外文翻译中英文-镁薄板合金成形的可锻性和可成形性的加工技术
制造工程与技术(热加工)英文版14 Forging of Metals
Chapter 14 Forging of Metals（金属的锻造/锻压）•14.1 Introduction•14.2 Open-Die Forging•14.3 Impression-Die and Closed-Die Forging•14.4 Related Forging Operations•14.5 Rotary Swaging•14.6 Forging-Die Design•14.7 Die Materials and Lubrication•14.8 Forgeability•14.9 Forging Machines•14.10 Forging Practice and Process Capabilities •14.11 Die Manufacturing Methods; Die Failures •14.12 The Economics of Forging14.1 Introduction•Forging（锻造/锻压）–A workpiece is shaped (formed) by compressive forces applied through various dies（模具）and tools（工具）.•one of the oldest metal working processes –4000bc •trationally be performed with a hammer（锤）and anvil（砧/平砧）•mostly require a set of dies and such equipment as a press（压力机）or a forging hammer（锤锻机）.•Typical forged products:–bolts （螺栓）–rivets （铆钉）–connecting rods （连杆）–gears （齿轮）–shaft （轴）–hand tool （手工具）–structural components （结构组件）discrete partsForging （锻件）(a)Source : Forging Industry Association.预锻件终锻件近净形/近成品形状净形/最终形状锻造齿净形挤出花键净形bevel gear （伞齿轮）ForgingFigure 14.1 (b) Landing-gear（起落架/着陆装置）components for the C5A and C5B transport aircraft, made by forging. Source: Wyman-Gordon Company.typical forged partsFigure 14.1 (c) general view of a 445 MN (50,000 ton) hydraulic press. Source: Wyman-Gordon Company.Hydraulic Press （液压机）Forging Process （锻压/锻造工艺）Forging Process-2锻造在制坯中的应用•一般机器或机械上的金属零件的传统生产过程是：冶炼——制坯——切削加工——热处理。
EN 10025-3
English version
Hot rolled products of structural steels
Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain
structural steels
英文版
结构钢热轧产品
第3部分：DIN EN 10025-2标准可焊接细晶粒结构钢热轧产品技术 交付条件
Produits lamines a chaud en aciers de construction - Partie 3: Conditions techniques de livraison pour les aciers de construction soudable a grains fins a t'etat normalise/laminage normalise
有关这些国家标准的最新列表和文献资料可以向管理中心或任何CEN成员申请获得。
The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CQI-27第二版中英文-工艺表G-铝金属模具
Metal Chemistry 金属化学
B2.4 B2.5
Chemistry 化学 Chemistry 化学
C2.4 C2.5
A2.4
Chemistry 化学
B2.6
Metal Temperature 铝水温度
C2.6
A2.5
Chemistry 化学
B2.7
Inoculation 接种
Tube Traceability 管的可追溯性
Nodularity Control for ductile iron
球墨铸铁的球化控制
Extraction 取出
C7.7 C7.8 C7.9
A6.2
Shot Blast 抛丸清理
B7.1
A6.3
Trimming/Grinding Operation 修边/磨削操作
C2.7
A2.6
Metal Temperature 铝水温度
B2.8
Carbon Raiser 积碳器
C2.8
A2.7
Cast Iron Inoculation 铸铁接种
3.0 Magnesium Treatment 镁处理 3.0
A2.8
Carbon Raiser 积碳器
B3.1
Treatment Ladle 浇包
Cored Wire Magnesium Treatment 芯线镁处理
A3.10
Magnesium Reaction Time 镁反应时间
4.0 Metal Control 金属控制
A3.11
Chemistry Control 化学控制
A3.12
Cored Wire Magnesium Treatment 芯线镁处理
机械加工工艺制造工程与技术外文文献翻译
外文献翻译摘自: 《制造工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版页P560—564美s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、Tool life obtained;3、Force and power requirements;4、Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness aregenerally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead ofcontinuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels).Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use cleansteels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels(liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), althoughat room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture,necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leadedfree-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-upedge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C︒315), and then175to F︒160(F︒80to C︒cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), orplasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
