lesson研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版原文及翻译
S p i l l o n o m i c s:U n d e r e s t i m a t i n g R i s k漏油经济：低估风险David LeonhardtPublished: June 1, 2010[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon [h??ra?zn] rig[r?ɡ] blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas[?t?ks?s]refinery [r??fa?n?ri] killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. Baker III, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded [k??r??d]pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay, upbraided[?p?bre?d] BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues. ['??ju:z]”[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度的来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful[?dr?df?l] job of estimating thetrue chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[2]这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives[?g?zekj?t?v]must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reput ation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine as it was.[3]也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does.“These are precisely the kind s of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally['r??n?l?],” Robert N. Stavins, an environmentaleconomist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes.When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial [pr??v?:rbi?l]black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen, at least not to them.[4]尽管针对BP高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble [?b?bl] because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline[d??kla?n]. And many home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages[?m?:rg?d?], believing they could refi nance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[5]同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
看起来房价好像是在上涨。
[6] On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist[?t?r?r?st] attacks in this country in 2002, yet the additional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities. [f??t?l?ti][6]另一方面，当一个不太可能发生的事件是很容易想象的，我们经常会走向另一个方向，高估它的可能性。
“9·11”恐怖袭击后，美国人取消了飞机旅行，转而驾车上路。
2002年在这个国家没有发生恐怖袭击，但更多的驾车出行显然导致了交通死亡人数的增加。
[7] When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[7]当风险非常高时，应该由政府负责以帮助避免这些完全人为的错误。
如果让市场自行其是，往往做不到这一点。
然而，在“深水地平线”这件事情上，政府的政策实际上起到了相反的作用。
它助长BP低估了灾难的可能性。
[8] In a little-noticed provision [pr??vn]in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $75million for a rig spill. Even if the economic damages—to tourism, fishing and the like—stretch into the billions, the responsible party is on the hook for only $75million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate.) Michael Greenstone, an economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s deci sion making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue [?rev?nju:]from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty [?frelti]helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[8]埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7500万美元。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)Lesson 7
5
Background Information
The march influenced the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. King joined the growing number of antiwar activists in 1965 and began to criticize publicly American foreign policy in Vietnam. King’s outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War (1959—1975) also angered President
of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he went to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by sanitation workers; there on April 4, he was assassinated.
12
Warm-up Questions
1. Listen to the speech “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King Jr. What impressed you most?
13
Warm-up Questions
2. In his speech, President Obama said that the USA now “is more fair and more free and more just than the one Dr. King addressed that day”. Do you agree with him?
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课后词汇及翻译答案
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版词汇及翻译答案Lesson 21、the story about the brothers grimm may evoke warm memoriesof story time in the comforting arms of a parent.A recallB createC releaseD collect2、one of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turningadversity to your advantage.A unfamiliarityB explorationC pleasureD difficulties3、The claws of bears may be used to climb trees, rip opennests and beehives ,or catch prey.A clearB tearC throwD dig4、The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that havebreached their computer systems.A interceptingB fightingC analyzingD discussing5、He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturbanyone.A unlessB whenC so thatD in case6、As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed,therewas talk of apocalypse.A emergencyB uncertaintyC disasterD reduction7、The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often shewould bring the cloud of white flowers to her nose.A unexpectedB uniqueC impressiveD terrible8、Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous in a countrywhere around half the population