shRNA病毒递送载体
shRNA病毒递送载体[摘要] rna干扰(rna interference,rnai)是一种有力的基因沉默工具,在功能基因组学、微生物学、基因表达调控机制研究等领域广泛应用。
rnai可以用于鉴定药物靶标及治疗疾病,尤其是传统治疗手段无效的重大疾病。
如何将双链小干扰rna(sirna)高效传递至体内靶细胞是rnai成功用于疾病治疗的关键,也是目前研究的热点。
由于病毒载体能高效转导多种细胞成为基因工程和基因治疗的主要载体。
目前,越来越多的研究将病毒载体应用于介导rnai,然而病毒载体存在靶向性差、生物安全性等问题。
本文针对这些病毒载体的优劣进行归纳并指出今后改进的方向。
[关键词] rna干扰;小干扰rna;病毒载体;短发夹rna[中图分类号] r34 [文献标识码] a [文章编号] 2095-0616(2013)06-29-03rna干扰(rna interference,rnai)是指在进化过程中高度保守的、由双链rna诱发的、同源mrna高效特异性降解的现象。
运用rnai技术可以特异性剔除或关闭特定基因的表达,已广泛用于探索基因功能、传染性疾病和恶性肿瘤的基因治疗研究领域[1]。
早期研究发现,直接瞬时转染外源性sirna可以实现基因沉默。
但sirna稳定性差、效果短暂,因此需要寻找恰当的运载工具避免其降解并提高细胞摄取、正确的细胞内定位等。
研究发现,将sirna 基因表达框构建到表达质粒中可以实现内源性表达[2],但转染效率低、转基因表达短暂、生产成本高。
病毒载体则无这些缺陷而得到广泛应用,目前主要有以下几种。
1 逆转录病毒载体逆转录病毒(retrovirus,rv)是最早应用于rnai的病毒类载体,其基因组包括5’和3’长末端重复序列(ltr)、紧靠5’ltr 的包装信号及gag、pol和env三个结构基因。
rv能够将小干扰rna 高效地传递到靶细胞、并稳定表达,多用于高通量分析、发现新基因和鉴别新基因功能。
schlabach等[3]将shrna文库构建到rv载体并转化到肿瘤细胞后,对不同类型肿瘤细胞的增殖和生存基因的影响不同,这一开创性研究结果补充了癌症基因组图谱,为个性化治疗癌症提供了新的方向。
silva等[4]通过对5种来自乳腺组织的6000~20 000种shrna进行了基因组水平上的肿瘤特异性缺陷分析,发现了一批在细胞增殖和生存中起关键作用的基因,进而为从遗传学角度进行癌症联合治疗提供了可能。
aliya等[5]利用携带针对fak的shrna-rv感染人肝癌细胞株hcc-lm3,获得了fak表达被稳定抑制的细胞株,细胞增殖和迁移能力明显被抑制。
brummelkamp等[6]将靶向致癌基因k-rasv12的shrna-rv注射至小鼠体内,能够特异而稳定地抑制k-rasv12表达和肿瘤生长。
这些研究为应用rv转运sirna来治疗肿瘤提供了理论基础和实验依据。
但是,rv因将自身基因组整合至宿主基因组上,近而存在诱发基因突变的风险。
2 慢病毒载体慢病毒(lentivirus,lv)是逆转录病毒的一个亚纲,与其他逆转录病毒相比,其具有两组在其生命周期和致病性中扮演重要角色的基因,分别是辅助基因(vpr、vpu、vif、nef)和调节基因(tat、rev),它们位于两端的ltr之间。
重组慢病毒载体的构建是尽可能避免经简单同源重组而产生具有复制能力的病毒。
目前多采用四质粒转染的方法生产lv,调控元件如cppt、wpre的引入提高了lv的转导效率及基因表达效率;组织特异性启动子的加入使rnai作用在特定组织中发生,为靶向基因治疗提供了理论基础。
huang等[7]构建靶向大鼠hsp27基因rnai-lv,对pdgf诱导的hsp27磷酸化的抑制率为79.6%。
bahi等[8]发现通过立体定位注射表达靶向cd-81的shrna-lv可以有效抑制cd-81的表达,且不会扩散到其他部位。
lv仅限于局部给药方式,未见全身应用的研究报道。
3 腺病毒载体腺病毒(adenovirus,av)是一类无外壳的双链dna病毒,av 基因分为早期基因(e1、e2、e3、e4)和晚期基因(l1、l2、l3、l4、l5)两类。
目前世界上25%的基因治疗实验使用的是av载体[9]。
用于rnai载体的主要是2型和5型腺病毒。
第一代载体是将e1、e3去除其一或者同时去除,但在应用中会出现可复制av、严重的宿主免疫反应;第二代av载体同时去除e1、e4或e1、e2,虽然可以抑制病毒蛋白的合成,但仍存在免疫反应。
目前,第三代腺病毒载体又被称为“裸腺病毒”,其中仅保留itr和包装信号部分,可以容纳高达37 kb的外源基因。
这种载体因无法在体内合成病毒性抗原,从而使机体的免疫反应极大降低。
xia等[10]成功使用av-rnai的体内实验,通过局部定向注射将含有靶向绿色荧光蛋白(gfp)的发卡结构的av体注入gfp转基因小鼠脑部,有效沉默了gfp的表达。
虽然这一研究并没有采用致病基因,但可以证明基于rnai进行脑部疾病治疗和脑功能研究是切实可行的。
之后chen等[11]利用av携带编码at1a/at1b shrna的dna序列通过侧脑室进行定点注射,验证了at1两个受体亚型的生理功能。
有研究者[12]将mir-34a的前体片段构建到av上,转导成神经管细胞瘤细胞,然后移植到裸鼠小脑,沉默了相关靶基因,并有效抑制了肿瘤的生长,实验结果显示对实验动物无明显毒副作用,为av作为rnai载体来治疗肿瘤提供了新的基础证据。
虽然这种局部的av-rnai方式可以有效抑制肿瘤生长,但由于大多肿瘤不适合这种给药方式,因此不利于临床上的广泛应用。
gou等[13]采用了一种更方便于临床应用的给药方式,他们通过气管内喷雾方式将腺病毒导入大鼠,有效沉默膜联蛋白a2。
av载体转基因表达量高且容量大,实现多个shrna串联表达来达到多靶点治疗效果是av 载体未来发展的主要方向。
4 腺相关病毒腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,aav)属于依赖病毒属细小病毒科,是目前最具临床应用价值的病毒载体之一。
野生型aav 普遍存在人体内,且无致病性。
其基因组包括5’itr(末端重复序列)、复制包装所需蛋白rep和cap、以及3’itr。
重组aav载体(raav)是去除了rep和cap蛋白,仅保留病毒整合所必须的itr 区域。
使用aav作为载体工具用于体内外rnai研究已取得了许多令人振奋的研究成果。
liu等[14]将构建的raav-shrna-lmp-1转染鼻咽癌c666-1细胞后,对lmp的抑制率超过90%,并能显著抑制癌的转移。
wang等[15]研究gp9与寒冷诱发的高血压、心脏病和肾脏疾病的关系。
他们发现注射aav2-shrna-gp9可以极大抑制寒冷所诱发的心脏、肾脏以及主动脉内的gp9蛋白表达上调,有效抑制相关疾病的发作。
suhy等[16]设计了一种可以表达3种靶向丙肝病毒基因组保守区域的shrna,使用raav8病毒作为载体经静脉注射后,有效抑制了猕猴体内的病毒复制,且几乎没有肝毒性。
基因药物临床应用多采用注射方式,患者依从性差。
口服给药以其使用方便,价格低廉等优点越来越受到重视。
本课题组首次利用乳糖不耐受大鼠模型对口服raav载体的可行性进行了研究,口服给药后,外源基因可在肠道深层细胞中长期高效表达,显著提高大鼠对乳糖的消化和吸收能力[17],为基于病毒载体的rnai药物通过胃肠道给药提供了理论和实践基础。
raav载体不包含aav的rep和cap基因,其对基因组的整合效率下降、无法传递到子代细胞,不适合肿瘤等分裂细胞的长效基因替代治疗。
如何降低raav载体的毒性和免疫性还需要很多研究工作。
另外,目前规模化制备水平低也是临床应用的主要障碍之一。
这些问题的克服将会更有利于aav介导的rnai治疗在临床中的广泛应用。
5 杆状病毒昆虫杆状病毒(baculovirus,bv)是一类具有囊膜包裹的双链环状dna病毒,其基因组大小为80~180 kb,可能成为体内传递shrna的载体,目前仍处于早期研发试验阶段。
bv可以整合大量的遗传信息,为组合基因疗法提供了可能。
此外,在哺乳动物细胞中bv无法复制和表达病毒蛋白,因此在人体应用是安全的。
基于shrna 的bv载体目前用于靶向致病性病毒,如丙肝病毒复制[18]以及流感病毒a和b[19]。
然而,bv转导载体是短时间的表达,因此这种效应是短暂的。
该病毒用于人类基因治疗还有很长的一段路要走。
6 自身复制病毒有效的基因治疗不仅需要将治疗基因有效传递到靶细胞,同时也需要基因能够持续表达。
自身复制病毒最大的优势在于,每一个被病毒感染的细胞产生出大量的携带治疗基因的病毒,并侵染到周围的肿瘤组织,从而达到更加持久和高效的治疗效果。
这种病毒被称为溶瘤病毒,是癌症治疗的新方法。
目前通过生物工程的手段,已经设计制造了几种基因修饰的病毒并用于体外研究如单纯疱疹病毒、腺病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、牛痘病毒[20],这些病毒拥有内在的溶瘤细胞活性,转导细胞后会引起宿主细胞死亡,从而增强了抗肿瘤活性。
如何使复制病毒在肿瘤组织中选择性复制,而在正常组织中不复制,将是今后一段时间需要解决的主要问题。
7 问题与展望病毒载体是体内运送rnai最有效的手段,不同的病毒载体具有自身的优势与劣势,如何根据不同疾病甚至不同病人的治疗需要选择最适合的载体就显得十分重要的。
目前制约病毒载体应用的主要问题是免疫原性和组织特异性,这些问题或许可以通过构建杂合型载体,甚至将病毒载体同非病毒传递技术联合运用等方法解决。
随着作用基因沉默机制的阐明、转运载体同宿主相互作用机制研究的深入,将有更多特异、高效、安全的新型病毒载体出现。
而提高病毒载体组织特异性和减少宿主免疫反应将是今后一段时间研究的重点,这些问题的彻底解决必将催生大量的相关临床实验的有序展开,以造福于人类健康。
