chapter one 汉译英 概述
意译
在正确理解原文意思的基础上，摆脱原文 句子结构，重新遣词造句，把原文的意思用通 顺的译语表达出来。这种翻译方法就是“意 译”。注意把握分寸，不得随意增删内容或篡 改原意。 是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为 了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。强调译
文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次 中的对应。
使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒，1790)
Eugene A. Nida Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural② equivalence ③ of the source-language message ①, first in terms of meaning④ and secondly in terms of style⑤. [1]再现原文的信息（message）,而不是保持原文的形 式结构 [2]closet, natural [3] equivalence 对等；对等≠同一 [4] meaning first [5] style is also important
汉英翻译 Chinese-English Translation
如何提高汉译英能力
通过大量阅读（包括精读和泛读），扩大积 极词汇量，熟悉英语表达习惯。 在阅读与翻译实践中多留意总结汉英两种语 言之间的差异，熟悉汉语和英语语言背后的 思维模式。 翻译不仅是跨语言而且是跨文化的交流，所 以要通过各种方式扩大知识面，提高对英语、 汉语两种背后的文化的熟悉程度。 在阅读中了解和熟悉不同风格的英语的行文 特点。
静夜思 床前明月 光， 疑是地上 霜。 举头望明 月， 低头思故
乡，
直译： In the still of the night I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed, I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head. I yearn, while stooping, for my homeland more. 意译： Nostalgia A splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost? I raise my eyes to the moon, the same moon. As scenes long past come to mind, my eyes fall again on the splash of white, and my heart aches for home. （翁显良 译）
1.1.3. 翻译的方法
直 译 literal translation vs. 意 译 free
translation
归化 domestication Vs.异化 foreignization
直译 literal translation vs.意译free translation
直译
语言层面 把原文的意思完整而又正确的表达出来，基 本上保留原文的语言形式（词语、句子结构、 修辞手法等）。 直译的优缺点 优：能传达原文意义，体现原文风格。 缺：译文冗长啰嗦，晦涩难懂。有时不能表 达原文的意思
直译、意译在成语和句子翻译中 的运用
山雨欲来风满楼 直译：the wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains 意译： a turbulent situation foretells a big event; coming events cast their shadows before. 树倒猢狲散。 直译： When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter. 意译： Members run away when the family/ constitution falls; when an influential person falls frown power, his hangers-on disperse.
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝 不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，1949） 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容 准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基， 1980） 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990） 翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另 一种语言传达出来。”（蔡毅，1995） 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言 文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，1997） 翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。 （萧立明，2001）
Reflections
1. 翻译是一种语言活动过程，同时又是该 活动的结果。 2.翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，而且还涉及 两种社会文化。 3.翻译是一项创造性地实践活动。 4.交叉学科。 5.翻译是一门艺术。
1.1.2. 翻译的类型
按语言分类： Intralingual translation 语内翻译 Interlingual translation 语际翻译 按活动形式分类： Translation Oral interpretation Machine translation 按翻译材料的文体分类： 应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻问题、政论等 按处理方式： 全译、节译、摘译、编译、述译
第一章 第二章 第三章 第四章 第五章 第六章
绪论 词汇的英译 句子的英译 汉语特殊句式的英译 句群与段落的英译 篇章的英译
第一章 绪论
1.1. 翻译的性质和类型 1.1.1. 翻译的定义 1.1.2. 翻译的类型 1.1.3. 翻译的方法 1.2. 中西翻译简史 1.2.1. 中国翻译简史 1.2.2. 西方翻译简史 1.3. 翻译的标准 1.4. 翻译的过程 1.5. 汉英翻译对译者的要求 1.6. 汉英语言差异分析 1.7. 汉英翻译应注意的问题
不以规矩，不成方圆 You cannot draw squares and circles without the compass and square Nothing can be accomplished without norms and standards
冰冻三尺，非一日之寒 It takes more than one cold day to freeze three feel of ice. The trouble is deep-rooted/ Rome was not built in a dthe river of or wall fight to win or die/ fight a last-ditch battle/ put up a desperate fight
归化 domestication Vs.异化 foreignization
直译，意译，各有千秋，译者依据功能、
审美、读者层三要素，宜直译就直译，宜
意译就意译，能神游于规矩之内，亦能神
游于规矩之外，能循规蹈矩，亦能叛道离
经，方称得上翻译的行家里手。
天下没有不散的筵席
直译： No feast lasts forever . 意译：All good things must end.