热成形钢英语
热成形钢英语Hot forming of steel is a crucial manufacturing process that plays a vital role in the production of a wide range of metal components and structures. This process involves the application of heat and pressure to reshape and transform steel into desired shapes and forms, making it an essential technique in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing.The process of hot forming of steel typically involves heating the steel to a high temperature, usually above its recrystallization temperature, which can range from 900°C to 1250°C, depending on the specific steel grade. At these elevated temperatures, the steel becomes more malleable and easier to deform, allowing it to be shaped into complex geometries and intricate designs.One of the primary advantages of hot forming is its ability to produce parts with superior mechanical properties. The high-temperature deformation process can significantly improve the steel's strength, ductility, and overall performance characteristics. This is because the heat-induced recrystallization and grainrefinement processes that occur during hot forming can lead to the development of a more homogeneous and fine-grained microstructure, which enhances the material's resistance to deformation and failure.In addition to improved mechanical properties, hot forming also offers several other benefits. The process can be used to produce parts with complex shapes and geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through other manufacturing methods, such as casting or machining. Hot forming also allows for the efficient utilization of material, as the high-temperature deformation can minimize material waste and reduce the need for extensive post-processing operations.The hot forming process can be carried out using a variety of techniques, including forging, rolling, and extrusion. Forging is a common method in which the steel is heated and then mechanically deformed using specialized tools or dies. Rolling, on the other hand, involves passing the heated steel through a series of rotating rolls to achieve the desired shape and thickness. Extrusion, in contrast, involves forcing the heated steel through a die to produce parts with a specific cross-sectional profile.Each of these hot forming techniques has its own unique advantages and is typically chosen based on the specific requirements of theapplication, such as the desired part geometry, production volume, and material properties.One of the key challenges in hot forming of steel is the management of heat and temperature during the process. Maintaining the appropriate temperature range is crucial, as excessive heat can lead to material degradation, while insufficient heat can result in incomplete deformation and poor part quality. To address this challenge, manufacturers often employ advanced heating and temperature control systems, as well as carefully designed tooling and process parameters.Another important aspect of hot forming is the consideration of residual stresses and distortion. The high-temperature deformation process can introduce internal stresses within the steel, which can lead to warping, cracking, or other undesirable deformations during or after the forming process. To mitigate these issues, manufacturers may employ various techniques, such as controlled cooling, stress relieving, or the use of specialized tooling designs.In recent years, the hot forming of steel has also seen advancements in the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. These