2013年考研外语阅读理解第一篇全文翻译
2013年考研外语阅读理解第一篇全文翻译注释：本文为书评，即对于某本畅销书的内容的评价，书评是考研外语中常见的一类文章，几乎每年都有，不过指望能得出什么固定模式是不可能的，因为你无法预测到底哪本书或者哪类书能上榜，更无法断定写这个评论的会是谁。
该书为伊丽莎白席琳所著《时尚》，批评美国人（其实不光是美国，稍微有点钱的都这个德行）疯狂购买时尚服装，全然不管这些衣服到底能穿几次，更遑论环保和可持续发展。
说实话，翻译本文时，我总想起一句很经典的话，女人总是对着装满衣服的柜子抱怨没衣服穿。
In the 2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by MerylStreep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains howthe deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departmentstores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.在2006年上映的“穿普拉达的女王（直译，不过我更欣赏另外一个译名，时尚女魔）”中，由梅丽尔斯特里普（人名不必译出）出演的米兰达普利斯特里臭骂她那个倒霉助手的原因就一个，不解风情（unattractive 一词我移到了这里，不然放在前面前后叠句，削弱语言效果），居然不懂时尚。
普利斯特里宣称，这蠢丫头的衣服竟然是深蓝色的，这种款式（sweater，美式俚语中指紧身上衣）早就扔到箱子底了（from fashion shows to department stores and to thebargain bin，直译为从时装展销到百货商店到地摊，即一落千丈之意）。
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends morequickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean lesswasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertisethat——and to renewtheir wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheapprices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.时装行业有自己的规矩（top-down，组织严密的），既不能太老套（outof date，固定搭配，过时），也不能像伊丽莎白席琳在历时三年完成的《时尚》一书中所指责（indictment，判决，但书中的观点显然不是法律）的，搞什么快速时尚，那纯粹是赌这个世界疯不疯（odds，机会，多用于赌博）。
尤其是近十年，科技的进步使得Zara、H&M、Uniqlo等世界各大时装厂商能够更快更准确地对市场需求做出反馈，这也就意味着更快捷的设计（原意为更少浪费的发明，或者说更节俭，但浪费有两种情况，一是物资，一是时间，结合上文的快速，这里指时间），更多次的展示（release有展出之意），更丰厚的利润。
那些吓人的（补句，译注）服装品牌使得脑袋发热的追新族们把服装变成了商标的附属品，换言之，顶多洗两次就扔，无论时装厂商怎么说。
这等于几星期就要重填一次衣柜。
席琳坚称，时装厂商们就靠着玩弄这些只配白菜价的时尚潮流（dirt-cheap，非常廉价），把所有相关产业全都绑在了他们的车上（意译，直译为使所有产业服从于一种周期性变化）。
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M tooffer a $ 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain naturalresources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.这么做（revolution有革命之意，也是国内英语教材通用的意思，但这里显然不是革命，联系上文周期性变化就能知道，此处指它的另外一个意思，旋转，即频繁更新），折腾的不光是服装设计师。
以H&M为例，他们在全球有2300多家分店，若想同时推出一款售价为5.95美元的超短裙（还能挣到钱，补句），只能从海外劳工的工资上下手，而且，生产过程中会产生大量有害化学物质，频繁更新还会造成自然资源的浪费。
“Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,”Cline argues, Americans, shefinds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.席琳认为，快速时尚其实就是迈克尔·波伦（美国专栏作家，他认为由于人口大量增加，工业化农业运作与人自身需求的满足产生了矛盾，译注）《杂食动物的困境》一书中所提问题在服装界的镜像，就和快餐一样，纯属用来填饱肚子的，既不好吃也不好看（此句的快速时尚稍难理解，它指的是快速时尚的另外一层含义，由于频繁更新而导致的浪费）。
她算了算，美国人一年购置服装多达二百亿件，相当于每人六十四件，不管这些衣服后来用处如何，光这样大规模生产本身就是浪费。
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introducedher ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her ownclothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t beknocked off.在书末，席琳介绍了一个人，家住布鲁克林（纽约一个区，可能人们最熟悉的是布鲁克林大桥，译注）的SKB（此处可能有误，因为美国人姓名可以用简写，但作为礼节，简写后面必然有点号，而且姓氏应该指出，估计是出题时遗漏或者枪版之误，译注），这位女士自2008年就一直自己缝衣裁布，而且做的不错。
不过席琳也承认，博蒙特（Beaumont，即上句所说的SKB）的手艺花了几十年才学会，以她做例子，难以服众（knock off固定搭配，去除，这个词组有个很少见的意思，成交，本文用的这个）。
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on laborand the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change canonly be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.几大时装厂商，都在设法减轻劳工和环境的压力，H&M甚至发起了“自觉环保”行动（Conscious Collection是H&M设计的一个时装系列，更多采用比如棉布等天然材料，以利于环保，译注），不过席琳认为除非消费者们改变观念，否则还是白费力气（effect可用作动词，指达到目的）。
席琳的理念从可持续发展的角度是对的，但有些理想化。
毕竟虚荣心人皆有之。
2013年考研英语一真题及详细解答(免费)
2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering backgroundinformation when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. UriSimonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leadingdecision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were workingwith. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaringtoo soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during thesame day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. Theinterviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factorsinto consideration. The scores were __15___ used i n conjunction with an applicant ’ s score on theGranduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series ofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, thenthe score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. Thismight sound small, but to __19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points thanwould otherwise have been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]Inprinciple [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C]replaceable[D]otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20.[A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn ’affect her, Priestlyexplains how the deep blue color of the assistant ’ s sweater descended over the years from fashionshows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn be’ tmore out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline ’threes-year indictment of “ fast fashion” . In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labelssuch as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly andanticipate demand moreprecisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant tolast onlya wash or two, although they don ’ t advertiseand tothatrenew their–wardrobe everyfew weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashioncycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to aseasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its2,300-piusstores aroundtheworld, it mustrely on low-wageoverseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmfulchemicals.Overdressed is the fashionworld ’sanswer toconsumer-activist bestsellers likeMichaelPollan ’Thes Omnivore ’Dilemmas. “ Mass-producedclothing,like fast food,fills a hunger andneed, yet is non-durable and wasteful, ” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly20 billiongarments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman namedSarahKate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But asCline isthe first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; herexample can . ’ t be knoThough several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environment –including H&M, withits green Conscious Collection line –Clinebelieveslasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only startshopping more sustainably when theycan ’ t afford not to.21.P riestly criticizes herassistant for her [A] poorbargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22.A ccording to Cline, mass-maket labels urgeconsumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashionworld. [C] resist the influence ofadvertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23.T he word “indictment ” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest inmeaning to [A] accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D] tolerance.24.W hich of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aimthose most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.O nMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:Itsaid that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, wouldhave DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does notoblige anyoneto stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tellwhether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking withMicrosoftsome may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an adbusiness too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is stillworking out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly ondefault will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point forwindows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other“ behavioural’ s dproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should havemore control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural ” ads help advertisers to:[A]ease competition among themselves[B]lower their operational costs[C]avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27.