圣诞节的起源与习俗

圣诞节的起源与习俗
圣诞节的起源与习俗

圣诞节的起源与习俗

圣诞节(christmas)是基督教的一个重要的节日,定于每年12月25日,纪念耶稣基督的诞生,同时也是普遍庆祝的世俗节日。

纪念耶稣诞生的节期与时值仲冬的农节和太阳节这两个非基督教节日巧合,因此庆祝习俗来源不一。在罗马帝国范围之内,12月17日农神节是寻欢取乐、互相馈赠的日子。12月25日是古伊朗人所崇奉的正义之神密特拉的生日。古罗马人在元旦用青枝绿叶和灯火装饰房屋,并向儿童和穷人赠送礼物。

条顿人各部族渗入高卢、不列颠和中欧等地,又带来日耳曼人和克尔特人的宗教仪式。于是,有了团聚欢宴、燃烧大块柴木、品尝大木形糕饼,张挂树枝、陈放枞树、访亲问友、来往馈赠等庆祝活动。

象征温暖和长寿的火与灯光,一向是冬季节日庆祝活动

中的内容,在基督教和非基督教习俗都是如此。常青树象征奋斗生存,自从中世纪以来就与耶稣圣诞节庆祝活动发生联系由于历法不同,东正教及其他东欧教会的圣诞节日期相当于公历1月6日或7日。

西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色,圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品,用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花,还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。

红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人,他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前,要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子,等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方,扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。

起源

纪念耶稣出生

据说耶稣是因着圣灵成孕,由童女马利亚所生的。神更派遣使者加伯列在梦中晓谕约瑟,叫他不要因为马利亚未婚怀孕而不要她,反而要与她成亲,把那孩子起名为“耶稣”,意思是要他把百姓从罪恶中救出来。

当马利亚快要临盆的时候,罗马政府下了命令,全部人民到伯利恒务必申报户籍。约瑟和马利亚只好遵命。他们到达伯利恒时,天色已昏,无奈两人未能找到旅馆渡宿,只有一个马棚可以暂住。就在这时,耶稣要出生了。于是马利亚唯有在马槽上,生下耶稣。后人为纪念耶稣的诞生,便定十二月二十五为圣诞节,年年望弥撒,纪念耶稣的出世。

罗马教会设立

4世纪初,1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念耶稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”(Epiphany),亦称“显现节”,即上帝通过耶稣向世人显示自己。当时只有那路拉冷的教会例外,那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念耶稣的受

洗。后历史学家在罗马基督徒习用的日历中发现公元 354年12月25日页内记录着:“基督降生在犹大的伯利恒。”经研究,一般认为12月25日伴为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会,约在公元375年传到小亚细亚的安提阿,公元430年传到埃及的亚历山大里亚,那路撒冷的教会接受得最晚,而亚美尼亚的教会则仍然坚持1月6日主显节是耶稣的诞辰。

12月25日本是波斯太阳神(即光明之神)密特拉(Mithra)的诞辰,是一个异教徒节日,同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一。这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节,崇拜太阳神的异教徒把这一天当作春天的希望,万物复苏的开始。基于此原因,罗马教会选择这一天作为圣诞节。这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯基督教化的措施之一。后来,虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节,但又固各地教会使用的历书不同,具体日期不能统一,于是就把12月24日到第二年的1

月6日定为圣诞节节期(Christmas Tide),各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。自从12月25日被大多数教会公认为圣诞节后,原来1月6日的主显节就只纪念耶稣受洗了,但天主教会又把1月6日定为“三王来朝节”,以纪念耶稣生时东方三王(即三位博士)来朝拜的故事。随着基督教的广泛传播,圣诞节已成为各教派基督徒,甚至广大非基督徒群众的一个重要节日。

圣诞老人

在公元四世纪的时候,尼古拉斯出生在小亚细亚巴大拉城,家庭富有,父母亲是非常热心的天主教友,不幸他的父母早逝。尼古拉斯长大以后,便把丰富的财产,全部捐送给贫苦可怜的人,自己则出家修道,献身教会,终生为社会服务。尼古拉斯后来作了神父,而且还升为主教。他一生当中,做了很多慈善的工作,他最喜欢在暗中帮助穷人,圣诞老人是他后来的别号,这个名字是出自他暗中送钱,帮助三个女

