美国最高法院中英文介绍
美国最高法院中英文介绍
美国联邦最高法院是美国最高审判机构，由总统征得参议院同意后任命的9名终身法官组成，其判例对全国有拘束力，享有特殊的司法审查(judicial review)权，即有权通过具体案例宣布联邦或各州的法律是否违宪。
The Supreme CourtThe Highest Judicial Authority最高法院最高司法机关
The Supreme Court is comprised of nine justices who are appointed to the bench for life, or until voluntary retirement. They are appointed by the President and must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
A Case's Path to the Supreme Court
While the Supreme Court may choose to hear cases directly, it most often selects cases that have been decided in lower courts. Participants in cases decided in lower courts can appeal to their state's highest or Supreme Court. If all state venues are exhausted, litigants may appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in this country. Some cases may begin in federal courts at the start3 , and these can also end up here.
The nine justices choose which cases to take from those submitted to the Supreme Court. They can refuse to consider a case, accept a case for oral argument, or decide the case summarily without a hearing4. Each of these routes has an effect on the law. the decision not to hear a case allows a lower court's ruling to stand as precedent, or guiding law for other states. The court often decides that a case should be heard in circumstances in which two or more lower courts have decided differently. This split in the opinions of lower courts is common in highly charged issues. In this circumstance, the。
联邦证据规则中英文对照
联邦证据规则中英文对照全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、导言美国联邦证据规则是美国联邦法院审理案件时适用的证据规则。
它规定了在联邦法院中承认和呈现证据的程序和要求，确保案件的公正和公正审理。
本文将对联邦证据规则中的一些重要条款进行中英文对照解释，以帮助读者更好地理解其内容和意义。
二、证据的目的和范围1. Purpose and Scope of the Rules of Evidence《联邦证据规则》适用于联邦审判中所有事实的证明，除宪法或国会法案另有规定外。
这些规则应当被解释为在每一程序中公平地处理每一案件，消除不合理的费用和延迟，并促进证据法的发展以实现审判中的真理和正义。
三、证据的可接受性2. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleEvidence that is not relevant is not admissible. Relevant evidence includes evidence that tends to make a fact more orless probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.4. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts五、证据的见证6. Witnesses6. 证人每个人都有资格成为证人，除非这些规则另有规定。
证人只可以就他有个人知识的事项作证。
7. Opinion Testimony8. Hearsay八、结尾第二篇示例：联邦证据规则（Federal Rules of Evidence）是美国法律体系中一项重要的法规，其为在联邦法院中处理证据的规则提供了指导和约束。
奥巴马就职演讲中英文
2013奥巴马就职演讲全文vice president biden, mr. chief justice, members of the united states congress,distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: 拜登副总统，最高法院首席大法官先生，美国国会议员们，尊敬的客人们，同胞们： eachtime we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strengthof our constitution. we affirm the promise of our democracy. we recall that whatbinds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faithor the origins of our names. what makes us exceptional – what makes us american– is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than twocenturies ago: 当我们每次聚(转载于:奥巴马就职演讲中英文)集在一起为总统举行就职典礼时，我们都是在见证美国宪法的不朽力量。
我们是在又一次立下美国民主的承诺。
我们再次提醒说，把这个国家凝聚在一起的不是我们的肤色，不是信仰的教条，也不是我们的姓氏源于何处。
使我们与众不同——使我们成为美国人——的，是我们对一个在两个多世纪以前发表的宣言中所表述的理念：―we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, thatthey are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among theseare life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.‖―我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，他们都从他们的造物主那里被赋予了某些不可剥夺的权利，包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
美国联邦宪法(中英版)
美国联邦宪法及其修正案全文我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法授予的全部立法权，属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。
第二款众议院由各州人民每两年选举产生的众议员组成。
每个州的选举人须具备该州州议会人数最多一院选举人所必需的资格。
凡年龄不满二十五岁，成为合众国公民不满七年，在一州当选时不是该州居民者，不得担任众议员。
[众议员名额和直接税税额，在本联邦可包括的各州中，按照各自人口比例进行分配。
各州人口数，按自由人总数加上所有其他人口的五分之三予以确定。
