文献翻译-钻削与镗削
外文翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师钻削与镗削Addison-Wesley pub.Co.闻志祥 译摘要：通过驱动刀具能在工件上钻出通孔或盲孔，钻刀是正对着工件绕着自己的轴线旋转。
当然，刀具从其轴线向外的切削距离应和需加工的孔的半径相等。
在实际生产中，是采用关于同一轴线对称的两切削刀刃的刀具。
钻削既可被应用于手工也可用于钻床中。
钻床在尺寸和结构上有所不同。
然而，当工件被牢固地安装好后，钻刀总是绕着自己的轴线旋转。
这是和在车床上钻孔是相反的。
镗孔是扩大以前钻削或镗削好了的孔。
镗孔能够消除钻空加工时孔所产生的偏心，使孔扩大到需铰削的尺寸。
下面是对钻削、钻床分类和镗孔的简要介绍。
关键词：钻削、镗削、钻床、钻削刀具、镗刀、钻床的分类钻削刀具在钻削操作中，采用的是一种柱形的螺旋式刀具，被称之为钻刀。
钻刀有一条或两条切削刃和相应的出屑槽，出屑槽呈直线或螺旋线形。
出屑槽的作用是为在钻削过程中产生的切屑提供一个通道，同时也是便于润滑剂和冷却剂到达钻刀的切削刃和工件的被加工表面。
以下是普通刀具的概括论述：图4.1麻花钻。
麻花钻是最普通的一类钻刀。
麻花钻有两条切削刃和两条螺旋线形的出屑槽，出屑槽连续地围绕分布在整个钻体上（如图 4.1）。
钻刀除了钻体部分，还有钻颈和钻柄，钻柄可以是圆柱形，也可以是锥行。
在后者的情况下，钻柄是通过柄舌的楔形作用安装在主轴的锥形钻套中，柄舌是安装在主轴钻套的狭槽中，这样钻刀和主轴形成一个整体来传递旋转运动。
在另一方面，圆柱形钻柄是被安装在钻夹头里，钻体顶角 楔边 死顶尖出屑槽 螺旋角 颈部 柄部出屑槽刀刃刃带 后刃面出屑槽刀刃 刃带柄舌然后，以安装锥形钻柄的方法将其安装进主轴的钻套中。
从图 4.1 可以看出，两条切削边被称为刀刃，两条切削刃是通过楔子连接在一起。
麻花钻还有两条刃带，其能在钻削操作中对刀具起正确的导向和定位的作用。
两条刀刃形成钻刀的顶角，顶角大小的选择是依据被加工材料的特性。
工业生产中经常使用的钻刀的顶角是118°，其适合钻削低碳钢和铸铁。
对于硬度和刚度较高的金属，譬如，硬刚，黄铜和青铜，宜选用稍大顶角（130°或140°）的钻刀。
常用麻花钻的出屑槽的螺旋角是范围是在24°-30°之间。
当在钻削铜或软塑材料时，推荐使用螺旋角较大的刀具（35°-45°之间）。
图4.2空心钻。
空心钻是由倒棱，钻体，钻颈和钻柄组成，如图4.2所示。
此类的空心钻有三条或四条出屑槽和相应数量的刃带保证良好的导向来获得高的加工精度 。
从图4.2还可以看出空心钻有一平断，倒棱可能有三条或四条切削边，或称为刀刃，顶角可在90-120范围内变化。
空心钻是用来扩大先前已有的孔，它不是用来钻削新的孔的。
空心钻有高的生产率，高的加工精度和能钻削出高质量的表面的特性。
枪孔钻。
枪孔钻是用来加工深孔的。
所有的枪孔钻的出屑槽都是直的，只有一单条切削刃。
在枪钻的钻体上有一个孔，其起着导管的作用，冷却剂在较的压力下通过该孔流到枪钻的顶尖部位。
现有两种枪钻，即，用来加工盲孔的中心钻和套筒钻。
套筒钻的中心有一个圆柱形孔，钻孔时可在工件上形成一个芯子，当钻头连续进给进行钻孔时，芯子对钻起导向作用。
平钻。
平钻是用于钻削大于7/2英寸的孔（90mm ）乃至更大的孔。
该类的钻易于磨削。
镗刀镗孔是扩大以前钻削或镗削好了的孔。
镗孔能够消除钻空加工时孔所产生的偏心，使孔扩大到需铰削的尺寸。
平底扩孔是指扩大一个钻孔的末端。
这个扩大的孔的底部是平的，它与原来的孔顶角倒棱 钻体 钻颈钻柄是同轴的。
刀具与导向销一起使用，导向销装进已钻好的孔中，用于切削刃对中。
平底扩孔主要用于在上面安装螺栓下面安装螺钉的孔的加工。
在一个已加工好的孔上加工一个小的平面，该面称之为刮孔平面。
在粗糙的表面上为螺栓提供平滑的沉头座的操作是很普遍的。
如果把一个已加工控切成斜边以便适合一个平底螺栓的圆锥座，该操作称为锪锥面。
刀具用于卧式镗床或是被安装在一个大型杆上或是作一个镗前头，它们依次排布在机床的主轴上。
绝大多数镗孔操作是使用具有一个单齿的镗刀，如图4.3所示，因为他们易于安装和维修。
镗杆的作用是将来机床自轴的动力传递到刀具上和保持在切削过程中的刚性，在加工过程中，工件通常不动，刀具在孔中作旋转进给运动。
如图所示，通常需给镗杆提供附加支撑。
镗杆必须足够的长以达到末端支撑和为机床操作提供一定的纵向空间。
镗刀床头箱镗杆端部支承工件主轴镗杆镗刀工作台图4.3在铣床、坐标镗床、或钻床上进行精密镗削时，有必要使用一种带有千分尺调整的工具。
这种工具安装在刀具头上并作旋转运动。
因此任何孔径的增加必须通过调整工具半径来获得。
图4.3b所示的是最常见的组合式双镗刀布置形式,他包括两个相对的刀具夹在沟槽中。
螺柱是用来在指定位置锁紧刀具和调整他们的位置。
整体装进一个矩形狭槽中,且锁在固定位置。
刀具固定在滑行刀架里,且与顶尖成一条直线。
刀具的精度取决与刀具车间的全体人员而不是操作者.图4.4通常用于小型机床譬如车床的镗刀是单齿镗刀，他是被以其能进入孔内的方式支承着。
图4.4a所示刀具的末端事实锻造的，然后通过磨削成型。
它是安装在一个单独的支承杆上，该支承杆是安装在车床的刀架上。
对于转塔车床所用的是类似于图4.4b所示的刀具，只是刀杆稍有不同。
刀具的修改是镗杆部分，如图4.4c所示，它被设计成在镗杆的末端拥有一个小型高速钢刀具。
镗杆的刚度强，其长度可根据孔的长度作相应的调整。
尽管这些刀具的间隙、斜度和切削角应该接近那些在车床操作中推荐使用的相近，但如果孔较小的话，这些角度是不能使用的。
在加工工件中，普遍使用多切削刃的镗刀。
如图 4.4f，这些表面类似筒形绞刀的刀具，但具有镶齿铣刀，它们被调整成补偿磨损和直径变化。
这种类型的镗刀比单刃刀具有较长的寿命，因此在加工中更经济。
如图4.4e 所示的带有导向销的以保证同轴度的平底扩孔刀具是用来扩大孔的末端。
钻床的分类便携式的小机床上可实现钻削操作，一般的机床上也可以实现钻削操作。
一般的机床在形状和尺寸上不同于便携式小机床，但它们也有共同的特征。
例如，它们都拥有一根或更多根的麻花钻，当在加工以被固定装好了的工件时，每根麻花钻绕着自己的轴作旋转运动。
这和在车床上工件被夹紧并随着卡盘作旋转运动而进行的钻削是相反的。
下面是对一些普通式钻床的概述。
台式钻床。
台式钻床通常是被放在工作台上的普通加工用途的小型机床。
这种钻床包括一个动力来源的电动机，动力是通过滑轮和皮带传递到装有刀具的主轴上。
进给运动是通过降低操纵杆，由操纵杆带动主轴的下降（或上升）来实现的。
台钻的主轴在套筒内自由旋转（套筒由操纵杆通过齿轮齿条系统驱动，但不随主轴一起旋转）。
加工工件时，工件是被放在机床的工作台上，有时需要一个特殊的花钳来固定。
被加工工件的最大厚度是受机床主轴与工作台之间的间隙限制。
立式钻床。
立式钻床可被用于轻度、中等、甚至相对重负荷强度的工作，这主要取决于立式钻床的尺寸。
立式钻床与台式钻床基本相似，主要的不同点是里是立式钻床的底座上装有一较长的圆柱形支柱。
在支柱上附加安装了一个可以锁定在任一想要高度的滑动工作台。
当立式钻床用于中等强度的工作时，其所需的动力要比台式钻床的多。
在立式钻床里有比较的的钻床。
因此，这大的钻床有一个箱柱和较高的动力，以此满足重负荷。
此外，它是采用齿轮箱为主轴提供不同的旋转速度和轴向进给量，通过齿轮箱可以预先设置任何想要的主轴转速和进给速率。
多轴钻床。
多轴钻床的结构坚固，其工作时需要很强的动力，每台多轴钻床能同时钻削很多孔。
为满足加工要求，不同的刀具是可以调整的，同时根据需要，整个床头箱部分（带有主轴和刀具）是可以倾斜的。
这类的钻床主要用于批量生产且拥有很多孔的零件的加工。
例如汽缸体。
排式钻床。
当几个独立的钻头（每个都有一个单独主轴）排列在一个单独的普通的工作台上，此时，该机床被称之为排式钻床。
这种机床特别地适用于几种需连续进行的操作。
摇臂钻床。
摇臂钻床，特别地适合那些不便于安装在立式钻床上的大型和重型工件进行钻孔。
在图4.5可以看出，摇臂钻床有一安装在底座上的立柱。
摇臂钻床的摇臂带着钻床的床头箱主轴和刀具移动，该摇臂能够沿立柱上升或下降，并可以锁紧在任一所需的位置上。
床头箱沿着摇臂滑动并使主轴作旋转运动和轴向进给运动。
此外，摇臂能够摆动，因此刀具可移动到圆柱坐标系统的任一位置。
转塔钻床。
归属于转塔钻床类的机床，或是半自动或是全自动控制的。
转塔机床的一个普遍的设计特征是用转塔代替原来机床的主轴，转塔上装有几把钻削、镗削 和螺纹切削刀具。
因此，几种连续的操作只需要在一次初安装下就可以完成，在两种操作之间不需要再次装夹工件。
如今，由数字或计算机控制系统控制的自动转塔钻床是相当的普遍了。
在这种情况下，人的工作只是对工件进行初安装和对其进行监控。
这类机床就空间要求（机床电动机立柱 底座主轴摇臂 钻床的床头箱丝杆图4.5的物理尺寸）和工件装夹次数而言比排式钻床有优越性。
长孔钻床。
长孔钻床是一类特殊的被用作钻削长孔的机床，譬如，枪管的长孔就是用此类机床加工。
通常长孔钻在使用时对工件的进给速度是较慢的。
这类机床在工作时，工件作旋转运动，而刀具不作旋转运动。
长孔钻床有立式结构也有卧式结构。
然而，这两种结构的共同特征是在钻削过程中工件的精确导向和刚性支承。
坐标镗床。
这类机床是为获得高的精确性和精密性而特别设计的。
这类机床不但钻孔而且能够给孔定位，因为工作台的运动由电子测量装置监控着。
DRILLING AND BORINGAddison-Wesley pub.Co.Abstract: Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the workpiece. Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole. In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employ. Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machine. The latter differ in size and construction. Nevertheless, the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to drilling on a lathe. Boring is enlarging holes previously drilled or bored. Drilled holes are frequently bored to eliminate any possible eccentricity and to enlarge the hole to a reaming size. Following is a survey of drilling, drilling machine tool and boring.Keyword:drilling boring drilling machine tool classification of drilling machine cutting tool for drilling operations cutting tool for boring operationsCUTTING TOOL FOR DRILLING OPERATIONSIn drilling operations, a cylindrical rotary-end cutting tool, called a drill, is employed. The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes, which can be straight or helical. The function of the flutes is to provide outlet passages for the chips generated during the drilling operation and also to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined. Following is a survey of the commonly used drills.Twist drill.The twist drill is the most common type of drill. It has two cutting edges and two helical flutes that continue over the length of the drill body, as shown in Fig.4.1. The drill also consists of a neck and a shank that can be either straight or tapered. In the latter case, the shank is fittedby the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang, which goes into a slot in the spindle socket, thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation. On the other hand, straight-shank drills are held in a drill chuck that is, in turn, fitted into the spindle socket in the same way as tapered shank drills.Fig.4.1 The twist drillAs can be seen in Fig.4.1, the two cutting edges are referred to as the lips, and are connected together by a wedge, which is a chisel-like edge. The twist drill also has two margins, which enable proper guidance and locating of the drill while it is in operation. The tool point angle (TPA) is formed by the two lips and is chosen based on the properties of the material to be cut. The usual TAP for commercial drills is 118, which is appropriate for drilling low-carbon steels and cast irons. For harder and tougher metals, such as hardened steel, brass and bronze, larger TAPs (130or 140) give better performance. The helix angle of the flutes of the commonly used twist drills ranges between 24 and 30 . When drilling copper or soft plastics, higher values for the helix angle are recommended (between35 and 45).Fig.4.2 The core drillCore drills.A core drill consists of the chamfer, body, neck, and shank, as shown in Fig.4.2.This type of drill may have either three or four flutes and an equal number of margins, which ensure superior guidance, thus resulting in high machining accuracy. It can also be seen in Fig.4.2 that a core drill has flat end. The chamfer can have three or four cutting edges, or lips, and the lip angle may vary between 90° and 120° . Core drills are employed for enlarging previously made holes and not for originating holes. This types of drill is characterized by greater productivity, high machining accuracy, and superior quality of the drilled surfaces.Gun drills. Gun drills are used for drilling deep holes. All gun drills are straight-fluted, and each had