孩子的故事。

尼古拉斯死后被尊为圣徒,是一位身穿红袍、头戴红帽的白胡子老头。每年圣诞节他驾着鹿拉的雪橇从北方而来,由烟囱进入各家,把圣诞礼物装在袜子里挂在孩子们的床头上或火炉前。

发展

圣诞节本是宗教节日。十九世纪,圣诞卡的流行、圣诞老人的出现,使圣诞节开始渐渐流行起来。圣诞庆祝习俗在北欧流行后,结合着北半球冬季的圣诞装饰也出现了。

十九世纪初发展至中叶,整个欧洲、美洲开始过起了圣诞节。并衍生出了相应的圣诞文化。

圣诞节传播到亚洲是在十九世纪中叶,日本、韩国、中国等都受到了圣诞文化的影响。

改革开放后,圣诞节在中国传播地尤为突出,至二十一世纪初,圣诞节有机地结合了中国当地习俗,发展日趋成熟。

吃苹果、带圣诞帽、寄送圣诞贺卡,参加圣诞派对,圣诞购物等成了中国人生活的一部分。

圣诞卡

圣诞卡(圣诞卡片)在美国和欧洲很流行,许多家庭随贺卡带上年度家庭合照或家庭新闻,新闻一般包括家庭成员在过去一年的优点特长等内容。圣诞节这天,指出天下一家世界大同的理想,只有以和平与仁爱的言行达成。寄赠圣诞卡,除表示庆贺圣诞的喜乐外,就是向亲友祝福,以表怀念之情。尤其对在孤寂中的亲友,更是亲切的关怀和安慰。

装饰

圣诞袜

最早以前是一对红色的大袜子,大小不拘。因为圣诞袜是要用来装礼物的,所以是小朋友最喜欢的东西,晚上他们会将自己的袜子挂在床边,等待第二天早上收礼。

圣诞帽

是一顶红色帽子,据说晚上戴上睡觉除了睡得安稳和有点暖外,第二天你还会发现在帽子里多了点心爱的人送的礼物。

圣诞装饰包括以圣诞装饰和圣诞灯装饰的圣诞树,户内以花环和常绿植物加以装饰,特别的冬青和槲寄生是传统采用的材料。在南北美洲和少数欧洲地区,传统上户外以灯光装饰,包括用灯火装饰的雪橇、雪人和其他圣诞形象。冬青和槲寄生是传统采用的材料。市政当局也会对圣诞装饰加以支持,在街道悬挂圣诞标语或者是在广场放置圣诞树。

圣诞树

圣诞树(Christmas tree)是圣诞节庆祝中最有名的传统之一。通常人们在圣诞前后把一棵常绿植物如松树弄进屋里或者在户外,并用圣诞灯和彩色的装饰物装饰。并把一个天使或星星放在树的顶上。

用灯烛和装饰品把枞树或洋松装点起来的常青树,作为

圣诞节庆祝活动的一部分。近代圣诞树起源于德国。德国人于每年12月24日,即亚当和夏娃节,在家里布置一株枞树(伊甸园之树),将薄饼乾挂在上面,象徵圣饼(基督徒赎罪的标记)。近代改用各式小甜饼代替圣饼,还常加上象徵基督的蜡烛。此外,室内还设有圣诞塔,是一木质的三角形结构,上有许多小架格放置基督雕像,塔身饰以常青树枝叶、蜡烛和一颗星。到16世纪,圣诞塔和伊甸园树合并为圣诞树。

圣诞节橱窗

圣诞橱窗也是墨尔本一道靓丽的风景线,每年的圣诞节来临前商店的橱窗设计人员就会动足脑筋,将这个圣诞节的主题发挥得淋漓尽致,而且绝不会和往年的风格重合,这里也是妈妈最愿意带孩子们来的地方。圣诞爷爷醇厚的嗓音讲述着惊心动魄的经历,故事还是那个故事,但声、光、电的组合更生动有趣。排队入场是玛雅橱窗参观中不成文的规

定,栏杆外是急匆匆路过的人流,栏杆内有序参观,每个橱窗有数分钟的演绎。每个橱窗左下角是滚动的屏幕,立体声喇叭中讲述的故事,都能在这里显示,扫描一下二维码还能下载。