自由人总数包括必须服一定年限劳役的人，但不包括未被征税的印第安人。
]①人口的实际统计在合众国国会第一次会议后三年内和此后每十年内，依法律规定的方式进行。
每三万人选出的众议员人数不得超过一名，但每州至少须有一名众议员；在进行上述人口统计以前，新罕布什尔州有权选出三名，马萨诸塞州八名，罗得岛州和普罗维登斯种植地一名，康涅狄格州五名，纽约州六名，新泽西州四名，宾夕法尼亚州八名，特拉华州一名，马里兰州六名，弗吉尼亚州十名，北卡罗来纳州五名，南卡罗来纳州五名，佐治亚州三名。
任何一州代表出现缺额时，该州行政当局应发布选举令，以填补此项缺额。
众议院选举本院议长和其他官员，并独自拥有弹劾权。
第三款合众国参议院由[每州州议会选举的]②两名参议员组成，任期六年；每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员在第一次选举后集会时，立即分为人数尽可能相等的三个组。
第一组参议员席位在第二年年终空出，第二组参议员席位在第四年年终空出，第三组参议员席位在第六年年终空出，以便三分之一的参议员得每二年改选一次。
[在任何一州州议会休会期间，如因辞职或其他原因而出现缺额时，该州行政长官在州议会下次集会填补此项缺额前，得任命临时参议员。
]⑧凡年龄不满三十岁，成为合众国公民不满九年，在一州当选时不是该州居民者，不得担任参议员。
美国年宪法全文中英文版
《美国宪法》（中、英文版）（中文）序言我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。
众议员人数及直接税税额,应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配,此项人口数目的计算法,应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役,但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外,再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。
实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。
众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员: 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。
任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。
众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。
第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六年,每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。
第一组参议员的任期,到第二年年终时届满,第二组到第四年年终时届满,第三组到第六年年终时届满,俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间,有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺,该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员,等到州议会下次集会时,再予选举补缺。
美国宪法中英文
《美国宪法》（中英文）美国宪法（中文）序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们後代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
凡年龄未满二十五岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满七年，或於某州当选而并非该州居民者，均不得任众议员。
众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民——包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末被课税的印第安人——数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。
实际人口调查，应於合众国国会第一次会议後三年内举行，并於其後每十年举行一次，其调查方法另以法律规定之。
众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人，但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众议员：新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人。
新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。
任何一州的众议员有缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。
众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。
第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员於第一次选举後举行会议之时，应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。
第一组参议员的任期，到第二年年终时届满，第二组到第四年年终时届满，第三组到第六年年终时届满，俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间，有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺，该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员，等到州议会下次集会时，再予选举补缺。
sandra day o'connor英语介绍
sandra day o'connor英语介绍Sandra Day O'Connor is a retired Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, the first woman to serve on that Court. Her service was from 1981 until her retirement in 2006. Her impact on the legal world and the Supreme Court is profound, as she was a crucial voice in numerous landmark decisions, including those related to abortion rights, gay rights, and the death penalty.O'Connor was born on March 26, 1930, in El Paso, Texas. She was raised in a Republican family and was exposed to the legal profession at an early age. Her father, John Day O'Connor, was a judge in El Paso, and her mother, Rose Day O'Connor, was a homemaker. Sandra Day O'Connor's early years were spent in El Paso, where she attended public schools and was active in Girl Scouts and other extracurricular activities.After graduating from high school, O'Connor attended Stanford University in California. She earned her undergraduate degree