教你3天搞定毕设外文翻译
一、外文翻译的方法及相关查找方向
一、关于材料范围：
毕业论文中的外文翻译材料，能与论文主题一致最好，若实在找不到切题的原材料，找与论文主题相关的材料亦可。如毕业论文题目是《我国工伤事故认定的法律实证分析》，外文材料可以是关于工伤、社会保险、劳工法（劳动法）方面的；毕业论文题目是《从“有偿新闻”看我国的新闻立法》，外文材料可以是新闻法、民法方面的；毕业论文题目是《沈家本的“参考古今、博稽中外”的修律思想》，外文材料可以是有关中国法制史、法律思想史的方面的。
特别注意：1、翻译材料首先必须是法律、法学方面的。2、中文译文已出版发表过的材料不要选。诸如梅因《古代法》、贝卡利亚《论犯罪与刑罚》等，此外，网上有中外文对照的不要选。因为这时的翻译要么是抄袭，要么是吃力不讨好。3、篇幅在3000单词左右。
二、到哪里去找所要的外文原文？
可尝试以下途径：
1、直接找外文报刊和教材。
如China Daily,21st Century,Times等报纸（有法律法制专栏或法律法学文章）；“美国法精要影印本”（多卷本的系列版物，中国法律出版社出版）；各类外文版专业教材；各类“法律英语”教材（教材本身应没有中文译文）等等。上述文献并不难获得。
2、到图书馆获取。
到图书馆外文图书阅览室或外文报刊阅览室查找相关图书或报刊，再确定所要翻译的部分，最后复印下来。
可以先在电脑中输入关键词（最好用law,act,jurisprudence,proceeding等外延较广的词）进行检索。
最好是多请教在阅览室值班的老师，对于学生，他们是文献专家。
3、到网上获取。
方式特多：
可在各大搜索引擎（baidu,google等）中用关键词检索；
可在相关网站中获得：如各法律法学专业网站，国外各大学法学院网站（如https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,），等等。
可在著名外文文献数据中获得。这些数据库有综合性外文文献数据库，如“Springerlink外文期刊全文”、“Kluwer Online 全文数据库”、“Wiley外文电子期刊”、“EBSCOhost期刊全文数据库”；有外文法律专业文献数据库，如“westlaw数据库”。
4、到（外文）书店复印。
向工作人员说明自己的身份（出示学生证）和用意，一般在交了押金和适当费用后，书店会让读者在本店或附近复印有关篇章。
5、找个人借阅。
如外文专业同学、相关专业老师等等。
三、不要要求知道老师直接提供
有同学在邮件中说，“我找不到原文，老师你提供一篇吧。”
我不能直接提供，也不应该直接提供！
大家要知道，检索文献本身就是学习，就是毕业论文写作的一个重要环节，也是将来学习、工作的一项基本功，你们现在需要的就是这种训练。知道老师可以知道你、帮助你，但不能代替你。
对了，外文翻译的中文翻译内容。貌似是3000字以上啊！！！！！！！
外文文献：
香港科技大学图书馆Dspace
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,t.hk/dspace
包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。
Openj-gate
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。
加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/escholarship
加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。
剑桥大学机构知识库
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。
发展中国家联合期刊库
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,.br/
非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。
美国密西根大学论文库
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/index.jsp
美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。
jfg CERN Document Server
http://cdsweb.cern.ch/
主要覆盖物理学（particle physics）及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。
kl ArXiv
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。
NASA Technical Reports Server
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/?method=browse
主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/ncepihom/
National Service Center for Environmental Publications提供的是美国环境保护总署(EPA)出版物。可以通过EPA出版号或题名检索EPA National Publications Catalog。
Energy Citations Database
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/energycitations/
