专业硕士研究生英语Unit 11
研究生公共英语 UNIT11：vocabulary and key sentences
6. independent of:
• free of; not influenced or controlled by • Examples: • They went camping, so as to be independent of inns and hotels. • Customs and habits can not exist independently of the culture.
8. clad:
• dressed • Examples: • He entered the casino and saw some thinly-clad ladies dancing. • He looked afar and saw the mountains clad in verdure.
• 截至目前，惯常的做法是将同一种颜色 在许多截然不同的国家或是相距甚远的 各个历史时期进ion, however, is whether or not the same system of symbols recurs in all civilizations.
7. attire:
• dress • Examples: • The children are attired in their Sunday best to go to church. • The government officials are well-attired for the important occasion.
14. cardinal points:
• the four chief points of the compass
15. lay a curse on:
• lay a punishment or destruction upon • Example: • It seemed his birth, had laid a curse on him as he was seriously deformed.
研究生英语读写译教程第11health原文翻译及课后答案
5．“我更愿意关注他们的思维方式，而不是他们的性格。
通过改变他们的思维方式，就能改变他们的行为。
”课文翻译有时候做女人或男人，或者做人都很难我们对自己期望的太多，一旦我们失败我们就情绪低落，简单的生活让人更加开心。
1 许多取得极大成功的女性不久前才坦言自己精神崩溃了，紧接着《每日邮报》的首席专栏作家阿利森·皮尔森在一次急性抑郁症发作之后又艰难地做出了离职的决定。
2 斯蒂芬妮·梅里特，玛丽安·基斯和萨莉·汉普顿这些知名作家都公开向社会承认了她们工作能力严重丧失的问题。
其他一些知名人士—比如演员艾玛·汤普森和《加冕街》剧中明星贝弗利·卡拉尔—最近也承认她们一阵阵地遭受急性精神抑郁症的折磨。
3 上周《卫报》中的一篇文章问道—女性们都怎么了？在她们取得所有这些成就的同时，为什么她们患抑郁症的概率是男性的三倍之多？为什么女性中患抑郁症的概率不断攀升？答案多种多样，有的认为是因为男性不常做家务活，有的认为是由于现在女性很晚才生养孩子。
4 然而，考虑到女性患抑郁症的高发率，比起男性，女性真的处境更糟糕的吗？也许—--尽管不一定是因为她们自己认为女性和男性由于不同的原因，不快乐方式不同。
对于女性来说，这些原因不那么直接。
这也就是女性抑郁症更加严重也更难治疗的原因之一。
5 作为一个一生遭受抑郁症折磨的患者，同时也是个男人— 顺便说一下，男性自杀的概率是女性的三倍— 我知道抑郁的根源除了那些明显的压力因素和遗传因素外，还有不确定性和迷惘两个原因。
6 如果人们清楚地知道她们忧愁的根源，知道能做什么和不能做什么，他们就能摆脱掉很大部分的不快乐。
当内心的冲突— 或者说矛盾 — 不停的在脑海里翻腾，不快乐就演变为抑郁症。
7 矛盾和不确定是当代女性的命运。
当代女性一直以来被灌输她们能够“拥有一切”的神话（卫报的作家基拉·科克伦把它称为“完美生活的疯狂追求”），而她们发现自己面对的却是一对接一对不可调和的矛盾，有些是未察觉到的、有些是拒绝接受的。
研究生英语第11单元health
Uint 11 Sometimes It’s Hard to Be a Woman, or A Man or Human Text-related information1. Tim Lott (born 23 January 1956, Southall, West London) is a British author. After running his own magazine publishing business, he graduated from the London School of Economics in 1986.His first book, the semi-autobiographical The Scent of Dried Roses, was published in 1996 and won the J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography. His next work, White City Blue, was published in 1999 and won that year's Whitbread Award for Best First Novel.He was also shortlisted in the 'Best Novel' category of the 2002 Whitbread Awards for his work, Rumours of a Hurricane. He has since published The Love Secrets of Don Juan, The Seymour T apes and Fearless.The Scent of Dried Roses, a memoir of his family and his own life, remains his most acclaimed work. Beginning with the tragedy of his own mother's suicide, his memoir is a rich account. On the broader scale, he paints nuanced pictures of what it means to be working class, and how the English suburbs developed from the 1950s to the 1980s. More personally, also describes his own life journey, as he began to move beyond his family's roots, then go through depression and emerge at the other side only to face renewed tragedy, when the mother who had been so caring for him with his own mental illness, takes her own life.His latest novel is Fearless, published on June 4 2007. It is a mythic, political, dystopian fable a group of 1,000 girls confined to an institute in a time of terror. Fearless is published in both adult and young adult editions. He has also had a weekly column in the London Evening Standard.2. Allison Pearson (born 1960, Carmarthen) is a British writer. She is best-known for her period as a Daily Mail columnist and for a novel published in 2002, I Don't Know How She Does It.3. The Daily Mail is a British, daily middle market tabloid newspaper. First published in 1896 by Lord Northcliffe, it is the United Kingdom's second biggest-selling daily newspaper after The Sun. The Daily Mail was Britain's first daily newspaper aimed at the newly-literate "lower-middle class market resulting from mass education, combining a low retail price with plenty of competitions, prizes and promotional gimmicks", and the first British paper to sell a million copies a day.4. Stephanie Merritt (born 1974 in Surrey) is a critic and feature writer for various publications including The Times, the Daily Telegraph, the New Statesman, Zembla and Die Welt. She has also been Deputy Literary Editor and a staff writer at The Observer.5. Marian Keyes (born 10 September 1963) is an Irish novelist and non-fiction writer, best known for her work in women's literature.6. Sally Hampton (born July 29, 1958 in St. Louis, Missouri) is anAmerican writer and film producer living in Los Angeles, USA.7. Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is an English actress, comedienne and screenwriter. Her first major film role was in the 1989 romantic comedy The T all Guy. In 1992, Thompson won multiple acting awards, including an Academy and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress, for her strong performance in the British drama Howards End.8. Coronation Street (affectionately nicknamed Corrie) is a British prime-time soap opera set in the fictional town of Weatherfield, four miles in either direction from and a suburb of the city of Manchester, England. Created by Tony Warren, Coronation Street is the longest running and most watched British soap opera.9.Beverley Callard (born March 28, 1957 in Morley, Leeds) is an English actress, best known for her role as Liz McDonald in ITV's Coronation Street, and Floella Henshaw in BBC Three's Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps.10. The Guardian(until 1959, The Manchester Guardian) is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Founded in 1821, it is unique among major British newspapers in being owned by a foundation (the Scott Trust, via the Guardian Media Group). It is known for its left of centre political stance.11. Kira Cochrane is a the Guardian writer.12. Dr. Dorothy Rowe (born December 1930) is an Australianpsychologist and author, whose area of interest is depression. Dr. Rowe currently resides in the United Kingdom.Language Points1. The decision …comes hard on the heels. On the heel of something------very soon after something. This expression means one event followed straight after or very soon after the first one. Example:The decision to by Peter came hard on the heels of the club’s promotion to Sam’s.2. patches of acute mental distress------a bad/difficult/sticky/rough patch means a period of time when you are having a lot of difficulties. Example:Gemma’s going through a bad patch right now.3. Unhappiness bleeds into depression. If something bleeds into another thing, it unfortunately can develop into a bad situation.4. That unsquareable circle alone. The expression “square the circle”is used to mean that achieving two aims which are complete opposites is not possible. If something is unsquareable, it is impossible to have it done. Here the woman has to choose between career and motherhood – the two together is impossible – a circle cannot become a square.5. They want to love their bodies as they are, and yet feel attractive to others. The woman wants to be loved as she is – not having to follow fashion, diets etc. She maybe a little fat, not be especially sexy / beautiful figure etc. Y et she wants to believe she is attractive as she is now.6. And with gender roles more fluid. Gender roles mean things each gender used to. Fluid here is used as a verb and metaphor meaning change/movement is happening. More men do tasks traditionally the women do. e.g. cooking, washing up etc. and women now drive the car etc.7. Then there are historic forms of female disadvantage. If something has historic forms, it means it long exsists and very typical.Word Study1. incidentally adv. 1）introducing a different topic , by the way;e.g. I have to go now. Incidentally, if you want that book, I'llbring it next time.2）in an incidental manner;e.g. In our discussion this question was incidentally broughtup.2．contradiction n. 1）opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas.e.g.There seems to be a contradiction between her words andactions.2）(logic) a statement that is necessarily false.e.g. The boss will not tolerate any contradiction.3. irreconcilable adj. impossible to reconcile.e.g. The partner's differences seem irreconcilable.4. formidable adj. extremely impressive in strength or excellence.e.g. A formidable prospect lies ahead of him.5. imperative 1) adj. requiring attention or action.e.g. It is imperative to act now.2) n. some duty that is essential and urgent.e.g. Job creation has become an imperative for thegovernment.Keys to exercisesText Comprehension:Answer the following questions1.Uncertainty and confusion. (para 6 and 7)2.W omen’s are not as straightforward as men’s. For example, mencan go to work without thinking and feeling guilty for not being with the children. But women want to make their achievement in their jobs, meanwhile, they want to be with the children. There are many other examples from the article. (para 8 to 13)3.Their idea of being a family provider. (para14 and 17)4.They are not appreciative. They think it is the way it should be,and they ignor men’s effort. (para 15 and16)5.No standard answers (para 19 and 22).6. No standard answers.Structural Analysis of the Text:Part one: (para.1 to para.4) poses the questions by introducing the true stories first. Pointing out the causes of women’s unhappiness “not necessarily for the reasons they think they are.”(para4)Part two: (para.5 to para.12) women’s source of unhappinessPart three: (para.13 to para.18) differences between men and women. Part four: (par a.19 to para.22) the writer’s suggestions to solve the problems.Summary WritingWhy are depression rates rising among women? For women, the reasons are much less straightforward, which is one reason why their unhappiness is so much more distressing and difficult to treat. People can cope with a great deal of unhappiness if they are clear about where the unhappiness stems from and what can and can't be done about it. Modern women want to have successful, satisfying careers and be good mothers and good friends and valuable members of the local community. They also want to remain desirable and fashionable. But to put these things into practice is extremely difficult. Men do have it better in some ways, partly because their desires and needs are more straightforward. Most men don’t feel guilty about not seeing their children except in the evening and at the weekend. And most men don't follow fashion. Most significantly of all,men don't worry too much about being "good". So, what is the solution? First, women need to lower their expectations of themselves. Second，rather than putting work, friends and children first, both men and women should put one another first. We should simply strive to be humble and grateful.V ocabulary and Structure:Keys to section A: 1. reconciled 2. imperative 3. contradiction 4. existence 5. inherit 6. formidable 7. sensitive8. confess 9. Incidentally 10. converselyKeys to section B:1. B2.A3. A4.B5. A6. A7. A8.D9.B 10.C Keys to close2. partially3. linked 5. positive 10. increase 9. impact1. management 8. tolerance 7. relieve 4. builds 6. reaction Keys to Further Reading1. C2. C3. A4.D5. BTranslations1．一位加拿大心理学教授已经鉴定出三种完美主义者：自我要求型（要求自己达到完美），要求他人型（要求别人达到完美）和被要求完美主义者（认为别人要求他们达到完美）。