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pLKOshRNA病毒质粒载体构建protocol方法详解
pLKOshRNA病毒质粒载体构建protocol⽅法详解Search for Plasmids:Home Deposit Plasmids Request PlasmidsInformationBrowseSearchPricingFAQProtocols > pLKO.1 ProtocolpLKO.1 - TRC Cloning VectorAddgene Plasmid 10878. Protocol Version 1.0. December 2006.Copyright Addgene 2006, All Rights Reserved. This protocol is provided for yourconvenience. See warranty information in appendix.Click here for a printable copy.Table of ContentsA. pLKO.1-TRC Cloning Vectoro A.1 The RNAi Consortiumo A.2 Map of pLKO.1o A.3 Related plasmidsB. Designing shRNA Oligos for pLKO.1o B.1 Determine the optimal 21-mer targets in your geneo B.2 Order oligos compatible with pLKO.1C. Cloning shRNA oligos into pLKO.1o C.1 Recommended materialso C.2 Annealing oligoso C.3 Digesting pLKO.1 TRC-Cloning Vectoro C.4 Ligating and transforming into bacteriaD. Screening for Insertso D.1 Recommended materialsPlasmid CartYour cart is empty.Recently ViewedpLKO.1 - TRC clo...Plasmid 10878pLVTHMPlasmid 12247Mammalian RNAi T...Collectiono D.2 Screening for insertsE. Producing Lentiviral Particleso E.1 Recommended materialso E.2 Protocol for producing lentiviral particles ? F. Infecting Target Cellso F.1 Recommended materialso F.2 Determining the optimal puromycin concentrationo F.3 Protocol for lentiviral infection and selection ?G. SafetyH. Referenceso H.1 Published articleso H.2 Web resourcesI. Appendixo I.1 Sequence of pLKO.1 TRC-Cloning Vectoro I.2 Recipeso I.3 Warranty informationBack to TopA. pLKO.1-TRC Cloning VectorA.1 The RNA i ConsortiumThe pLKO.1 cloning vector is the backbone upon which The RNAi Consortium (TRC) has built a library of shRNAs directed against 15,000 human and 15,000 mouse genes. Addgene is working with the TRC to make this shRNA cloning vector available to the scientific community. Please cite Moffat et al., Cell 2006 Mar; 124(6):1283-98 (PubMed) in all publications arising from the use of this vector.A.2 Map of pLKO.1pLKO.1 is a replication-incompetent lentiviral vector chosen by the TRC for expression of shRNAs. pLKO.1 can be introduced into cells via direct transfection, or can be converted into lentiviral particles for subsequent infection of a target cell line. Once introduced, the puromycin resistance marker encoded in pLKO.1 allows for convenient stable selection.A.3 Related ProductsThe following plasmids available from Addgene are recommended for use in conjunction with the pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector.Note: pLKO.1 can also be used with packaging plasmid pCMV-dR8.2 dvpr (Addgene #8455) and envelope plasmid pCMV-VSVG (Addgene#8454) from Robert Weinberg's lab. For more information, visit Addgene's Mammalian RNAi Tools page.Several other laboratories have deposited pLKO derived vectors that may also be useful for your experiment. To see these vectors, visit Addgene's website and search for "pLKO".Back to TopB. Designing shRNA Oligos for pLKO.1B.1 Determining the Optimal 21-mer Targets in your GeneSelection of suitable 21-mer targets in your gene is the first step toward efficient gene silencing. Methods for target selection are continuously being improved. Below are suggestions for target selection.1. Use an siRNA selection tool to determine a set of top-scoring targets for your gene. For example, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research hosts an siRNA Selection Program that can be accessed after a free registration(/doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /bioc/siRNAext/). If you have MacOS X, another excellent program is iRNAi, which is provided free by the company Mekentosj(/doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /irnai/).A summary of guidelines for designing siRNAs with effective gene silencing is included here:Starting at 25nt downstream of the start codon (ATG), search for 21nt sequences that match the pattern AA(N19). If no suitablematch is found, search for NAR(N17)YNN, where N is anynucleotide, R is a purine (A,G), and Y is a pyrimidine (C,U).G-C content should be 36-52%.Sense 3' end should have low stability – at least one A or T between position 