lives below the poverty line.A inappropriateB creativeC unnecessaryD enjoyable9、Many believed optimistically the new would soothe markets ,but itseems to have had the opposite effect.A pushB misleadC calmD discourage10、 A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurancein the face of adversity without getting upset.A confidentB uncomplainingC unconventionalD reliable Lesson 41、During the lecture all the audience listened to china’s firstastronaut with rapt admiration.A obscureB obviousC obligedD obsessed2、Most of her colleagues didn’t like her because she was adept atthe fine art of irritating people.A ambitiousB annoyingC skillfulD scornful3、In the schools today we need, more than ever, the training of defthands,quick eyes and ears ,and above all thebroader,deeper,higher culture of gifted mind and pure hearts.A skillfulB cleverC delicateD elegant4、At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to hisfather.A supervisionB cateringC raisingD fostering5、Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called theworst blizzard in nearly a century.A catastropheB disasterC snowstormD landslide6、After all ,the candidate was endorsed by the governor’s board andmany of the local party members.A ignoredB rejectedC sponsoredD supported7、His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but itwas nondescript.A unclearB distinctiveC impliedD ambiguous8、She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught atschool and basked in her teacher’s praise.A pridedB enjoyed C. criticized D narrated9、It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe theexcuse that he held forth for the delayed delivery.A liedB toldC emphasizedD compiled10、When frank heard that the war had started ,it didn’t sink in for along time until his father was drafted into the army.A be understoodB be acceptedC be takenD beillustratedLessson 61、another common use of the tag question is in small talk when thespeaker is trying to _____ conversation:”sure is hot here,isn’t it?”A IllicitB elicitC solicitD explicit2、napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription serviceyet again,after running into serious problems in its talks withother firms .so here is napster’s _____ ：still not ready.A refrainB renownC restraintD retention3、The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of thedrug by the food &drug administration is a long and _____process.A hilariousB notoriousC industriousD laborious4、When I was a child,I always refused to write thank-you notes forbirthday presents from a faraway relative.my mother would_____ me and say,”paul ,you must learn to be polite.”A glideB slideC abideD chide5、A(a) ____ memory may be a good thing,but the ability to forget isthe true token of greatness.A attentiveB inattentiveC retentiveD irretentive6、There’s still a great deal of _____ on the weapons of massdestruction ,which despite what president bush and primeminister blair say,have not yet been found.A evidenceB skepticismC knowledgeD consensus7、Even though exercise has many positive benefits,too much can beharmful.teens who exercise_____ are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.A comparativelyB competitivelyC compulsively Dcomprehensively8、Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate.but others were____,driving the young women crazy by complaining to them allthe time.A querulousB fabulousC pretentiousD conscientious9、There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of manydifferent nationalities _____ and exchanging greetings in aninternational airport.A singlingB dinglingC jinglingD mingling10、When dallas police notifed the hospital that president kennedyhad been shot,at first,the young neurosurgeon thought it was a____.A blankB flankC prankD frankLesson 71、Upon hearing these critical remarks ,he was in a complete stateof bewilderment and did not know what to do next.A astonishmentB frustrationC depressionD perplexity2、For many women ,the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in arape case can be too much to bear.A promisingB embarrassingC hauntingD upsetting3、The company’s disappointing sales figures are an ominous sign ofworse thing to come.A disgracefulB disgustingC scandalousD threatening4、He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions thatnever come,instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A promisingB unrealisticC unbelievableD unprecedented5、We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accidentbecause it was so well timed.A elicitedB despisedC removedD elevated6、Things would never change if people weren’t prepared toexperiment with new teaching methods.A endeavorB campaignC swerveD try7、The national interest is most important than the sectional andpersonal interests of individual politicians.A segregatedB factionalC inviolableD dismantled8、Despite differences in background and outlook,their partnershipwas based on mutual respect,trust and understanding.A unilateralB reciprocalC obligatoryD optional9、Desirous of knowing something about the operations ,I stood andwatched the spectacle.A desperate forB desirable