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks
Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
研究生英语读写译教程杨瑾瑜版第11单元summary
研究生英语读写译教程杨瑾瑜版第11单元summarySummaryIn "Sometimes It's Hard to Be Women ,or a Man , or Human "Tim Lott explains the cause of people's unhappiness and give some advices to being happiness.Women and men are unhappy in different ways for different reasons .Generally speaking ,the reasons are much less straightforward for women . The main sources of depression are stress,genetic inheritance,uncertainty and confusion . For women ,paradox and uncertainty are the lot of sources of depression. Because it is difficult to along with wanting to be cares as well as have a career . for man , more subject to loneliness than women . Also ,their sense of identity is very tied up with success or failure as workers . They are also trapped in role as family providers.How to solve the problems ? First and foremost ,women need to lower their expectations of themselves . Besides, both men and women should put one another first rather than putting work ,friends and children first. Last but not least , we should simply strive to be humble and grateful ,for what we have got.。
专业学位研究生英语阅读U11答案
专业学位研究生英语阅读U11答案Packaging is a very important form of advertising.A package can sometimes motivate people to buy products.For example,a little child might ask for a breakfast food contained in a box with a picture of a TV character.The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food.Pictures for children to color or cut out,games printed on a package,or a small gift inside a box also motivate many children to buy products-or to ask their parents to buy for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing.Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this.Although a similar product in plain container might cost less,people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish,because they believe the container is free.However,the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.The size of a package also motivates a buyer.Maybe the package has“Economy Size”or“Family Size”printed on it.This suggests that the larger size has the most product for the least money.But that is not always true.To find it out,a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.The information on the package should provide some answers.But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement.The words and pictures do not tell the whole story.Only the product inside can do that.1.“A buyer will get something for nothing”in paragraph2 may probably mean________.A)a buyer will not get what he pays forB)a buyer will get more than what he pays forC)a buyer will get something useful free of chargeD)a buyer will get more but pay less2.From the pasage we know the buyer pays more attention to________.A)the size of a containerB)a container with attractive pictureC)a well-designed containerD)a plain container with low cost3.What suggestion does the writer give in the passage?A)It's not good to buy the product which is sold in a glass or dish.B)The quality of a container has nothing to do with the quality of the product.C)The best choice for a buyer is to buy a product in a plainpackage.D)A buyer should buy what he needs most rather than a well-designed package.4.Which of the following sentences is NOT true according to the passage?A)In fact glasses or dishes used for packaging do not cost money at all.B)“Family Size”printed on the package means that it is rather economic.C)To a child,even to an adult,the form is far more important than the content.D)Words and pictures written on the package are thought to be an advertisement.5.What do you think is the best title for the passage?A)How to Package a Product.B)How to Make an Advertisement.C)How to Sell Product.D)How to Attract More Buyers.答案及精解1.【答案精解】A推理题。
考研英语阅读unit-11