a single cutting edge. A hole in the body acts as a conduit to transmit coolant under considerable pressure to the tip of the drill.There are two kinds of gun drills, namely, the center-cut dill used for drilling blind holes and the trepanning drill. The latter has a cylindrical groove at its center, thus generating a solid core, which guides the tool as it proceeds during the drilling operation.Spade drill. Spade drills are used for drilling large holes of 7/2in. (90mm) or more. Their which results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight, which facilitates its handling. Moreover, this type of drill is easy to grind.BORING TOOLSBoring is enlarging holes previously drilled or bored. Drilled holes are frequently bored to eliminate any possible eccentricity and to enlarge the hole to a reaming size.Counterboring is enlarging one end of a dilled hole. The enlarged hole, which is concentric with the original one, is flat on the bottom. The tool is provided with a pilot pin that fits into the drilled hole to center the cutting edges. Counterboring is used principally to set bolt heads and nuts below the surface. To finish off a small surface around a drilled hole is knownas spot facing. This is a customary practice on tough surface to provide smooth seats for bolt heads. If the top of a drilled hole is beveled to accommodate the conical seat pf a flat-head screw, the operation is called countersinking.Fig.4.3Tools used in horizontal boring machines are mounted in either a heavy bar or a boring head, which in turn is connected to the main spindle of the machine. Most boring operations use a single-point cutter as shown in Fig.4.3, because they are simple to set up and maintain. The bar serves to transmit power from the machine spindle to the cutter as well as to hold it rigidly during the cutting operation. The workpiece is normally stationary and the rotating cutter is fed through the hole. It is often necessary to provide additional support for the bar as shown in the figure. The bar must be long enough to reach the end support and also must provide the necessary longitudinal traverse for the machining operation.For precision boring work on milling machines, jig bore, or drill presses,it is necessary to use a tool having micrometer adjustment. Such tools are held in a cutter head and rotate. Hence, any increase in hole size must be obtained by adjusting the tool radially from its center.The most popular double-cutter arrangement is the block type shown in Fig.4.3b, which consists of two opposing cutters resting in grooves on the block. Screws are provided to lock the cutters in position as well as to adjust them. The entire assembly fits into a rectangular slot in the cutters in position as well as to adjust them. The entire assembly fits into a rectangular slot in the bar and is keyed in place. Cutters are ground while assembled in the blockand are held in alignment by the center holes provided. The responsibility for tool accuracy and setup belongs to the toolroom personnel rather than the operator.Fig.4.4 Types of boring toolsThe boring tool commonly use in small machines such as lathes is a single -pointed tool, supported in a manner that permits its entry into a hole. This tool, shown in Fig.4.4a is forged at the end and then ground to shape. It is supported in a separate holder that fits into a lathe tool post. For turret lathes, slightly different holders and forged tools similar to the one shown in Fig.4.4b are used. A modification of this tool is the boring bar shown in Fig.4.4c, which is designed to hold a small high-speed steel tool bit at the end. The bar supporting the tool is rigid and may be adjusted according to the hole length. Although the clearance, rake, and cutting angles cannot be used if the tools should be similar to those recommended for lathe work, these angles cannot be used if the holes are small.In production work, boring cutters with multiple cutting edges are widely used. These cutters, shown in Fig.4.4f resemble shell reamers in appearance but are usually provided with inserted-tooth cutters that may be adjusted radially to compensate for wear and variations of diameter. Boring tools of this type have longer life than single-pointed tools and hence are more economical for production jobs. The counterboring tool shown in Fig.4.4e provided with pilots to ensure concentric diameters. Is designed to recess or enlarge one end of a hole.CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLING MACHINESDrilling operations can be carried out by employing either portable small machines or appropriate machine tools. The latter differ in shape and size, although they have common features. For instance, they all involve one or more twist drills, each rotating around its own axis while the work piece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to the drilling operation on a lathe, where the work piece is held in and rotates with the chuck,. Following is a survey of the commonly used types of drilling machines.B each-type drilling machines.Beach-type drilling machines are general-purpose, small machine tools that are usually placed on benches. This type of drilling machine includes an electric motor as the source of motion, which is transmitted via pulleys and belts to the spindle, where the tool is mounted. The feed is manually generated by lowering a lever handle, which is designed to lower (or raise) the spindle. The latter rotates freely inside a sleeve (which is actuated by the lever through a rackpinion system but does mot rotate with the spindle ).The workpiece is mounted on the machine table, although a special vise is sometimes used to hold, the workpiece. The maximum height of a workpiece to be machined is limited by the maximum gap between the spindle and the machine table.Upright drilling machines. Depending upon the size, upright drilling machine tools can be used for light, medium, and even relatively heavy jobs. It is basically similar to bench-type machines, the main difference being a longer cylindrical column fixed to the basic. Along that column is an additional, sliding table for fixing the workpiece which can be locked in position at any desired height. The power required for this type is more than that for bench-type drilling machines, since this type is employed in performing medium-duty job.There are also large drilling machines of the upright type. In this case the machine has a box column and a higher power to deal with large jobs. Moreover, gear boxes are employed to provide different rotational spindlespeeds as well as the axial feed motion, which can be preset at any desired rate.Multispindle drilling machines. Multispindle drilling machines have sturdy construction and require high power; each is capable of drilling many holes simultaneously. The positions of the different tools (spindles)can be adjusted as desired. Also, the whole head (which carries the spindles and tools) can sometimes be titled, as required.This type of drilling machine is used mainly for mass production in jobs having many holes, such as cylinder blocks.Gang drilling machines. When several separate heads (each with a single spindle)are arranged on a single common table, the machine tool is then referred to as a gang drilling machine. This type of machine tool is particularly suitable where several operations are to be performed in succession.Fig.4.5 A Sketch of radial drill.Radial drill.A radial drill is particularly suitable for drilling holes in large and heavy workpiece that are inconvenient