technologies allow for the simulation and optimization of the hot forming process, enabling manufacturers to predict and address potential issues before the actual productionstage. This helps to improve the overall efficiency and quality of the hot forming process, reducing the need for costly trial-and-error approaches.Furthermore, the hot forming of steel has also been influenced by the growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility in the manufacturing industry. Manufacturers are increasingly exploring ways to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and improve the overall environmental impact of the hot forming process. This has led to the development of more energy-efficient heating systems, the use of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of recycling and waste management strategies.In conclusion, the hot forming of steel is a crucial manufacturing process that plays a vital role in the production of a wide range of metal components and structures. With its ability to improve mechanical properties, enable complex geometries, and offer efficient material utilization, hot forming continues to be an essential technique in various industries. As the manufacturing landscape evolves, the hot forming of steel is also adapting to meet the challenges of sustainability, technological advancements, and the ever-changing demands of the market.。
镁合金板材轧制成型的研究进展_张丁非
镁合金板材轧制成型的研究进展Prog ress in the Research on Rolling Form ation ofM ag nesium A lloy Sheet张丁非1,戴庆伟1,胡耀波1,兰 伟2,方 霖1(1重庆大学材料科学与工程学院国家镁合金材料工程技术研究中心,重庆400030;2重庆科技学院,重庆401331)ZHA NG Ding-fei1,DAI Qing-w ei1,H U Yao-bo1,LAN Wei2,FANG Lin1(1Natio nal Research Center fo r M agnesium Alloy s,Co lleg e of M aterials Science andEngineering,Chongqing University,Chong qing400030,China;2Cho ng qingU niversity of Science and Technology,Cho ng qing401331,China)摘要:镁合金板材在变形镁合金中占有重要的地位,但其轧制成型工艺还不是很成熟。
分析了镁合金轧制成型的特点,论述了镁合金板材轧制成型的工艺,及异步轧制、等径角轧制、交叉棍轧制、累积叠轧等轧制方式对轧制成形性及板材组织性能的影响。
重点阐述了通过调整轧制工艺和选择轧制方式提高镁合金的轧制成形性。
指出了镁合金板材轧制中存在的问题和今后发展的方向。
关键词:镁合金;轧制方式;轧制工艺;轧制成型中图分类号:TG335.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-4381(2009)10-0085-06A bstract:M agnesium alloy sheet play s an im po rtant role in the w rought mag nesium allo y.H ow eve r, the processes of rolling fo rmatio n are unsatisfacto ry.The characteristics and pro cess of rolling fo rma-tion o f magnesium alloy sheet are analy zed.The effects of diffe rent ro lling w ay s,like asynchro nous, equal channel ang ular cro ss and accumulative rolling,on microstructure and properties are also dis-cussed.And adjusting the rolling process and selecting rolling w ay s to enhance magnesium alloy ro lled fo rmability are mainly dem onstrated.Finally the problem s,to gether with the future development of magnesium alloy sheet ro lling process,are pointed o ut.Key words:magnesium alloy;rolling w ay;ro lling process;fo rming rolling 镁合金作为最轻的结构合金,已经逐渐被应用到航空航天、汽车、摩托车、电子产品等领域,而对其力学性能的要求也越来越高。
材料成型工艺基础部分(中英文词汇对照)
材料成型工艺基础部分0 绪论金属材料：metal material (MR)高分子材料：high-molecular material 陶瓷材料：ceramic material复合材料：composition material成形工艺：formation technology1 铸造铸造工艺：casting technique铸件：foundry goods （casting）机器零件：machine part毛坯：blank力学性能：mechanical property砂型铸造：sand casting process型砂：foundry sand1.1 铸件成形理论基础合金：alloy铸造性能：casting property工艺性能：processing property 收缩性：constringency偏析性：aliquation氧化性：oxidizability吸气性：inspiratory铸件结构：casting structure使用性能：service performance浇不足：misrun冷隔：cold shut夹渣：cinder inclusion 粘砂：sand fusion缺陷：flaw, defect, falling流动性：flowing power 