提供美国能源部的科技信息摘要。学科范围：材料科学、环境科学、计算机、能源和物理。文献类型包括期刊论文、学位论文、研究报告和专利。
网上免费全文期刊FullText https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,提供7000多种学术期刊的免费全文获取。
Open J-Gate 开放获取期刊门户
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
提供基于开放获取的近4000 种期刊的免费检索和全文链接，包含学校、研究机构和行业期刊，其中超过1500 种学术期刊经过同行评议（Peer-Reviewed ）
PMC(PubMed Centeral)
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
美国NCBI（美国国家生物技术信息中心）建立的数字化生命科学期刊文献集，S现提供50余种生物医学期刊免费全文
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
免费的全文科技学术期刊。现有2752种期刊，其中830种可以全文搜索。目前有140307篇文章。HighWire Press
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,
斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——HighWire出版社，拥有最大的免费期刊数据库，可以在线提供916种免费期刊和1，149，216篇全文
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/utj/jei-home.php
田纳西大学的经济学杂志，包括2000年至2002年三年共12期的免费期刊。
The Electronic Library of Mathematics
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/journals/
欧洲数学会电子图书馆，提供了期刊、会议、论文集、专著、演讲、软件等资源。并提供期刊和电子版图书的全文浏览。非电子版图书提供前言、摘要、目录和书评等内容。特别地，在经典著作栏目内，目前可检索到哈密尔顿和黎曼的经典论文的全文。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主，所有的信息均免费使用，也不必注册，但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制使用或有条件使用的。
ERIC教育资源信息中心
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
美国教育部资助的网站系列和世界上最大的教育资源数据库，其中包括各种文档以及教育研究与实践方面的论文摘要，这些摘要超过了一百万篇，收录980多种教育及和教育相关的期刊文献的题录和文摘。部分资源可查找到全文
PLoS公共科学图书馆
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
PLOS是一家由众多诺贝尔奖得主和慈善机构支持的非赢利性学术组织，旨在推广世界各地的科学和医学领域的最新研究成果，使其成为一种公众资源，科学家、医生、病人和学生可以通过这样一个不受限制的平台来了解最新的科研动态。PLoS出版了8种生命科学与医学领域的期刊，可以免费获取全文。
Journal of Statistical Software
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
由美国统计协会出版的《统计软件杂志》，提供1996年至今20卷的内容。可以免费获取全文。
Social Science Research Network
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
社会科学（经济类）研究论文数据库，部分提供全文。
Max Planck Society
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
德国马普学会，该学会创办了3种开放存取杂志：
（1）Living Reviews in Relativity ISSN 1433-8351
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
（2）Living Reviews in Solar Physics ISSN 1614-4961
https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
（3）Living Reviews in European Governance ISSN: 1813-856X https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library（NCSTRL）https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/
毕设外文资料翻译.
