给排水专业英文文献翻译

1 Sewage treatment Abstract：
：：
：Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of
removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to
remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a
waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or
reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated
with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
Key words: Sewage treatment, fixed-film and suspended-growth, Activated sludge Origins of sewage Sewage is created by residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial
establishments. Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets,
baths, showers, kitchens, sinks, and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many
areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation
and draining of household waste into greywater and blackwater is becoming more
common in the developed world, with greywater being permitted to be used for
watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. A lot of sewage also includes some
surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas. Municipal wastewater therefore
includes residential, commercial, and industrial liquid waste discharges, and may
include stormwater runoff. Sewage systems capable of handling stormwater are
known as combined systems or combined sewers. Such systems are usually avoided
since they complicate and thereby reduce the efficiency of sewage treatment plants
owing to their seasonality. The variability in flow also leads to often larger than
necessary, and subsequently more expensive, treatment facilities. In addition, heavy
storms that contribute more flows than the treatment plant can handle may overwhelm
the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. It is preferable to have a
separate storm drain system for stormwater in areas that are developed with sewer
systems.
As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick up various
contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic
compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require stormwater 2 to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways.
Examples of treatment processes used for stormwater include sedimentation basins,
wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to
remove coarse solids). Process overview Sewage can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, biofilters or
aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and
pump stations to a municipal treatment plant (see sewerage and pipes and
infrastructure). Sewage collection and t

reatment is typically subject to local, state and
federal regulations and standards. Industrial sources of wastewater often require
specialized treatment processes (see Industrial wastewater treatment).
Conventional sewage treatment may involve three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding
the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil,
grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are
removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary
treatment. Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter.
Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne
micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation
process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or
tertiary treatment. Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than
primary and secondary treatment. Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically
or physically (for example by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a
stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf
course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for
groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes. Pre-treatment Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw
wastewater before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment
clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc). 3 Screening The influent sewage water is strained to remove all large objects carried in the
sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked
bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less
modern plants a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a
mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar
screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or
incinerated. Grit removal Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the velocity
of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand, grit and stones to
settle. Primary treatment In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly
called "primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks are large
enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to
the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary sedimentation stage
is to produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treated
biologically and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settling
tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive

the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be
pumped to further sludge treatment stages. Grease and oil from the floating material
can sometimes be recovered for saponification. Secondary treatment Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content
of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.
The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic
biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota require both oxygen and a
substrate on which to live. There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all
these methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic 4 contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind
much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary treatment systems are
classified as
fixed-film
and suspended-growth. Fixed-film OR attached growth system treatment process including trickling
filter and rotating biological contactors where the biomass grows on media and the
sewage passes over its surface.
In suspended-growth systems, such as activated sludge, the biomass is well
mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems
that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to
cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher
removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth
systems.
Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or variable organic loads,
typically industrial, to allow them to then be treated by conventional secondary
treatment processes. Characteristics include typically tall, circular filters filled with
open synthetic filter media to which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate.
They are designed to allow high hydraulic loading and a high flow-through of air. On
larger installations, air is forced through the media using blowers. The resultant
wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional treatment processes. Activated sludge Main article: Activated sludge
In general, activated sludge plants encompass a variety of mechanisms and
processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that
substantially removes organic material.
The process traps particulate material and can, under ideal conditions, convert
ammonia to nitrite and nitrate and ultimately to nitrogen gas, (see also denitrification).
5 Surface-aerated basins Most biological oxidation processes for treating industrial wastewaters have in
common the use of oxygen (or air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins
achieve 80 to 90% removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand with retention times of 1
to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 metres and use