15-19.Avoid targeting introns.Avoid stretches of 4 or more nucleotide repeats, especially repeated Ts because polyT is a termination signal for RNA polymerase III.2. To minimize degradation of off-target mRNAs, use NCBI's BLAST program. Select sequences that have at least 3 nucleotide mismatches to all unrelated genes.Addgene recommends that you select multiple targetsequences for each gene. Some sequences will be more effectivethan others. In addition, demonstrating that two different shRNAsthat target the same gene can produce the same phenotype willalleviate concerns about off-target effects.B.2 Ordering Oligos Compatible with pLKO.1To generate oligos for cloning into pLKO.1, insert your sense and antisense sequences from step B.1 into the oligos below. Do not change the ends; these bases are important for cloning the oligos into the pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector.Forward oligo:5' CCGG—21bp sense—CTCGAG—21bp antisense—TTTTTG 3'Reverse oligo:5' AATTCAAAAA—21bp sense—CTCGAG—21bp antisense 3'For example, if the target sequence is (AA)TGCCTACGTTAAGCTATAC, the oligos would be:Forward oligo:5'CCGG AATGCCTACGTTAAGCTATAC CTCGAG GTATAGCTTAACGTA GGCATT TTTTTG 3'Reverse oligo:5'AATTCAAAAA AATGCCTACGTTAAGCTATAC CTCGAG GTATAGCTTA ACGTAGGCATT 3'Back to TopC. Cloning Oligos into pLKO.1The pLKO.1-TRC cloning vector contains a 1.9kb stuffer that is releasedupon digestion with EcoRI and AgeI.The oligos from section B contain the shRNA sequence flanked by sequences that are compatible with the sticky ends of EcoRI and AgeI. Forward and reverse oligos are annealed and ligated into the pLKO.1 vector, producing a final plasmid that expresses the shRNA of interest.C.1 Recommended MaterialsC.2 A nnealing Oligos1. Resuspend oligos in ddH2O to a concentration of 20 µM, then mix:5 µL Forward oligo5 µL Reverse oligo5 µL10x NEB buffer 235 µL ddH2O2. Incubate for 4 minutes at 95o C in a PCR machine or in a beaker of boiling water.3. If using a PCR machine, incubate the sample at 70o C for 10 minutes then slowly cool to room temperature over the period of several hours. If using a beaker of water, remove the beaker from the flame, and allow the water to cool to room temperature. This will take a few hours, but it is important for the cooling to occur slowly for the oligos to anneal.C.3 Digesting pLKO.1 TRC Cloning Vector1. Digest pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector with AgeI. Mix:6 µg pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector (maxiprep or miniprep DNA)5 µL10x NEB buffer 11 µL AgeIto 50 µL ddH2O> Incubate at 37o C for 2 hours.2. Purify with Qiaquick gel extraction kit. Elute in 30 µL of ddH2O.3. Digest eluate with EcoRI. Mix:30 µL pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector digested with AgeI5 µL10x NEB buffer for EcoRI1 µL EcoRI14 µL ddH2O> Incubate at 37o C for 2 hours.4. Run digested DNA on 0.8% low melting point agarose gel until you can distinctly see 2 bands, one 7kb and one 1.9kb. Cut out the 7kb band and place in a sterile microcentrifuge tube.When visualizing DNA fragments to be used for ligation, useonly long-wavelength UV light. Short wavelength UV light willincrease the chance of damaging the DNA.5. Purify the DNA using a Qiaquick gel extraction kit. Elute in 30 µL of ddH2O.6. Measure the DNA concentration.C.4 Ligating and Transforming into Bacteria1. Use your ligation method of choice. For a standard T4 ligation, mix:2 µL annealed oligo from step C.2.20 ng digested pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector from step C.3. (If you were unable to measure the DNA concentration, use 1 µL) 2 µL10x NEB T4 DNA ligase buffer 1 µL NEB T4 DNA ligaseto 20 µL ddH2O> Incubate at 16o C for 4-20 hours.2. Transfo rm 2 µL of ligation mix into 25 µL competent DH5 alpha cells, following manufacturer's protocol. Plate on LB agar plates containing 100 µg/mL ampicillin or carbenicillin (an ampicillin analog).Back to TopD. Screening for InsertsYou may screen for plasmids that were successfully ligated by restriction enzyme digestion. However, once you have identified the positive clones, it is important to verify the insert by conducting a sequencing