to mount on the table of an upright drilling machine. As you can see in Fig.4.5, a radial drilling machine has a main column, which is fixed to base. The cantilever guide arm, which carries the drilling head spindle and tool, can be raised or lowered along the column and clamped at any desired position. The drill head slides along the arm and provides rotary motion and axial feed motion. Again, thecantilever guide arm can be swung, thus enabling the tool to be moved in all directions according to a cylindrical coordinate system.Turret drilling machines.Machines tools that belong to the turret drilling machines are either semi-or fully automatic. A common design feature is that the main spindle is replaced by a turret, which carries several drilling, boring, reaming, and threading tools. Consequently, several successive operations can be carried out with only a single initial setup and without the need for setting up the workpiece again between two operations. Nowadays, automatic turret drilling machines that are operated by NC or CNC systems are quite common. In this case, the human role is limited to the initial setup and monitoring. This type of machine tool therefore has advantages over the gang drilling machines with respect to space required (physical size of the machine tool) and the number of workpiece setup.Deep-hole drilling machines. Deep-hole drilling machines are special machines employed for drilling long holes like those of rifle barrels. Usually, gun-type drills are used; these are fed slowly against the workpiece. In this type of machine tool, it is the workpiece that is rotated, while the drill is kept from rotary motion. A deephole drilling machine may have either a vertical or horizontal construction. However, in both case, the common feature is the precise guidance and positive support of the workpiece during the drilling operation.J ig-boring machine. These machine tools are specially designed to posses high precision and accuracy. A machine of this type not only drills the holes but also locates them because the table movements are monitored by electronic measuring devices.References：[1] Valliere puter Aided Designing Manufacturing. Prentic Hall, 1990[2] Goetsch D L.Midern Manufacturing Process. Delmar Publishers Inc, 1991[3] Goetsch D L.Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Delmar Publishers Inc, 1990[4] Amstead B H.Manufacturing Processes, 1987[5] Metalforming Digest. ASM international, 1993[6] Edwards Tr K S, McKee R B.Fundamentals of Mechanical Component Design. McGrawHill, 1991[7] Chemov N.Machine Tools. Mir Publishers, 1984[8] Wakil Sherif D E1. Processes and Design for Manufacturing. Prentice Hall, 1989[9] Wright R T. Processes of Manufacturing. The Coodheart-Willcox Company Inc, 1987。
镗削加工和镗床机床工艺夹具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械制造设计及其自动化姓名：李旭学号： 052115012015年 4 月 2 日英文翻译原文:(一)镗削加工和镗床像车床加工零件一样，镗床能在中空的工件或由钻削加工或其它工艺所加工的孔上进行内轮廓圆的加工。
镗削是由那些类似车削的刀具完成的。
因为镗头必须达到镗杆的全长，刀具将发生弯曲，因此，尺寸精度的保持性成为了一个重大问题。
镗杆必须有足够的刚度——刀杆是由较高弹性模量的材料制造的，比如碳化钨（硬质合金）——去减小弯曲和避免摇动和振动。
镗杆被设计有减振的能力。
镗床既能加工在车床上加工的较小工件，镗铣床又能加工巨大的工件。
这类机械既有立式的又有卧式的并且能够完成如：车削、车端面、切槽、和倒角。
一台立式的镗床类似一台车床，但它有一根垂直的工件旋转轴。
刀具（通常用于切削的单独切削点是由M-2和M-3高速钢和C-8硬质合金制造的）被安装于能垂直运动（用于镗削和车削）和径向运动（用于车端面）并由十字导轨导向的刀头上。
刀头能够旋转去加工圆锥形表面。
在卧式镗床上工件被装夹在能在水平面内两个轴向和径向上移动的工作台上，刀具被安装于能做垂直和纵向两方向上运动的主轴箱上。
钻头、铰刀、螺纹刀和铣刀都能安装于机床主轴上。
镗床具有许多优良的性能，它所加工工件的直径是1m-4m(3ft-12ft)，工件尺寸达到20m(60ft)的可在专用的立式镗床上加工。
机床功率范围可达到150kw(200hp)。
这些可用于所有运动都能编程的数字控制加工。
利用这些控制，只需要很少的相关操作，并且稳定性和生产率大大提高了。
镗床的切削速度和进给速度和车床比较相似。
坐标镗床是属于具有较高精度支撑的立式镗床。
尽管它们可用于各类尺寸的工件加工和拥有夹紧合安装的刀具空间。
它们正被多功能的数控机床取代。
镗床的设计要求：导轨的效率，类似于车削的经济型操作，另外，应该考虑以下因素：a.无论何时，应尽可能注意是加工通孔而并盲孔。
钻削与镗削
外文翻译专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名班级学号指导教师钻削与镗削Addison-Wesley pub.Co.摘要：通过驱动刀具能在工件上钻出通孔或盲孔，钻刀是正对着工件绕着自己的轴线旋转。
当然，刀具从其轴线向外的切削距离应和需加工的孔的半径相等。
在实际生产中，是采用关于同一轴线对称的两切削刀刃的刀具。
钻削既可被应用于手工也可用于钻床中。
钻床在尺寸和结构上有所不同。
然而，当工件被牢固地安装好后，钻刀总是绕着自己的轴线旋转。
这是和在车床上钻孔是相反的。
镗孔是扩大以前钻削或镗削好了的孔。
镗孔能够消除钻空加工时孔所产生的偏心，使孔扩大到需铰削的尺寸。
下面是对钻削、钻床分类和镗孔的简要介绍。
关键词：钻削、镗削、钻床、钻削刀具、镗刀、钻床的分类钻削刀具在钻削操作中，采用的是一种柱形的螺旋式刀具，被称之为钻刀。
钻刀有一条或两条切削刃和相应的出屑槽，出屑槽呈直线或螺旋线形。
出屑槽的作用是为在钻削过程中产生的切屑提供一个通道，同时也是便于润滑剂和冷却剂到达钻刀的切削刃和工件的被加工表面。
以下是普通刀具的概括论述：图4.1麻花钻。
麻花钻是最普通的一类钻刀。
麻花钻有两条切削刃和两条螺旋线形的出屑槽，出屑槽连续地围绕分布在整个钻体上（如图 4.1）。
钻刀除了钻体部分，还有钻颈和钻柄，钻柄可以是圆柱形，也可以是锥行。
在后者的情况下，钻柄是通过柄舌的楔形作用安装在主轴的锥形钻套中，柄舌是安装在主轴钻套的狭槽中，这样钻刀和主轴形成一个整体来传递旋转运动。
在另一方面，圆柱形钻柄是被安装在钻夹头里，然后，以安装锥形钻柄的方法将其安装进主轴的钻套中。
钻体顶角 楔边 死顶尖出屑槽 螺旋角 颈部 柄部出屑槽刀刃刃带 后刃面出屑槽刀刃 刃带柄舌从图 4.1 可以看出，两条切削边被称为刀刃，两条切削刃是通过楔子连接在一起。
麻花钻还有两条刃带，其能在钻削操作中对刀具起正确的导向和定位的作用。
两条刀刃形成钻刀的顶角，顶角大小的选择是依据被加工材料的特性。
钻和镗机床夹具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Northcott,W.H.A treatise on lathes and turning: simple, mechanical, and ornament-al[M].London:Longmans,Green,2010:104-112.Drilling and boring(Excerpts)Flat articles are most conveniently driven by the face-plate,and long articles by the screwed chuck.The manner of attaching work to the former depends altogether upon the shape of the article,and no description will give an idea of all the methods employed.The operator will very frequently have to devise means for attaching his work,but this is not at all difficult.Any means may be employed that will not twist or strain the article,or in revolvingcome in the way of the lathe-bed or tools.A set of bolts of various lengths and with T-heads will be veryuseful,and a set of four of the clamps at Fig.129 are exceedinglyconvenient.In using these,the work is held against the face-plate andthe bolts of the clamps are put into its most convenient slots.Thesmall screw is adjusted so as to raise the end of each clamp,rathermore than the thickness of the work off the face-plate,the large bolt being then tightened in all the four clamps,the work is pinched at four places between the face-plate and the ends of the clamps.It is generally necessary to bore holes as nearly as possible concentric with the rest of the work;for instance,when the article is a spur wheel or a pulley,it is necessary that the hole should be made concentric or true with the teeth of the wheel,or the face of the pulley;so that when the hole is made on driving the article,on a mandril the rim will run true,and will not require much to be turned off it,or more from one side than from another.When certain parts of articles have to remain unturned,it is a good plan to chuck the work true with those portions,without regarding those parts which have to be turned;so that ,when these points are rendered true by turning the whole article is nearly concentric.As the surface of the plate is quite true,it is evident that the surface of the article,or those points of the surface which are against the face-plate,will run true when the hole is bored and the work put on to the mandril.But there is no such guarantee that any part of the edge of the article will be true;it is therefore necessary,before tightening the bolts finally,to set the edge or rim true,in the same manner as when centering a piece of iron.That is,a piece of chalk is held against the work in motion,and,as those parts showing the chalk are the farthest from the centre,a tap with a hammer or mallet is given the article at those points,to drive them nearerthe centre of the lathe.This is repeated until the chalk touches either all round,or at opposite points,when the clamp bolts may be tightened and the boring commenced.When articles have to be true with their inside edges,it is evident that this operation must be reversed.Wherever the chalk shows,those points must be hammered away from the centre.It is a difficult matter for one pair of hands to hold work against