杯弓蛇影 mistake the shadow of a bow in the cup for a snake self-created suspicion / imaginary fears
此地无银三百两 The 300 taels of silver are not buried here. The more is concealed, the more is revealed .
1.1. 翻译的性质和类型
1.1.1. 翻译的定义 1.1.2. 翻译的类型 1.1.3. 翻译的方法
1.1.1. 翻译的定义
The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one
language into another (从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
矮子里拔将军 pick a general from among the dwarfs select someone for lack of a better one
八字还没一撇 Not even the first stroke of the character 八 has happened. Nothing tangible is in sight/ things aren’t even starting to take place yet/ there’s no sign of anything happening yet/ things are still up in the air.
Alexander Fraser Tytler:
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以 使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同
汉英翻译(chapter one) 第一章 翻译的过程
琼州学院外国语学院
17
3、直译和意译并用
直译和意译是翻译中最基本的两种方法。在 翻译过程中，有时使用直译法，有时使用意 译法，有时则两者必须并用。
琼州学院外国语学院
18
示 例
① This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity. 我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻，我要在一个女人手下工 作，这对我简直是最大的侮辱。 ② My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting.. 亲爱的姑娘们，我对你们期望很高，可并不是叫你们在世上 出人头地——要你们去嫁给富人，仅仅因为他们有钱，有奢 华的住房，缺少爱情的话，豪华的住房算不得上家。
琼州学院外国语学院
7
2）确认短语是否是一个语义整体。
—— “I don’t know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge. —— “I spend it on you,” she said. “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.” —— “不知道你掖着臭钱干什么用”，史卡力 先生问。 ——“供你吃喝呀！”她回答道。“你总是一 定要吃好喝好，缺一点儿也不行。”
chapter翻译
chapter翻译基本解释●chapter：章节，篇章●/ˈtʃæptər/●n. 章节，篇章变化形式●复数形式：chapters具体用法●名词:o意思: 章节，篇章o同义词: section, part, division, segment, portiono反义词: whole, entirety, total, aggregate, sumo例句：●The book is divided into ten chapters, each focusing on adifferent aspect of the subject. (这本书分为十个章节，每个章节都专注于该主题的不同方面。
)●In the first chapter, the author introduces the main charactersand sets the scene for the story. (在第一章中，作者介绍了主要人物并为故事设定了场景。
)●Each chapter of the report provides detailed analysis andinsights into the data collected. (报告的每一章都对收集的数据进行了详细分析和见解。
)●The final chapter of the novel brings all the storylinestogether in a dramatic conclusion. (小说的最后一章将所有故事情节汇聚在一起，形成戏剧性的结局。
)●The history book includes chapters on ancient civilizations,the Middle Ages, and modern history. (这本历史书包括关于古代文明、中世纪和现代历史的章节。
)●Students are required to read the first three chapters beforethe next class. (学生们需要在下节课前阅读前三章。
英语翻译概论.ChapterOne ppt2
Contrastive analysis
Subject Name(1960s)
Science of translating Translatology
framework of the discipline
out research on translation A theoretical framework into which
professional translators or trainee translators can place their practical experience.
A few general distinctions
School of Cannibalism (De Campos) Postcolonial translation theory( T.