reaction.D.1 Recommended MaterialsD.2 Screening for InsertsDay 1:1. Innoculate 5 colonies from each ligation into LB + 100 µg/mLampicillin or carbenicillin.Day 2:2. Spin down the cultures and use a miniprep kit to obtain DNA.3. Conduct a restriction digest with EcoRI and NcoI:1 µg miniprep DNA2 µL10x NEB buffer for EcoRI0.8 µL EcoRI0.8 µL NcoIto 20 µL ddH2O> Incubate at 37o C for 1-2 hours.4. Run the digestion products on a 1% agarose gel. You shouldsee two fragments, a 2kb fragment and a 5kb fragment.5. Sequence positive clones with pLKO.1 sequencing primer (5'CAA GGC TGT TAG AGA GAT AAT TGG A 3').You may need to adjust the sequencing conditions if theDNA polymerase has difficulty reading through thesecondary structure of the hairpin sequence.Back to TopE. Producing Lentiviral ParticlesBefore this step, you must contact your institution's Bio-Safety office to receive permission and institution-specific instructions. You must follow safety procedure s and work in an environment (e.g. BL2+) suitable for handling HIV-derivative viruse s.For transient knockdown of protein expression, you may transfect plasmid DNA directly into the target cells. The shRNA will be expressed, but the DNA is unlikely to be integrated into the host genome.For stable loss-of-function experiments, Addgene recommends that you generate lentiviral particles and infect the target cells. Addition of puromycin will allow you to select for cells that stably express your shRNA of interest.E.1 Recommended MaterialsNote: pLKO.1 could also be packaged using pCMV-dR8.2 dvpr and pCMV-VSVG from the Robert Weinberg lab. For more information, visit Addgene's Mammalian RNAi Tools page.E.2 Protocol for Producing Lentiviral ParticlesThis protocol is for transfection in a 6 cm plate. The protocol can be scaled to produce different amounts of virus as needed. Day 1:a. For each plasmid to be transfected, plate 7x105 HEK-293T cellsin 5 mL of media in a 6 cm tissue culture plate. Incubate cells at37o C, 5% CO2 overnight.Although cells should regularly be passaged in DMEM +10% FBS with penicillin/streptomycin, cells should beplated at this step in DMEM + 10% FBS without antibiotics(no penicillin or streptomycin).Day 2:b. Perform the transfection in the late afternoon because thetransfection mix should only be incubated with the cells for 12-15hours.c. In polypropylene microfuge tubes (do NOT use polystyrenetubes), make a cocktail for each transfection:1 µg pLKO.1 shRNA plasmid750 ng psPAX2 packaging plasmid250 ng pMD2.G envelope plasmidto 20 µl serum-free OPTI-MEMYou may want to vary the ratio of shRNA plasmid,packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid to obtain theratio that gives you the optimal viral production.d. Create a master mix of FuGENE? 6 transfection reagent inserum-free OPTI-MEM. Calculate the amount of Fugene? andOPTI-MEM necessary given that each reaction will require 6 µLFuGENE? + 74 µL OPTI-MEM. For example:1x master mix: 6 µL FuGENE? + 74 µL OPTI-MEM5x master mix: 30 µL FuGENE? + 370 µL OPTI-MEM10x master mix: 60 µL FuGENE? + 740 µL OPTI-MEM In a polypropylene tube, add OPTI-MEM first. Pipette FuGENE? directly into the OPTI-MEM - do not allow FuGENE? to come incontact with the walls of the tube before it has been diluted. Mix byswirling or gently flicking the tube. Incubate for 5 minutes at roomtemperature.e. Add 80 µL of FuGENE? master mix to each tube from step c fora total volume of 100 µL. Pipette master mix direct ly into the liquidand not onto the walls of the tube. Mix by swirling or gently flickingthe tube.f. Incubate for 20-30 minutes at room temperature.g. Retrieve HEK-293T cells from incubator. The cells should be50-80% confluent and in DMEM that does not contain antibiotics.h. Without touching the sides of the dish, gently addDNA:FuGENE? mix dropwise to cells. Swirl to disperse mixtureevenly. Do not pipette or swirl too vigorously, as you do not wantto dislodge the cells from the plate.i. Incubate cells at 37o C, 5% CO2 for 12-15 hours.Day 3:j. In the morning, change the media to remove the transfectionreagent. Replace with 5 mL fresh DMEM + 10% FBS +penicillin/streptomycin. Pipette the media onto the side of the plateso as