生化复习资料(单词)
生化英语词汇
Oxygenases加氧酶colligative properties依数性Osmosis渗透isotonic等渗透Fibrous纤维蛋白Globular球蛋白Membranous膜蛋白Lipoproteins脂蛋白glycoproteins糖蛋白metalloproteins金属蛋白α-keratinα-角蛋白Collagen胶原Silk Fibroin丝心蛋白myoglobin肌红蛋白hemoglobin血红蛋白protamine精蛋白histone组蛋白apoenzyme酶蛋白ligase DNA连接酶Trypsin胰蛋白酶chymotrypsin胰凝乳蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶Lysozyme溶菌酶elastase弹性蛋白酶thrombin凝血酶subtilisin纤溶酶plasmin枯草杆菌蛋白酶Adenine腺嘌呤Guanine鸟嘌呤Cytosine胞嘧啶Thymine胸腺嘧啶Uracil尿嘧啶multimer多聚体oligomer寡聚体ligand配体binding site结合位点Antibodies抗体Antigen抗原denaturation变性flocculates结絮protein coagulation蛋白质凝固dialysis透析ultrafiltration超滤antiparallel反平行Asymmetric不对称chiral center手型中心hyperchromic effect增色效应hypochromic effect减色效应：Elongation延伸Zwitterions两性离子Semiconservative半保留复制induced fit诱导契合hydrophobic interaction疏水作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制2’,3’-dideoxynucleotide2`,3`-双脱氧核苷三磷酸Proteins are polymers of amino acids,with each amino acid residue joined to its neighbor by a specific type of covalent bond.。
生化英语单词
protein蛋白质peptide bond 肽键conformation 空间构象motif 模体peptide unit 肽单元zinc finger 锌指domain 结构域molecular chaperon 分子伴侣denaturation 变性complementary base pairs 碱基互补配对anneal 退火phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键enzyme 酶proenzyme 酶原ribozyme 核酶hybridization 核酸分子杂交hyperchromic effect 增色效应nucleosome 核小体ribosome 核糖体melting temperature,Tm 解链温度isoenzyme同工酶restriction endonuclease 限制性核酸内切酶allosteric regulation 变构调节covalent modification 共价修饰vitamin 维生素glycolysis 糖酵解reversible inhibition 可逆性抑制作用aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制TCA cycle 三羧酸循环gluconeogenesis 糖异生substrate-level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化glucagon 胰高血糖素glycogen synthase 糖原合酶glycoprotein糖蛋白apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白fat mobilization 脂肪动员essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸phospholipid磷脂ketone bodies 酮体LPL 脂蛋白脂肪酶lipoprotein脂蛋白reverse cholesterol transport，RCT 胆固醇逆向转运biological oxidation 生物氧化oxidative respiratory chain氧化呼吸oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化nitrogen balance 氮平衡putrefaction 腐败作用SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸urea cycle 尿素循环one carbon unit 一碳单位de novo synthesis 从头合成途径uric acid 尿酸biotransformation 生物转化bile pigment 胆色素semi-conservative replication 半保留复制replication fork 复制叉Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段telomere 端粒reverse transcription 逆转录transcription 转录template strand 模板链split gene 断裂基因exon 外显子intron 内含子promoter 启动子splicing 剪接translation 翻译open reading frame 开放阅读框signal peptide 信号肽codon 密码子frameshift mutation 框移突变operon 操纵子housekeeping gene 管家基因enhancer 增强子genome 基因组recombinant DNA 重组DNA expression vector 表达载体plasmid 质粒polymerase chain reaction，PCR 聚合酶链反应autophosphorylation 自我磷酸化receptor 受体second messenger 第二信使adenylate cyclase，AC 腺苷酸环化酶protein tyrosine kinase，PTK 蛋白酪氨酸激酶oncogene 癌基因。
生物化学期末复习资料：生化英文名词解析.docx
生化英文名词解析这是旭哥整理的〜一.糖代谢1.glycolysis:糖酵解，在缺氧条件下，葡萄糖分解成乳酸并释放能量的过程。
称糖酵解。
2.gluconeogenesise:糖界牛，从非糖物质形成葡萄糖称为糖界牛作用。
3.pentose phosphate pathway:磷酸戊糖途径，是除糖酵解生成丙酮酸进入TCA循环氧化供能的糖代谢主要途径外的另一主要途径。
