced for BerkleyCorp., which has its parent company make most major decisions for its foreign subsidiaries, or Oakland Corp., which uses a decentralized approach?ANSWER: The agency problem would be more pronounced for Oakland because of a higher probability that subsidiary decisions would conflict with the parent. Assuming that the parent attempts to maximize shareholder wealth, decisions by the parent should be compatible with shareholder objectives. If the subsidiaries made their own decisions, the agency costs would be higher since the parent would need to monitor the subsidiaries to assure that their decisions were intended to maximize shareholder wealth.10. Global Competition. Explain why more standardized product specifications across countries canincrease global competition.ANSWER: Standardized product specifications allow firms to more easily expand their business across other countries, which increases global competition.11. Exposure to Exhange Rates. McCanna Corp., a U.S. firm, has a French subsidiary that produceswine and exports to various European countries. All of the countries where it sells its wine use the euro as their currency, which is the same as the currency used in France. Is McCanna Corp.exposed to exchange rate risk?ANSWER: The subsidiary and its customers based in countries that now use the euro as their currency would no longer be exposed to exchange rate risk.12. Macro versus Micro Topics. Review the table of contents and indicate whether each of thechapters from Chapter 2 through Chapter 21 has a macro or micro perspective.6 International Financial ManagementANSWER: Chapters 2 through 8 are macro, while Chapters 9 through 21 are micro.13. Methods Used to Conduct International Business. Duve, Inc., desires to penetrate a foreignmarket with either a licensing agreement with a foreign firm or by acquiring a foreign firm.Explain the differences in potential risk and return between a licensing agreement with a foreign firm, and the acquisition of a foreign firm.ANSWER: A licensing agreement has limited potential for return, because the foreign firm will receive much of the benefits as a result of the licensing agreement. Yet, the MNC has limited risk, because it did not need to invest substantial funds in the foreign country.An acquisition by the MNC requires a substantial investment. If this investment is not a success, the MNC may have trouble selling the firm it acquired for a reasonable price. Thus, there is more risk. However, if this investment is successful, all of the benefits accrue to the MNC.14. International Business Methods. Snyder Golf Co., a U.S. firm that sells high-quality golf clubsin the U.S., wants to expand internationally by selling the same golf clubs in Brazil.a.Describe the tradeoffs that are involved for each method (such as exporting, direct foreigninvestment, etc.) that Snyder could use to achieve its goal.ANSWER: Snyder can export the clubs, but the transportation expenses may be high. If could establish a subsidiary in Brazil to produce and sell the clubs, but this may require a large investment of funds. It could use licensing, in which it specifies to a Brazilian firm how to produce the clubs. In this way, it does not have to establish its own subsidiary there.b. Which method would you recommend for this firm? Justify your recommendation.ANSWER: If the amount of golf clubs to be sold in Brazil is small, it may decide to export.However, if the expected sales level is high, it may benefit from licensing. If it is confident that the expected sales level will remain high, it may be willing to establish a subsidiary. The wages are lower in Brazil, and the large investment needed to establish a subsidiary may be worthwhile.15. Impact of Political Risk. Explain why political risk may discourage international business.ANSWER: Political risk increases the rate of return required to invest in foreign projects. Some foreign projects would have been feasible if there was no political risk, but will not be feasible because of political risk.16. Impact of September 11. Following the terrorist attack on the U.S., the valuations of manyMNCs declined by more than 10 percent. Explain why the expected cash flows of MNCs were reduced, even if they were not directly hit by the terrorist attacks.ANSWER: An MNC’s cash flows could be reduced in the following ways. First, a decline in travel would affect any MNCs that have business in travel-related industries. The airline, hotel, and tourist-related industries were expected to experience a decline in business. Layoffs were announced immediately by many of these MNCs. Second, these effects on travel-related industries can carry over to other industries, and weaken economies. Third, the cost of international tradeChapter 1: Multinational Financial Management: An Overview7 increased as a result of tighter restrictions on some products. Fourth, some MNCs incurred expenses as a result of increasing security to protect their employees.Advanced Questions17. International Joint