ofC detached fromD deprived of10、He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that endearedhim to the American press.A elegantlyB persuasivelyC arrogantlyD expressively Lesson 91、When she arose to speak in their assemblies ,her commandingfigure and dignified manners _____ every trifler into silence.A rushedB hushedC cashedD pushed2、In many of his paintings of towns,harbors,and rivers ,marquetshowed a particular gift for simplification thatseized_____upon the essentials in the scene before him.A unexpectedlyB unavoidablyC unerringlyD unbelievably3、The old gentleman was so much immersed in business ,that hewas unable to ____ much attention upon me.A bestowB bewilderC bewareD betray4、The most famous _____ whiteface clown is felix adler,whoperformed in the early and mid-20th century.A picturesqueB uniqueC techniqueD grotesque5、By the 1st century B.C,roman power was growing and greekinfluence had begun to _____.A waneB waverC weaveD warp6、To starboard ,at hurghada,behind _____ ranks of coral reefs,laythe important marine biological station of the university of Egypt.A severeB serriedC seducedD sentimental7、At first,the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive tohigh interest rates.but ______,the loss of income in these areashad a ripple effect throughout the economy.A inexorablyB intensivelyC inevitablyD infinitely8、The puppet theater combines three elements:the puppets;thechanters who sing and ____ for the puppets;and the players ofthe three-stringed instrument.A declineB reclaimC declaimD proclaim9、This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play,overwhich one sighs to see the curtain fall-all _____,all light ,allhappiness.A enchantmentB engagementC enlargementD endurance10、“it was really rural when we moved here,”says Stanley.”but thesenewcomers are _____ the rural atmosphere.”A justifyingB citifyingC ratifyingD simplifying Lesson 111、The supporters of GM foods say that it should be possible tomake foods that are less likely to trigger allergies.A preventB reduceC causeD transfer2、The relationship between men and their cars would terminate inthe event of irreparable mechanical breakdown(equivalent to thedeath of a spouse).A endB declineC failD proceed3、The combination of miscommunication ,ignored warnings andgeneral hubris virtually guaranteed disaster.A misunderstandingB misconductC angerD arrogance4、Despite an occasional glimmer of hope ,this campaign has notproduced any results.A proofB indicationC releaseD consequence5、These kids had been further insulated by their wealthy familiesfrom reality with the privilege that money could buy.A protectedB awokenC coveredD isolated6、I found myself constantly pondering the question:”how couldanyone do these things?”A arguingB answeringC coveredD isolated7、Interactive technology augments traditional methods with newand yet-to-be invented collaboration tools ranging from e-mail toweb logs to digital video to peer-to-peer systems.A communicationB entertainmentC cooperation Dimprovement8、For people who feel too intimidated or shy to ask questionsduring class,the internet creates a “safe environment”to speaktheir mind.online ,nobody knows who you are.A frightenedB frustratedC depressedD disappointed9、On this day after September 11 ,most planes were stillgrounded ;the skies were eerily quiet.A particularlyB unusuallyC mysteriouslyD pleasantly10、Considered by many archaeologists to be the first humancivilization ,sumer has yielded many huge stonecarvings .deciphered, they described”gods”who came anotherplanet in flying machines.A inspiredB interpretedC improvedD implanted Lesson 21 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(带原文、最全版)
Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课后词汇及翻译答案
贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版课后词汇及翻译答案贵州大学研究生英语阅读教程提高级第三版词汇及翻译答案Lesson 21、the story about the brothers grimm may evoke warm memoriesof story time in the comforting arms of a parent.A recallB createC releaseD collect2、one of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turningadversity to your advantage.A unfamiliarityB explorationC pleasureD difficulties3、The claws of bears may be used to climb trees, rip opennests and beehives ,or catch prey.A clearB tearC throwD dig4、The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that havebreached their computer systems.A interceptingB fightingC analyzingD discussing5、He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturbanyone.A unlessB whenC so thatD in case6、As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed,therewas talk of apocalypse.A emergencyB uncertaintyC disasterD reduction7、The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often shewould bring the cloud of white flowers to her nose.A unexpectedB uniqueC impressiveD terrible8、Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous in a countrywhere around half the population lives below the poverty line.A inappropriateB creativeC unnecessaryD enjoyable9、Many believed optimistically the new would soothe markets ,but itseems to have had the opposite effect.A pushB misleadC calmD