the face-plate whilst putting in the bolts for fastening it on in place.Workmen are in the habit of keeping it temporarily in place by forcing it against the face-plate by the boring bit or drill and the centre of the moving headstock.This practice cannot altogether be recommended,as,besides a direct tendency to damage the points of the drill and of the centre,it is a very frequent occurrence for the whole—the work and drill to—come down with a run on to the lathe-bed or to the ground;and this leads to serious damage to all things concerned,as the workman will readily admit if his toes happen to be between the work and the ground.Other more careful workmen—if the work have a rough hole through it already—fasten the work temporarily to the face-plate by means of a bolt,screwing into the centre hole of the lathe-spindle,and a piece of straight iron with a hole through it,for a cross piece to span the hole.This practice is certainly all that can be desired,so far as both safety and convenience go;but it has one objection—the screwing and unscrewing of this bolt are apt to damage or wear the centre hole,and cause the centre to fit slackly.Probably the best plan,when chucking heavy work,is,either to put a block of woo-d of the right height under the work,or to remove the face-plate from the lathe,and lay it horizontal,with its face upwards,when the work may be fastened to it with ease and convenience.When the work is properly chucked,it is set in motion,and the place where the hole is to be commenced should be trued up.The boring-rest is then put in place,just in front of the work;care being taken not to put it near enough for the bolts in revolving to strike against it.There are two holes in this boring-rest;one—the large one—is for the boring bits,the small one is for the drills.One of these holes is placed just opposite the centre of the work,and the proper drill or bit is put through it;the other end of the bits is furnished with a centre mark,into which the centre of the moving headstock must be placed,and the cutting edge of the drill forced into the revolving work,by moving the hand-wheel and forcing out the screw.The rectangular hole in the boring-rest only prevents the bit from revolving;besides this,it has to be kept steady,especially at the commencement of the hole.If the hole be a small one,the boring-wrench is put on over the drill,and the other end of the lever forced down bythe workman's left hand.When the hole is a large one,the pressure thus obtained is not enough;but a larger lever of the same sort is then used,and a good heavy weight hung on to its end,and kept there whilst the bit is cutting its way through the hole.If the article be of wrought iron or steel,the cutting edge of the bit must be kept moist with soapsuds or soda-water;but with brass and cast-iron this is not required.In cutting large holes out of the solid,all the material cannot be removed by one instrument.A small drill must first be sent through,to be followed by a series of others,each taking an increasing cut,until the required size of the hole is nearly obtained,when the last bit should be carefully sent through;but it must not be made to take so heavy a cut as the bits preceding it.In taking a series of heavy cuts at the hole,the metal composing the—article especially if cast-iron or brass—will be rendered rather hot by the friction;it is,therefore,a good plan to allow the article to cool before passing through the finishing or last bit.If this be not done,and the hole is finished whilst the surrounding metal is hot,it will be found that when the metal has cooled,the finishing bit is unable to enter again owing to the contraction of the metal.It may,however,happen that the spindle to work into the hole has been made rather under the standard size.In this case it will be advisable to take advantage of this expansion and contraction of the metal,and make it subservient to our purpose,by boring the last cut but one with a dull bit,and taking a heavy cut.The metal will then be made very hot and the hole will expand;so that if the finishing bit be then quickly passed through the result will be that when the metal cools the hole will again contract,and form a closer fit with the spindle previously turned too small.These little facts are small in themselves;;but,by bearing them in mind,they may frequently be turned to useful account.It is scarcely necessary to observe that,in all cases,care must be taken not to exceed a certain heat,or to allow the work to get hot enough to lower the temper of the tool.Long cylindrical or other shaped articles,through which a holeis required,cannot be conveniently attached to the face-plate;andtherefore,for these articles,the screwed or bell-chuck, Fig.121,isused.The chuck being put on the lathe-spindle,the article isinserted between the screws,which are then screwed down to encompass and tightly hold it.The beginner will,probably,have some little difficulty in adjusting these screws so as to hold the work true;but the matter is much simplified by trueing the inside set of screws first,and afterwards adjusting the outside ones.These screws should be set down tight enough to prevent the article slipping or moving about;but if when the hole is made the material will be thin,care should be taken not to set the screws down tighter than necessary,as otherwise the metal will be compressed,and the hole rendered out of shape in their neighbourhood.When the articles to be drilled are too long for this chuck alone,the ends are turned up true for an inch or two;and one end is then chucked true,and held between the outside set only of the screws of the chuck,whilst the other end is supported by being run in the die-stay.This is fastened to the lathe-bed,at the proper place,and a wooden or metal bearing,having a hole the same size as the end of the work,is put into the V's,and adjusted so as to bring the centre of the work in the line of lathe-centres.The lathe isthen set in motion,and the hole drilled in the usual manner.For these long articles the best tool I know of is the D-bit,shown at Fig.124.Thistool is not half so much used as it ought to be,and,when used it is in conjunction with several other drills,and in such a roundabout manner that very few have patience touse it at all.These other drills are,however quite unnecessary after the D-bit is once started.The best manner of proceeding is as follows:First,place the boring-rest in position,and with an ordinary drill,of the same size as the D-bit,drill out a recess about1/8 or 1/4 of an inch in depth;remove the boring-rest,place the centre mark at the endof the D-bit,against the centre of the headstock,and screw up carefully until the drill isin-to cut;the hole may then be bored through with ease and the certainty of its being true.The drill must be kept well lubricated with soda-water and oil,and occasionally removed,and the hole cleared of shavings.If the hole be more than a foot long,it will be better to drill it half from each end;and,if great truth be required,two of these drills should be used as in the other cases,As in long holes it is rather difficult to keep drills well moistened,the workman will find it a good plan to have a small syringe,and inject or squirt the lubricant into the hole with force;by so doing,not only will the drill be kept wet,but the shavings will,in a great measure,be washed out and the hole cleared.On comparing the D form of drill with others,it will be found that the cutting edge is only equal to half the diameter of the hole;at the same time the