Unit 11Work makes the workman.勤工出巧匠P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts between the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of PhDs. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22, 000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the PhD requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of PhD programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the PhD level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete t he PhD.“The results of our research ” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions”.1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass to the qualifying examination, uncompleted thesis and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their PhD program, lack of finances was marked by 19 percent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20,000 and more annually while none of the PhD’s with that background reached this figure and 78% at the level of $7,500 to $15,000 against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where PhD’s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.1. The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the dropouts should return to a better school to continue their study.[C] the PhD holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] the dropout rate is attributable to the lack of stimulation by faculty members.2. What has the research mentioned in the text shown?[A] Dropouts are substantially below PhD’s in financial attainment.[B] The motivating factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing PhD studies.[C] The PhD candidate is likely to change his specialization if he drops out.[D] About one-third of those who start PhD work do not finish the requirement.3.What does the author mean by “glum” (Line 2, Para.9)?[A] bright [B] gloomy [C] clear [D] uncertain4.According to the text, which of the following statements is true？[A] Meeting language requirements for the PhD is a more frequent reason for dropping out.[B] Meeting language requirements for the PhD is more difficult for the humanities candidate.[C] It is essential for the PhD to meet the language requirements of many PhD programs.[D] Foreign language requirements for the PhD vary in difficulty among universities.5.What can be inferred from the text?[A] The high rate of dropouts lies in the fact that the salary for PhD is too low.[B] So many PhD candidates drop out in that academic requirement is too high for them.[C] The high rate of dropouts is because of the reality that the salary for dropouts is higher.[D] 25% of the dropouts considering returning to school will go on with their present job.Text 2The promise of finding long-term technological solutions to the problems of world food shortages seems difficult to fulfill. Many innovations that were once heavily supported and publicized, such as fish-protein concentrate and protein from algae grown on petroleum substrates, have since fallen by the wayside. The proposals themselves were technically feasible, but they proved to be economically unavailable and to yield food products culturally unacceptable to their consumers. Recent innovations such as opaque-2 maize, Antarctic krill, and the wheatrye hybrid triticale seem more promising, but it is too early to predict their ultimate fate.One characteristic common to unsuccessful food innovations has been that, even with extensive government support, they often have not been technologically adapted or culturally acceptable to the people for whom they had been developed. A successful new technology, therefore, must fitthe entire socio-cultural system in which it is to find a place. Security of crop yield, practicality of storage, palatability, and costs are much more significant than had previously been realized by the advocates of new technologies. For example, the better protein quality in tortillas made from opaque-2 maize will be of only limited benefit to a family on the margin of subsistence if the new maize is not culturally acceptable or is more vulnerable to insects.The adoption of new food technologies depends on more than these technical and cultural considerations; economic factors and governmental policies also strongly influence the ultimate success of any innovation. Economists in the Anglo-American tradition have taken the lead in investigating the economics of technological innovation. Although they exaggerate in claiming that profitability is the key factor guiding technical change —they completely disregard the substantial effects of culture —they are correct in stressing the importance of profits. Most technological innovations in agriculture can be fully used only by large landowners and are only adopted if these profit-oriented business people believe that they increase their incomes. Thus, innovations that carry high rewards for big agribusiness groups will be adopted even if they harm segments of the population and reduce the availability of food in a country. Further, should a new technology promise to alter substantially the profits and losses associated with any production system, those with economic power will strive to maintain and improve their own positions. Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are close to the subsistence margin and essentially powerless, they tend to be the losers in this system unless they are aided by a government policy that takes into account the needs of all sectors of the economy. Therefore, although technical advances in food production and processing will perhaps be needed to ensure food availability, meeting food needs will depend much more on equalizing economic power among the various segments of the populations within the developing countries themselves.6. According to the author ,what is /are important to the success of a new food ?[A] economic factors and governmental policies.[B] profitability and high rewards.[C] quality of the crop’s protein.