discourage10、 A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurancein the face of adversity without getting upset.A confidentB uncomplainingC unconventionalD reliable Lesson 41、During the lecture all the audience listened to china’s firstastronaut with rapt admiration.A obscureB obviousC obligedD obsessed2、Most of her c olleagues didn’t like her because she was adept atthe fine art of irritating people.A ambitiousB annoyingC skillfulD scornful3、In the schools today we need, more than ever, the trainingof defthands,quick eyes and ears ,and above all thebroader,deeper,higher culture of gifted mind and pure hearts.A skillfulB cleverC delicateD elegant4、At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to hisfather.A supervisionB cateringC raisingD fostering5、Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called theworst blizzard in nearly a century.A catastropheB disasterC snowstormD landslide6、After all ,the candidate was endorsed by the governor’s board andmany of the local party members.A ignoredB rejectedC sponsoredD supported7、His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but itwas nondescript.A unclearB distinctiveC impliedD ambiguous8、She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught atschool and basked in her teacher’s praise.A pridedB enjoyed C. criticized D narrated9、It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe theexcuse that he held forth for the delayed delivery.A liedB toldC emphasizedD compiled10、When frank heard that the war had started ,it didn’t sink in for along time until his father was drafted into the army.A be understoodB be acceptedC be takenD beillustratedLessson 61、another common use of the tag question is in small talk when thespeaker is trying to _____ conversation:”sure is hot here,isn’t it?”A IllicitB elicitC solicitD explicit2、napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription serviceyet again,after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms .so here is napster’s _____ ：still not ready.A refrainB renownC restraintD retention3、The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of thedrug by the food &drug administration is a long and _____ process.A hilariousB notoriousC industriousD laborious4、When I was a child,I always refused to write thank-you notes forbirthday presents from a faraway relative.my mother would _____ me and say,”paul ,you must learn to be polite.”A glideB slideC abideD chide5、A(a) ____ memory may be a good thing,but the ability to forget isthe true token of greatness.A attentiveB inattentiveC retentiveD irretentive6、There’s still a great deal of _____ on the weapons of massdestruction ,which despite what president bush and prime minister blair say,have not yet been found.A evidenceB skepticismC knowledgeD consensus7、Even though exercise has many positive benefits,too much can beharmful.teens who exercise_____ are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.A comparativelyB competitivelyC compulsively Dcomprehensively8、Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate.but others were____,driving the young women crazy by complaining to them allthe time.A querulousB fabulousC pretentiousD conscientious9、There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizensof manydifferent nationalities _____ and exchanging greetings in an international airport.A singlingB dinglingC jinglingD mingling10、When dallas police notifed the hospital that president kennedyhad been shot,at first,the young neurosurgeon thought it was a____.A blankB flankC prankD frankLesson 71、Upon hearing these critical remarks ,he was in a complete stateof bewilderment and did not know what to do next.A astonishmentB frustrationC depressionD perplexity2、For many women ,the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in arape case can be too much to bear.A promisingB embarrassingC hauntingD upsetting3、The company’s disappointing sales figures are an ominous sign ofworse thing to come.A disgracefulB disgustingC scandalousD threatening4、He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions thatnever come,instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A promisingB unrealisticC unbelievableD unprecedented5、We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accidentbecause it was so well timed.A elicitedB despisedC removedD elevated6、Things would never change if people weren’t prepared toexperiment with new teaching methods.A endeavorB campaignC swerveD try7、The national interest is most important than the sectionalandpersonal interests of individual politicians.A segregatedB factionalC inviolableD dismantled8、Despite differences in background and outlook,their partnershipwas based on mutual respect,trust and understanding.A unilateralB reciprocalC obligatoryD optional9、Desirous of knowing something about the operations ,I stood andwatched the spectacle.A desperate forB desirable ofC detached fromD deprived of10、He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that endearedhim to the American press.A elegantlyB persuasivelyC arrogantlyD expressively Lesson 91、When she