drill stem is strong and well able to stand torsional strain,to which drills are mostly subject.In the ordinary drill,the cutting edge is equal to about one and a half diameters of the hole,whilst the stem is not nearly so well calculated to bear the strain.It therefore appears reasonable to conclude that the D-bit is better adapted than the others to cut a long hole out of the solid,or indeed to cut a long hole out at all;and this is found to be the case.I have had considerable practice with this drill,and have so much confidence in its powers that I would undertake,with it alone,to drill a one-inch hole through a shaft thirty orforty feet long.Holes required to be very smooth and straight,or require to be very slightly enlarged,are ground on a lead or copper lap,Fig.128.Also in the of articles which have been hardened or case hardened,the action of the fire is sure to have had a effect uponthe hole.In some cases the hole is bent;in others,the surface is rather blistered;in all cases it is rendered somewhat rough.All imperfections are removed by grinding the holeon a lap.The method of using these laps is very simple:they are put between the lathe-centres,and driven by a lathe-carrier in the ordinary way.The laps'surface is covered with a coat of fine emery powder and oil;the former may be caused to stick tothe lead by being slightly forced into it by a few taps with a hammer.The hole is then put on the lap,which is set in rapid rotation,and the article moved up and down;and,being prevented from moving around with the lap,the inside of the hole is ground by the adhering emery.The emery and oil must be continually replenished,and the surface of the lap kept moist with it,as,if allowed to get dry,the two surfaces will bind or cling to each other,and abrasion will result.If the article be heavy,precaution should be taken of turning it over,so as to grind every portion of the hole alike;otherwise the weight of the article,pressing all on one side of the hole,will cause it to be ground more on that side than the others,and the hole will be rendered non-circular.Care must also be taken to keep the middle of the lap well supplied with emery,and not to grind one end or the two ends of the hole larger than the middle.This,however,is a very common occurrence,and requires some little address to get over.Where practicable,it is also advisable to reverse the direction the lathe occasionally,as sometimes,in lapping out a hole,the hole will draw itself onwards,and the workman's whole force will be insufficient to prevent its tightening itself on and binding.In this case,the best way is to either let the work go around with the lap,and to immediately stop the lathe and drive the work back with a mallet before it gets cool and contracts firmly on to the lap;or to reverse the direction of the lathe,when the hole will generally run back of its own accord,unless it is gone on too far and become tight.It is sometimes a very difficult matter to get work off a lap when the grinding surfaces have allowed to get dry and to abrade themselves.威廉·亨利·诺斯考特.论车床和车削：简单，机械，装饰[M].伦敦：朗文公司，2010:104-112.钻和镗（摘录）平的制品最方便的驱动是通过面板，长的制品用螺纹卡盘。
金属加工英语词汇
Aabrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, a. 磨损的,磨蚀的abrasive belt n. 砂带abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮accuracy of position n. 位置精度accuracy to shape n. 形状精度active cutting edge n. 主切削刃adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法angular milling n. 斜面铣削angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削angular turning n. 斜面车削arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床automatic copying lathe n. 自动仿形车床automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床automatic lathe n. 自动车床automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床Bbelt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床bench lathe n. 台式车床bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具boring machine n. 镗床boring tool n. 镗刀boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机broaching tool n. 拉刀broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀CCalibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准cam contour grinder n. 击轮仿形磨床carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃champ v. 焦急champing fixture n. 快换夹具champing jaw n. 快换卡爪chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振cherry n.;a. 樱桃，鲜红的，樱桃木制的chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径chip clearance n. 切屑间隙chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑chip flow n. 切屑流chip formation n. 切屑形成chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工chip variable n. 切屑变量chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床circular drillling machine n. 圆工作台钻床circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围close-grained a. 细颗粒的coeffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数coil chip n. 卷状切屑cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯cold saw n. 冷锯column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床contact pattern n. 靠模continuous chip n. 连续切屑continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距 a. 仿形的，靠模的contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法convex milling attachment n. 击面铣削附件convex turning attachment n. 中击车削附件，击面车削附件coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕copy n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品，v. 复制,模仿,抄录copy grinding n. 仿形磨床copy-mill n. 仿形铣copying turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削cross milling n. 横向铣削curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流cut teeeth n. 铣齿cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度cutting force n. 切削力cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床Ddamage n.;vt. 损坏〔害，伤，耗，失〕，破坏，事故，故障，伤害，危害deep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸die-sinking n. 凹模dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具Eedge point n. 刀口，刀刃efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效end mill n. 立铣刀external grinding n. 外圆磨削Fface n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平face grinding machine n. 平面磨床face milling machine n. 端面磨床feed force n. 进给力feed motion n. 进给运动fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调fine boring n. 精密镗孔finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型form-turn n. 成形车削free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削Ggap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙，vt. 使产生裂缝vi. 豁开gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀grinding cutter n. 磨具grinding force n. 磨削力grinding machine n. 磨床grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽groove milling n.铣槽Hheadstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置high precision lathe n. 高精度车床high-speed n. 高速high-speed machining n. 高速加工hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削horsepower n. 马力hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机Iinclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置internal grinding n. 内圆磨削involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀Jjig boring machine n. 坐标镗床Kkeyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀Llaedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床lap grinding n. 研磨lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准lathe n. 车床lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块lathe tool n. 车刀level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕Mmachine axis n. 机床中心线machine table n. 机床工作台machine tool n. 机床，工作母机machining n. 机械加工，切削加工machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量machining allowance n. 机械加工余量machining cycle n. 