Venture. Anheuser-Busch, the producer of Budweiser and other beers, hasrecently expanded into Japan by engaging in a joint venture with Kirin Brewery, the largest brewery in Japan. The joint venture enables Anheuser-Busch to have its beer distributed through Kirin’s distribution channels in Japan. In addition, it can utilize Kirin’s facilities to produce beer that will be sold locally. In return, Anheuser-Busch provides information about the American beer market to Kirin.a. Explain how the joint venture can enable Anheuser-Busch to achieve its objective ofmaximizing shareholder wealth.ANSWER: The joint venture creates a way for Anheuser-Busch to distribute Budweiser throughout Japan. It enables Anheuser-Busch to penetrate the Japanese market without requiring a substantial investment in Japan.b. Explain how the joint venture can limit the risk of the international business.ANSWER: The joint venture has limited risk because Anheuser-Busch does not need to establish its own distribution network in Japan. Thus, Anheuser-Busch may be able to use a smaller investment for the international business, and there is a higher probability that the international business will be successful.c. Many international joint ventures are intended to circumvent barriers that normally preventforeign competition. What barrier in Japan is Anheuser-Busch circumventing as a result of the joint venture? What barrier in the United States is Kirin circumventing as a result of the joint venture?ANSWER: Anheuser-Busch is able to benefit from Kirin’s distribution system in Japan, which would not normally be so accessible. Kirin is able to learn more about how Anheuser-Busch expanded its product across numerous countries, and therefore breaks through an “information”barrier.d. Explain how Anheuser-Busch could lose some of its market share in countries outside Japanas a result of this particular joint venture.ANSWER: Anheuser-Busch could lose some of its market share to Kirin as a result of explaining its worldwide expansion strategies to Kirin. However, it appears that Anheuser-Busch expects the potential benefits of the joint venture to outweigh any potential adverse effects.18. Impact of Eastern European Growth. The managers of Loyola Corp. recently had a meeting todiscuss new opportunities in Europe as a result of the recent integration among Eastern European countries. They decided not to penetrate new markets because of their present focus on expanding market share in the United States. Loyola’s financial managers have developed forecasts for earnings based on the 12 percent market share (defined here as its percentage of total European8 International Financial Managementsales) that Loyola currently has in Eastern Europe. Is 12 percent an appropriate estimate for next year’s Eastern European market share? If not, does it likely overestimate or underestimate the actual Eastern European market share next year?ANSWER: It would likely overestimate its market share because the competition should increase as competitors penetrate the European countries.19. Valuation of an MNC. Birm Co., based in Alabama, considers several international opportunitiesin Europe that could affect the value of its firm. The valuation of its firm is dependent on four factors: (1) expected cash flows in dollars, (2) expected cash flows in euros that are ultimately converted into dollars, (3) the rate at which it can convert euros to dollars, and (4) Birm’s weighted average cost of capital. For each opportunity, identify the factors that would be affected.a.Birm plans a licensing deal in which it will sell technology to a firm in Germany for$3,000,000; the payment is invoiced in dollars, and this project has the same risk level as its existing businesses.b.Birm plans to acquire a large firm in Portugal that is riskier than its existing businesses.c.Birm plans to discontinue its relationship with a U.S. supplier so that can import a smallamount of supplies (denominated in euros) at a lower cost from a Belgian supplier.d.Birm plans to export a small amount of materials to Ireland that are denominated in euros.ANSWER:Opportunity Dollar CF Euro CF Exchange rate atwhich Birm Co.converts euros todollarsBirmingham’sweighted average costof capitala.joint venture Xb.acquisition X Xc.importedsuppliesXd.exports toIrelandX20. Assessing Motives for International Business.Fort Worth Inc. specializes in manufacturingsome basic parts for sports utility vehicles that are produced and sold in the U.S. Its main advantage in the U.S. is that its production is efficient, and less costly than that of some other unionized manufacturers. It has a substantial market share in the U.S. Its manufacturing process is labor-intensive. It pays relatively low wages compared to U.S. competitors, but has guaranteed the local workers that their job positions will not be eliminated for the next 30 years. It hired a consultant to determine whether it should set up a subsidiary in Mexico, where the parts would be produced. The consultant suggested that Forth