铸型：cast (foundry mold) 蓄热系数：thermal storage capacity浇注：pouring凝固：freezing收缩性：constringency逐层凝固：layer-by-layer freezing糊状凝固：mushy freezing结晶：crystal缩孔：shrinkage void缩松：shrinkage porosity顺序凝固：progressive solidification冷铁：iron chill补缩：feeding等温线法：constant temperature line method内接圆法：inscribed circle method铸造应力：casting stress变形：deforming裂纹：crack机械应力：mechanical stress热应力：heat stress相变应力：transformation stress气孔：blow hole 铸铁：ingot铸钢：cast steel非铁合金：nonferrous alloy灰铸铁：gray cast-iorn孕育处理：inoculation 球墨铸铁：spheroidal球化处理：sheroidisation可锻铸铁：ductile cast iron石墨：graphite蠕墨铸铁：vermicular cast iron热处理：heat processing熔炼：fusion metallurgy铜合金：copper alloy氢脆：hydrogen brittleness1.2 铸造方法（casting method）手工造型：hand moulding机器造型：machine moulding金属型：metal mold casting金属模：permanent mould压力铸造：press casting熔模铸造：investment moulding蜡膜：cere离心铸造：centrifugal casting低压铸造：casting under low pressure差压铸造：counter-pressure casting陶瓷型铸造：shaw process 1.3 铸造工艺设计浇注位置：pouring position分型面：mould joint活块：loose piece起模：patter drawing型芯：core型芯撑：chaplet工艺参数：processing parameter下芯：core setting合型：mould assembly冒口：casting head 尺寸公差：dimensional tolerance尺寸公差带：tolerance zone机械加工余量：machining allowance铸孔：core hole非标准：nonstandard label 收缩率：rate of contraction线收缩：linear contraction体收缩：volume contraction起模斜度：pattern draft铸造圆角：curvingof castings芯头：core register芯头间隙：clearance芯座：core print seat 分型线：joint line分模线：die parting line1.4 铸造结构工艺性加强筋：rib reinforcement撒砂：stuccoing内腔：entocoele2 金属塑性加工塑性加工：plastic working塑性：plastic property锻造：forge work冲压：punching轧制：rolling拉拔：drawing挤压：extruding细化晶粒：grain refinement热锻：hit-forging温锻：warm forging 2.1 金属塑性加工理论基础塑性变形：plastic yield加工硬化：work-hardening韧性：ductility回复温度：return temperature再结晶：recrystallize再结晶退火：full annealing冷变形：cold deformation热变性：heat denaturation锻造比：forging ratio镦粗：upset拔长：pull out纤维组织：fibrous tissue 锻造性能：forging property可锻性：forgeability变形抗力：resistance of deformation化学成分：chemical constitution热脆性：hot brittleness 冷脆性：cold-shortness变形速度：deformation velocity应力状态：stress condition变形温度：deformation temperature过热：overheating过烧：burning脱碳：carbon elimination始锻温度：initiation forging temperature终锻温度：final forging temperature2.2 金属塑性加工方法自由锻：flat-die hammer冲孔：jetting弯曲：bend弯曲半径：bending radius切割：cut扭转：twist rotation错移：offsetting锻接：percussion基本工序：basic process辅助工序：auxiliary process精整工序：finishing process模锻：contour forging锻模：forging die 胎膜锻：fetal membrane forging剪床：shearing machine冲床：backing-out punch冲裁：blanking弹性变形：elastic distortion塑性变形：plastic yield剪切变形：shearing deformation最小弯曲半径：minimum bending radius曲率：angularity弯裂：rupture 回弹：rebound辊轧：roll forming辊锻：roll forging斜轧：oblique rolling 横轧：transverse rolling辗压：tamping drum挤压：extruding拉拔：draft2.3 塑性加工工艺设计工艺规程：process specification锻件图：forging drawing敷料：dressing锻件余量：forging allowance锻件公差：forging tolerance 工夹具：clamping apparatus加热设备：firing equipment加热规范：heating schedule冷却规范：cooling schedule后续处理：after treatment分模面：die parting face冲孔连皮：punching the wad模锻斜度：draft angle圆角半径：radius of corner圆饼类锻件：circumcresent cake-like forging长轴类锻件：long axis-like forging2.4 锻件结构工艺性锥体：cone斜面：cant空间曲线：curve in space粗糙度：degree of roughness2.5 冲压件结构工艺性3 焊接焊接：welding铆接：riverting熔焊：fusion welding压焊：press welding 钎焊：braze welding3.1 焊接理论基础冶金：metallurgy电弧焊：arc welding气焊：acetylene welding电渣焊：electro-slag welding高能束焊：high energy welding电子焊：electronic welding激光焊：laser welding等离子焊：plasma welding 电弧：electric arc阳极区：anode region阴极区：negative polarity弧柱区：arc stream正接法：electrode negative method反接法：opposition method脱氧剂：deoxidizing agent焊缝：welded seam 焊缝区：weld zone熔合区：fusion area热影响区：heat-affected zone 脆性断裂：brittle