not to disturb the transfected cells.k. Incubate cells at 37o C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours.Day 4:l. Harvest media from cells and transfer to a polypropylenestorage tube. The media contains your lentiviral particles. Store at4o C.m. Add 5 mL of fresh media containing antibiotics to the cells andincubate at 37o C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours.Day 5:n. Harvest media from cells and pool with media from Day 4. Spinmedia at 1,250 rpm for 5 minutes to pellet any HEK-293T cellsthat were inadvertently collected during harvesting.In lieu of centrifugation, you may filter the media througha 0.45 µm filter to remove the cells. Do not use a 0.2 µmfilter, as this is likely to shear the envelope of your virus.o. Virus may be stored at 4o C for a few days, but should be frozenat -20o C or -80o C for long-term storage.Freeze/thaw cycles decrease the efficiency of the virus,so Addgene recommends that you use the virusimmediately or aliquot the media into smaller tubes toprevent multiple freeze/thaw cycles.Back to TopF. Infecting Target CellsLentiviral particles can efficiently infect a broad range of cell types, including both dividing and non-dividing cells. Addition of puromycin will allow you to select for cells that are stably expressing your shRNA of interest.F.1. Recommended Materials* Detailed protocols for preparing polybrene, protamine sulfate, andpuromycin are located in the Appendix.F.2. Determining the Optimal Puromycin ConcentrationEach cell line responds differently to puromycin selection. Addgene strongly recommends that you determine the optimal puromycin concentration for your cell line before initiating your experiment.Day 1:a. Plate target cells in ten 6 cm plates and grow at 37o C, 5% CO2overnight.Day 2:b. The target cells should be approximately 80-90% confluent.c. Dilute puromycin in the preferred culture media for your targetcells. The final concentration of puromycin should be from 1-10µg/mL in 1 µg/mL increments.d. Label plates from 1-10 and add appropriatepuromycin-containing media to cells.Days 3+:e. Examine cells each day and change to freshpuromycin-containing media every other day.f. The minimum concentration of puromycin that results in complete cell death after 3-5 days is the concentration that should be used for selection in your experiments. (You may wish to repeat this titration with finer increments of puromycin to determine a more precise optimal puromycin concentration.)F.3. Protocol for Lentiviral Infection and SelectionDay 1:a. Plate target cells and incubate at 37o C, 5% CO2 overnight. Day 2:b. Target cells should be approximately 70% confluent. Change to fresh culture media containing 8 µg/mL polybrene.Polybrene increases the efficiency of viral infection. However, polybrene is toxic to some cell lines. In these cell lines, substitute protamine sulfate for polybrene.c. Add lentiviral particle solution from step E. For a 6 cm target plate, add between 0.05-1 mL virus (add ≥0.5 mL for a high MOI, and ≤0.1 mL for a low MOI). Scale the amount of virus a dded depending on the size of your target plate.MOI (multiplicity of infection) refers to the number ofinfecting viral particles per cell. Addgene recommends thatyou test a range of MOIs to determine the optimal MOI for infection and gene silencing in your target cell line.d. Incubate cells at 37o C, 5% CO2 overnight.Day 3:e. Change to fresh media 24 hours after infection.If viral toxicity is observed in your cell line, you maydecrease the infection time to between 4 - 20 hours.Remove the virus-containing media and replace with freshmedia. Do not add puromycin until at least 24 hours afterinfection to allow for sufficient expression of the puromycinresistance gene.f. To select for infected cells, add puromycin to the media at theconcentration determined in step E.2.Addgene recommends that you maintain one uninfectedplate of cells in parallel. This plate will serve as a positivecontrol for the puromycin selection.Days 4+:g. Change to fresh puromycin-containing media as needed everyfew days.h. Assay infected cells. The following recommendations areguidelines for the number of days you should