Worth should expand for the following reasons.Offer your opinion on whether the consultant’s reasons are logical:a. Theory of Competitive Advantage: There are not many SUVs sold in Mexico, so Fort WorthInc. would not have to face much competition there.Chapter 1: Multinational Financial Management: An Overview9b. Imperfect Markets Theory: Fort Worth Inc. can not easily transfer workers to Mexico, but itcan establish a subsidiary there in order to penetrate a new market.c. Product Cycle Theory: Fort Worth Inc. has been successful in the U.S. It has limited growthopportunities because it already controls much of the U.S. market for the parts it produces.Thus, the natural next step is to conduct the same business in a foreign country.d. Exchange Rate Risk. The exchange rate of the peso has weakened recently, so this wouldallow Fort Worth Inc. to build a plant at a very low cost (by exchanging dollars for the cheap pesos to build the plant).e. Political Risk. The political conditions in Mexico have stabilized in the last few months, soFort Worth should attempt to penetrate the Mexican market now.ANSWER: None of the arguments by the consultant are logical. If SUVs are not sold in the Mexican market, there is no need for these parts in Mexico. Fort Worth Inc. should only attempt to penetrate a new market if there is demand. Just because it has limited growth potential in the U.S., this does not mean that there will be demand for its product in Mexico. Even if the exchange rate is low relative to recent periods, it could decline further, which would adversely affect any the dollar amount of future remitted earnings. Stable political conditions in Mexico are not a sufficient reason to pursue direct foreign investment there.21. Valuation of Wal-Mart’s International Business. In addition to all of its stores in the U.S., Wal-Mart has 11 stores in Argentina, 24 stores in Brazil, 214 stores in Canada, 29 stores in China, 92 stores in Germany, 15 stores in South Korea, 611 stores in Mexico, and 261 stores in the U.K.Consider the value of Wal-Mart as being composed of two parts, a U.S. part (due to business in the U.S.) and a non-U.S. part (due to business in other countries). Explain how to determine the present value (in dollars) of the non-U.S. part assuming that you had access to all the details of Wal-Mart businesses outside the U.S.ANSWER: The non-U.S. part can be measured as the present value of future dollar cash flows resulting from the non-U.S. businesses. Based on recent earnings data for each store and applying an expected growth rate, you can estimate the remitted earnings that will come from each country in each year in the future. You can convert those cash flows to dollars using a forecasted exchange rate per year. Determine the present value of cash flows of all stores within one country. Then repeat the process for other countries. Then add up all the present values that you estimated to derive a consolidated present value of all non-U.S. subsidiaries.22. Impact of International Business on Cash Flows and Risk. Nantucket Travel Agencyspecializes in tours for American tourists. Until recently, all of its business was in the U.S. It just established a subsidiary in Athens, Greece, which provides tour services in the Greek islands for American tourists. It rented a shop near the port of Athens. It also hired residents of Athens, who could speak English and provide tours of the Greek islands. The subsidiary’s main costs are rent and salaries for its employees and the lease of a few large boats in Athens that it uses for tours.American tourists pay for the entire tour in dollars at Nantucket’s main U.S. office before they depart for Greece.10 International Financial Managementa.Explain why Nantucket may be able to effectively capitalize on international opportunitiessuch as the Greek island tours.ANSWER: It already has established credibility with American tourists, but could penetrate a new market with some of the same customers that it has served on tours in the U.S.b.Nantucket is privately-owned by owners who reside in the U.S. and work in the main office.Explain possible agency problems associated with the creation of a subsidiary in Athens, Greece. How can Nantucket attempt to reduce these agency costs?ANSWER: The employees of the subsidiary in Athens are not owners, and may have no incentive to manage in a manner that maximizes the wealth of the owners. Thus, they may manage the tours inefficiently.Nantucket could attempt to allow the employees a portion of the ownership of the company so that they benefit more directly from good performance. Alternatively, Nantucket may consider having one of its owners transfer to Athens to oversee the subsidiary’s operations.c. Greece’s cost of labor and rent are relatively low. Explain why this information is relevant toNantucket’s decision to establish a tour business in Greece.ANSWER: The low cost of rent and labor will be beneficial to Nantucket, because it enables Nantucket to create the subsidiary at a low