[D] cultural acceptability of the crop.7. The successful application of technological innovations will be largely determined by[A] large segments of the populations of many developing countries.[B] large landowners and profit-oriented business people.[C] the production system of a country.[D] whether they are culturally acceptable to their consumers.8.We can infer from the text that[A] the Opaque-2 maize can be stored as easily as other varieties of maize.[B] the Opaque-2 maize is more popular than the wheat-rye hybrid.[C] the Opaque-2 maize is a more recent innovation than the use of fish-protein concentrate.[D] the Opaque-2 maize is more susceptible to insects than are other varieties of maize.9.In developing countries, the introduction of a food innovation needs governmental policies to[A] guarantee the financial success of the innovation.[B] ensure the spread of the benefits of the innovation.[C] convince landowners to try the innovation.[D] reduce the cost of the innovation.10.The purpose of the text is to[A] introduce means of assessing the extent of the world food shortage.[B] show difficulties of applying technological solutions to the food shortage.[C] discuss the costs of introducing a new food technology to a developing country.[D] analysis the nature of new technological innovations in the area of food production.Text 3In the relationship of education to business we observe today a fine state of paradox. On the one hand, the emphasis which most business places upon a college degree is so great that one can almost visualize the time when even the office boy will have his baccalaureate. On the other hand, we seem to preserve the belief that some deep intellectual chasm separates the businessman from other products of the university system. The notion that business people are quite the Philistines sounds absurd. For some reason, we tend to characterize vocations by stereotypes, none too flattering but nonetheless deeply imbedded in the national conscience. In the cast of characters the businessman comes on stage as a crass and uncouth person. It is not a pleasant conception and no more truthful or less unpleasant than our other stereotypes.Business is made up of people with all kinds of backgrounds, all kinds of motivations, and all kinds of tastes, just as in any other form of human endeavour. Businessmen are not ambulatory balance sheets and profit statements, but perfectly normal human beings, subject to whatever strengths, frailties, and limitations characterize man on the earth. They are people grouped together in organizations designed to complement the weakness of one with strength of another, tempering the exuberance of the young with the caution of the more mature, the poetic soaring of one mind with the counting house realism of another. Any disfigurement which society may suffer will come from man himself, not from the particular vocation to which he devotes his time.Any group of people necessarily represents an approach to a common denominator, and it is probably true that even individually they tend to conform somewhat to the general pattern. Many have pointed out the danger of engulfing our original thinkers in a tide of mediocrity. Conformity is not any more prevalent of any more exacting in the business field than it is in any other. It is a characteristic of all organizations of whatever nature. The fact is the large business unit provides greater opportunities for individuality and require less in the way of conformity than other institutions of comparable size—the government service, or the academic world, or certainly the military.11. The paradox in the relationship of education to business is[A] businessmen are both unmindful of history and sophisticated in it.[B] businessmen show both contempt and respect for noble activities.[C] intellectuals engage in simple work that the uneducated can complete.[D] there are both noticeable similarities and differences between businessmen and intellectuals.12. According to the text, a typical businessman is usually considered to be[A] obstinate and hostile.[B] sociable and sympathetic.[C] ill-mannered and simple-minded.[D] shameless and ungraceful.13. There isn’t a stereotyped businessman because[A] they represent a cross section of society.[B] they are not ordinary people.[C] they are people with strong personal characters.[D] there is considerable mobility in the vocation.14. The distortion of the image of the businessmen is the result of[A] prevalent egoism among businessmen.[B] the fierce social competition.[C] racial discrimination.[D] sheer misunderstanding of other people.15. According to the text, which of the following is true?[A] People in all vocations are unwilling to conform to a general pattern.[B] Conformity is a special characteristic of business.[C] Businessmen are all original thinkers.