Niranjana, G. Spivak) Cultural Studies Approach (Lawrence
Venuti)
Discussion and research point
Cicero, Horace, St. Jerome( Septuagint Bible) , Luther,
Academic discipline: the second half of the twentieth century (linguistic-oriented)
Translation Workshop（I.A. Rechards, 1920s） reading and writing experiment
Nature, principles, criteria, techniques, history
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
Chapter One-汉+英
Chapter One第一章An Outline of Agriculture大纲农业I. Introduction介绍Agriculture, art, science, and industry of managing the growth of plants and animals for human use. In a broad sense agriculture includes cultivation of the soil, growing and harvesting crops, breeding and raising livestock, dairying, and forestry.农业、艺术、科学和工业的管理植物的生长和动物以供人类使用。
在广义上包括土壤的农业种植和收割庄稼,生长、繁殖和提高家畜、乳品、和林业。
Modern agriculture depends heavily on engineering and technology and on the biological and physical sciences. Irrigation, drainage, conservation, and sanitary engineering—each of which is important in successful farming—are some of the fields requiring the specialized knowledge of agricultural engineers.现代农业的发展在很大程度上依赖于工程、科技和对生物和物理科学。
灌溉、排水、保育和卫生工程其中的每一个都是重要的农业是成功的一些领域专业知识的要求农业工程师。
Agricultural chemistry deals with other vital farming concerns, such as the application of fertilizer, insecticides, and fungicides, soil makeup, analysis of agricultural products, and nutritional needs of farm animals.农业化学与其他重要的农业问题,比如的应用及杀菌剂、杀虫剂、肥料、土壤妆,分析农业产品,和营养需求的农场里的动物。
英语翻译Chapter 1
▪ 例如：2007年8月8日在天安门广场上举行了庆祝北 京2008年奥运会倒计时一周年盛大活动。
▪ “On August 8, 2007, a grand gala was held on the Tian’anmen Square celebrating the one-year countdown to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.”
▪ 1.To master basic knowledge and theories about translation;
▪ 2.To understand better the differences between English and Chinese;
▪ 3.To train the students to acquire some skills ,techniques and strategies in translating, thus developing students’ abilities to translate efficiently and effectively.
▪ 李怀瑞 ▪ 太原理工大学文法学院外语系 ▪ ２００7年９月－２００8年７月
Self-Introduction
▪ : LiHuairui (Ethan Li)李怀瑞 ▪ MA (Master of Arts); Lecturer of TUT. ▪ 2.Working Experience: ▪ 1999-2002 College English for Undergraduates ▪ 2002-2007 English Reading and Translation for
实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Chapter 1&2)
An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Definition of Translation)1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation)忠实(Faithfulness)通顺(Smoothness)1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation)a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts)•词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning)It is quite another story now.The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post.The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest.A young man came to police station with a story.•语法分析（Grammatical Analysis)W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.•逻辑判断（Logical Judgement)H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica.•文体把握（Understanding of Style)旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down.译3：Slippery // Wet path！b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts)c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts)1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches)a. 直译法（Literal Translation）p aper tigerl ose facer unning dogG ood to begin well, better to end well.b. 意译法（Free Translation）Q ueen’s Englishs mall talkr eceive glove moneyE very life has its roses and thorns．c. 归化法（Domestication）b lack sheepa s timid as a hared.异化法（Foreignization）1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)异&选择（Choice of Word Meaning)一词多义（Polysemous Words）•New homes are for sale.•I’ll see her home tonight.•He’s at home with classics.•Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.a. 语境与词义（Context and Word Meaning）A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibility for the bombing.T hroughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.b.词性与词义（Word Class and Word Meaning）M y room was big, light and looked out on the East lake.H e lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on.c.文体与词义（Style and Word Meaning）•United States Declaration of Independence：He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.•The third power of 2 is 8.2.2 引申翻译a. 具体化引申翻译（Extension from the Abstract or General Words to the Concrete Words)•抽象名词的具体化（Concreteness fromAbstract Nouns)T he car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.T he administration was free from corruption.•概括词语的具体化（Concreteness from General Words）A nimal waste is the best food for the soil.T he weather has a great effect on the farmer¡¯s work and the products of his work.b. 概括化引申翻译（Extension from the Concrete or Special Words to the General Words)H e was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.M y father is the bread earner.2.3 增补翻译(Addition)a. 语法增补（Grammatical Addition)•动词的增补（Addition of Verbs)I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.A fter the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he went home tiredly.•量词的增补（Addition of Measure Words)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.T he carefully planned party turned out to be a bad dream.•时态词的增补（Addition of Words Denoting Tenses)T he tutor had taught the girl to play the piano.T he old man said, “They say his father was ¡°a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”译文：老头儿说: “听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
译林版七年级上册英语课文翻译Unit1Thisisme!