motor-driven aerators floating on the surface of the wastewater.
In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air
into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the
mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen,
wastewater and microbes). Typically, the floating surface aerators are rated to deliver
the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to 2.7 kg O2/kW·h. However, they do not provide
as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore
aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units.
Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 °C
and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface
aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and 32 °C.
Filter beds (oxidizing beds) Main article: Trickling filter
In older plants and plants receiving more variable loads, trickling filter beds are
used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up
of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such
media must have high surface areas to support the biofilms that form. The liquor is
distributed through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central pivot. The
distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is collected in drains at the base. These
drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it
aerobic. Biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form on the media’s surfaces
and eat or otherwise reduce the organic content. This biofilm is grazed by insect
larvae and worms which help maintain an optimal thickness. Overloading of beds
increases the thickness of the film leading to clogging of the filter media and ponding
on the surface. 6 Biological aerated filters Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Biofilters combine filtration with
biological carbon reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually includes a
reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a
gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose of this media is to support
highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspended solids. Carbon
reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in
a single reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in anoxic mode. BAF is operated
either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on design specified by
manufacturer. Membrane bioreactors Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combine activated sludge treatment with a
membrane liquid-solid separation process. The membrane component uses low
pressure microfiltration or ultra filtration membranes and eliminates the need for
clarification and tertiary filtration. The membran

es are typically immersed in the
aeration tank; however, some applications utilize a separate membrane tank. One of
the key benefits of an MBR system is that it effectively overcomes the limitations
associated with poor settling of sludge in conventional activated sludge (CAS)
processes. The technology permits bioreactor operation with considerably higher
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration than CAS systems, which are
limited by sludge settling. The process is typically operated at MLSS in the range of
8,000–12,000 mg/L, while CAS are operated in the range of 2,000–3,000 mg/L. The
elevated biomass concentration in the MBR process allows for very effective removal
of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading rates. Thus
increased Sludge Retention Times (SRTs) — usually exceeding 15 days — ensure
complete nitrification even in extremely cold weather.
The cost of building and operating an MBR is usually higher than conventional
wastewater treatment. Membrane filters can be blinded with grease or abraded by
suspended grit and lack a clarifier's flexibility to pass peak flows. The technology has
become increasingly popular for reliably pretreated waste streams and has gained 7 wider acceptance where infiltration and inflow have been controlled, however, and the
life-cycle costs have been steadily decreasing. The small footprint of MBR systems,
and the high quality effluent produced, make them particularly useful for water reuse
applications.
There are MBR plants being built throughout the world, including North Librty,
Iowa, Georgia, and Canada. Secondary sedimentation The final step in the secondary treatment stage is to settle out the biological floc
or filter material and produce sewage water containing very low levels of organic
material and suspended matter. Rotating biological contactors Main article: Rotating biological contactor

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary treatment
systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding surges in organic load. RBCs
were first installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined
into a reliable operating unit. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and
micro-organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilise organic
pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both oxygen to live and food to
grow. Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As the
micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to
shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is
then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as
a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.
A functionally similar biological filtering system has become popular as part of
home aq

uarium filtration and purification. The aquarium water is drawn up out of the
tank and then cascaded over a freely spinning corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before
passing through a media filter and back into the aquarium. The spinning mesh wheel
develops a biofilm coating of microorganisms that feed on the suspended wastes in
the aquarium water and are also exposed to the atmosphere as the wheel rotates. This
is especially good at removing waste urea and ammonia urinated into the aquarium 8 water by the fish and other animals.