加工循环machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造material removing rate n. 材料去除率metal cutting n. 金属切削metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具micrometer adjustment n. 微调milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构milling machine n. 铣床milling spindle n. 铣床主轴milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具NNose n. 鼻子，端，前端，击头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分number of revolutions n. 转数numerical control n. 数字控制numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床Ooblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算operating cycle n. 工作循环operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅out-cut milling n. 切口铣削oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具Pperformance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面physical entity n. 实体，实物pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角pitch circle n. 节圆plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床plain grinding n. 平面磨削plain turning n. 平面车床plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机 a.平的v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行plane milling n. 平面铣削plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕precision boring n. 精镗precision boring machine n. 精密镗床precision machining n. 精密机械加工pressure angle n. 压力角primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动production method s n. 生产方法[式]profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。
镗孔技术的发展现状机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：宋楠学号： 052116122015年 4 月 28 日外文资料翻译译文镗孔技术的发展现状1.研究意义镗床主要用镗刀对工件上的预制孔进行镗削的机床。
使用不同的刀具和附件还可以进行钻削、铣削、切螺纹及加工外圆和端面等。
通常用于加工尺寸较大，精度要求较高的孔，特别是分布在不同表面上，孔距和位置精度要求较高的孔，如箱体上的孔，还可以进行铣削，钻孔，扩孔，铰孔等工作。
专用镗床主要用于大批量大件生产，具有生产率高，能加工大型难加工零件，且结构简单，制造成本低等特点,复杂箱体零件孔系的加工,能在较为复杂的环境下工作且加工精度稳定。
镗削特点：刀具结构简单,通用性较好,可粗加工也可半精加工和精加工,适用批量较小的加工，镗孔质量取决于机床精度。
2.镗床的发展历史镗削加工通常被认为是适合在各种不同尺寸和形状工件上加工精密孔的理想加工方式。
为了适应不断提高生产率的需要，镗孔刀具的设计也在不断创新改进。
近年来，镗孔刀具的技术改进主要体现在以下方面:自数控(NC)技术问世以来，数字显示技术已在CNC机床和坐标测量机上大量应用。
此外，数显千分尺、数显卡尺等数显量具也已得到广泛使用。
但是，数显技术在精密镗刀上的应用却一直进展缓慢，其制约因素主要是镗孔加工中使用的冷却液和镗头的高速旋转。
过去，在加工中心上进行镗孔加工时必须非常小心，尽量避免四处飞溅的冷却液进入镗头数显装置的电子元件中。
如今，采用内冷却设计的新型镗刀已能较好解决这一问题。
由于冷却液可通过刀具内部的通道直接到达切削部位，从而实现了冷却液与镗头数显装置的完全隔离。
此外，新型数控镗刀的外部进行了良好密封，可有效防止冷却液与数显装置中的电子元件接触。
在高速镗削加工中，镗头的高速旋转、离心力以及镗头本身的不平衡都可能引起较大振动，从而损坏灵敏的数显装置。
新型镗头通过采用一种内置平衡机构，可以在高速镗削时减小或消除有害的振动。
机械加工中地英语词汇
//第1章切削加工基础知识1.1切削加工概述切削cutting;力口工machining;金属切削metal cutting (metal removal);金属切削工艺metal-removal process;金属工艺学technology of metals;机器制造machine-building;机械加工machining;冷力口工cold machining；热力口工hot working;工件workpiece;切屑chip;常见的力口工方法universal machining method; 钻削drilling;镗削boring;车削turning；磨削grinding;铳削milling;刨削planning;插削slotting ;锉filing ;划线lineation;錾切carving;锯sawing;刮削facing;车占孑L boring;攻丝tap;1.2零件表面构成及成形方法变形力deforming force;〃变形deformation;几何形状geometrical;尺寸dimension ;精度precision;表面光洁度surface finish;共轭曲线conjugate curve;范成法generation method;轴shaft;1.3机床的切削运动及切削要素主运动main movement;主运动方向direction of main movement;进给方向direction of feed;进给运动feed movement;合成进给运动resultant movement of feed;合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting;合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting ; 切削速度cutting speed;传动drive/transmission;切削用量cutting parameters;切削速度cutting speed;切削深度depth of cut;进给速度feed force;切削功率cutting power;1.4金属切削刀具合金工具钢alloy tool steel;高速钢high-speed steel;硬质合金hard alloy;易加工ease of manufacturing ;切削刀具cutting tool;//刀具cutter;车刀lathe tool;主切削刃main cutting edge;副切削刃assistant cutting edge;刀体tool body ;刀柄tool shank;前刀面rake face;主后刀面major flank;刀尖nose of tool;主剖面系tool orthogonal plane system;切削平面tool cutting edge plane;主剖面tool orthogonal plane;切削宽度width of the uncut chip;进给平面系assumed working plane system; 力口工表面transient surface;前角rake angle;后角clearance angle;主偏角tool cutting edge angle;刀尖角nose angle;1.5刀具切削过程及磨削机理塑性变形plastic distortion;微观组织，显微结构microstructure ;切削力cutting force;切削温度cutting temperature;积屑瘤built-up edge;刀尖磨损nose wear;月牙洼crater;残留应力residual stress;应力stress;硬度rigidity;//磨削grinding;砂轮grinding wheel;磨粒grain;剪切shear;摩擦friction;内力internal force ;1.6〜1.8切削加工质量、材料的切削加工性、切削液的选择力口工精度machining accuracy;表面质量surface finish;工艺性能technological performance;材料切削加工性指标machinability index of material;切削液cutting fluid ;切削油cutting oil;1.9件的装夹及夹具定位梢dowel;定位allocation;机床夹具jig;组装线Assembly line;机械零件mechanical parts;钳工locksmith；精力□工finish machining;粗力□工rough machining;气动夹紧pneuma-lock;同心，同心度concentricity ;垂直度perpendicular;基准benchmark;基准线reference line;夹具fixture;通用夹具universal fixture;//专用夹具Fixture for special purpose;可调夹具adjustable fixture;组合夹具modular fixture;工序process;设计基准designing datum;工艺基准datum features in process;1.10金属切削机床机床machine tool;机床运动motion of machine;机床型号machine tool model;机床力□工精度machining accuracy of machine tool; 车床lathe;普通车床engine lathe;卧式车床horizontal lathe;立式车床vertical lathe;车占床drill press;镗床boring machine;铳床milling machine;磨床grinder (grinding machine);牛头刨床shaper;龙门刨床planer;物插床slotting machine (slotter);第2章常用加工方法综述及加工方案选择-、车削车削turning;车刀lathe tool ;车床lathe ;普通车床engine lathe;卧卜式车床horizontal lathe;//立式车床vertical lathe;仿形车床duplicating lathe (copy lathe); 转塔车床turret lathe; 细长轴long slender shaft 纵向车削straight turning; 锥体车削taper turning; 仿形车削contour turning; 端面车削facing;回转表面surface of revolution;平面flat surface;圆面round surface ;仿形表面contoured surface ;退刀槽recess ;卡盘chuck;尾架tailstock;床头箱，主轴箱headstock;销pin;卡箍bar clasp;花盘faceplate;主轴spindle;二、钻削钻削drilling;车占床drill press;钻头drill;锪孔counter boring;内表面internal surface ;铰孔、扩孔reaming;攻丝tapping;孑L力口工spot facing machining; 铰ream;//铰刀reamer;盲孔blind hole;麻花钻twist drill;埋头孔countersink;锥柄taper shank;三、镗削镗削bore;镗床boring machine;镗杆boring bar ;纵向镗削straight boring;表面光洁度surface finish;卧式镗孔机horizontal boring machine;四、铳削铳削mill;铳床milling machine ;铳刀milling cutter;缝Slot ;槽groove;平面flat surface;圆面round surface ;仿形表面contoured surface;周铳Peripheral milling ;端铳face milling; multi model miller;靠模铳床;copy milling machine;仿形铳床;contouring machine;五、磨削磨削grinding;磨床grinder(grinding machine);//外圆磨削external grinding;内圆磨削internal grinding(cylindrical grinding); 平面磨削plane grinding abrasive;外圆磨床cylindrical grinding machine;平面磨床surface grinder;外圆磨床cylindrical grinding machine ;内圆磨床internal cylindrical machine;成形磨床form grinding machine;仿形磨床copy grinding machine ;万能工具磨床universal tool grinding machine;六、拉削拉削broaching;拉床broaching machine;拉刀broaching tool;外表面拉削external surface broaching;内表面拉削internal surface broaching;多功能机床multifunction machine;多齿刀具multitooth tool;切屑槽chip gullet;七、刨削包哨」planning;牛头刨床shaper;龙门刨床planer;龙门刨削planning;旋臂刨床radial drilling machine ;仿形刨床copy shaping machine;八、齿轮加工齿轮力□工gear machining;//齿轮gear;滚齿gear hobbing;滚齿刀hobbing cutter;直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear; 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear;直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear ;齿轮齿条pinion and rack;蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear;九、螺纹加工螺纹加工thread machining;螺纹切削thread cutting;攻丝tapping;丝锥tap;板牙die;螺钉screw;标准件standard component;位移displacement ;截面section;十、光整加工光整加工micro finishing;研磨mull (lapping);研磨齐U lapping compound;研磨膏paste;研磨机床lapping machine抛光polishing ;抛光膏buffing cream;抛光轮polishing wheel; 抛光机polisher ;珩磨honing ;珩磨轮honing wheel;珩磨机床honing machine;超精力□工机床superfinishing machine;超精力□工superfinish;第3章机械加工工艺过程机械力口工工艺过程machining process;工步step of an operation;工位work station;工序process;工艺文件manufacturing process document;工艺卡片technological card;工艺规程process plan;机械力□工工艺卡machining process sheet;工艺设计technological design;设计基准designing datum;工艺基准datum features in process;基准重合consistency of datum feature;基面统一原则unified datum principle;机械力□工工序卡machining operation sheet; 工艺过程设计process planning;;工艺路线process route;工艺过程卡process sheet;产品规格product specification;产品用途product use;产品责任product liability;生产线production line;生产进度计划production schedule;生产率productivity;批量生产batch production;第4章切削加工零件结构工艺性切削cutting;力口工machining;工件workpiece;零件part;毛坯rough;工艺性能processing property;装配结构的合理性rationality of assembly structure;零件结构合理性rationality of detail structure;标准化standardization;第5章先进制造技术先进制造技术Advanced Manufacturing Technology;信息技术information Technology;产品product;设计design；力口工machining;检测check;管理manage;销售sell;使用use;月艮务serve;回。