cost.d. Explain how the cash flow situation of the Greek tour business exposes Nantucket toexchange rate risk. Is Nantucket favorably or unfavorably affected when the euro (Greece’s currency) appreciates against the dollar? Explain.ANSWER: Nantucket’s tour business in Greece results in dollar cash inflows and euro cash outflows. It will be adversely affected by the appreciation of the euro because it will require more dollars to cover the costs in Athens if the euro’s value rises.e. Nantucket plans to finance its Greek tour business. Its subsidiary could obtain loans in eurosfrom a bank in Greece to cover its rent, and its main office could pay off the loans over time.Alternatively, its main office could borrow dollars and would periodically convert dollars to euros to pay the expenses in Greece. Does either type of loan reduce the exposure of Nantucket to exchange rate risk? Explain.ANSWER: No. The euro loans would be used to cover euro expenses, but Nantucket would need dollars to pay off the loans. Alternatively, the U.S. dollar loans would still require conversion of dollars to euros. With either type of loan, Nantucket is still adversely affected by the appreciation of the euro against the dollar.f. Explain how the Greek island tour business could expose Nantucket to country risk.ANSWER: The subsidiary could be subject to government restrictions or taxes in Greece that would place it at a disadvantage relative to other Greek tour companies based in Athens.23. Valuation of an MNC. Yahoo! has expanded its business by establishing portals in numerouscountries, including Argentina, Australia, China, Germany, Ireland, Japan, and the U.K. It has cash outflows associated with the creation and administration of each portal. It also generates cash inflows from selling advertising space on its website. Each portal results in cash flows in a different currency. Thus, the valuation of Yahoo! is based on its expected future net cash flows in Argentine pesos after converting them into U.S. dollars, its expected net cash flows in Australian dollars after converting them into U.S. dollars, and so on. Explain how and why the valuation of Yahoo! would change if most investors suddenly expected that that the dollar would weaken against most currencies over time.ANSWER: The valuation of Yahoo! should increase because the present value of expected dollar cash flows to be received would increase.24.Uncertainty Surrounding an MNC’s Valuation. Carlisle Co. is a U.S. firm that is about topurchase a large company in Switzerland at a purchase price of $20 million. This company produces furniture and sells it locally (in Switzerland), and it is expected to earn large profits every year. The company will become a subsidiary of Carlisle and will periodically remit its excess cash flows due to its profits to Carlisle Co. Assume that Carlisle Co. has no other international business. Carlisle has $10 million that it will use to pay for part of the Swiss company and will finance the rest of its purchase with borrowed dollars. Carlisle Co. can obtain supplies from either a U.S. supplier or a Swiss supplier (in which case the payment would be made in Swiss francs). Both suppliers are very reputable and there would be no exposure to country risk when using either supplier. Is the valuation of the total cash flows of Carlisle Co.more uncertain if it obtains its supplies from a U.S. firm or a Swiss firm? Explain briefly.ANSWER: The valuation of Carlisle Co. is more uncertain if it uses a U.S. supplier because it will have a larger amount of cash flows that will be remitted from Switzerland and converted into dollars. If it obtains supplies from Switzerland, it can use a portion of its Swiss franc cash flows to cover the cost, and will convert a smaller amount of francs into dollars on a periodic basis.Thus, it is less exposed when sourcing from Switzerland.Solution to Continuing Case Problem: Blades, Inc.1.What are the advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to a foreigncountry such as Thailand?ANSWER: The advantages Blades, Inc. could gain from importing from Thailand include potentially lowering Blades’cost of goods sold. If the inputs (rubber and plastic) are cheaper when imported from a foreign country such as Thailand, this would increase Blades’ net income.Since numerous competitors of Blades are already importing components from Thailand, importing would increase Blades’competitiveness in the U.S., especially since its prices are among the highest in the roller blade industry. Furthermore, since Blades is considering longer range plans in Thailand, importing from and exporting to Thailand may present it with an opportunity to establish initial relationships with some Thai suppliers. As far as exporting is concerned, Blades, Inc. could be one of the first firms to sell roller blades in Thailand.Considering that Blades is contemplating to eventually shift its sales to Thailand, this could be a major competitive advantage.。
Multinational Financial Management