in 1950 and then attended Stanford Law School, where she received her law degree in 1952. While at Stanford Law School, she met her future husband, John O'Connor III, a fellow law student.After graduating from law school, O'Connor clerked for a federal judge in California and then practiced law with a private firm in San Francisco. She specialized in corporate law and litigation. In 1960, she became a deputy county counsel for Santa Clara County, California, where she handled various legal matters, including civil litigation and land use issues.In 1968, O'Connor was appointed by Republican Governor Ronald Reagan to be a judge on the Superior Court of California for Santa Clara County. She was the first woman to serve as a judge in that county and one of the first women to serve as a trial judge in the state of California. Her service on the Superior Court lasted from 1968 to 1975.In 1975, President Gerald Ford appointed O'Connor to be a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, where she served until her appointmentto the Supreme Court in 1981. While on the Ninth Circuit, she authored numerous opinions and was known for her intellect and judicial temperament.In 1981, President Reagan appointed O'Connor to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. She was the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court and one of the few justices who was not a Harvard or Yale Law School graduate. O'Connor's service on the Supreme Court lasted until her retirement in 2006.During her time on the Supreme Court, O'Connor authored numerous opinions and was known for her judicial restraint and her support for stare decisis (the principle of adhering to prior court decisions). She often voted with the conservative bloc of justices but was not afraid to side with the liberal bloc when she believed it was the right decision. Her influence on the Court was profound, as she was a crucial voice in numerous landmark decisions, including those related to abortion rights, gay rights, and the death penalty.After her retirement from the Supreme Court in 2006, O'Connor returned to her home state of Arizona, where she continued to be active in public service and charitable causes. She serves on the board of directors of several organizations and is a supporter of the Rule of Law project, which works to promote fair trials and legal representation for defendants翻译：桑德拉·戴·奥康纳是美国最高法院的一名退休助理法官，是该法院的第一位女性法官。
美国最高法院大法官巴雷特的履历、政策主张梳理
美国最高法院大法官巴雷特的履历、政策主张梳理当地时间10月26日，美国国会参议院表决通过了总统特朗普对埃米·科妮·巴雷特出任联邦最高法院大法官的提名，巴雷特随即在白宫宣誓就职。
巴雷特成为美国历史上第115位联邦最高法院大法官、第5位女性大法官和目前最年轻的大法官。
48岁的巴雷特先后就职于华盛顿-哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院、最高法院、圣母大学等，曾任已故保守派联邦最高法院大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚的助理，现为美国联邦第七巡回上诉法院法官。
巴雷特是一名坚定的社会保守派和虔诚的天主教信徒，在持枪、移民、堕胎和医改等议题上持保守态度，同时反对对宪法作宽泛或与时俱进的“自由主义”解读。
一、艾米·科尼·巴雷特履历巴雷特1972年出生于路易斯安那州新奥尔良，是一名“虔诚的天主教徒”，1997年获得印第安纳州圣母大学的法律博士，先后就职于华盛顿-哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院、最高法院、圣母大学等，曾任已故大法官安东尼·斯卡利亚的助理。
2017年10月5日，进入美国第七巡回上诉法院。
二、主要政策主张（一）政治领域：坚定的社会保守派。
一是支持扩大持枪权，反对管制枪支。
严格限制州政府出台相关控枪法律，认为宪法第二修正案的“枪支自由”适用于所有公民。
在2019年的一场涉及持枪权利的诉讼案中反对剥夺非暴力罪犯拥有枪支的权利。
二是支持特朗普的强硬移民政策，对移民持较为强硬的态度。
支持特朗普“扎紧篱笆”严格控制的移民政策，包括饱受争议的“公众负担条款”，反对享受政府救济的人获得绿卡。
三是反对堕胎，主张加强对堕胎的限制。
曾强调“生命从受孕开始”，在两起案件中投票倾向于加强对堕胎的限制，支持天主教会关于人类性行为的教义及婚姻应定义为“一男一女”。
四是反对奥巴马医改方案。
不同意美国最高法院维持“平价医疗法案”（奥巴马医保）的裁决。
（二）法律领域：宪法学派的“文本主义”和“原旨主义”者。
我国家机构有关人员职衔规范译法(中英文对照)