fracture过热区：overheated zone正火区：normalized zone相变区：phase change zone焊接应力：welding stress收缩变形：contraction distortion角变形：angular deformation弯曲变形：bend deformation扭曲变形：warping deformation波浪变形：wave transformation反变形法：reversible deformation method刚性固定法：rigid fixing method预热：warming-up缓冷：slow cool焊后热处理：postweld heat treatment 矫形处理：shape-righting3.2 焊接方法埋弧焊：hidden arc welding气体保护焊：gas shielded arc welding氩弧焊：argon welding熔化极氩弧焊：consumable electrode argon welding钨极氩弧焊：argon tungsten-arc welding二氧化碳气体保护焊：CO2 gas shielded arc welding碳弧焊：carbon arc welding碳弧气刨：carbon arc air gouging电渣焊：electro-slag welding 高能焊：high grade energy welding等离子弧切割：plasma arc cutting (PAC)堆焊：bead weld电阻焊：resistance welding电焊：electric welding缝焊：seam welding压焊：press welding多点凸焊：multiple projection welding对焊：welding neck摩擦焊：friction welding扩散焊：diffusion welding硬钎料：brazing alloy软钎料：soft solder3.3 常用金属材料的焊接焊接性：weldability焊接方法：welding method焊接材料：welding material焊条：electrode焊剂：flux material碳素钢：carbon steel低碳钢：low carbon steel中碳钢：medium carbon steel高碳钢：high carbon steel低合金钢：lean alloy steel不锈钢：non-corrosive steel有色金属：nonferrous metal3.4 焊接工艺设计型材：sectional bar药皮：coating焊丝：soldering wire连续焊缝：continuous weld断续焊缝：intermittent weld应力集中：stress concentration焊接接头：soldered joint坡口：groove对接：abutting joint搭接：lap joint角接：corner joint 4 粉末冶金（power metallurgy）粉末冶金成品：finished power metallurgical product铁氧体：ferrite硬质合金：sintered-carbide高熔点金属：high-melting metal陶瓷：ceramic4.1 粉末冶金工艺理论基础压坯：pressed compact扩散：diffusion烧结：agglomeration固溶：solid solubility化合：combination4.2 粉末冶金的工艺流程制备：preparation预处理：anticipation还原法：reduction method电解法：electrolytic method雾化法：atomization松装密度：loose density 流动性：flowing power压缩性：compressibility筛分：screen separation 混合：compounding制粒：pelletization过烧：superburning欠烧：underburnt5 金属复合成型技术自蔓延焊接：SHS welding热等静压：HIP准热等静压：PHIP5.1 液态成型技术与固态成型技术的复合高压铸造：high-pressure casting电磁泵：magnetic-pump压射成型：injection molding柱塞：plunger piston冲头：drift pin凝固法：freezing method挤压法：extrusion method转向节：knuckle pivot制动器：arresting gear5.2 金属半凝固、半熔融成型技术凝固：freezing半熔融：semi-vitreous触变铸造：thixotropy casting触变锻造：thixotropy forging注射成型：injection molding5.3 其他金属成型新技术快速凝固：flash set非晶态：amorphous溢流法：press over system喷射沉积：ejecting deposit爆炸复合法：explosion cladding method扩散焊接：diffusion welding挤压：extruding轧制：roll down6 非金属材料成型技术6.1 高分子材料成型技术高分子材料：non-metal material耐腐蚀：resistant material绝缘：insulation老化：ageing耐热性：heat-durability粘弹性：viscoelasticity塑料：plastic material橡胶：rubber合成纤维：synthetic fibre涂料：covering material粘结剂：agglomerant 粘度：viscosity热塑性塑料：thermoplastic plastics热固性塑料：thermosetting plastic通用塑料：general-purpose plastics 工程塑料：engineering plastic薄膜：thin film增强塑料：reinforced plastics浇注塑料：pouring plastics注射塑料：injiection plastics挤出塑料：extrusion plastics吹塑塑料：blowing plastics模压塑料：die pressing plastics聚合物：ploymer semiconductor吸湿性：hygroscopic cargo定向作用：directional action生胶：green glue stock填料：carrier丁苯橡胶：SBR顺丁橡胶：BR 氯丁橡胶：CR丁腈橡胶：NBR硅橡胶：Q聚氨酯橡胶：U压延：calender硫化：sulfuration胶粘剂：adhesive胶接：glue joint刹车片：brake block零件修复：parts renewal蜂窝夹层：honeycomb core material6.2 工业陶瓷制品的成型技术干燥：drying坯料：blank润滑剂：anti-friction结合剂：binder热压铸：hot injiection moulding6.3 非金属材料成型技术的新进展热压烧结：hot pressed sintering7 复合材料的成型技术复合材料：composite material树脂：resin7.1 金属复合材料的成型技术硼纤维：boron fiber钛合金：titanium alloy碳纤维：carbon filter等离子喷涂：plasma spraying浸渍法：immersion method锭坯：ingot blank7.2 聚合物基复合材料的成型技术晶须：whisker缠绕成形：enwind forming湿法缠绕：wet method enwind 7.3 陶瓷复合材料成型技术料浆：slurry溶胶-凝胶法：sol-gel method化学气相沉积：chemical vapor deposition (CVD)原位：in situ8 材料成型方法的选择粉末冶金：powder metallurgy工程塑料：engineering plastics工程陶瓷：engineering ceramics。
材料成型工艺(双语)重点句子及翻译.