9 污水处理
污水处理污水处理
污水处理 摘要
摘要摘要
摘要
自然或生活污水处理，是指清除包括家庭排放的和地面径流在内的污水废水
和地面污染物的过程。它包括物理，化学和生物过程，消除物理，化学和生物污
染物。其目的是集中产生废物流（或经处理的污水）以及固体废物或污泥进行处
理或再进入环境。这种污物通常是在无意中受到了许多有毒的有机和无机物的污
染。
关键词
关键词关键词
关键词：
：：
：污水处理，生物膜处理法和停止增长生物处理法，活性污泥法，
污水起源
污水起源污水起源
污水起源
污水是由个人住宅，机关，商业和工业机构产生的。原进水（污水）包括家
庭的厕所，浴室，淋浴，厨房，水槽废液等等，这些水将通过污水管排放。在许
多地区，污水也包括工业和商业污水。在发达国家，家居分别将污水排放为灰水
和黑水已经越来越普遍，因为灰水可以用于浇灌植物或回收用来冲马桶。大量的
污水还包括一些屋顶流下的水以及地表水。因此城市废水包括住宅，商业和工业
排放的废水，且可能包括雨水径流。具有处理雨水能力的污水处理系统被称为合
流排水系统。这种系统通常是不被普遍采用，因为它们复杂化而且由于其季节性，
降低了污水处理厂的效率。由于流量的经常变化，也导致处理量往往大于必需的，
因而使处理设施更昂贵。此外，当遭遇暴雨时，过量的雨水会造成污水处理能力
不足，因而引发溢流。因此在设计排水管网时最好采用雨污分流系统。
由于降雨流经屋顶和地面时，会带走包括土壤颗粒和其他沉积物，重金属，
有机物，动物排泄物，污油和油脂等各种污染物质。因此有些地方会有法律要求
在雨水排入河道之前要进行一些一定水平的处理。例如以下对雨水进行的处理：
盆地沉淀处理，湿地过滤处理，混凝土地窖过滤处理，和旋涡分离器（去除粗固
体）。
过程概述
过程概述过程概述
过程概述
污水可以在下列构筑物(化粪池，生物过滤器或好氧处理系统）附近被处理，
或收集

并通过排水管网和泵站送至城市污水处理厂（见污水处理和管道和基础设
施）。污水收集和处理，通常取决于当地州和联邦法规和标准。来源于的工业废
水，往往需要专门的处理过程（见工业废水处理）。
常规污水处理可能涉及三个阶段，一级处理，二级处理和三级处理。一级处
理包括在沉淀池中的短时停留，这样比较重的固体就会沉到池底，而油，油脂，10 更轻的固体则浮到水面。沉淀的和浮动的材料都将被去除，其余的液体可被释放
或继续二级处理。二级处理可以去除溶解和悬浮的生物物质。二级处理通常由好
氧或厌氧微生物进行。二级处理还可能需要一个分离过程，以去除残余的微生物
或进行三级处理。三级处理有时被界定为与一级和二级不同的过程。受处理的水
在排放到河流，海湾，泻湖或湿地前有时需要化学消毒或物理（例如泻湖和微滤）
处理，或者可以用于灌溉高尔夫球场，绿色道路或公园。如果它足够清洁，也可
以用于地下水回灌或农业用途。 预
预预
预处理
处理处理
处理
预处理可以从原始废水除去垃圾，树枝，树叶等比较容易收集的物质，以防
止其损坏或阻塞水泵和一级处理的澄清池处理。
筛选
筛选筛选
筛选
进水污水必须消除随污水流进行的大的污染物。在服务大量人口的现代化处
理厂，经常用自动倾斜格栅来达到这个目的。而小的处理厂可能采用手动的格栅。
机械式格栅的清污是典型的以格栅污物积累或流量的积累来进行的。收集到的固
体将被进行填埋或焚烧处理。
除砂
除砂除砂
除砂
预处理可使包括沙子或砂砾在内的物质通过控制速度在渠道或厅室内旋转
流动，使砂，砂砾和石块沉淀。
初级处理
初级处理初级处理
初级处理
在初级沉淀阶段，污水流经一个大池子，俗称“初级澄清池”或“初级沉淀池”。
这些池子需要足够大以令污泥可以沉淀而油和油脂等漂浮物可以上升到表面，并
掠出池子。在初级沉淀阶段的主要目的是提供一个均匀的液态环境使微生物和污
泥都能被处理。初级沉淀池，通常装配有机械驱动的刮削泥器，不断推动将污泥
收集到底部污泥斗，从那里可以抽取污泥进行进一步处理。油脂和石油的漂浮物
有时会回收进行皂化。
二级处理
二级处理二级处理
二级处理
二级处理的设计是为了降低了污水中那些来自人类垃圾，食物渣滓，肥皂和
洗涤剂产生的生化生物污染。大多数市政都打算采用好氧生物的方法解决污水处
理问题。为了达到这个目的，生物既需要的氧也需要生活的底物。有多种方式来