我国家机构有关人员职衔规范译法（英文）一、全国人民代表大会常务委员会STANDINGCOMMITTEEOFTHENATIONALPEOPLE’SCONGRESS（NPC）委员长CHAIRMAN副委员长VICE—CHAIRMAN秘书长SECRETARY—GENERAL副秘书长DEPUTY SECRETARY—GENERAL委员MEMBER全国人民代表大会…委员会…COMITTEE／COMMISSION OF THE NPC主任委员CHAIRMAN副主任委员VICE—CHAIRMAN委员MEMBER二、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE’SPOLITICAL CON-SULTATIVE CONFERENCE（CPPCC）主席CHAIRMAN副主席VICE—CHAIRMAN秘书长SECRETARY—GENERAL常务委员MEMBER OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE政协全国委员会…委员会MITTEE OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE CPPCC主任委员CHAIRMAN副主任委员VICE—CHAIRMAN委员MEMBER三、中华人民共和国PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA（PRC）主席PRESIDENT副主席VICE-PRESIDENT四、中华人民共和国中央军事委员会PRC CENTRAL MILITARY COMMISSION （CMC）主席CHAIRMAN副主席VICE—CHAIRMAN委员MEMBER五、最高人民法院SUPREME PEOPLE’S COUT院长PRESIDENT副院长VICE—PRESIDENT审判委员会委员MEMBER OF THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE审判员JUDGE助理审判员ASSISTANT JUDGE书记员CLERK六、最高人民检察院SUPREME PEOPLE’S PROCURATORATE检察长PROCURATOR—GENERAL副检察长DEPUTY PROCURATOR—GENERAL检察委员会委员MEMBER OF THE PROCURATORIAL COMMITTEE检察员PROCURATOR助理检察员ASSISTANT PROCURATOR书记员CLERK七、国务院STATE COUNCIL总理PREMIER副总理VICE—PREMIER国务委员STATE COUNCILLOR秘书长SECRETARY—GENERAL副秘书长DEPUTY SECRETARY—GENERALxx…部MINISTRY OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA部长MINISTER副部长VICE-MINISTER部长助理ASSISTANT MINISTERxx国家…委员会STATE COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 主任MINISTER副主任VICE—MINISTER国务院…办公室OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL主任DIRECTOR（MINISTER）副主任DEPUTY DIRECTOR（VICE—MINISTER）...银行BANK行长GOVERNOR（OF THE CENTRAL BANK）PRESIDENT（OF OTHER BANKS）副行长DEPUTY GOVERNOR（OF THE CENTRAL BANK）VICE—PRESIDENT（OF OTHER BANKS）中华人民共和国审计署AUDITING ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLEIS REPUBLIC OF CHINA审计长AUDITOR—GENERAL副审计长DEPUTY AUDITOR—GENERAL…局BUREAU局长DIRECTOR—GENERAL副局长DEPUTY DIRECTOR—GENERAL注：如是正部级或副部级局长，可在其职务后加括号注其级别；个别局的局长、副局长，如：专利局局长、副局长可用COMMISSIONER，DEPUTY COMMISSIONER...署ADMINISTRATION署长ADMINISTRATOR副署长DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR国务院…室OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL主任DIRECTOR（MINISTER）副主任DEPUTY DIRECTOR（VICE—MINISTER）...总会COUNCIL会长PRESIDENT副会长VICE—PRESIDENT新华通讯社XINHUA NEWS AGENCY社长DIRECTOR副社长DEPUTY DIRECTOR...院ACADEMY院长PRESIDENT副院长VICE PRESIDENT…领导小组LEADING GROUP组长HEAD八、各部（委、办、局）内职务名称POSITIONSOFDEPARTMENTS，OFFICES，BUREAUXOFMINISTRIES／COMMJSSIONS办公厅主任DIRECTOR—GENERAL OF THE GENERAL OFFICE副主任DEPUTY DIRECTOR—GENERAL局长DIRECTOR—GENERAL OF A BUREAU副局长DEPUTY DIRECTOR—GENERAL厅长DIRECTOR—GENERAL OF A DEPARTMENT副厅长DEPUTY DIRECTOR—GENERAL司长DIRECTOR—GENERAL OF A DEPARTMENT副司长DEPUTY DIRECTOR—GENERAL处长DIRECTOR OF A DIVISION副处长DEPUTY DIRECTOR科长SECTION CHIEF副科长DEPUTY SECTION CHIEF主任科员PRINCIPAL STAFF MEMBER副主任科员SENIOR STAFF MEMBER巡视员COUNSEL助理巡视员ASSISTANT COUNSEL调研员CONSULTANT助理调研员ASSTANT CONSULTANT科员STAFF MEMBER办事员CLERK文教科技有关部门常见职衔与xx（大学）校长President/Chancellor（大学）副校长Vice President（大学）代理校长Acting President（中学）校长Principal（小学）校长Head /Master学院院长Dean of College/Head of College教务长Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs总务长Director in Charge of General Affairs系主任Department Chairman /Department Head教研室主任Head of the Teaching and Research Section 实验室主任Laboratory Chief班主任Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher教授Professor副教授Associate Professor客座教授Visiting Professor/Guest Professor兼职教授Part-time Professor名誉教授Honorary Professor终身教授Lifetime Professor外籍教授Foreign Professor指导教师Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor 讲师Lecturer/Instructorxx政府部门职衔标准华文译名ATTORNEY-GENERAL’S CHAMBERS总检察署Attorney-General总检察长Solicitor-General副总检察长Quality Service Manager优质服务经理LEGISLATION DIVISION法律草拟司Parliamentary Counsel国会法律顾问Head司长Deputy Head副司长Senior State Counsel高级政府律师Deputy Senior State Counsel副高级政府律师State Counsel政府律师Legal Executive法律执行员LAW REFORM AND REVISION DIVISION法律改革与修正司Head司长Deputy Head副司长State Counsel政府律师Senior Legal Executive高级法律执行员Legal Executive法律执行员CIVIL DIVISION民事xxHead司长Deputy Head副司长State