CH11. Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.材料科学是研究材料的结构和性能之间关系的学科。
2. The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.材料科学是研究材料的结构和性能之间的关系的学科。
3.In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.而材料加工是在（充分理解）材料组织和性能关系的基础上，对材料的组织进行设计，以获得一系列预定的性能。
4.The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.材料的组织通常和内部成分的排列有关。
5. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.性能是指材料的一种特性，这种特性就对某一特定的强加的刺激所作出发硬的大小和种类而言的CH31. Welding is essential for the manufacture of a range of engineering components, which may vary from very large structures such as ships and bridges to miniature components for microelectronic applications.焊接在很多工程零部件的生产中都是必需的，大到船舶、桥梁，小到微电子应用的微小零件。
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镁薄板合金成形的可锻性和可成形性的加工技术摘要金属成型和金属成形机床的新发展，显示了镁薄片具有优秀的模铸性能，如果工艺是在高温下传导。
对镁薄片成型的相应的机械性能的估价，已经在各种各样的温度和应变率的条件下进行的单轴向拉力的测试。
镁合金az31b、az61b的拉深测试和m1在200-250温度范围之间都有很好可成形性，除温度之外，已经研究出的极限拉延比也影响模铸的速度。
产生的结果得出有可能由镁薄片合金混合物代替传统的铝和钢薄片的结论。
⒈引言为了减少燃料消耗、一般已经有的成就是减少汽车构造的重量的，增加重量轻的物资的使用，在这个条件下、镁合金具有对工商企业集团有特殊的使用价值，因为他们的密度低，只有1.74 g／cm3。
不久的将来镁合金将成为汽车零件模铸的主要地材料。
模具铸件技术允许放弃制造过程中复杂的几何结构。
然而，这个部分的机械性能经常不能满足机械性能的必要条件，（例如耐久强度和延性）。
一种有希望能替换的材料，毫无疑问是将模铸工艺带进简便化，那部分对机械性能和细粒的微观结构有利的没有气孔的制造技术。
然而、一种广泛被应用的模铸技术在镁合金的成型的工艺中受到了限制，模铸技术和适当的工艺参数的不完善而不得不应用（2,3）。
镁薄板金属部件的应用对汽车车身的构造提供一个很大的潜力。
通常、汽车的车身完全由板料冲压和表现大约25%飞行器质量组成。
所以，镁薄片替代传统的材料应用，将导致重量减轻的实质。
⒉镁薄片的塑料性质镁合金在室温下显示出可成形性的极限，这个六方晶体和孪晶体的倾向是唯一的允许有限的形变。
那不同地定向微晶在独立基础滑动平面显示出畸形，导致一个相互的滑动障碍（４、５）。
通过应用的温度完善可以对模铸品质进行可观的改善！在200 -225温度范围里的可成型性的提高具有很好的可观性（依靠合金成分）见文献《６》的研究。
在棱形滑动面的六方形结构的热活化性中发现了这个效果，见文献《７》。
2.1成型温度对流动应力的影响一种对镁薄片畸形性质要求的测定的详细研究的金属的特征值同样各向异性或流动曲线见《８、９》。
因为在这个领域里的系统研究表明对各种各样的镁合金的温度和应变率的可塑性的大量的调查涉及金属成型和金属成形机床的原理的影响不是可利用的（ifum）。
图1；显示镁金属az31b在不同温度的流动曲线、显然那应力和可能的拉紧力，大量地依靠在那成型温度上。
在2008c以上温度范围内流动应力的减少随温度的变化而的变化。
3 镁合金的拉深为了要研究镁薄片在不同的成型温度的可模锻性，在IFUM与圆筒形工具系统中进行拉深测试，图3显示在50c的温度的拉深测试的结果。
然而那az31b在低点b01：45可能的拉深比率（拉深：30mm）合金az61b和m1显示早的破裂，使用b01：6的拉深比率，AZ31 B 显示与AZ61 B 和 M 1 类似的破裂，这些测试确定镁合金的可模锻的低点温度。
然而，调查结果显示镁合金在高温的情况下有非常好的模锻性。
发现在2008c温度下az31b的成型温度具有最大bo的拉深比率，az61b 和m1显示铝合金b0的最大价值提高到2：20：2.25.，AlMg4.5 Mn0.4 的比较显示铝合金在室温下非常容易模锻,镁合金的增加的拉深比率在低点温度与提高温度的比较，结果表明从可拉长的测试显示那应力比率在镁合金的机械道具的重要的影响力。
参考文献。
[1] H. Kehler et al., Partikelversta¨rkte Leichtmetalle, Metall Band, 49,Heft 3, 1995.[2] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Leichtbau mit Magnesiumknetlegierungen— Blechumformung und Pra¨zisionsschmieden TechnischerMg-Legierungen, Werkstattstechnik, Band 88, Heft 11/12,1998.[3] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, F.P. Hamm, Sheet Metal Forming ofMagnesium Alloys, Proceedings of the IMA-Conference on MagnesiumMetallurgy, Clermont-Ferrand, France, October 1996.[4] H.J. Bargel, G. Schulze, Werkstoffkunde, VDI-Verlag GmbH,Du¨sseldorf, 1988.[5] C.S. Roberts, Magnesium and Its Alloys, Wiley, New York, 1960.[6] G. Siebel, in: Beck (Ed.), Technology of Magnesium and Its Alloys,Hughes, London, 1940.[7] N.N.: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Ullmann’s Encyclopediaof Industrial Chemistry, Reprint of Articles from 5th Edition, VCH,Weinheim, 1990.[8] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, Processing of magnesium sheet metals by deepdrawing and stretch forming, Mat. Tech. 7–8 (1997)19–23.[9] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Umformen von Magnesiumwerkstoffen,DGM-Fortbildungsseminar, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Oktober1998, pp. 28–30.