机械制造专业外文翻译--切削,钻削
外文原文：.SawingSawing is the parting of material by using metal disks, blades, bands, or abrasive disks as the cutting tools. Sawing a piece from stock for further machining is called cutoff sawing, while shaping of forming a piece is referred to as contour sawing.Machine sawing of metal is performed by five types of saws or processes: hacksawing, babd sawing, cold sawing, friction sawing, and abrasive sawing.Hacksaws are used principally as cutoff tools. The toothed blade, held in tension,is reciprocated across the workpiece. A vise holds the stock in position. The blade is fed into the work by gravity or spring. Sometimes a mechanical or hydraulic feed is used. Automatic machines, handling bar-length stock, are used for continuous production.Band saws cut rapidly and are suited for either cutoff or contour sawing. The plane in which the blade operates classifies the machine as being either vertical or horizontal. Band saws are basically a flexible endless band of steel running overpulleys or wheels. The band has teeth on one side and is operated under tension. Guides keep it running true. The frame of the horizontal type is pivoted to allow positioningof the workpiece in the vise. Horizontal machines are used for either straight or angular cuts. A table that supports the workpiece and the wide throat between theupright portions of the blade makes the vertical band saw ideal for contour work. Band saws operating at high speed are frequently used as friction saws.Cold sawing is principally a cutoff operation. The blade is a circular disk with cutting teeth on its periphery. Blades range in size from a few inches to several feetin diameter. The cutting teeth may be cut into the periphery of the disk or they may be inserts of a harder material. The blade moves into the stock with a positive feed. Stock is positioned manually in some cold-sawing machines, while other models are equipped for automatic cycle sawing.Friction sawing is a rapid process used to cut steel as well as certain plastics. This process is not satisfactory for cast iron and nonferrous metals. Cutting is done as the high-speed blade wipes the metal from the kerf after softening it with frictional heat. Circular alloy-steel blades perform cutoff work, thile frictional band saws doboth cutoff and contour sawing. Circular blades are frequently cooled by water or air. Circular blades are adcanced into the work, thile thick work-pieces require power-table feed then friction-cut on a band saw.Abrasive sawing is a cutoff process using thin rubber or bakelite bonded abrasive disks. In addition to steel, other materials such as nonferrous metals, ceramics, glass, certain plastics, and hard rubber are cut by this method. Cutting is done by the abrasive action of the grit in the disk.Abrasive disks are operated either wet or dry. For heavy cutting a cooling agent is generally used. The workpiece is firmly held while the wheel traverses through it. Machines are made in manually operated and automatic models.DrillingHoles are one of the most common features in products manufactured today. There-fore, drilling and other related processes and tools are extremely important. Holes as small as 0.005in.may be drilled using special techniques. On the other hand , holes larger than 2 to 221in. in diameter are seldom drilled, because other processes and techniques are less expensive.The twist drill (shown in Fig.12-3) is the most common type of drill. The shank of the drill is held by the machine tool, which in turn imparts an rotary motion. This shank of the drill is held by the machine tool. Which in turn imparts a rotary motion. This shank may be straight or tapered. The body of the drill is typically made up of two spiral grooves known as flutes, which are defined by a helix angle that is generally about 30ºbut can vary depending on the material properties of the workpiece. The point of the drill (see Fig.12-3) generally form a 118ºangle and includes a 10 clearance angle and chisel edge. The chisel edge is flat with a web thickness of approximately 0.015 * drill diameter. This edge can cause problems in hole location owing to its ability to “walk ” on a surface before engaging the workpiece. In the case of brittle materials,drill point angles of less than 118º are used, while ductile materials use larger points angles and smaller clearance angles.Complex hole configurations may often be called for; these include multiple diameters, chamfers, countersinks, and combinations of these, as illustrated in Fig.12-4. In each of these cases in is possible to make special combination drills that can produce the configurations shown in a single operation. Although expensive, they can be economically justified for sufficient volume.The flat chisel edge, which can “walk” on the surface of the workpiece, and the long , slender shaft and body of the twist drill, which can deflect, make it difficultto machine holes to tight tolerances. A combination center drill and countersink can be used to accurately start a hole, owing to its small web thickness and its tendency to deflect only very small amounts (because of a relatively large diameter-to-lengthratio) . Truing of the hole to make it straight is accomplished by boring. Reaming the hole provides a better finish as well as more accurate sizing.The feed rate of a drill is normally proportional to its diameter, because it depends on the volume of chips the flutes can handle. However the feed is independent of thecutting speed, which is a function of the tool-work combination. A rule of thumb would give a feed rate as approximately d/65,so that a 3/4-in.-diameter drill would have afeed rate of about 0.012 in. /rev. Although the hole wall tends to support the drill when the hole depth exceeds three times the drill diameter, there is a tendency for buckling to occur and the feed rate should be reduced.Most drills are made from high –speed steel because of its relatively low cost and ease of manufacture. Some types of carbide drills are now available commercially. The demands of numerically controlled machine tools have led to the development of drills that will produce pore precise holes and that will originate a hole in line with the centerline of the drill-press spindle. Drills that have heavier webs, less stickout, double margins, and are ground with a spiral point help meet these new demands.ReamingReaming is a machining process for enlarging, smoothing and/ or accurately sizing existing holes by means of means of multiedge fluted cutting tools (reamers) . As thereamers and / or workpiece is rotated and advanced relative to each other, chips are produced to remove relatively small amounts of material from the hole wall. Reaming may be performed on the same type of machines used for drilling.Accuracy of the hole and quality of finish produced by reaming depends primarily upon the condition of the starting bole, rigidity of the machine and fixture, correct speeds and feeds, a suitable and properly applied cutting fluid, and