Counsel政府律师Senior Legal Executive高级法律执行员Legal Executive法律执行员INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIVISION国际事务司Head司长Deputy Head副司长Deputy Senior State Counsel副高级政府律师State Counsel政府律师Legal Executive法律执行员The Legal Profession (International Services) Secretariat法律专业（国际服务）秘书处Deputy Senior State Counsel副高级政府律师State Counsel政府律师Legal Executive法律执行员Corporate Support Officer行政辅助员CRIMINAL JUSTICE DIVISION刑事检控司Head司长Director处长Senior State Counsel高级政府律师Deputy Senior State Counsel副高级政府律师State Counsel/Deputy Public Prosecutor政府律师/副检察司Assistant Public Prosecutor助理检察司Legal Executive法律执行员Criminal Justice Division Registry刑事检控注册处Chief Legal Executive首席法律执行员Senior Legal Executive高级法律执行员Legal/HR Executive法律/人力资源执行员AUDITOR-GENERAL’S OFFICE审计署Auditor-General审计总长Deputy Auditor-General副审计总长Assistant Auditor-General助理审计总长Quality Service Manager优质服务经理Public Relations Officer公关联络员ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT行政部ADMIN BRANCH行政组Assistant Auditor-General(Director, Budgeting for Results)助理审计总长（论绩预算署署长）Assistant Auditor-General(Director of Personnel 1)助理审计总长（人事署署长1）Director(Director of Personnel 2)署长（人事署署长2）Finance Officer财务员Personnel Officer人事事务员Registry Officer档案员COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS BRANCHAssistant Director助理署长Logistics Officer后勤员电脑资讯系统组。
《美国宪法》（中英文1789年）
《美国宪法》（中、英文版）我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
第一条第一款本宪法授予的全部立法权，属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。
第二款众议院由各州人民每两年选举产生的众议员组成。
每个州的选举人须具备该州州议会人数最多一院选举人所必需的资格。
凡年龄不满二十五岁，成为合众国公民不满七年，在一州当选时不是该州居民者，不得担任众议员。
[众议员名额和直接税税额，在本联邦可包括的各州中，按照各自人口比例进行分配。
各州人口数，按自由人总数加上所有其他人口的五分之三予以确定。
自由人总数包括必须服一定年限劳役的人，但不包括未被征税的印第安人。
]①人口的实际统计在合众国国会第一次会议后三年内和此后每十年内，依法律规定的方式进行。
每三万人选出的众议员人数不得超过一名，但每州至少须有一名众议员；在进行上述人口统计以前，新罕布什尔州有权选出三名，马萨诸塞州八名，罗得岛州和普罗维登斯种植地一名，康涅狄格州五名，纽约州六名，新泽西州四名，宾夕法尼亚州八名，特拉华州一名，马里兰州六名，弗吉尼亚州十名，北卡罗来纳州五名，南卡罗来纳州五名，佐治亚州三名。
任何一州代表出现缺额时，该州行政当局应发布选举令，以填补此项缺额。
众议院选举本院议长和其他官员，并独自拥有弹劾权。
第三款合众国参议院由[每州州议会选举的]②两名参议员组成，任期六年；每名参议员有一票表决权。
参议员在第一次选举后集会时，立即分为人数尽可能相等的三个组。
第一组参议员席位在第二年年终空出，第二组参议员席位在第四年年终空出，第三组参议员席位在第六年年终空出，以便三分之一的参议员得每二年改选一次。
[在任何一州州议会休会期间，如因辞职或其他原因而出现缺额时，该州行政长官在州议会下次集会填补此项缺额前，得任命临时参议员。
]⑧凡年龄不满三十岁，成为合众国公民不满九年，在一州当选时不是该州居民者，不得担任参议员。
最高人民法院关于审理城镇房屋租赁合同纠纷案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释中英文westlaw
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Certain Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Law in the Trial of Contractual Disputes Over the Leasing of Urban Housing 最高人民法院关于审理城镇房屋租赁合同纠纷案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释 Promulgating Institution: Supreme People's Court Document Number: Fa Shi [2009] No. 11 Promulgating Date: 07/30/2009 Effective Date: 09/01/2009 Validity Status: Valid 颁布机关: 最高人民法院 文 号: 法释[2009]11号 颁布时间: 07/30/2009 实施时间: 09/01/2009 效力状态: 有效 Text 正文 (Adopted at the 1469th meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on June 22, 2009) （2009年6月22日最高人民法院审判委员会第1469次会议通过） This Interpretation has been formulated pursuant to the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws while taking into consideration civil trial practice, to ensure the rightful trial of contractual disputes over the leasing of urban housing and to protect in accordance with the law the legal rights and interests of the parties involved. 为正确审理城镇房屋租赁合同纠纷案件，依法保护当事人的合法权益，根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国物权法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》等法律规定，结合民事审判实践，制定本解释。 