理工学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名：马艳丽 学号： 12L0752218 外文出处：The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图的设计与实现 一．导言 如今，数字化和信息化是当今时代的主题。随着信息革命和计算机科学的发展，计算机技术已经渗透到科学的各个领域，并引起了许多革命性的变化，在这些科目，古代制图学也不例外。随着技术和文化的不断进步，地图变化的形式和内容也随之更新。在计算机图形学中，地理信息系统（GIS）不断应用到Web，制作和演示的传统方式经历了巨大的变化，由于先进的信息技术的发展，地图的应用已经大大延长。在这些情况下，绘图将面临广阔的发展前景。电子地图是随之应运而生的产品之一。随着计算机技术，计算机图形学理论，遥感技术，航空摄影测量技术和其他相关技术的飞速发展。用户需要的三维可视化，动态的交互性和展示自己的各种地理相关的数据处理和分析，如此多的关注应支付的研究三维地图。东北石油大学及其周边地区的基础上本文设计并建立三维电子地图。 二．系统设计 基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图系统的具有普通地图的一般特性。通过按键盘上的箭头键（上，下，左，右），可以使地图向相应的方向移动。通过拖动鼠标，可以查看感兴趣的任何一个地方。使用鼠标滚轮，可以控制地图的大小，根据用户的需求来查看不同缩放级别的地图。在地图的左下角会显示当前鼠标的坐标。在一个div层，我们描绘了一个新建筑物的热点，这层可以根据不同的地图图层的显示，它也可以自动调整。通过点击热点，它可以显示热点的具体信息。也可以输入到查询的信息，根据自己的需要，并得到一些相关的信息。此外，通过点击鼠标，人们可以选择检查的三维地图和卫星地图。 主要功能包括： ?用户信息管理：检查用户名和密码，根据权限设置级别的认证，允许不同权限的用户通过互联网登录系统。 ?位置信息查询：系统可以为用户提供模糊查询和快速定位。
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
外文翻译1
译文（一） THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW V ol. 83, No. 3 2008 pp. 823–853 市场参与者的杜邦分析的使用 马克?t?Soliman 华盛顿大学 文摘:杜邦分析,一种常见的财务报表分析，依靠于净营业资产收益率的两个乘法组件:利润率和资产周转率。这两个会计比率衡量不同的构造。因此,有不同的属性。之前的研究已经发现,资产周转率的变化是未来收益的变化正相关。本文全面探讨了杜邦组件和沿着三个维度有助于文学。首先,本文有助于财务报表分析文献,发现在这个会计信息信号实际上是增量学习会计信号在先前的研究在预测未来收益。其次,它有助于文学在股票市场上使用的会计信息通过检查眼前和未来的股本回报投资者应对这些组件。最后,它增加了分析师的文献处理会计信息的再次测试直接和延迟反应的分析师通过同期预测修正以及未来预测错误。一致的跨市场加入者的两组,结果表明是有用的信息就是明证杜邦组件和股票收益之间的联系以及维度分析师预测。然而,我发现预测未来预测错误和异常返回信息处理表明似乎没有完成。平均水平,分析表明杜邦组件代表增量和可行的操作特征信息的公司。 关键词:财务报表分析、杜邦分析、市场回报、分析师预估。 数据可用性:在这项研究中使用的数据是公开的来源显示的文本。 在本文中,我分析杜邦分析中包含的信息是否与股市回报相关和分析师预测。之前的研究文档组件从杜邦分析,分解的净营业资产收益率为利润率和资产周转率,有解释力对未来盈利能力的变化。本文增加了文献综合研究投资者和分析师反应杜邦组件三个维度。首先,它复制先前记录的预测能力和检查是否健壮和增量其他预测已经考虑在文学的存在。其次,它探讨了使用这些组件的股市投资者通过观察同生和未来收益。在同时代的长窗协会和短时期限信息测试,结果显示积极联系杜邦组件和股本回报率。但小未来异常返回交易策略显示的信息可能不完整的处理。最后,检查当前预测修正由卖方分析师和未来的预测错误。尽管他们似乎修改他们的预测未来收益与这些杜邦组件中的信息一致,修订似乎不完整就是明证可预测的未来预测错误。一致的市场参与者,在两组同期结果表明,信息是有用的,但是未来的测试表明,信息处理似乎没有完成。 由金矿和笔者(2001)提供了一个使用剩余收益的股票估值方法框架,给出了一个简单的财务比率分析的直接映射到股票估值。特别是他们用杜邦分析,分解公司的净营业资产收益率(RNOA)利润率(PM)和资产周转率(ATO)点的地方1。PM和ATO会计信号,测量不同结构对一个公司的业务2。PM 往往是来自定价权,如产品创新,产品定位,品牌知名度,先发优势和市场定位。ATO措施资产利用率和效率,通常来自于有效的利用财产,工厂和设备,有效的库存流程;和其他形式的资本管理工作3。 我们有理由期待竞争力量的影响这两个来源盈利能力不同。大的利润率通常吸引新进入者进入市场或快速模仿新思想从现有的竞争对手。由此产生的竞争导致高利润率回归正常水平,暗示更多暂时的利益。与利润不同,然而,竞争可能少威胁要部署一个有效的资产。更难以模仿另一个公司的高效生产流程因为这样模仿通常包括大型和昂贵的改革目前的工厂和操作。 1.具体来说,RNOA营业收入/平均净营业资产,PM营业收入/销售和ATO销售 /平均净营业资产。此后,点和ATO被称为“杜邦公司组成”。另一个常见的形式是分解罗伊(利润杠杆资产周转率)或(NI /产品销售/资产资产/股本)。讨论的“估值理论和RNOA”部分,我在分析使用RNOA为了专注于操作,因此抽象从公司的融资决策。 2.例如,阿伯克龙比和惠誉赚取高额利润通过出售used-looking服装被认为是时髦和青少年所要
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
5外文翻译原文1
A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.