[D] Businessmen are provided with greater opportunities than people in other profession.Text 4There can be fewer bodies as cursed by industry or as despised by an infuriated British public as the Health and Safety Commission. Barely a week passes without fresh examples of intrusive absurdities: vicars forbidden to change church light bulbs in case they fall off ladders, amateur clowning and school trips cancelled, Christmas decorations unaffordable because of a new ban on firemen using ladders for non-emergencies, and even, shockingly, a child left to drown in a lake because the police were forbidden to jump into the water without previous training.It is not simply the lawsuits involved with these endless new regulations that are so ridiculous; it is the risk-averse culture that has gripped every local council and every licensing authority and is not only destroying initiative and enterprise but turning Britain into a timid, killjoy society. “Health and Safety” seems now to be the universal excuse to ban anything that was once enjoyable.To most people, the relevant or irrelevant legislation seems to be an industrial version of political correctness gone mad. It has brought into disrepute the entire concept of the 1974 Act, which set up the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The Act was intended to consolidate safe practices in industrial sectors where the accident record was poor. But as Britain has moved to a service economy, more and more responsibility for enforcing the regulations has fallen to local councils. And it is here that the excesses have multiplied as the relationship to reality has disappeared.All too often, councils have used the legislation as a way of protecting themselves against potential lawsuits. Britain’s increasingly lawsuit-prone culture, spurred by American example and sharp lawyers, has given insurers the excuse to refuse cover unless an activity can be guaranteed to be devoid of risk. Councils would rather close playground swings and ban hanging baskets than pit plain common sense against highly paid lawyers.The Health and Safety Executive claims to be frustrated that its name is taken in vain, but it has created an environment that is unhealthy and unsafe for common sense. The real danger is that regulators do not know when to stop. Industry is now so overburdened that businesses apparently spend at least two days a month on compliance, with smaller businesses less able to cope with the expense. Safety is about saving lives, not stopping people going about their daily lives.16. Why does the Health and Safety Commission cause so much resentment?[A] The public are cursed with its violence.[B] Its rules and regulations are irrational.[C] It interferes with church practice.[D] It adopts improper non-emergency policies.17. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] Lawsuits against the regulation are mostly ridiculous.[B] Health and Safety are being universally resisted.[C] Councils and licensing authorities are destructive.[D] The first concern in the public sectors is to avoid risks.18. By saying “an industrial version…gone mad” (Line 1, Para. 3), the author probably means that[A] local councils are taking the regulations to extremes.[B] industries have yet to improve their accident record.[C] economic change demands a shift of responsibility.[D] 1974 Act can not settle the political dispute as expected.19. Besides councils, which of the following also yields to the lawsuit prone culture?[A] lawyers [B] the public [C] insurers [D] entertainers20. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] Once bitten, twice shy[B] Things done cannot be[C] Take things as they come[D] Easier said than donePart BPart BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Columbine High School, April 20, 1999 was the scene of a massacre, but in wake of this massacre America experienced an epiphany. Tragically, this was not the last we would hear about crimes of a similar nature to this one. From 1996 to 2000 an unprecedented stew of violence occurred. There were twelve incidents which received national coverage and left many millions more questioning what happened, what went wrong, where did this come from. 21. ________________.Walking into a public high school three years after the epiphany and one will witness a very different approach towards the matter. Let us take into consideration the following scenario: Student A occupies the parking spot of Student B, an exchange of vulgar profanity takes place. Both parties leave and there is no fight but a growing animosity is left in the minds in each of the groups. Teacher X witnesses the incident, hence informs the dean about the altercation. In the middle of the day Student A and Student B are beckoned from their respective classrooms to attend a mandatory Peer Mediation discussion. Both students meet confined in a room and with a student and the dean present. They are told to narrate the events that took place. The intendedoutcome is acknowledgement of guilt by one side or clearing up misunderstandings. Peer Mediation is just one of many ways public schools throughout America are trying to prevent school violence.22. ____________________.Although peer mediation has found some success through the research of the University of Florida’s conflict resolution/peer mediation research project it is not the only method of prevention, says the center for prevention of school violence. 