“The industry ” (Line 6,Para.3)refers to: [A] online advertisers[B] e-commerceconductors [C] digitalinformation analysis[D] internet browser developers28.B ob Liodice holds that setting DNT as adefault [A] many cut the number of junkads[B] fails to affect the adindustry [C] will notbenefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29.w hich of the following is ture according toParagraph.6? [A] DNT may not serve its intendedpurpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30.T he author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in hisblog is one of: [A] indulgence[B]understanding[C]appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciationof the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu toclimate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has littlefuture to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many specieshave endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look atour species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species isvery widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no majorthreats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside amountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling thecamera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - inthe context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescalesthan about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best leftto science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem morelikely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our placein deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, andto make a future worth living in.31.O ur vision of the future used to beinspired by [A] our desire for ares offulfillment[B] our faith in science andteched [C] our awareness ofpotential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32.T he IUCN “Rod List ”suggest that humanbeings on [A] a sustained species[B] the word ’s deminantpower [C] a threat to theenvironment[D] a misplaced race33.W hich of the following is true according toParagraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope offuturological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions tosocial problem. [C] The interest inscience fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34.T o ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A]explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C]draw on our experience from the past.[D]curb our ambition to reshape history.35.W hich of the following would be the best titlefor the text? [A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona s immigration’lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the moreimportant matterof the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration effor t ’s to upsetthebalance of power between the federal government and thestates.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona ’ s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutio nal principle s that Washington alone has the power to “ establisha uniformRule ofNaturalizat ion ” andthat feder al laws precede state laws are noncontroversial .Arizona hadattempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to theexisting federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joine d by Chief Justice John Roberts andthe Court ’s liberals, ruledthat the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “ occupiedthe field and” Arizona had thus intruded on the federal ’ sprivileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verifythe legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law enforcement.That ’ s because Congress has alwaysenvisionedjoi nt federal-state immigration enforcement and explicit ly encouragesstate officers to shareinformation and cooperate with federalcolleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alit o and Clarence Thomas-agreedwith thisConstitutio nal logic but disagreed about which Arizona rule s conflicte d wit h thefederalstatute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even morerobust defense of state privileges going back to the alien andSedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alitodescribes in hisobjection as “ a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power ” .The White House ar tha t Arizona ’laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,e ven if statelaws complied withfederal statutes to the letter.In effec t, the White House claimed that it could invalidate anyotherwise legitimate state law that itdisagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship andthe borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from usingtheir ownresources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn ’ t want to carry out Congress ’ s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.T hree provisions of Arizona ’s plan were overturned becausethey [A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance betweendifferent states. [C] overstepped the authorityof federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers ’ duty to withhold immigrants ’information.[B]States ’ independence from federal immigration law.[C]States ’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress ’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.I t can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien andSedition Acts [A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states ’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39.T he White House claims that its power ofenforcement [A] outweighs that held by thestates.[B] is dependen t on the states ’ support.[C]is established by federal statutes.[D]rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethemost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. Thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a millionprofessionalsocial scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia.Accordingto the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide hasswollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today ’s global challengesincludingclimate change, security,sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has thenecessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops toarificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be graspingthe opportunity to raise itsinfluence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist JosephSchumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.lyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmentalchangedor “ climate change ” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practicalissues ,their scope is often local:Belgiumis”interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .Andwhether the community work contributes much to an overall accumulation ofknowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack offunding should not expect more intoday ’ s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework fundingprogramshave long had a category specifically targeted at socialscientists.Thisyear,it was proposedthatsystem be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have suchacategory ,Th is has resulted in protests from social scientists.Butthe intentionis not toneglectsocial science ; rather ,thecompleteopposite.(45)____Thatshouldcreate morecollaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A]It could be that we are evolving two communities ofsocial scientists:one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing in highly specialized journals,and one thatis problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such aspolicy briefs.[B]However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globallyincluded one of these Keywords.[C]the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, includinghealthand demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear,efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, andwhat it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovationought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E]These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all requirebehavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development .Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumptionpatterns and promoting tax acceptance as it isabout developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tacklesuch problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop aspecific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and thehumanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-includinggovernment, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: theneed for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all theirdiversi ty of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyondthat ofdecoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midstof turbulence, a “stillpoint of the turningworld,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacredplace of peace,however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for theseunlikel y gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a stateof mind madepossibl e by thestructuringof one ’ relations to one ’environments. (48) The gardens ofthehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urbanenvironment where it either didn t exist’ or was not discernible as such. In sodoing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in whichthey take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. Whenwe are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into ademoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if bymagic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation ofplants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attemptsto call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. Ondisplay here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level,seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference tonature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “ liberated sense,”to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearningfor contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms. Section IVWritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the detailsyou think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign yourown name at the end of the e-mail , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。