wait until harvestingyour cells. However, you should optimize the time based on yourcell line and assay:Assay Days post-infectionmRNA knockdown (quantitative PCR) ≥ 3 daysProtein knockdown (western blot) ≥ 4 daysPhenotypic assay ≥ 4 daysBack to TopG. SafetyBL2 safety practices should be followed when preparing and handling lentiviral particles. Personal protective clothing should be worn at all times. Use plastic pipettes in place of glass pipettes or needles. Liquid waste should be decontaminated with at least 10% bleach. Laboratory materials that come in contact with viral particles should be treated as biohazardous waste and autoclaved. Please follow all safety guidelines from your institution and from the CDC and NIH for work in a BL2 facility.If you have any questions about what safety practice to follow, please contact your institution's safety office.To obtain the MSDS for this product, visit /doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /sitemap and follow the MSDS link.Back to TopH. ReferencesH.1. Published A rticlesKhvorova A et. al. 2003. Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias. Cell 115:209-216. (PubMed)Moffat J et. al. 2006. A lentiviral RNAi library for human and mouse genes applied to an arrayed viral high-content screen. Cell 124:1283-1298. (PubMed)Naldini L et. al. 1996. In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272:263-267. (PubMed)Schwarz DS et. al. 2003. Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex. Cell 115:199-208. (PubMed)Stewart SA et. al. 2003. Lentivirus-delivered stable gene silencing by RNAi in primary cells. RNA 9(4):493-501. (PubMed) Zufferey R et. al. 1997. Multiply attenuated lentiviral vector achieves efficient gene delivery in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 15(9):871-5. (PubMed)Zufferey R et. al. 1998. Self-inactivating lentivirus vector for safe and efficient in vivo gene delivery. J Virol 72(12):9873-80. (PubMed)H.2. Web resourcesAddgene's mammalian RNAi website: /doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /rnaitoolsThe RNAi Consortium (TRC):/doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /genome_bio/trc/rnai.htmlBackground on RNAi mechanism:/doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /focus/rnai/animations/animation/animation.htm Whitehead siRNA Selection Program: /doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /bioc/siRNAext/ Mekentosj iRNAi Program: /doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /irnai/Back to TopI. AppendixI.1. Sequence of pLKO.1 TRC-Cloning VectorClick here (/doc/c66f21e6f8c75fbfc77db279.html /10878) to see the sequence of pLKO.1 TRC-cloning vector. The vector is 8901 base pairs total, and the stuffer insert is shown in all capital letters.I.2. RecipesLuria Broth Agar (LB agar) + antibioticPer 40 grams of powder from American Bioanalytical catalog #AB01200-02000, LB contains:10g tryptone5g yeast extract10g sodium chloride15g agar> Prepare LB agar solution by dissolving 40g of LB powder in 1Lof distilled water. Autoclave and cool to 55o C. Add 1mL of100mg/mL ampicillin or carbenicillin to obtain a final concentrationof 100 µg/mL antibiotic. Pour plates and store at 4o C.Hexadimethrine Bromide (Polybrene)Prepare a 1mg/mL solution of polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich catalog #H9268) in 0.9% NaCl. Autoclave to sterilize. Stock solution is stable at 4o C for up to one year. The powder form of polybrene is stable at 4o C for several years.Protamine SulfateStore protamine sulfate (MP Biomedicals catalog #194729) at 4o C. Freely soluble in hot water and slightly soluble in cold water.PuromycinPrepare a 50mg/mL stock solution of puromycin (Sigma-Aldrich catalog #P8833) in distilled water. Sterilize by passing through a 0.22 µm filter. Store aliquots at -20o C.I.3. Warranty InformationAddgene is committed to providing scientists with high-quality goods and services. Addgene makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of its literature, but realizes that typographical or other errors may occur. Addgene makes no warranty of any kind regarding the contents of any literature. Literature are provided to you as a guide