毕设外文文献翻译
xxxxxxxxx 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 （本科学生用） 题目：Poduct Line Engineering: The State of the Practice 生产线工程：实践的形态 学生姓名：学号： 学部（系）: 专业年级: 指导教师：职称或学位： 2011年3月10日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）： 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】 Requirements engineering practices A precise requirements engineering process— a main driver for successful software development —is even more important for product line engineering. Usually, the product line’s scope addresses various domains simultaneously. This makes requirements engineering more complex. Furthermore, SPL development involves more tasks than single-product development. Many product line requirements are complex, interlinked, and divided into common and product-specific requirements. So, several requirements engineering practices are important specifically in SPL development: ? Domain identification and modeling, as well as commonalities and variations across product instances Separate specification and verification for platform and product requirements ? Management of integrating future requirements into the platform and products ? Identification, modeling, and management of requirement dependencies The first two practices are specific to SPL engineering. The latter two are common to software development but have much higher importance for SPLs. Issues with performing these additional activities can severely affect the product line’s long-term success. During the investigation, we found that most organizations today apply organizational and procedural measures to master these challenges. The applicability of more formal requirements engineering techniques and tools appeared rather limited, partly because such techniques are not yet designed to cope with product line evelopment’s inherent complexities. The investigation determined that the following three SPL requirements engineering practices were most important to SPL success. Domain analysis and domain description. Before starting SPL development, organizations should perform a thorough domain analysis. A well-understood domain is a prerequisite for defining a suitable scope for the product line. It’s the foundation for efficiently identifying and distinguishing platform and product requirements. Among the five participants in our investigation, three explicitly modeled the product line requirements. The others used experienced architects and domain experts to develop the SPL core assets without extensive requirements elicitation. Two organizations from the first group established a continuous requirements management that maintained links between product line and product instance requirements. The three other organizations managed their core assets’ evolution using change management procedures and versioning concepts. Their business did not force them to maintain more detailed links between the requirements on core assets and product instances. The impact of architectural decisions on requirements negotiations. A stable but flexible architecture is important for SPL development. However, focusing SPL evolution too much on architectural issues will lead to shallow or even incorrect specifications. It can cause core assets to ignore important SPL requirements so that the core assets lose relevance for SPL development. Organizations can avoid this problem by establishing clear responsibilities for requirements management in addition to architectural roles. The work group participants reported that a suitable organizational tool for balancing requirements and architecture is roundtable meetings in which requirements engineers,
10外文翻译(1)
外文资料 Ethics and leadership skills in the public service Abstract The deteriorating situation of ethics in public administration–all around the globe–has made it a burning issue. Although ethics cannot be learned, it can be developed. Among various other approaches, improving leadership skills can prove to be effective in promoting ethics. Skilled and committed leadership can set ethical standards. Learning and mastering various technical, conceptual and interpersonal skills and other skills like emotional and social intelligence enable public servants to diffuse and establish core ethical values in the organization. The leadership skills and their role in promoting ethics have been discussed here for a better understanding of the subject. 1. Introduction The importance of ethics in public administration has long been neglected until recently. The deteriorating situation of ethics in this field –all around the globe– has made it a burning issue. Recent ethical scandals both in the public and private sectors have influenced scholars, national and international organizations to take a deep interest in this matter. Efforts have been made to promote ethical standards of the public servants. Among various other approaches, improving leadership skills can prove to be effective in promoting ethics in public service. Hart (2001) believes ethics cannot be effective without proper leadership. With the increasingly competitive nature of global economy and other surrounding pressures, the array of required leadership skills has also expanded (Montgomery,2003). Leaders guide the members of the organization toward the goals of the organization. It is one of the main responsibilities of a good leader to ensure that the functions of the organization are performed in an ethical manner. This paper discusses the concepts of ethics, leadership and leadership skills and attempts to present the role of leadership skills in enhancing ethics in the public service. 2. Ethics in the Public Service Ethics is a must for public administrators. Public policies have a direct effect on the citizens. Therefore ensuring ethics in the public service is a crucial matter. According to Rosenbloom (1989) ethics can be considered as a form of self-accountability or an “inner check” of the conduct of pub lic administrators. Ethics are statements, written or oral, that prescribe or proscribe certain behaviours under specified conditions (Nigro & Nigro, 1989, p.37). Public service ethics encompasses a broad and widening range of principles and values. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1999) these include objectivity, impartiality, fairness, sensitivity, compassion, responsiveness, integrity, accountability, transparency, selfless devotion to duty, protection of public interest. Ethical dilemmas generally take place around administrative discretion, corruption, accountability, nepotism, interest group pressure, information
毕设英文翻译英文版
72页 Machine Tools Objectived. Machine tools are the main engines of the manufacturing industry. This chapter covers a few of the details that are common to all classes of machine tools discussed in this book. After completing the chapter, the reader will be able to >understand the classification of the various machine tools used in manufacturing industries. >identify the differences between generating and forming of surfaces. > identify various methods used to generate different types of surfaces. >distinguish between the different accuracies and surface finishes that are achievable with different machine tools. >understand the different components of the machine tools and their functions. >learn about the different support structures used in the machine tools. >understand the various actuation systems that are useful to generate the required surfaces. >Learn the different types of guideways used in the machine tools. >understand the work holding requirements. 3.1 INTRODUCTION The earliest known machine tools are the Egyptian foot-operated lathes.