arose to speak in their assemblies ,her commandingfigure and dignified manners _____ every trifler into silence.A rushedB hushedC cashedD pushed2、In many of his paintings of towns,harbors,and rivers ,marquetshowed a particular gift for simplification thatseized_____upon the essentials in the scene before him.A unexpectedlyB unavoidablyC unerringlyD unbelievably3、The old gentleman was so much immersed in business ,that hewas unable to ____ much attention upon me.A bestowB bewilderC bewareD betray4、The most famous _____ whiteface clown is felix adler,whoperformed in the early and mid-20th century.A picturesqueB uniqueC techniqueD grotesque5、By the 1st century B.C,roman power was growing and greekinfluence had begun to _____.A waneB waverC weaveD warp6、To starboard ,at hurghada,behind _____ ranks of coral reefs,laythe important marine biological station of the university of Egypt.A severeB serriedC seducedD sentimental7、At first,the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive tohigh interest rates.but ______,the loss of income in these areas had a ripple effect throughout the economy.A inexorablyB intensivelyC inevitablyD infinitely8、The puppet theater combines three elements:the puppets;thechanters who sing and ____ for the puppets;and the players ofthe three-stringed instrument.A declineB reclaimC declaimD proclaim9、This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play,overwhich one sighs to see the curtain fall-all _____,all light ,allhappiness.A enchantmentB engagementC enlargementD endurance10、“it was really rural when we moved here,”says Stanley.”but thesenewcomers are _____ the rural atmosphere.”A justifyingB citifyingC ratifyingD simplifying Lesson 111、The supporters of GM foods say that it should be possible tomake foods that are less likely to trigger allergies.A preventB reduceC causeD transfer2、The relationship between men and their cars would terminate inthe event of irreparable mechanical breakdown(equivalent to thedeath of a spouse).A endB declineC failD proceed3、The combination of miscommunication ,ignored warnings andgeneral hubris virtually guaranteed disaster.A misunderstandingB misconductC angerD arrogance4、Despite an occasional glimmer of hope ,this campaign has notproduced any results.A proofB indicationC releaseD consequence5、These kids had been further insulated by their wealthy familiesfrom reality with the privilege that money could buy.A protectedB awokenC coveredD isolated6、I found myself constantly pondering the question:”how couldanyone do these things?”A arguingB answeringC coveredD isolated7、Interactive technology augments traditional methods with newand yet-to-be invented collaboration tools ranging from e-mail toweb logs to digital video to peer-to-peer systems.A communicationB entertainmentC cooperation Dimprovement8、For people who feel too intimidated or shy to ask questionsduring class,the internet creates a “safe environment”to speaktheir mind.online ,nobody knows who you are.A frightenedB frustratedC depressedD disappointed9、On this day after September 11 ,most planes were stillgrounded ;the skies were eerily quiet.A particularlyB unusuallyC mysteriouslyD pleasantly10、Considered by many archaeologists to be the first humancivilization ,sumer has yielded many huge stonecarvings .deciphered, they described”gods”who came anotherplanet in flying machines.A inspiredB interpretedC improvedD implanted Lesson 21 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
研究生英语阅读教程第三版翻译复习资料Lesson16
1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程 提高级 部分翻译
Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯·费格里说：“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说：“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼里闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。
许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。
4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。
与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说：“我所担心的是惩罚，报复，种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。
”5.对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。
哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯·斯汤资说：“经过目前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众’还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。
”Lesson 51.戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。
一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。
”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。
戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。
这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。
2.我的生活中——与维多利亚一起的生活中——一件美好的事情就是有时那些让我在见面之前紧张不安，在见面时张口结舌的人，最终却成为我的朋友。
3.他们非常慷慨：我在意大利见到埃尔顿的那个下午，几乎他所做的第一件事就是把他们在法国南部的住处提供给维多利亚和我以便我们一旦需要远离烦乱的生活时有个落脚的地方。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级-第三版)-教学课件Lesson-10
Background Information
and used logic and reasoning to support his points. By the Way, BTW: “St.” in this context means “Saint”, a holy and virtuous person. It sometimes is used in lower case, saint, to a Christian believer. – Not to be confused in other contexts with “Street,” as in Broadway St., Broadway Street.