and on an "AS IS" "AS AVAILABLE" basis without warranty of any kind either expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, typicality, safety and accuracy.The distribution of any literature by Addgene is not meant to carry with it, and does not grant any license or rights of access or use to the materials described in the literature.The distribution of materials by Addgene is not meant to carry with it, and does not grant any license, express or implied, under any patent. All transfers of materials from Addgene to any party are governed by Addgene's Terms of Use, Addgene's Terms of Purchase, and applicable Material Transfer Agreements between the party that deposited the material at Addgene and the party receiving the material.Back to TopHome | Contact | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Site Map。
靶向新城疫病毒NP基因的shRNA重组腺病毒表达载体的构建及鉴定
Ab st r ac t :A r e c Om b i n a n t a de n oV l ms e xp r e s s mg s hRNA t ha t t a r g e t e d t h e N DV NP ge n e wa s c O ns t mc t e d. s h RNA pl a s m1 d wa s i n s e ne d i n t o ve c t O r p GS a d e nO b y c O 一 仃a ns f e c t i o n.The e 髓 c t O f r e c ombi na nt a d e n ov i ms O n N DV p ml i f mt i on wa s e V a l ua t e d i n
技 术将 表 达针 对 新城 疫 病毒 ( N D V ) N P基 因 s h R N A 的重 组 质 粒 同源 重组 到 p G s a d e n o腺病 毒 载 体 系统 ,用重 组腺
病毒感染 c E F和 鸡 胚 ,通过 红 荧光 报 告基 因的表 达 情 况和 荧光 定 量 P c R检 测 N P基 因 mR N A 的表 达 对 其进 行 鉴
YANG F a n, YUE Hu a ,H0U We i ,TANG Ch e n g
( C o 1 1 e g e o f L i f e s c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y , S o u t h we s t u n i V e r s i t y f 0 r Na t i o n a l i t i e s , C h e n g d u 6 l O 0 4 1 , C h i n a )
定 ,并通过 细 胞形 态观 察 、血 凝 价的 测 定评价 其在 c E F和 鸡胚 上 对 N D v 增 殖的 影响 。 实验 结 果显 示重 组腺 病 毒 能够 感 染 c E F ,感 染 c E F 后 6 h 、9 h 、l 2 h与 对照 组 比较 N P基 因 m R N A 的表 达 量 分 别 降低 了 3 . 2 倍 ,2 5 . 6倍 ,
Cx43基因shRNA慢病毒载体的构建及其对大鼠心肌细胞Cx43基因的作用
Cx43基因shRNA慢病毒载体的构建及其对大鼠心肌细胞Cx43基因的作用陈立;钟国强;涂荣会;黎庆捷;何艳【摘要】目的构建缝隙连接蛋白(Cx)43基因shRNA慢病毒载体,并检测其对大鼠心肌细胞Cx43基因的作用.方法针对Cx43基因序列,设计RNA干扰靶点序列,合成靶序列的双链DNA,接入pGCL-GFP载体,挑选阳性克隆行PCR鉴定及测序.用pHelper1.0和pHelper2.0质粒转染293T细胞,包装产生具备感染能力的慢病毒.以293T细胞中绿色荧光蛋白的细胞数量计算病毒滴度;以最适感染复数感染大鼠心肌细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察感染效率;应用real-time PCR和Western blot法检测大鼠心肌细胞.Cx43 mRNA及Cx43蛋白表达,并评价其抑制效果.结果经PCR鉴定和测序证实,Cx43慢病毒载体构建正确,其病毒滴度为8×108 TU/mL、转染效率为82.59%.荧光定量real-time PCR法检测Cx43 mRNA的抑制率为96.10%,Western blot法检测Cx43蛋白的抑制率为77.16%.结论成功构建了Cx43基因shRNA慢病毒载体,其能显著抑制大鼠心肌细胞Cx43基因的表达.%Objective To construct a lentiviral RNAi vector and to detect its effect on connexin 43 (Cx43) gene in rat cardiac myocytes.Methods Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence targeting rat cardiac myocytes Cx43 gene was designed.After synthesis and annealing,the double-stranded oligonucleotides (ds oligo) were connecting to pGC-LV vectors.The positive clones were selected and conducted by PCR identification and sequencing.Then,The viral particles were gen erated by cotransfection of 293T cells with the pGC-lv-Cx43 and two packaging vector(pHelper1.0,pHelper2.0),and the virus titer was determined by counting thenumber of GFP positive cells.After transfection of lentiviral vector into rat cardiac myocytes with multiplicity of infection (MOI),the level of Cx43 mRNA in rat cardiac myocytes was determined by realtime PCR and the level of Cx43 protein was determined by Western blot assay.The inhibitory effect was evaluated.Results The construction of Cx43 lentiviral vector was confirmed by PCR identification and sequencing.The final titer obtained was 8 × 108 TU/mL.The transfection efficiency was 82.59%,the real-time PCR showed the inhibition rate of Cx43 mRNA was 96.10% and the Western blot showed the inhibition rate of Cx43 protein was77.16%.Conclusion The lentiviral RNAi vector successfully constructed in rat cardiac myocytes has the capability of inhibiting Cx43 gene.【期刊名称】《山东医药》【年(卷),期】2013(053)021【总页数】3页(P1-3)【关键词】心肌缺血;连接蛋白43;RNA干扰;慢病毒感染;大鼠【作者】陈立;钟国强;涂荣会;黎庆捷;何艳【作者单位】广西医科大学第一附属医院,南宁530021;广西医科大学第一附属医院,南宁530021;广西医科大学第一附属医院,南宁530021;广西医科大学第一附属医院,南宁530021;广西医科大学第一附属医院,南宁530021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R541缝隙连接蛋白(Cx)43是构成哺乳动物心肌缝隙连接通道的主要蛋白,在介导心肌电偶联实现心房或心室同步收缩、保证心脏正常节律性方面具有重要作用。
靶向SynDIG1的shRNA慢病毒载体的构建及功能鉴定