2013考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案
2013考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案考研英语真题频道为大家提供2013考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案，大家可以在考前练习一下!2013考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands havehijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely tobuy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking wit h Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believeconsumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore themany possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” sugges t that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of A rizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held thecongress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued th at Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s interventio n in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.参考答案：Part ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 21-25：ABCCDText 2 26-30：BDCADText 3 31-35：BBDCAText 4 36-40：CCDAB推荐阅读:。
2013年考研英语一真题及详细解答(免费)
2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samlesof information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaringtoo soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during thesame day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factorsinto consideration. The scores were __15___ used i n conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of intervieweeswas 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the nextapplicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwisehave been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestlyexplains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found hergarment.be more out of date or at odds This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’tthree-year indictment ofwith the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s-market labels“fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed masssuch as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand moreprecisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last onlyand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashioncycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wageoverseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmfulchemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like MichaelPollan’sDilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and The Omnivore’sneed, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billiongarments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, thisexcess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SarahKate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is.the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knoc Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believeslasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only startshopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no oneknows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . Bywatching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sentbehavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do nottrack "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did notwant to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google'sChrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due toappear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyoneto stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whethersomeone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s d some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which itsays will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upsetGoogle, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem anobviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the rangeof threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have enduredfor millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implicationsof their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right backand asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, andto make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and teched[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species[B] the word’s deminant power[C] a threat to the environment[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4s immigration law On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important mattereffort to upset theof the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’sbalance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofArizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. TheConstitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule ofNaturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona hadattempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joine d by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruledthat the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held theand Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’scongress had deliberately “occupied the field” privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to shareinformation and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with thisConstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federalstatute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even morerobust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in hisobjection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House arg laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied withthat Arizona’sfederal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate anyotherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship andthe borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their ownresources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essenceasserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependen t on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professionalsocial scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. Accordingto the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide hasswollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has thenecessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops toarificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise itsinfluence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is noradical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarlydebates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium isinterested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the communitywork contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequateamount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack offunding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programshave long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed thatsystem be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such acategory ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglectsocial science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including healthand demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficientenergy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considersto be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attentionfrom scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change andsocial innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , forexample , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it isabout developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . Andin Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category forsocial-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education,non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: theneed for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when onelooks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all theirdiversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that ofdecoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “stillto borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace,point of the turning world,” however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctlyanimal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for theseunlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind madepossible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of thehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of either didn’the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicitsense, to reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her tobe a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at theend of the e-mail , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。