圣诞节环

西方国家圣诞节其间挂在家门口用的装饰品,通常用绿色的枝叶或藤条(松毛、松针等)和银色的金属及金色的铃铛配以红色的缎带组成主色调绿、白、黄、红代表欢乐喜庆上面写着MERRY CHRISMAS或者简写为X'mas圣诞节环最早出现在芬兰。

各国特色

英国人在圣诞节是最注重吃的,食品中包括烧猪、火鸡、圣诞布丁、圣诞碎肉饼等。每一个家人都有礼物,仆人也有份,所有的礼物是在圣诞节的早晨派送。有的唱圣诞歌者沿门逐户唱歌报佳音,他们会被主人请进屋内,用茶点招待,

或者赠小礼物。

因为美国是由许多民族组成的国家,所以美国人庆祝圣诞的情形也最为复杂,从各国来的移民仍多依照他们祖国的风俗。不过,在圣诞时期,美国人的门外挂着花环以及其它别致的布置则是一样的。

法国的一般成年人,在圣诞前夕差不多都要到教会参加子夜弥撒。在完毕后,家人同去最年老的已婚的哥哥或姊姊的家里,团聚吃饭。这个集会,讨论家中要事,但遇有家人不和睦的,在此后也前嫌冰释,大家要和好如初了,所以圣诞在法国是一个仁慈的日子。

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圣诞节由来(英语版) do you know? origin of chdstmas 圣诞由来 the name christmas is short for“christ’s mass”.a mass is a kind of church service.christmas is a religious festivai.it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus. there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world.but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion.exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world. the birth of jesus had a story:in nazareth,a city of galilee.the virgin’s name was mary was betrothed to joseph.before they came together,she was found with child of the holy spirit.joseph,her husband was minded to put her away secretly.while he thought about these things,gabriel,an angel of the lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take mary as wife.and mary,will bring forth a son,and he shall call his name,jesus,for he will save his people from their sins. before jesus births.joseph and mary came to quintus was governing syria.so all went to be registered,everyone to his own city.joseph also went up out of galilee.out of the city of nazareth.into judea,to the city of david.which is called 第 2 页共 5 页

用英语说圣诞节的来历中英文对照

用英语说圣诞节的来历中英文对照 christmas is a christian holiday that celebrates the birth of jesus christ. no one knows the exact date of christ's birth, but most christians observe christmas on december 25. on this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. during the christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and christmas trees. the word christmas comes from cristes maesse, an early english phrase that means mass of christ. the story of christmas comes chiefly from the gospels of saint luke and saint matthew in the new testament. “圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。耶诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝,因而又名耶诞节。这一天,世界所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联。交换礼物,寄圣诞卡,这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子。 在美国,圣诞节宴席上的传统食物有填馅的火鸡、土豆泥、越橘酱等。a traditional christmas dinner in america includes stuffed turkey (火鸡) , mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce (越橘酱) , and a variety of other dishes.烤火鸡不但在美国,在加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰也是圣诞宴席上最普遍的主菜。roast turkey is the most popular main course not only in the united states, but also in canada, australia, and new zealand.也有的人家不吃火鸡,而吃火腿或烤鹅。some families have ham or roast goose instead of turkey.人们最喜欢的饭后甜点包括甜馅饼或南瓜馅饼、李子布丁和水果蛋糕。favorite desserts include mince pie or pumpkin pie, plum pudding and fruitcake.蛋奶酒是许多家庭喜欢的饮料。eggnog is a popular christmas beverage (饮料) in many homes.在英国,圣诞宴在中午举行,传统食品有烤火鸡或烤鹅、圣诞布丁、甜馅饼和葡萄酒。in britain, christmas dinner is eaten at noon, and the dinner usually includes roast turkey or goose, christmas pudding with mince pies, and accompanied by wine. 圣诞节的重要传统之一是接受圣诞老人赠送的礼物。one of the most important christmas traditions is receiving gifts from santa claus.许多小孩子相信自己在圣诞节收到的礼物来自圣诞老人。圣诞老人是个快活的胖老头儿,长着白胡子,身穿红袍,头戴红帽。据说圣诞老人从北极附近的某地出发,驾着驯鹿拉的雪橇从空中飞到各家,从烟囱进入屋内,留下礼物。many young children believe that the presents they receive at christmas are given by santa claus, who is a jolly, white-bearded fat man in a red suit and red hat. according to the story, santa claus travels through the air from somewhere near the north pole in a sled drawn by

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