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Background Information
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. He formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion— laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens.
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Background Information
Empedocles (490 BC?-430 BC) Greek philosopher, statesman, and poet.
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Background Information
Karl Popper ( 1902-1994 ) Austrian-born British philosopher of science, known for his theory of scientific method and criticism of historical determinism.
研究生英语阅读教程（提高版）第三版第六课原文
研究生英语阅读教程（提高版）第三版第六课原文A Beautiful MindSylvia Nasar[1]John Forbes Nash, Jr. —mathematical genius, inventor ofa theory of rational behavior, visionary of the thinking machine —had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over his unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, h is finely molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof... how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you messages? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you ...?”[2]Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and dispassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that mymathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously.”[3]The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind's survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.”Gam es of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.[4]Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.”Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest o f all sciences. It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionists —Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, JulesHenri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan—Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried tofollow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a path somewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”[5]No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—he joined no school, became no one's disciple, got along largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as naive or wrongheaded. Even as a student, his indifference to others' skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.[6]Nash’s faith in rationality and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and sciencefiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performancedd9 He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational beings who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. 10 Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicita furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”[7]His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof ”, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated”and “queer”, Nash mingled rather than mixed with his peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of grrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us”was a constant refrain. Amathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in a half-circle discussingsomething. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of a certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.[8]But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash's insight into the dynamics of human rivalry —his theory of rational conflict and cooperation —was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.。
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L3)
第三课 A焦虑的另一个名字就是挑战詹姆斯林肯克利尔（1）在大二结束、升大三之前的那年暑假，我有个机会可以到阿根廷的一个大牧场去打工。
我的室友 Ted 的爸爸是做养牛生意的，他想让 Ted 去学学。
Ted 说如果能让他带一个朋友去，他就去。
他选择了我。
一想到能到南美洲阿根廷的大平原去度过两个月传奇式的生活就让人兴奋。
可是我转念又一想，我从未远离过新英格兰地区（在美国的东北部），而且我刚上大学时前几周还想家呢。
如果到了一个陌生的国家会怎么样呢？语言不通怎么办？另外，我已经答应我弟弟，暑假的时候要教他开帆船。
我越想越沮丧。
晚上睡觉醒来时浑身冒冷汗。
（2）最后我拒绝了 Ted 的邀请。
可是当 Ted 邀请别人去的时候，我又追悔莫及。
两周后我回到了家还是干我以前暑假打工的工作——在当地的超市里开货箱上货，我感到心情很不好。
我因为害怕，拒绝了我想干的工作，结果感到很郁闷。
有好长一段时间我都缓不过劲来。
等秋季开学时，听说 Ted 和他的朋友暑假过得非常开心，我心里还是不高兴。
（3）这个不愉快的夏天最终给了我一个非常有意义的教训，后来我把它当作生活的一个原则，那就是宁可做使你害怕的事，也不要做那些让你抑郁的事。
（4）当然，我这里指的不是严重的焦虑和抑郁状态，因为严重的焦虑和抑郁状态是需要治疗的。
我这里指的是我们一般称之为怯场，心里不踏实或神经非常紧张的那种状态，比如说我们找工作面试时、我们要组织一次大型的晚会时、或我们必须在办公室做重要报告时的那种感觉。
我指的这种郁闷就是心情不好，感觉很沮丧，对什么事也不感兴趣，什么事也干不进去、也没精力去干。
（5）在我大学四年级快结束时，也遇到了这种情况。
因为毕业临近，我开始尝试考虑把写作作为我的终生职业。
但是我的一个教授极力劝我考研究生，目的是今后可以以教书为职业。
我踌躇了。
一想到以写作为生就使人感到害怕，我想比暑假到阿根廷大平原上打工还可怕。
我想来想去，做了决定又放弃。
突然我意识到每次我想放弃写作，心情都会特别沉重，很沮丧。