Article 1 "Urban Housing" in this Interpretation refers to housing in planned areas in cities and towns. Contractual disputes over the leasing of housing in planned areas in a townships and villages may be handled in reference to this Interpretation, unless otherwise provided by the law in which case the applicable provisions shall prevail. This Interpretation shall not be applicable to disputes arising from the leasing of public housing, low-rent housing or affordable housing by the parties involved in accordance with national welfare policies. 第一条 本解释所称城镇房屋,是指城市、镇规划区内的房屋。 乡、村庄规划区内的房屋租赁合同纠纷案件,可以参照本解释处理。但法律另有规定的,适用其规定。 当事人依照国家福利政策租赁公有住房、廉租住房、经济适用住房产生的纠纷案件,不适用本解释。 Article 2 If a lessor enters into a lease contract with a lessee for housing that has not been issued with the planning permit on construction works or for housing that was not built in accordance with the provisions of the planning permit on construction works, the contract shall be invalid. However, if such housing obtains the planning permit on construction works or if the construction of such housing receives the approval of the competent authorities prior to the closing of arguments in the court of first instance, the lease contract shall be deemed valid by the people's court. 第二条 出租人就未取得建设工程规划许可证或者未按照建设工程规划许可证的规定建设的房屋,与承租人订立的租赁合同无效。但在一审法庭辩论终结前取得建设工程规划许可证或者经主管部门批准建设的,人民法院应当认定有效。 Article 3 If a lessor enters into a lease contract with a lessee for any temporary building constructed without approval or not in compliance with the contents of the approval, the contract shall be invalid. However, if the construction of such buildings receives the approval of the competent authorities prior to the closing of arguments in the court of first instance, the lease contract shall be deemed valid by the people's court. If the lease period of the temporary building exceeds its period of use, the exceeding period shall be invalid. However, if the competent authorities approve the extension of the period of use prior to the closing of arguments in the court of first instance, the lease period that falls within the extended period of use shall be deemed valid by the people's court. 第三条 出租人就未经批准或者未按照批准内容建设的临时建筑,与承租人订立的租赁合同无效。但在一审法庭辩论终结前经主管部门批准建设的,人民法院应当认定有效。 租赁期限超过临时建筑的使用期限,超过部分无效。但在一审法庭辩论终结前经主管部门批准延长使用期限的,人民法院应当认定延长使用期限内的租赁期间有效。 Article 4 The people's court shall not uphold any request for invalidating a housing leasing contract on the grounds that no registration and record-filing procedures are handled for the contract according to the laws and administrative regulations. If the parties concerned agree that validity of the housing leasing contract shall be conditional on the handling of registration and record-filing procedures, such an agreement shall prevail unless either party has fulfilled his or her main obligations thereunder with acceptance from the other party. 第四条 当事人以房屋租赁合同未按照法律、行政法规规定办理登记备案手续为由,请求确认合同无效的,人民法院不予支持。 当事人约定以办理登记备案手续为房屋租赁合同生效条件的,从其约定。但当事人一方已经履行主要义务,对方接受的除外。 Article 5 For any invalid housing leasing contract, the people's court shall in general uphold any request from the parties involved for payment of occupation charges in reference to the agreed rental rates in the contract. The people's court shall handle any request by the parties involved for compensation against loss arising from the invalidity of contract in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Contract Law and Articles 9, 13 and 14 herein. 第五条 房屋租赁合同无效,当事人请求参照合同约定的租金标准支付房屋占有使用费的,人民法院一般应予支持。 当事人请求赔偿因合同无效受到的损失,人民法院依照合同法的有关规定和本司法解释第九条、第十三条、第十四条的规定处理。 Article 6 If the lessor enters into more than one leasing contract for the same housing and all lessees involved claim the performance of the said contracts provided the same are all valid, the people's court shall determine the lessee for contract performance in the following order: (1) those who are legally occupying the rented housing; (2) those who have handled the registration and record-filing procedures;