第二讲翻译中的形合与意合 汉英翻译 教学课件

马致远 秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。
He boasts(吹嘘） that a slave is free the
moment his feet touch British soil and he
sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash（鞭笞） in the
我于冬日前去参观，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫 茫而已。(沈复“浮生六记”）
“衰柳寒烟”，“一水茫茫”
译文1：I went there in winter, and could see nothing but unanimated trees and smokes. There is only a range of poor water.
factories for sixtewk.baidu.comn hours a day.
他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就 获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子 到工厂干活，每天16个小时，受尽鞭打责 骂。
A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
英语上述各句中的“吃”都隐含有逻辑主语（即施事者） “人”，而原文句中的主语功能都变成了施事的方式或场 所。
1）江山易改，本性难移(隐含对比） It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a
person’s nature. 聪明一世，糊涂一时 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 2)良药苦口,忠言腻耳.(隐含类比） Faithful words offend the ears just as good medicine tastes bitter.
形合—hypataxis 意合--parataxis
形合指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式 手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑 关系.
意合指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段 连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分 句的含义表达.
王力:
“西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联 络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹,中国语的结构好 象无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还 不让它有痕迹.所以西洋的语法是硬的,没有 弹性的;中文的语法是软的,富有弹性的.”
英语注重形合，注重结构﹑形式，常常借 助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨 （preciseness);汉语注重意合，注重功能﹑ 意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比 较简洁（conciseness)
今天食堂吃饺子。 叉子吃不好吃筷子吧。 吃食堂味道不好。
这些说法在汉语里都可以成立。但细想一下，就会发现问 题：到底 “谁” 吃“谁”？！这种紊乱的施事（Agent） 与受事（Object）关系在英语中简直是离经叛道，却在汉 语里显得那么自然。英语则必须说：
没有外力作用，运动物体就连续作匀速直 线运动．
It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in the peacetime fall.
3)有饭大家吃（隐含条件） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 4)他老是见异思迁（隐含时间） He is always changing his mind as soon as he sees something
new. 5)早知今日，何必当初？（隐含假设） If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.
It is just as likely contain the same types of familiar and bitter arguments such as whether certain ingredients are to be used in the filler, or whether filling itself tastes too bland or salty, or whether the dough is to dry or too soft to use.
Jiaozi are served in the canteen today. (今天食堂有饺子 吃)
Eat with chopsticks if you can’t (do it well) with a fork. (用叉子吃不好就用筷子吃吧)
The food served in the canteen doesn’t taste good. (在 食堂吃的饭菜味道不好)
译文2： I went there on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willows trees and a frosty sky.
译文3：While in winter, nothing was enjoyable but the lovely willows and quiet water.
形合与意合：英汉互译的基础
包饺子
美国人制订修改法律和中国人包饺子一样
就像中国人包顿饺子那样，馅用什么料， 咸了淡了，面和软了硬了，每每免不了要 一番吵吵嚷嚷
Make dumplings
The US-styled legislation(立法） and law review(修改法律）is very much comparable to making dumplings in China.