23. ________________________. This “think tank” that was started in 1993 believes that in order to create a safe environment in which students are worry free and are not in the constant anguish of looking over their shoulders, parents also need to get involved with their children. This gives the student a wholesome life style in which there are checks and balances from all aspects of daily life whether they are in family, school, or work.24. _____________________. Where they differ is where to draw the lines as to what is the most productive and effective tool. By examining this aspect we would know where to concentrate our effort and resources. The National Crime Prevention Council is a leading authority on this issue. What does work, works on three different levels, identifying problems in an individual, engaging awareness of the issue, and promoting physical prevention features such as metal detectors. 25. _______________________.[A] In order to understand the policy of public schools prevention and measure them we must seehow these methods are implemented, what is that works in the prevention tactics.[B] So what works is a balance of teachers, students, principles, parents, Law enforcement, andthe community engaging in the three levels mentioned previously. According to NCPC there isa direct correlation between in community involvement in crime prevention and reported teencrimes.[C] The solution does depend on the problem and identifying is very critical. At the same time youcan not just for all the psychologists to submit their research and studies before something is done.[D] Whether the events that were mentioned above are the social ramifications（of Media orFamily is not the immediate concern. The immediate concern is what is it that we do now in the faith of common sense to immediately battle back.[E] As far as this issue is concerned the solution to the problem will be identifying the root of theproblem. Some people are quick to blame the media, while some blame parents, and others blame the schools themselves.[F] It is their belief that schools need to incorporate a much larger concept of school safety. Theyneed to design a plan for every area of the school from restrooms and locker rooms to the councilor’s office and the principal’s office.[G] These were just some of the techniques and plans that have been drawn up. Many of them aresimilar.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.26)It is not altogether easy to decide what is the root cause of the love of excitement, but I incline to think that our mental make-up is adapted to the stage when men lived by hunting. When a man spent a long day with very primitive weapons in stalking a deer with the hope of dinner andwhen, at the end of the day, he dragged the carcass triumphantly to his cave, he sank down in contented weariness, while his wife dressed and cooked the meat. He was sleepy, and his bones ached, and the smell of cooking filled every corner of his consciousness. At last after eating, he sank into deep sleep. In such a life there was neither time nor energy for boredom. 27)But when he took to agriculture, and made his wife do all the heavy work in the fields, he had time to reflect upon the vanity of human life, to invent mythologies and systems of philosophy, and to dream of the life hereafter in which he would perpetually hunt the wild animals.Our mental make-up is suited to a life of very severe physical labor. I used, when I was younger, to take my holidays walking. 28)I would cover 25 miles a day, and when the evening came I had no need of anything to keep me from boredom, since the delight of sitting amply sufficed. But modern life cannot be conducted on these physically strenuous principles. A great deal of work is sedentary and most manual work exercises only a few specialized muscles. When London crowds assemble in Trafalgar Square to cheer to echo an announcement that the government has decided to have them killed, they would not do so if they had walked 25 miles that day. 29)This cure for aggressiveness is, however, impracticable, and if the human race is to survive — a thing which is, perhaps, undesirable — other means must be found for securing an innocent outlet for the unused physical energy that produces love of excitement.What is serious about excitement is that so many of its forms are destructive. It is destructive in those who cannot resist excess in alcohol or gambling. It is destructive when it takes the form of mob violence. And above all it is destructive when it leads to war. 30)It is so deep a need that it will find harmful outlets of this kind unless innocent outlets are available. There are such innocent outlets at present in sport, and in politics so long as it is kept in constitutional bounds. But these are not sufficient, especially as the kind of politics that is most exciting is also the kind that does most harm.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.well-rounded a.面面俱到的，经过周密计划的；具有多方面兴趣的2.questionnaire n（作统计或调查用的）问卷，征求意见表3.enroll vt.入学，登记，招收4.doctorate n.博士学位5.faculty n.（大学的）全体教员；院，系；才能, 能力6.drain n.用尽，枯竭；排水沟vt.排泄；放干；使耗尽7. consistent a一贯的，始终如一的；和…一致的（with）8. humanity n.人文科学g behind 滞后，落后于10.glum a.暗淡的难句突破1. [Discussing the study last week], Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently（expressed by graduate faculties and administrators）{that some of theindividuals (who dropped out of PhD programs) were capable of completing the requirement for the degree}【分析】复合句。
专业硕士研究生英语Unit 11
5. strip somebody of something to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment剥夺 E.g.