2013年考研英语(一)真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）.Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with 4 , he theorised that a judge 5of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is 16out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17that, then the score for the next applicant would 18by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMA T points than would otherwise have been 20.1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,scold her unattractive assistant for i magining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyoneto stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brandon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogger:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Lidice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brandon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the?more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by?[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment[B]our faith in science and technology[C]our awareness of potential risks[D]our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that h uman being are[A]a sustained species[B]a threaten to the environment[C]the world’s dominant power[D]a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B]Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D]Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A]explore our planet’s abundant resources[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world[C]draw on our experience from the past[D]curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Uncertainty about Our Future[B]Evolution of the Human Species[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D]Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset thebalance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversia l plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in con tact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws con flicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their ownresources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserti ng that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A]Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforceme nt.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B]undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A]outweighs that held by the states.[B]is dependent on the states’ support.[C]is established by federal statutes.[D]rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is noradical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’ s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that ofdecoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possi ble by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life－assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)答案：1.A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. D 10.A11.D 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.C21.B 22. D 23.A 24.D 25.C 26. B 27. A 28. C 29.C 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. D 34.C 35. C 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.A 40.B 41.E 42. F 43.B 44.G 45.C46. 然而，当人们看到由无家可归者建造的花园照片时，人们会深深的震撼，发现其风格的多样性，因为这些花园不仅风格多样，在装饰及想象力表达方面的需求之外，这些家园还优先提及了各种基本需求。
2013考研英语(一)真题
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of English7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless8.[A]test[B]emphasize[C]share[D]promote9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]found[B]studied[C]chosen[D]identified11.[A]otherwise[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]exceptional12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]took[D]gave15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced17.[A]below[B]after[C]above[D]before18.[A]jump[B]float[C]fluctuate[D]drop19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard20.[A]necessary[B]possible[C]promising[D]helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&M to offer a$5.95knit miniskirt in all its2,300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year—about64items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since2008has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her_______.[A]lack of imagination[B]poor bargaining skill[C]obsession with high fashion[D]insensitivity to fashion22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to_______.[A]combat unnecessary waste[B]shop for their garments more frequently[C]resist the influence of advertisements[D]shut out the feverish fashion world23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to_______.[A]accusation[B]enthusiasm[C]indifference[D]tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D]Exposure of a mass-market secretText2Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged:“we believe consumers should have more control.”Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph1that“behavioral”ads help advertisers to_______.[A]lower their operational costs[B]ease competition among themselves[C]avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27.“The industry”(Line5,Para.3)refers to_______.[A]online advertisers[B]e-commerce conductors[C]digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default_______.[A]goes against human nature[B]fails to affect the ad industry[C]will not benefit consumers[D]many cut the number of junk ads29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph6?[A]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of_______.[A]appreciation[B]understanding[C]indulgence[D]skepticismText3Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we?Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the international Union for the Concentration of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it’s perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by_______.[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B]our faith in science and technology.[C]our awareness of potential risks.[D]our belief in equal opportunity.32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggests that human beings are_______.[A]a misplaced race.[B]a sustained species.[C]the world’s dominant power.[D]a threat to the environment.33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph5?[A]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C]Technology offers solutions to social problems.[D]Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to_______.[A]draw on our experience from the past.[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C]explore our planet’s abundant resources.[D]curb our ambition to reshape history.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Uncertainty about Our Future[B]Evolution of the Human Species[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D]Science,Technology and Humanity.Text4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an8-0defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona has thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with itsenforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they_______.[A]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[B]disturbed the power balance between different states[C]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A]States’independence from federal immigration law.[B]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that the Alien and Sedition Acts_______.[A]violated the Constitution[B]stood in favor of the states[C]supported the federal statute[D]undermined the states’interests39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement_______.[A]outweighs that held by the states[B]is established by federal statutes[C]is dependent on the states’support[D]rarely goes against state laws40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about11%every year since2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges,including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)____________________.Humanity has the necessaryagro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.Here,too, the problems are social:the organization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.(42)____________________.This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change”or“climate change”have increased rapidly since2004.(43)____________________.When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium,for example.And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.(44)____________________.This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that the system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in2014,would not have such a category.This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science;rather,the complete opposite.(45)Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about100words to a foreign teacher in yourcollege,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)。