达到这个目的。在所有这些方法中，细菌和原生动物生物都可以降解消耗水中的11 水溶性有机污染物（如糖，脂肪，有机短链碳分子等），将大部分可溶性组分结
合成絮状。二级处理系统被分为
生物膜处理法和
生物膜处理法和生物膜处理法和
生物膜处理法和停止增长
停止增长停止增长
停止增长生物处理法
生物处理法生物处理法
生物处理法。
生物膜处理法和停止增长生物处理法系统的处理流程包括生物滤池和生物
转盘，它们提供生物生长的媒体以使污水流过时进行处理。
在停止增长生物处理法如活性污泥系统中，生物质可以与与污水充分混合，
而且在处理等量污水时可以比膜系统采用更小的空间操作。然而，生物膜系统比
停止增长生物处理法更能够应付生物污染物数量急的剧变化，并能提供更高的有
机物及悬浮固体去除率。
粗过滤器是为了处理特别强烈的或可变有机负荷，一般工业，允许它们由传
统的二级处理工艺处理后在进行处理。在废水处理程度要求较高的地方，典型的
特征包括高及包含开放合成过滤介质的圆形填充过滤器。它们的目的是允许通过
高负荷的水力和高速流动的空气。在较大的装置中，使用鼓风机以使空气强行通
过装置。由此产生的废水通常在常规处理工艺的正常范围内。 活性污泥
活性污泥活性污泥
活性污泥法
法法
法
主条目：活性污泥
一般来说，生物活性污泥法涵盖的各种机制和方法，通过溶解氧，以促进生
物絮体增长，以此极大地消除有机物质的。
这个过程中的颗粒物质在理想的条件下，可将氨转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐，
并最终为氮气（另见反硝化）。
表面曝气
表面曝气表面曝气
表面曝气池
池池
池
大部分工业废水处理的生物氧化过程对氧气（或空气）和微生物的利用是相
同的。表面曝气池在一到十天的停留时间内，对生化需氧量的去除可达到80%
至90％。曝气池的深度为1.5至5.0米之间，使用电机驱动对废水水面进行曝
气的。
在一个曝气池系统中，曝气机提供两个功能：他们转移生物氧化反应所需要
的空气至曝气池，它们提供空气的分散和反应物的接触的所需（即，氧气，污水
和微生物） 。通常情况下，浮动表面曝气机的额定供气量，相当于1.8 至2.7
公斤氧气/千瓦?每小时。然而，在活性污泥系统中，它们并不能保证提供混合达
到预定值，因此活性污泥系统中的曝气池也不一定能达到预定的水平。
生物氧化过程对温度敏感，并在0 ° C和40 ° C时，生物反应速度随温度的12 上升而上升。大多数表面曝气池运