1. derive from to come from something来源于……
E.g. 1）We derive knowledge from books 我们从书中获得知识 2) Many English words are derived from Latin. 许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。
7. exert
to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽 全力
E.g. 1) For college students to do a part-time job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 2)打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。 3)That council member has been exerting a lot f pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality. "那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受 这批劣质原料。"
3. impact a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person影响
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
8. prestige respect and admiration given to someone or something, usually because of a reputation for high quality, success or social influence:声望, 威望, 威信 E.g. 1) China's prestige in the world 中国在国际上的威望
Cultural vales Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity and sex, drugs and rock and roll. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect.
3. care for ：to look after someone or something照顾, 照料；to like or want something or someone,喜欢，想 要 E.g. 1) She cared for her mother all her life.她一生照顾 她母亲。 2) The children are being well taken care for. 孩子们得到了精心照顾 3） I don't care for him to read this letter. 我不愿让他看这封信。
4. live up to to be as good as something符合，不负 E.g. 1) We will live up to what our parents expect of us. 我们决不辜负父母亲对我们的期望。 2）Did the TV play live up to your expectations? 这部电视剧有你期望的那terrupt what someone is doing打乱, 打扰, 扰乱 E.g. 1) A light wind disturbed the surface of the pond. 微风使池塘水面泛起涟漪。 2)The host was quite annoyed when he found out that his things on the bookshelves had been disturbed. "主人发现他书架上的东西被弄乱了,很是生气。“ 3) Please don't disturb me while I'm working. 当我工作时，请不要打扰我。
ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS
Values
The Traditional Chinese Values
Culture and Value
A personal and cultural value is a relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based. Values are considered subjective, vary across people and cultures and are in many ways aligned with belief and belief systems. Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values, and aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values are intrinsic.
6. contradict to state the opposite of what someone else has said反 驳；否认；顶嘴 E.g. 1) It's difficult to contradict someone politely. 彬彬有礼地驳斥别人是难以做到的。 2) Your actions contradict your principles. 你的行为与你的道义相矛盾。 3) Your actions contradict your declared moral principles. 你的行为违背了你宣称的道德准则。
E.g. 1) My cat and dog live in perfect harmony. 我的猫和狗相处得十分和睦。 2) In a beautiful picture there is harmony between the different colors. 美丽的画面中, 不同色彩相协调。 be in harmony with 与...协调一致 be out of harmony with 与...不协调一致 live in harmony 和睦相处
5. strip somebody of something to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment剥夺 E.g.
1. be in control; rule the roost 凌驾, 主宰
1. A great man can dominate others by force of character. 伟人能以人格的力量支配他人。 2. The whole valley is dominated by this mountain. 这座山俯临着整个山谷。 3. The millionaire dominates a factory economically 这位百万富翁在经济上控制一个工厂
3. impact a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person影响
E.g. 1) impact of modern science upon society as a whole is great. 现代科学对整个社会的影响 2) How will the war impact on such a poet? 战争对这样一个诗人会产生什么影响?
Culture and Value
Personal values developed very early in life may be resistant to change. They may be derived from those of particular groups or systems, such as culture, religion, and political party. However, personal values are not universal; one's family, nation, generation and historical environment help determine one's personal values.
7. exert
to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽 全力
E.g. 1) For college students to do a part-time job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 2)打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。 3)That council member has been exerting a lot of pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality. "那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受 这批劣质原料。"
2. Pervasive present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place 普遍的，随处见的 E.g. 1. Everyone can feel the pervasive influence of Television.人人都能感到电视无所不在的影响. 2. One of the most pervasive problems is pollution. 最带有普遍性问题之一就是污染.
2) a professor of high prestige 威信高的教授