402Book ReviewShapiro,A.C.:Multinational Financial Management,7th edn.XVI,743pp.John Wiley&Sons,London,2003.Hardcover EUR55.50.The basic thrust of the7th edition of Multinational Financial Management is to provide a conceptual framework within which the key financial decisions of the multinational firm can be analyzed.The approach is to treat interna-tional financial management as a natural and logical extension of the prin-ciples as taught in the foundation course in financial management.Thus,it builds on and extends the valuation framework provided by domestic cor-porate finance to account for dimensions unique to international finance. The book focuses on decision making in an international context.Analytical techniques help translate the often vague rules of thumb used by interna-tional financial executives into specific decision criteria.The book offers a variety of real-life examples,both numerical and institutional,that demon-strate the use of financial analysis and reasoning in solving international financial problems.All the traditional areas of corporate finance are explored,including working capital management,capital budgeting,cost of capital,and financial structure.However,this is done from the perspective of a multinational corporation,concentrating on those decision elements that are rarely,if ever, encountered by purely domestic firms.These elements include multiple currencies with frequent exchange rate changes and varying rates of infla-tion,differing tax systems,multiple money markets,exchange controls, segmented capital markets,and political risks such as nationalization or expropriation.Throughout the book the author tries to demystify and sim-plify multinational financial management by showing that its basic principles rest on the same foundation as corporate finance.The emphasis throughout the book is on taking advantage of being mul-tinational.Too often companies focus on the threats and risks inherent in venturing abroad rather than on the opportunities that are available to multinational firms.These opportunities include the ability to obtain a greater degree of international diversification than security purchases alone can provide as well as the ability to arbitrage between imperfect capital markets,thereby obtaining funds at a lower cost than could a purely domestic firm.4Book Review。
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19 - 4
What are the six major factors that distinguish multinational from
domestic financial management?
1. Different currency denominations.
2. Economic and legal ramifications.
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19 - 9
Calculate the two cross rates between yen and Australian dollars.
Cross rate = Yen U.S. Dollar
= 111.11 x 0.650 = 72.22 yen/A. dollar.
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19 - 7
Calculate the indirect quotations for yen and Australian dollars.
# of Units of Foreign
Currency per U.S. $
Japanese yen
111.11
A corporation that operates in two or more countries.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 3
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 10
Note: The two cross rates are
reciprocals of one another. They can be calculated by dividing
either the direct or indirect quotations.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
3. Language differences.
4. Cultural differences.
5. Role of governments.
6. Political risk.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 5
The exchange rate between any two currencies. Cross rates are actually calculated on the basis of various currencies relative to the U. S. dollar.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
What is an indirect quotation?
The number of units of foreign currency needed to purchase one U. S. dollar, or the reciprocal of a direct quotation.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
19 - 1
Multinational Financial Management(英文版)(ppt
34页)
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 2
What is a multinational corporation?
Price = (1.75)(1.50)(111.11) = 291.66 yen.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 12
Now the firm begins producing the orange juice in Japan. The product costs 250 yen to produce and ship
Since they are prices of foreign currencies expressed in dollars, they are direct quotations.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
19 - 6
Australian dollar
1.5385
Yen:
1/0.009 = 111.11.
A. Dollar: 1/0.650 = 1.5385.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is a cross rate?
19 - 8
Consider the following exchange rates:
U.S. $ to buy
1 Unit
Japanese yen
0.009
Australian dollar
0.650
Are these currency prices direct or indirect quotations?
xU.S. Dolຫໍສະໝຸດ ars A. DollarCross rate =A. Dollars xU.S. Dollars
U.S. Dollar
Yen
= 1.5385 x 0.009
= 0.0138 A. dollars/yen.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
All rights reserved.
19 - 11
The firm can produce a liter of orange juice and ship it to Japan for $1.75. If the firm wants a 50% markup
on the product, what should the juice sell for in Japan?