译林版七年级上册英语课文翻译Unit1 This is me !第6页部分1 0h, I love e-dogs.哦，我喜欢电子狗。
2 I'm Eddie. What's your name?我是埃迪。
你叫什么名字？ My name is Hobo.我的名字叫霍波。
3 Are you my master?你是我的主人吗 Yes, I am.是的，我是。
4 Good. Now read this book.好。
现在读这本书。
How to Look After Your E-dog如何照顾你的电子狗New school, new friends 新学校，新朋友This is the first day at Sunshine Middle School. Let's get to know some of the new students.这是阳光中学的第一天。
让我们了解一些新学生。
Task: Introduce yourself to your classmates.任务：把你自己介绍给你的同学们。
Unit1 Welcome to the unit A部分课文翻译The new students in Class 1, Grade 7 at Sunshine Middle School are greeting each other. Read what they say. 阳光中学七年级一班的新同学们在互相问候。
阅读他们所说的话。
Good morning. I'm Amy. 早上好。
我是埃米。
Hi, I'm Simon.你好，我是西蒙。
Hello, I'm Millie.你好，我是米莉。
I'm Kitty.我是基蒂。
Hi, I'm Sandy. What's your name?你好，我是桑迪。
你叫什么名字？My name is Daniel.我叫丹尼尔。
牛津英语高一上chapterone
牛津英语高一上chapterone牛津英语高一（上） chapter oneChapter OneThe Phantom of the OperaPeriod 1Background NoteThe Paris Opera House was built between 1861 and 1875., and it does have a lake of water underneath it.The French writer Gaston Leroux wrote his novel The Phantom of the Opera in 1911. This story of a mad musical genius and an innocent girl became very popular, and has inspired at least four film versions. The excellent stage musical (music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Lyrics by Charles Hart) was first performed in London in 1986 and has now appeared in many other big cities.Skimming and ScanningPeriod 2~3ReadingWords and Expressions1. phantom n.---a mysterious figure; a spirit 幽灵，鬼魂a phantom ship2. opera house n.--- a big theatre especially for opera, which is a form of art in whichthere is a play but all the words are sun，not spoken 歌剧院3. ugly adj.--- unpleasant to look at; extremely unattractive 丑陋 (anti. Beautiful)(plain: female’s not good-looking face)ugly smell/ sky/ duckling (丑小鸭)/ customer4. mask n.---something which covers most of your face 面具The robbers all wore masks so that no one could recognize them.5. force v. ---make (someone do something, against their will) 迫使，强迫force sb. to do sth. = force sb. into doingforce/ get/ expect/ want sb. to do sth.make/ let/ have sb. do sth.forced landing紧急迫降n．[U] by force凭暴力[C] forces军队武装the forces of a country； the air forcesthe Royal Air Forces of Great Britain6. Strong enough to kill with his hands, and yet he loved music and sang with a wonderful voice.强壮得足以徒手杀戮, 然而他还酷爱音乐,并能用美秒的嗓音歌唱.But/ and yet表示转折 He is old, and yet he he jogs every day.Though he was strong enough to kill with his hands, he loves music and sang with a wonderful voice.Unable to work out the problem, John turned to his teacher for help. (形容词短语作状语)7. power: n. ability to control to control sb. or sth.能力: the power of hearing/ to imitate human wordsout of/beyond one’s power 力所不及权利, 支配力: come into power执政; political power政权;fight for powder争权; power politics强国: Japan is among the great economic powers in the world.有影响的人: He is a power in this town.动力: electric power, water powergain/ get/ lose power overgain one’s respect/ wealth/ experience/8. role n. a part in a play or filmCharles Liang played the role of Harmlet in our school play.a leading role; the main rolen. play an important role in 起重要作用The USA plays an important role in international relations.9. Some place + be crowded with 挤满了……crowd v. 