动物医学进展,2021 ,2(1)69-74ProgressinVeterinary Medicine靶向SynDIG1的shRNA 慢病毒载体的构建及功能鉴定李亚琳,史秀超,权美平(渭南师范学院环境与生命科学学院,陕西渭南714099)摘 要:为了构建靶向突触分化诱导基因1(SynDIG1 )的shRNA 慢病毒表达载体,设计出SynDIG1的 siRNA 的靶点序列,并合成含干扰序列的双链DNA 发卡结构shRNA,合成的Oligo 经过退火分别与双酶切处理后的pLKO. 1-GFP 载体连接。
将构建的重组质粒pLKO. 1-GFP-SynDIG1 shRNA 转化到DH5a 感受态细菌中,过夜培养后挑选阳性克隆子,扩增后提取DNA 进行质粒测序,得到两个序列正确的重组质粒。
用这些重组质粒转染HEK293T 细胞以及大鼠海马神经元细胞,蛋白免疫印迹及细胞免疫荧光检测SynDIG1 shRNA 对外 源性和内源性SynDIG1表达的敲减作用。
进一步用重组质粒转染HEK293T 细胞产生慢病毒颗粒,用病毒颗粒 感染DIV2和DIV14的神经细胞,免疫印迹检测SynDIG1的表达。
结果表明这两个重组质粒均能够有效地抑制外源性和内源性SynDIG1的表达,对HEK293T 中瞬时表达的SynDIG1敲减率达到75%,其慢病毒颗粒感染对早期神经细胞中内源性SynDIG1的表达抑制也很明显。
用pLKO. 1-GFP 成功构建了能够有效抑制外源性 和内源性SynDIG1表达的重组质粒,为探讨RNA 干扰技术抑制神经细胞SynDIG1基因表达的相关研究奠定基础,为研究SynDIG1基因在神经传导和突触发育及其可塑性调节中的作用提供了有力工具。
关键词:SynDIG1 ;慢病毒;shRNA ;基因敲减技术中图分类号:S852. 615;Q789突触分化诱导基因(synapse differentiation in duced gene1,SynDIG1)是一种高度保守的跨膜蛋 白,在中枢神经系统的兴奋性突触传递和突触可塑性调节中起着重要的作用[1]。
shRNA慢病毒包装
shRNA慢病毒包装
产品优势:
载体套装:
针对同一靶基因的3条shRNA慢病毒载体同时定制,套装价更优惠。
病毒套装:
1) 针对同一靶基因的3条shRNA慢病毒;
2) Scramble shRNA对照病毒免费送(包括超纯化规格);
3) 套装价,更优惠;
4) 承诺其中一条shRNA对靶基因的抑制效率在mRNA水平达到70%以上。
产品详情:
shRNA慢病毒载体套装--- 3个定制shRNA慢病毒载体,甘油菌形式交付
货号:3Ecoli(LVshRNA) ¥1780
shRNA慢病毒包装套装:
小规格3个定制shRNA慢病毒,每个定制病毒:>108 TU/ml, 10x 25 ul,1个scramble shRNA对照慢病毒:>108 TU/ml, 3x 100 ul
货号:3LVS(LVshRNA)-C ¥5,400
中规格3个定制shRNA慢病毒,每个定制病毒:>108 TU/ml, 10x 100 ul,1个scramble shRNA对照慢病毒:>108 TU/ml, 10x 100 ul
货号:3LVM(LVshRNA)-C ¥7,700
中规格和超纯化3个超纯化定制shRNA慢病毒,每个定制病毒:>109 TU/ml, 10x 50 ul,1个超纯化scramble shRNA对照慢病毒:>109 TU/ml, 10x 50 ul
货号:3LVMP(LVshRNA)-C ¥15,400
大规格和超纯化3个超纯化定制shRNA慢病毒,每个定制病毒:>109 TU/ml, 10x 100 ul,1个超纯化scramble shRNA对照慢病毒:>109 TU/ml, 10x 100 ul。
小鼠IL-35基因shRNA慢病毒载体构建与RNAi效率的鉴定
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shRNA基本简介
shRNA基本简介shRNA真核表达载体pYrbio-LT-1质粒图谱[1]shRNA是short hairpin RNA 的缩写。
翻译为“短发夹RNA”。
shRNA包括两个短反向重复序列,中间由一茎环(loop)序列分隔的,组成发夹结构,由pol Ⅲ启动子控制。
随后在连上5-6个T作为RNA聚合酶Ⅲ的转录终止子。
在活体中输送“小干扰RNA”(siRNA)的一种办法是,将siRNA序列作为“短发夹”克隆进质粒载体中。
当送入动物体内时,该发夹序列被表达出来,形成一个“双链RNA”(shRNA),并被RNAi通道处理。
然而,对成年小鼠肝脏中shRNA的表达的长期效应所做的一项研究为我们敲响了警钟。
该研究结果表明,很多shRNA在小鼠中表达时是有毒的。
这种经常是致命的毒性似乎是由shRNA与内生微RNA之间为与Exportin-5结合所展开的竞争造成的。
Exportin-5是一个参与将分子输送出细胞核的因子。
人们对开发基于shRNA的疗法非常感兴趣,而此前几乎没有证据表明shRNA在活体中有很强毒性shRNA其他介绍体内表达shRNA(短发夹RNA)的设计shRNA1. 克隆到shRNA表达载体中的shRNA包括两个短反向重复序列,中间由一茎环(loop)序列分隔的,组成发夹结构,由pol Ⅲ启动子控制。
随后再连上5-6个T作为RNA聚合酶Ⅲ的转录终止子。
2. 两个互补的寡核苷酸两端须带有限制性酶切位点。
3. Stratagene发现29个寡核苷酸较之原先推荐的23个寡核苷酸可以更有效地抑制目的基因。
4. 在启动子下游的酶切位点下方紧连一个C,使插入片段和启动子有一定空间间隔以确保转录的发生。
5. ShRNA目的序列的第一个碱基必须是G以确保RNA聚合酶转录。
如果选择的目的序列不以G开头,必须在紧连正义链的上游加一个G。
6. shRNA插入片段中的茎环应当靠近寡核苷酸的中央。
不同大小和核苷酸序列的茎环都被成功的运用过。
shrna原理
shrna原理
shrna(short hairpin RNA)是一种通过介导RNA干扰(RNA interference)途径进行基因沉默的工具。
它是由一个短小的RNA分子构成,具有一段特定的互补序列,能与靶基因的mRNA发生特异性的配对。
通过配对,shrna能够直接与mRNA形成双链结构,并激活RNA酶Dicer以及一系列核酸
酶的协同作用,将mRNA在细胞内切割成较短的片段。
这些
切割后的mRNA片段无法被翻译成蛋白质,从而起到沉默目
标基因的作用。
shrna的合成通常是通过质粒转染或病毒载体转染的方式进行。
在质粒转染中,shrna序列首先被构建在可表达的质粒中,并
经过体外扩增纯化后,转染到目标细胞中。
而在病毒载体转染中,shrna序列则被整合到携带有病毒基因组的病毒载体中,
通过病毒感染的方式传递到目标细胞内。
一旦shrna进入细胞,它将与细胞内的RNA干扰机器结合,
并导致产生RNA-induced silencing complex(RISC)。
该复合
物通过识别与shrna序列互补的mRNA,并通过核酸酶和蛋白
质的协同作用,将mRNA切割为短片段。
这些短片段被称为
小干扰RNA(siRNA),它们能够选择性地沉默与shrna互补
的mRNA分子。
一旦目标mRNA被沉默,相应的蛋白质合成
就会受到抑制,从而影响目标基因的表达。
总之,shrna通过介导RNA干扰的机制,能够选择性地沉默目标基因的表达。
这一技术在基因功能研究、基因治疗和药物开发等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
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shrna表达载体构建原则
shrna表达载体构建原则概述shrna(short hairpin RNA)是一种具有干扰RNA(RNAi)功能的小分子RNA,通过与靶标mRNA相结合,诱导靶标基因的沉默。
构建有效的shrna表达载体是进行RNAi实验的关键一步。
本文将从选择shrna靶序列、设计shrna引物和构建shrna表达载体等方面介绍shrna表达载体构建的原则和方法。
选择shrna靶序列选择合适的靶序列是构建shrna表达载体的第一步。
靶序列应具有高度特异性,只对目标基因进行干扰,而不影响其他基因的表达。
为了确保选择的靶序列具有高特异性,可以借助多种在线数据库和软件工具,如NCBI、Ensembl和RNAi设计工具等。
此外,还需考虑靶序列的长度、GC含量和可靶序列的二级结构等因素,以提高shrna的稳定性和特异性。
设计shrna引物shrna引物是用于合成shrna的DNA序列,由sense链和antisense链组成。
shrna引物的设计应遵循一定的原则。
首先,引物的长度通常为19-21个碱基,不宜过长或过短。
其次,引物两端应含有适当的限制性内切酶切位点,以方便将其插入表达载体中。
此外,引物两端还应包含一定长度的串联环序列,以形成shrna的特殊结构。
最后,为了提高shrna的稳定性和特异性,引物的GC 含量应在40%-60%之间。
构建shrna表达载体构建shrna表达载体主要包括插入shrna引物、验证插入序列和筛选正向克隆等步骤。
首先,将设计好的shrna引物插入到适当的表达载体中,常用的载体有pLKO.1和pGIPZ等。
插入shrna引物后,通过限制性内切酶切和测序等方法验证插入序列的正确性。
最后,通过转染、筛选和扩增等步骤,得到正向克隆用于进一步的RNAi 实验。
总结构建shrna表达载体是进行RNAi实验的关键一步。
在选择shrna 靶序列时,应考虑靶序列的特异性和稳定性。
在设计shrna引物时,应注意引物的长度、限制性内切酶切位点和GC含量。