precise resharpening of dull tools.Since stock removal is small and must be uniform in reaming , the starting holes (drilled or otherwise produced) must have relatively good roundness, straightness, and finish. Reamers tend to follow the existing centerline of the hole being reamed, and in limited instances it may be necessary to bore the holes prior to reaming to maintain required tolerances. With the proper conditions and operating parameters, reaming can produce close tolerances and smooth finishes.ReamersAreamer is a rotary cutting tool, generally of cylindrical or conical shape, intended for enlarging and finishing holes to accurate dimensions. It is usually equipped with two or more peripheral channels or flutes, either parallel to its axis or in a right– or left-hand helix as required. Those with helical flutes provide smooth shear cutting, are less subject to chatter, and produce a better finish. The flutes form cutting teeth and provide channels for removing the chips.Kinds of ReamersReamers are made in many different forms, including solid and inserted-blade types, adjustable and nonadjustable; they are available for either manual operation (hand reamers) or for machine use (chucking reamers). Materials from which cutting elements of most production reamers are made include high-speed steeland cemented carbides. of most production reamers are made include high-speed steel and cemented carbides.Carbide reamers These tools are being used increasingly because of their linger life, improved accuracy, and resistance.Bore reamers These tools combine boring and reaming in a single operation to minimize problems with respect to hole size, straightness, and finish. Single-point bore reamers, for use in applications for which guide bushings can be used, have a single-point cutting edge on the end of the tool, followed by a reaming section. Multipoint bore reamers are available for applications for applications for which bushings cannot be used.Coolant-fed reamers These tools, having means (usually internal passages) for directing coolant to the cutting edges, offer advantages for some applications, particularly when reaming blind holes. In such applications, reduced friction and temperatures at the reamer /workpiece interface decrease wear and lengthen tool life. Insome cases, feeds and speeds can be increased and improved accuracies and smoother finishes obtained. The initial cost of coolant-fed reamers is higher , but increased productivity and improved quality often make them economically desirable.Reamer Holders/ DriversReamers are commonly held and driven by three-jaw chucks, straight sleeves and setscrews, and, for taper shanks, sleeves or sockets. Reamers with adapters for quick-change chucks are used for production applications.When reamers must guide themselves into previously made holes, they require gloating holders to maintain alignment. There are several types of floating holders. Some permit angular float, others permit a parallel (axial) float, and still others permit both angular and parallel float.Floating holders have some limitations. If the reamer axis is vertical, floating reamer drives often do a good job of correcting for small amounts of misalignment. When the workpieces rotate, however, as is the case on screw machines, lathes, and some other machine tools, floating holders are sometimes inadequate. This is because relatively large amounts of misalignment are often found on these machines and because the weight of the reamer and holder tend to push the tool into an off-center position.Some full floating holders, which compensate for both angular and parallel misalignment, are equipped with springs or other components to counterbalance the mass of the holder. A floating holder cannot generally operate both vertically and horizontally and still correct for both angular and parallel misalignment. Application details (vertical or horizontal operation and rotating or stationary tool) should be specified when a floating holder is ordered.Workholding for ReamingJig design and the use of bushings for reaming are essentially the same as for drilling. Major functions of the jigs and bushings are accurate locating, supporting, and securing of the workpieces, and precise guiding of the tools. A difference for reaming is that closer tolerances are generally required on both the jigs and bushings.Operating Parameters for ReamingFactors that must be established for efficient and economical reaming include the proper cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting fluid to be used Other important considerations are resharpening the reamers and troubleshooting the operations.中文译文：锯削锯削是利用金属圆锯、锯条、带锯或砂轮作为切削工具将材料分开。
金属切削外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
金属切削磨削、钻削、镗削和齿轮滚洗法机床生产厂家一直在为顾客寻找更快、更高效的切削时期、更快的工作速度、更低的循环次数、以及增加金属切削精度的方法。
机床生产者花了许多他们的费用在高速加工设备上去提高他们的生产效益，比如在IMTS 2000上你将会看到最新的磨削、钻削、樘削和齿轮滚洗方法。
更快、更可靠的心轴和和提高机床的控制是提高加工产量和生产力的主要因素。
“更快的心轴，提高生产力，是在一个坚果壳里”Chris Hetzer说，Hrafton,WI工程部代理总工程师，也就是说未来将出现新的心轴并且在IMTS上会有多轴。
Hetzer说：“你不得不正确的去做心轴的设计，并且心轴不仅要在高速下操作，而且它也要具备能够随着生产的要求增加速度的特性，这也意味着动态的心轴要能确保能在不同的速度、不同的载荷，不同的刀具下能正常工作；这样，心轴不得不具备一定的硬度，同时他也要具备一定的韧性以便他能够经得起摩擦、不同程度的撞击，包括刀具”一个可调心轴所能套的齿轮内孔直径范围比较大，即一个“可调心轴”能适用于多个内孔直径不同的齿轮，代替多根普通心轴，能减少心轴的磨损，所需心轴长度相对比较短，省材。
心轴属于斜楔夹紧装置，用于机械加工中的产品检测作辅助装置，主要作为齿轮测量时的支承件。
一套“可调径心轴”可代替多跟规格不同的现有“普通心轴”的作用，所以“可调径心轴”比现有的“普通心轴”更有使用价值和市场价值。
Hetzer记录，Gilman 的心轴设计需要用FEA确保单元与单元之间的粘合力，其实这是生产一个快速运转心轴过程中的一小部分，我们真正想要寻找这些高速的心轴就是在整个生产过程中它的稳定性，比如说，一个170mm的心轴在30KW的情况下，它的转速是24000rpm，我们的顾客想要他们的第一个心轴是这样，第二个是这样，第三个是这样，第四个也是这样……Hetzer说，真正要确保每个单元之间的粘合力是非常困难的，它需要广大的FEA分析，这就包括了许多东西，例如生产公差、轴承质量，但是剩下的是你的设计和分析。
基本的加工工序—切削,镗削和铣削外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
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内。这种方法牢固地夹持工件并且把功率平稳地传送到工件上；由卡盘提供的额 外支撑减少了车削作业时发生震动的倾向。如果仔细地将工件精确的固定在卡盘 上，用这种方法将获得精密的结果。 通过将工件支撑在两个顶尖之间可以获得非常精确的结果。一个车床夹头夹 在工件上；然后由安装在主轴前端的拨盘一起带动。先加工工件的一端，然后可 以在车床上将工件掉头加工另一端。工件上的顶尖孔是用作精确定位面以及承受 工件重量和抵抗车削力的支撑面。在工件被拆下后，顶尖孔可以精确地将其装回 机床。工件千万不要同时通过卡盘和顶尖安装在主轴箱一端。虽然这样似乎是一 种快捷方法，但是这样做使得工件受力不均匀，顶尖的对正作用不能维持，而且 爪的压力可能损坏顶尖孔、车床顶尖甚至车床主轴。几乎被独自用在大量生产工 件上的补偿或浮动爪式卡盘是上述的一个例外。这些卡盘是自动偏心夹紧卡盘不 能起到普通三爪或四爪卡盘同样的作用。 直径非常大的工件虽然有时安装在两个顶尖上，但是最好用花盘把它们固定 在主轴箱端以获得流畅的动力传输；此外，可以把它们制造成专用部件，但是一 般不能提供足够大的车床夹头来传输动力。除非是安装在花盘上，其主轴轴承上 的外伸要比大卡盘上的少一些。 镗削 在车床上镗孔的目的是： 1、扩孔； 2、把孔加工到所需直径； 3、精确的为孔定位； 4、在孔内获得好的表面粗糙度。 当刀具径向溜板纵向移动而工件绕车床的轴线旋转时， 镗刀的运动平行于车床 上的轴线。当两种运动结合起来镗孔时，就会与车床的旋转轴同心。通过把工件固 定在车床上可以精确定位孔的位置以使待加工孔所环绕的轴与车床的旋转轴一致。 当镗削工序与用于车削和刮削工序的设置相同时， 实际上可以达到理想的同心与垂 直。 镗刀固定在一根通过刀具径向溜板进给的镗杆上。根据待做的工作来使用这 一设计的变化形式。如果有的话，所用的倒角总是应该小些。而且，镗刀前端的 半径一定不能太大。用于镗孔的切削速度可以等于车削速度。但是，在计算车床 主轴速度时，应当使用完成后的或最大的孔径。镗削的进刀速度通常比车削的小 一点以补偿镗杆刚性的不足。 镗削工序一般分两步完成，即粗镗和精镗。粗镗工序的目的是快速、高效地 去除多余的金属；而精镗工序的目的是获得所需的尺寸、表面粗糙度和孔的位置。
机械工程英语翻译
• Drilling and Drills钻削和钻头Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the workpiece.钻削就是通过迫使绕自身轴线旋转的切削刀具进入工件而在其上生成通孔或盲孔。
Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole. In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed.因此，从旋转轴线开始的切削范围等于所需孔的半径。
实际上，使用的是两条围绕相同轴线旋转的对称切削刃。
Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines. The latter differ in size and construction. Nevertheless, the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed. This is contrary to drilling on a lathe.钻削作业既能采用手钻也能采用钻床来实现。
钻床在尺寸和结构上虽有差别，然而始终都是切削刀具围绕自身轴线旋转、工件稳固定位的形式。
这正好与在车床上钻孔相反。
Cutting Tool for Drilling OperationIn drilling operations, a cylindrical rotary-endcutting tool, called a drill, is employed. The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes, which can be straight or helical.用于钻削作业的切削刀具在钻削作业中，要用到被称为钻头的圆柱形回转端切削刀具。