行温度为4 ° C至32 ° C。 滤
滤滤
滤池
池池
池（
（（
（氧化
氧化氧化
氧化沟
沟沟
沟）
））
）
主条目：滤池
在老厂和负荷变化较大的处理厂中，滤池被用来解决在焦碳（碳化煤），灰
石芯片或专门制造的各种塑料介质上漫流的污水溶液。这种介质必须有足够的表
面积以支持生物膜的形成。这种溶液是由中心枢纽发出，通过旋臂上的穿孔扩散
的。扩散的溶液穿过滤池，并在池底通过管道被收集。这些管道同时也让空气进
入滤池，以保持其氧气的充足。分布在介质表面的细菌，原生动物和真菌生物将
以消化或以其他方式使有机质含量减少。幼虫和蠕虫将使生物膜消耗，以帮助维
持生物膜最佳的厚度。因为生物膜过厚将会导致介质堵塞和滤池上表面积水。
曝气生物过滤器
曝气生物过滤器曝气生物过滤器
曝气生物过滤器
曝气生物滤池（或缺氧）滤池（BAF）或生物滤池，将生物还原碳过滤和硝
化反硝化过滤结合在了一起。曝气生物滤池通常包括一个由过滤介质填充的反应
器。这个滤料是悬浮的或者是由过滤池底的砾石层支撑的。这个介质的两个目的
是支持存在于它上面的微生物的高活性和过滤悬浮固体。在有氧模式下进行碳减
排和氨的转化，缺氧模式下只进行单一的硝酸转化。曝气生物滤池的运作是上流
还是下流要取决于设计制造商设计及说明。
膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器（MBR）将活性污泥法和膜的固液分离结合到了一起。膜是
由低压微滤或超滤膜组成的，因此不必再进行澄清或第三次过滤。膜通常是沉浸
在曝气池中的，然而，也有一些是单独应用一个膜反应池的。对一个MBR系统
的主要好处之一是，它有效地克服了传统活性污泥工艺中的污泥的沉降差问题。
与CAS系统相比，该技术允许反应器在具有相当高浓度的混合液悬浮固体的情
况下操作，而这是由污泥沉淀物决定的。这一反应过程通常是在混合液悬浮固体
颗粒浓度为8,000-12,000毫克/升中进行的，而CAS的允许操作范围为
2000-3000毫克/升。MBR过程中生物量浓度的升高，可以非常有效地将可溶性
颗粒和负荷率较高的生物可降解材料去除。因此，增加污泥滞留时间（SRTs） -
通常超过15天 – 即可确保即使在极其寒冷的天气里也能完全硝化。
建设和经营一个MBR的成本通常高于传统的废水处理。膜过滤器会被油污
堵塞或被水流中的沙粒摩擦刮破，且缺乏洪峰流量通过时净水的灵活性。这项技
术在可靠的预处理废水上已日益普遍，并取得了广泛的接受，而且流入

水源也已13 受到控制，同时，生命周期成本一直在稳步下降。膜生物反应器系统的体积小，
且可以高质量的处理污水，使他们在中水回用方面大受欢迎。
膜生物反应器在世界各地都有建立。包括北Librty，爱荷华，格鲁吉亚和加
拿大。 二次沉淀
二次沉淀二次沉淀
二次沉淀
在第二阶段处理的最后一步是为了使生物絮凝或过滤材料沉淀和产出含有
有机物质及悬浮物含量极低的污水。
生物转盘
生物转盘生物转盘
生物转盘
主条目：旋转生物接触池
旋转生物接触池（RBCs）是机械二级处理系统，在承受激增的有机负荷时
有强大的应该变能力。旋转生物接触池于1960年在德国第一次安装，至今已发
展完善成为一种可靠的处理工序。转盘为污水中的细菌和微生物提供生长方面的
支持，用来破坏与稳定有机污染物。要取得成功，就要提供微生物生活所需的氧
气和生长所需的食物。氧气是转盘旋转过程中从大气中获得的。当微生物成长时，
它们建立于转盘介质之上，直到它们被污水中转盘旋转产生的剪切力所甩开。从
旋转生物接触池流出的污水，将通过最后澄清池在那里悬浮的微生物将沉淀为絮
状物。澄清池中的污泥将被分离进行进一步处理。
与其功能类似的生物过滤系统已成为家庭鱼缸受欢迎的过滤和净化的一部
分。该过滤系统被设计为水先流出池子，之后瀑布般自由流经一个皱褶的纤维网
格转轮，之后在穿过一个含有介质的过滤器，然后流回鱼缸。纱网转轮将成为一
个以水族箱中悬浮饲料废物为食的微生物形成的生物膜，同时转轮也由于旋转而
暴露于大气。这个系统尤其是善于消除鱼类和其他动物通过排泄而在水中产生的
尿素和浪费尿素和氨。