23考研英语一真题手译本2013年考研真题
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题（手译本）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) 【1-1】People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.【1-2】At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.【1-3】But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.【1-4】4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.段落大意：【2-1】To8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. 【2-2】In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 .段落大意：【3-1】He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers.【3-2】 The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. 【3-3】This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.【3-4】The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.段落大意：【4-1】Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would18 by an average of 0.075 points.【4-2】This might sound small, but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .段落大意：全文主旨大意：1.[A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B] external [C] crucial [D] objective3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] Above all [B] On average [C] In principle [D] For example5.[A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] for [C] to [D] on7.[A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] test [B] emphasize [C] share [D] promote9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] found [B] studied [C] chosen [D] identified11.[A] otherwise [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] exceptional12.[A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B] got [C] took [D] gave15.[A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A] below [B] after [C] above [D] before18.[A] jump [B] float [C] fluctuate [D] drop19.[A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20.[A] necessary [B] possible [C] promising [D] helpful 单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1【1-1】In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.【1-2】Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.段落大意：【2-1】This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world describedin Overdressed, Elizabeth Clin e’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.【2-2】In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.【2-3】Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit.【2-4】These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.【2-5】By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.段落大意：【3-1】The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.【3-2】For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.段落大意：【4-1】Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.【4-2】“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.【4-3】Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.段落大意：【5-1】Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.【5-2】But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.段落大意：【6-1】Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.【6-2】She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.【6-3】Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.段落大意：全文主旨大意：21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______.[A] lack of imagination [B] poor bargaining skill[C] obsession with high fashion [D] insensitivity to fashion22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to_______.[A] combat unnecessary waste[B] shop for their garments more frequently[C] resist the influence of advertisements[D] shut out the feverish fashion world23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to _______.[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Text 2【1-1】An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half.【1-2】In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online,co mpanies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.段落大意：【2-1】In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads?【2-2】Or should they have explicit permission?段落大意：【3-1】In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 【3-2】Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.【3-3】In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.段落大意：【4-1】On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.【4-2】It said that InternetExplorer 10, the version due to appear Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.段落大意：【5-1】Advertisers are horrified.【5-2】Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.【5-3】Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. 【5-4】Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.【5-5】People will not get fewer ads, he says, “they’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”段落大意：【6-1】It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.【6-2】Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.【6-3】Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.段落大意：【7-1】Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.【7-2】After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.【7-3】If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.【7-4】DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before.【7-5】Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.”【7-6】Could it really be that simple?段落大意：全文主旨大意：26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to _______.[A] lower their operational costs[B] ease competition among themselves[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 5, Para.3) refers to_______.[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default _______.[A] goes against human nature[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] many cut the number of junk ads29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads[B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of_______.[A] appreciation [B] understanding[C] indulgence [D] skepticism单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Text 3【1-1】Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive.【1-2】Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.段落大意：【2-1】Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.【2-2】You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.段落大意：【3-1】But such gloominess is misplaced.【3-2】The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we?【3-3】Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.【3-4】Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the international Union for the Concentration of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”段落大意：【4-1】So what does our deep future hold?【4-2】A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.【4-3】For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.段落大意：【5-1】Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.【5-2】The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.【5-3】That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.段落大意：【6-1】But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.【6-2】As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.段落大意：【7-1】This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.【7-2】To be sure, the future is not all rosy.【7-3】But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.段落大意：全文主旨大意：31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by _______.[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are _______.[A] a misplaced race. [B] a sustained species. [C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a threat to the environment.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C] Technology offers solutions to social problems.[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to _______.[A] draw on our experience from the past.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] expl ore our planet’s abundant resources.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Text 4【1-1】On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.【1-2】But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.段落大意：【2-1】In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.【2-2】The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.【2-3】Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.段落大意：【3-1】Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.【3-2】On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona has thus intruded on the federal’s privileged p owers.段落大意：【4-1】However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.【4-2】That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.段落大意：【5-1】Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.【5-2】The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.段落大意：【6-1】The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.【6-2】The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.【6-3】In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.