涌入When the opera ended, all the audience crowded into the street immediately.crowd n. 人群 the crowda crowd waiting for the show10. obey v.---do what someone ordered; follow instructions 服从，遵守obey/ observe the traffic rules/ regulations11. angel n. --- a messenger sent from God 天使12. chandelier n.---a very big lamp, made of many pieces of glass to reflect the light 枝形吊灯13. kidnap v. --- take someone as a prisoner by unlawful force and against one’s will(usually to make other people pay money to have them released) 绑架，劫持Three men kidnapped a millionaire’s son, and forced his father to pay them a lot of money.kidnapping, kidnapper14. capture v. ---catch; make (someone) a prisoner 捕获；浮虏15. shock v.--- to cause usu. unpleasant or angry surprise to 使震惊be shocked at: I was shocked at her death.n. 电震,电击If you touch that live wire, you will get a shock.n. [C] 休克, 震惊Th e news of her mother’s death is a horrible shock to her.16. lonely adj.---feeling sad because you are alone or have no close friendscf. alone 寂寞的，孤独的`e.g. Though he lives alone, he doesn’t feel lonely.17. release v.--- set free; allow sb. to go 释放release sb. from …release a man from prisonrelease a bombv. allow (news) to be known 发布新闻allow (a film) to be exhibited or (goods) to be placed on sale recently released films/ discs18. magically adv.---in a strange way which we cannot explain 神奇地magic n.& a. 魔法; 有魔力的(作定语)magical a. 有魔力的(作定语或表语)magician n. 魔术师The magician pulled a white rabbit out of his hat magically.19. burst v. ---break violently; move suddenly 冲，胀裂Some of the crowd burst through the force and ran onto the football pitch.burst into + n./burst out + gerundburst into tears/ laughter (burst out crying/ laughing) (突然)哭了/笑了burst into/ out of the roomburst in 插嘴Don’t bet him burst in.突然出现 He will be bursting in on us at any moment.Language Points in Reading1. Underneath the building there was a strange, dark lake. 倒装2. In the middle of this lake was an island, and on that island, one hundred years ago, lived the phantom. 倒装3. Strong enough to kill with his hands, and yet he loved music and sang with a wonderful voice.4. By now, a group of other people had reached thePhantom’s house, and burst in, ready ot kill him.Difficult Sentences in Reading1. The Paris Opera House was a huge building, with seventeen floors, of which seven were below the ground.of which seven were below the ground 非限制性定语从句which指代seventeen floors在此注意below的用法2. sing with a wonderful voice 用完美的嗓音唱3. Christine’s kiss made him cry with joy. Christine的吻令他喜极而泣Period 4Language倒装Inversion一、倒装的种类1. 完全倒装（complete inversion）整个谓语动词全部移到前面 (主谓一致)e.g. Here comes the bus.“ …” said John. = he said.On the stair lay a bottle of aspirins.2. 部分倒装 (partial inversion)只把助动词、情态动词、系动词或表语放在主语之前。
chapter-1-英语词汇概述PPT课件
The following features:
Stability Productivity Polysemy Collocability
-
24
Non-basic vocabulary
Terminology: Jargon行话 Slang俚语 Argot隐语，行话 Dialectal words Archaisms古语 Neologisms 新字，新义
-
25
Terminology
Medical terminology: 肺炎：pneumonia 肺炎伤寒：typhopneumonia；
means “take a look ”
-
28
I put my tit for tat on my crust of bread and my daisy roots on my plates of meat and fell down the apples and pears because I was elephant's trunk.
A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
-
13
syllable
monosyllabic words
good; boy; book
polysyllabic words
unfortunately; management
compound words