[10] L. Taylor, H.E. Boyer, in: E.A. Durand, et al. (Eds.), MetalsHandbook, 8th Edition, Vol. 4, American Society of Metals, Cleveland, OH, 1969.Sheet metal forming of magnesium wrought magnesium wrought alloys— formabilityand process technologyAbstractNew developments at the for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools show that magnesium sheets possess excellent forming behavior, if the process is conducted at elevated temperatures. For the evaluation of mechanical properties relevant for forming of magnesium sheets, uni axial tensile tests have been carried out at various temperatures and strain rates.Deep drawing tests with magnesium alloys AZ31B, AZ61B, and M1 show very good formability in a temperature range between 200 and 2508C. Besides temperature, the influence of forming speed on limit drawing ratio has been investigated. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that it is possible to substitute conventional aluminum and steel sheets by using magnesium sheet metal wrought alloys.1. IntroductionIn order to reduce fuel consumption, general efforts have been made to decrease the weight of automobile constructions by an increased use of lightweight materials. In this framework, magnesium alloys are of special interest because of their low density of 1.74 g/cm3.Presently, magnesium alloys for the use as automobile parts are mainlyprocessed by die casting. The die casting technology allows the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry. However, the mechanical properties of these parts often do not meet the requirements concerning the mechanical properties (e.g. endurance strength and ductility). A promising alternative has to be seen in components that are manufactured by forming processes. The parts manufactured by this technology are characterized by advantageous mechanical properties and fine-grained microstructure without pores [1]. However, a widespread use of forming technologies for the processing of magnesium alloys is restricted because of insufficient knowledge about the forming technologies and suitable process parameters that have to be applied [2,3].Automotive body constructions offer a great potential for the application of magnesium sheet metal components.In general, the automotive body completely consists of sheet metal parts and represents a share of about 25% of the entire vehicle mass. Therefore, the substitution of conventional sheet materials by magnesium sheets would lead to essential weight savings in this application.2. Plastic material properties of magnesium sheetsMagnesium alloys show a limited formability at room temperature. This results from the fact that the hexagonal crystal structure and the low tendency to twinning only allow limited deformations. The differentlyorientated crystallites only show a deformation on the individual base slip plane, which leads to a mutual slip hindrance [4, 5]. A considerable improvement of the forming qualities can be achieved by applying temperature. The considerable increase in formability that occurs in the temperature range from 200 to2258C (depending on alloying composition) was investigated by Siebel [6]. The reason for this effect was found in the thermal activation of pyramid sliding planes in the hexagonal structure [7].2.1. Influence of forming temperature on flow stressA detailed evaluation of the deformation properties of magnesium sheets requires the determination of the material’s characteristic values like anisotropy or flow curves [8, 9].Because systematic investigations in this area are not available, extensive investigations concerning the influence of temperature and strain rate on plastic properties of various magnesium alloys were performed atInstitute for Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools (IFUM). Fig. 1 displays flow curves of magnesium sheet material AZ31B at different temperatures, determined in the uniaxial tensile test according to