段落大意：【7-1】Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.【7-2】But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.【7-3】It never did so.【7-4】The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.段落大意：全文主旨大意：36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturnedbecause they _______.[A] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[B] disturbed the power balance between different states[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[B] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts _______.[A] violated the Constitution[B] stood in favor of the states[C] supported the federal statute[D] undermined the states’ interests39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement _______.[A] outweighs that held by the states[B] is established by federal statutes[C] is dependent on the states’ support[D] rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)【1-1】The social sciences are flourishing.【1-2】As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia.【1-3】According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.段落大意：【2-1】Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.【2-2】 (41) ____________________.【2-3】Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.【2-4】Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.段落大意：【3-1】(42) ____________________.【3-2】This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.【3-3】To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.段落大意：【4-1】Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.【4-2】Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.【4-3】(43) ____________________.段落大意：【5-1】When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium,for example.【5-2】And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.段落大意：【6-1】The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. 【6-2】(44) ____________________.【6-3】This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.【6-4】Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.段落大意：【7-1】The trick is to direct these funds better.【7-2】 The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.【7-3】This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category.【7-4】This has resulted in protests from social scientists.【7-5】But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.【7-6】(45) ____________________.【7-7】 That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.段落大意：【A-1】[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.【B-1】[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.【C-1】[C] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.【C-2】And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.【D-1】[D] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.【E-1】[E] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy, clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.【F-1】[F] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal.【F-2】 Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.【G-1】[G] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development.【G-2】Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.全文主旨大意：单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)【1-2】It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression.【1-2】There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.段落大意：【2-1】One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.【2-2】 (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【2-3】This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. 【2-4】Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment.【2-5】(48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.【2-6】In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.段落大意：【3-1】Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.【3-2】When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.【3-3】 In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.【3-4】On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.【3-5】(50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.【3-6】In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.段落大意：全文主旨大意：单词短语用法、好用的句型总结：Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in yourcollege, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2013年考研英语1真题答案与解析
2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the dailysamles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 ofapperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7 he hadalready sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the sameday, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was11。
2013考研英语一真题与答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagini ng that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowe d mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede st ate laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White Ho use argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using theirown resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were over turned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants ‘information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congre ss’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. grants2. D. external3. C. picture4. A. For example5. B. fearful6. B. on7. A. if8. D. test9. D. success10. A. chosen11. D. otherwise12. C. conducted13. B. rated14. D. took15. B. then16. C. marked17. A. before18. C. drop19. B. undo20. C. necessarySection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 (In the 2006)21. B. insensitivity to fashion22. D. shop for their garment more frequently23. A. accusation24. D. pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. C. criticism of the fast-fashion industryText 2 (An old saying)26. B. lower their operational costs27. D. internet browser developers28. C. will not benefit consumers29. A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. D. skepticismText 3 (Now utopia)31. B. our faith in science and technology32. A. sustained species33. D. our immediate future is hard to conceive34. C. draw on our experience from the past35. C. the ever-bright prospects of mankindText 4 (On a five to three)36. C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. C. states’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. D. stood in favor of the states39. A. outweighs that held by the states40. D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part B41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior...42. F. Despite these factors...43. B. However, the numbers are still small...44. G. During the late 1990s...45. C. The idea is to force social to integrate...Section III Translation46. 然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. 一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案
2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that make judgments which are unbiased by speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 5 of appearing too soft 6 2 1 the ability to factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn was leading decision-makers to be biased 4 , he theorized that a judge 7by the daily samples of information they were working withcrime might be more likely to send someone to prisonhe had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 10 12 11 . 14 numerous 9 ofan applicant should not depend on the few others He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews interviewers had 13 factors into consideration. The scores were 16 15randomly for interview during the by 31 admissions officers. Thesame day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth wasapplicants on a scale of one to five. This scaleused in conjunction with an applicant’sscore on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。
2013年考研英语一真题及详细解答(免费)
2013年考研英语一真题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used i n conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. I n the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaum ont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Li ne 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we shouldrecognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and teched[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species[B] the word’s deminant power[C] a threat to the environment[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws prece de state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Ari zona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers i ncluding the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium f or example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborativeendeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.On e of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of thehomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sen se, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail , Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)。