5外文翻译1
本科毕业设计外文翻译 （2010届） 题目：面向对象数据库Xindice的应用系统 学生姓名韩文杰 指导教师王奔 专业班级软件工程2008（2+2）2班 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期2010年3月
使用开源XML数据库Xindice构建鼻咽癌2D/MS库--Feng Li,Maoyu Li,Zhiqiang Xiao,Pengfei Zhang,Jianling Li and Zhuchu Chen 地址：中国卫生部癌症蛋白组织学重点实验室中南大学湘雅医院中南大学癌症研究所Email:Feng Li-fengl@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,;Maoyu Li-maoyuli@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,;Zhiqiang Xiao- zqxiao2001@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,;Pengfei Zhang-jimszhang0421@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,;Jianling Li-jianlingli2001@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,;Zhuchu Chen*-tcbl@https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html, 1.摘要 1.1背景 许多蛋白质组学的倡议要求所有信息要用统一的标准来集成。这些信息来自于收集的样品和展示给公众的实验结果的数据。这些不同格式和结构的数据的集成和转换对我们来说是一个巨大的挑战。XML技术因为它的简单性和灵活性在处理这类问题时给我们呈现出一个希望。鼻咽癌（NPC）是最常见的癌症之一，在南部中国和东南亚，这标志着鼻咽癌发病的地理和种族差异。尽管有一些癌症蛋白质组数据库，现在仍没有鼻咽癌蛋白质组数据库。 1.2结果 用人类蛋白质标记语言编辑器将原始实验数据原始实验数据捕获到一个XML文档，将XML文档导入原生XML数据库Xindice。关于鼻咽癌蛋白质组的2D/MS库是由Apache,，PHP，Xindice创建的。这个库提供了一种通过互联网访问数据库的方法。在我们的网站上，同时两种方法（关键字查询，点击查询）来访问鼻咽癌蛋白质组学数据库的实体。 1.3结论 我们2D/MS存储库可以用于共享的鼻咽癌蛋白质组学原始数据，这些数据来自于凝胶型的蛋白质实验。用于构建用户自己的蛋白质存储库的数据库和PHP源代码可以在https://www.360docs.net/doc/709925677.html,/上访问到。 2.背景 人类和其他模型有机体基因组计划的完成提供了一系列的基础设施来允许我们对细胞发信号、规则、新陈代谢的动态过程有一个更好的了解。尽管所有的细胞中都含有完整的基因组，但是在特定细胞中只有基因的一小部分被表达。在不同的条件和同一器官的不同组织中，一个特定组的蛋白质被表达或翻译后修饰来执行细胞的特定功能。术语蛋白质组是蛋白质和基因组和混合体，它指整个的
毕设外文翻译
英文翻译 题目: 通过分析变压器中溶解气体而进行故障诊断的专家系统 姓名: 宋日成 学院: 工学院 专业: 自动化 班级: 自动化112 班学号: 32211218 指导教师: 陆静职称: 讲师 2015年3月14日 南京农业大学教务处制
An Expert System for Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis W. S. Chan ·Y. L. Xu ·X. L. Ding ·W. J. Dai Received: 9 November 2005 / Accepted: 11 August 2006 / Published online: 7 September 2006? Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract In order to automate the transformer fault diagnosis, improve the accuracy of judgment, the introduction of artificial intelligence expert system fault diagnosis. The system is based on fuzzy reasoning confidence by observing the information, the use of knowledge to reach a conclusion. Test proved this method reduces the randomness of judgment, improved diagnosis. Keywords:Expert System Transformer Troubleshooting 1 Introduction The power transformer is a major apparatus in a power system, and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. In order to minimize system outages,many devices have evolved to monitor the serviceability of power transformers. These devices, such as, Buchholz relays or differential relays, respond only to a severe power failure requiring immediate removal of the transformer from service, in which case, outages are inevitable. Thus, preventive techniques for early detection faults to avoid outages would be valuable. In this way, analysis of the mixture of the faulty gases dissolved in insulation oil of power transformer has received worldwide recognition as an effective method for the detection of incipient faults. Many researchers and electrical utilities have reported on their experience and developed interpretative criteria on the basis of DGA. However, criteria tend to vary from utility to utility. Each approach has limitations and none of them has a firm mathematical description. Therefore, transformer diagnosis is still in the heuristic stage. For this reason, knowledge-based programming is a suitable approach to implement in such a diagnostic problem. Based on the interpretation of DGA, a prototype of an expert system for diagnosis of suspected transformer faults and their maintenance procedures is proposed. The significant source in this knowledge base is the gas ratio method. Some limitations of this approach are overcome by incorporating the diagnostic procedure and the synthetic expertise method. Furthermore, data bases adopted from TPCS gas records of transformers are incorporated into the expert system to increase the practical performance. Uncertainty of diagnosis is managed by using fuzzy set concepts. This expert system is constructed with rule based knowledge representation, since it can be expressed by experts. The expert system building tool, Knowledge Engineering System (KES), is used in the development of the knowledge system