EN 10002, part 5.It is obvious that the stresses and possible strains largely depend on the forming temperature. The decrease of flow stresses in the temperature range above 2008C attributes to temperature-dependent relaxation.3. Deep drawing of magnesium alloysIn order to investigate the formability of magnesium sheets, deep drawing tests at different forming temperatures were carried out at IFUM with a cylindrical tool system.Fig. 3 shows the results of deep drawing tests at a temperature of 50C. Whereas the deep drawing of the alloy AZ31B using a low drawing ratio of b0 1:45 was possible (drawing depth: 30 mm), the alloys AZ61B and M1 showed early fracture. Using drawing ratio of b0 1:6, AZ31B showed fracture similar to AZ61B and M1. These tests confirm the low formability of magnesium alloys at low temperature.However, the investigated magnesium alloys show very good formability at higher temperature ，The maximum limit drawing ratio of b0 ; max 2:52 was detected for AZ31B at a forming temperature of 2008C. AZ61B and M1 show maximum values of approximately b0 ; max 2:20 up to 2.25. The values of the aluminum alloy AlMg4.5Mn0.4 are displayed for comparison. Due to the good formability of the aluminum alloy at room temperature, the increase in limit drawing ratio with rising temperature is low compared to the magnesium alloys.The results gained from the tensile tests showed the significant influence of strain rate on themechanical properties of magnesium alloys.[1] H. Kehler et al., Partikelversta¨rkte Leichtmetalle, Metall Band, 49, Heft 3, 1995.[2] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Leichtbau mit Magnesiumknetlegierungen— Blechumformung und Pra¨zisionsschmieden TechnischerMg-Legierungen, Werkstattstechnik, Band 88, Heft 11/12,1998.[3] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, F.P. Hamm, Sheet Metal Forming of Magnesium Alloys, Proceedings of the IMA-Conference on Magnesium Metallurgy, Clermont-Ferrand, France, October 1996.[4] H.J. Bargel, G. Schulze, Werkstoffkunde, VDI-Verlag GmbH,Du¨sseldorf, 1988.[5] C.S. Roberts, Magnesium and Its Alloys, Wiley, New York, 1960.[6] G. Siebel, in: Beck (Ed.), Technology of Magnesium and Its Alloys, Hughes, London, 1940.[7] N.N.: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Reprint of Articles from 5th Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1990.[8] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, Processing of magnesium sheet metals by deep drawing and stretch forming, Mat. Tech. 7–8 (1997) 19–23.[9] E. Doege, K. Dro¨der, St. Janssen, Umformen vonMagnesiumwerkstoffen,DGM-Fortbildungsseminar, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Oktober1998, pp. 28–30.[10] L. Taylor, H.E. Boyer, in: E.A. Durand, et al. (Eds.), Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vol. 4, American Society of Metals,ol. 4, American Society of Metals,Cleveland, OH, 1969.[11] K. Siegert, et al., Superplastische Aluminiumbleche — Verarbeitung mit numerischen Pressen, Metall, 45 Jahrgang, Heft 4, 1991.[12] E.F. Emley, Principles of Magnesium Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.[13] D. Schmoeckel, Temperaturgefu¨hrte Prozeßsteuerung beim Umformenvon Aluminiumblechen, EFB-Forschungsbericht, Nr. 55, 1994.[14] H. Beißwa¨nger, Warmziehen von Leichtmetallblechen, Mitteilung der Forschungsgesellschaft Blechverarbeitung, Nr. 27, 1950.[15] E. Kursetz, Die Anwendung von Wa¨rme bei der Herstellung von Blechformteilen aus Schwer Umformbaren Werkstoffen, Ba¨nder Bleche Rohre, Nr. 5, 1974.[16] O. Heuel, Optimierung der Werkzeugtemperatur Durch Richtige Auslegung und Installation der Temperiersysteme, Der Stahlformenbauer, Heft 1, 1992.11。