这条途径产生磷酸戊糖和NADPH O（书上我自己总结的话。
）葡萄糖在动物组织中降解代谢的重要途径之一。
其循环过程中，磷酸己糖先氧化脱竣形成磷酸戊糖及NADPH,磷酸戊糖又可重排转变为多种磷酸糖酯；NADPH则参与脂质等的合成，磷酸戊糖是核糖来源，参与核苜酸等合成。
（another百度百科）4.glycogenolysis:®原分解，糖原先分解成6■磷酸葡萄糖，在肌肉中进入酵解途径，在肝中经6■磷酸葡萄糖磷酸酶催化水解为葡萄糖，释放至血液的过程称为糖原分解。
（表信我==）5.glycogenesis:糖原合成，由很多磷酸化的葡萄糖经过一步步酶促反应最后生成糖原的过程叫糖原合成。
（一定表信我二二）6.Oxidative Phosphorylation:氧化磷酸化，代谢物氧化脱氢，经呼吸链传递给氧牛成水，同时释放能量，使ADP磷酸化生成ATP,氧化与磷酸化偶联。
7.aerobic oxidation：糖的有氧氧化，葡萄糖或糖原在有氧条件下彻底氧化成出0和C02,同时释放出能量的过程，这是糖氧化的主要方式。
8.tricarboxylic acid cycle：三竣酸循环，又称柠檬酸循环或Kreb循环，rti—系列反应组成。
因反应途径以生成三个竣基的柠檬酸开始，故名三竣酸循环。
ctate cycle （Cori cycle）：乳酸循环，肌肉收缩通过糖酵解主成乳酸，乳酸经血液入肝，在肝内异生为葡萄糖，葡萄糖进入血液后又可被肌肉摄取,此循坏称为乳酸循坏（Cori循环）。
(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词
单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生化所有重点知识点总结-个人精心整理
1．生物化学，是研究生物体内化学分子和化学反应的科学，从分子水平探讨生命现象的本质。
2．分子生物学，是研究核酸、蛋白质等所有生物大分子的结构、功能及基因结构、表达与调控的科学。
7．primary structure of protein—一级结构，是蛋白质分子中，从N-端到C-端的氨基酸排列顺序。
8．chromatography—层析，是蛋白质分离纯化的重要手段之一，待分离蛋白溶液（流动相）经过一种固态物质时，根据溶液中待分离的蛋白质颗粒大小、电荷多少及亲和力等，将待分离的蛋白质组分在两相中反复分配，并以不同的速度流经固定相而达到分离蛋白质的目的。
1．peptide unit—肽单元，是指一个氨基酸的α-羧基与另一个氨基酸的α-氨基脱水生成的酰胺键称为肽键。
参与肽键形成的6个原子（Cα1、C、O、N、H、Cα2)位于同一平面，Cα1和Cα2在平面上所处的位置为反式构型，此同一平面上的6个原子构成所谓的肽单元。
2．motif—模体，是具有特殊功能的超二级结构，由两个或三个具有二级结构的肽段，在空间上相互接近，形成一个特殊的空间构象。
一个模体总有其特征性的氨基酸序列，并发挥特殊的功能。
4．electrophoresis—电泳，指带电粒子在电场中向带相反电荷一极泳动的现象。
5．salt precipitation—盐析，指将中性盐加入蛋白质溶液中，使蛋白质水化膜脱去，电荷被中和，导致蛋白质在水溶液中的稳定因素去除而沉淀。
11．protein denaturation—蛋白质变性，指在某些物理和化学因素作用下，其特定的空间构象被破坏，也即有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构，从而导致其理化性质的改变和生物活性的丧失，称为蛋白质的变性。
一般认为蛋白质的变性主要发生二硫键和非共价键的破坏，不涉及一级结构中氨基酸序列的改变。
13．domain—结构域，是三级结构层次上的局部折叠区，指分子量大的蛋白质常可折叠成多个结构较为紧密的区域，并各行其功能，称为结构域举例说明蛋白质一级结构、空间结构与功能之间的关系。
生化英文
filtration（过滤）and centrifugation（离心）cell disruption（细胞破碎）crystallization（结晶）and precipitation（沉淀）membrane separation（膜分离）extraction（萃取）chromatography（色谱、层析）electrophoresis（电泳）and magnetic bioseparation（磁性生物分离）solvent removal （溶剂去除）and drying（干燥）第一章Bioprocessing（生物过程）Industrial chemicals化工制品Agrochemicals农药Pharmaceuticals 药物Nutraceutical保健营养品Laboratory reagents实验室试剂Cosmetic products 化妆品polishing （精制）diluted稀释的aqueous solutions水溶液Identity 特性potency 效能feed饲料in batches分批地manufacture制造formulation规划pretreatment （预处理）microfiltration（微滤）,sedimentation（沉降）intracellular细胞内的precipitation （沉淀）divergent properties不同的属性Appreciable相当可观的sterilize （灭菌）removing pyrogen（去除热源）adding excipients（加赋形剂）dispensed分发的Supernatant上清液throughput生产量disposal处理, installing安装plant工厂车间fraction部分ethanol（乙醇）, acetone（丙酮）lactic acid（乳酸）. pancreatin（胰岛素）, papain（木瓜蛋白酶）solubility 溶解度electrostatic charge静电荷volatility挥发性hydrophobicity疏水性第二章Coagulation and flocculation凝聚和絮凝Adding filter aids 助滤剂上的吸附insoluble carbohydrates不溶性的碳水化合物multi-valent metal ions多价金属离子fermentation broth发酵液viscous粘性的non-Newtonian slurry非牛顿流体density密度compressibility压缩性pasteurize用巴氏灭菌法灭菌chief constraint主要制约thermal stability热稳定性amphoteric两性的membrane fouling膜污染charged带电的debris碎片colloidal particles胶体粒子flocculate絮凝aggregate聚合物Electrical double layer 双电层collision碰撞floc絮状物electrolytes电解质polyelectrolyte高电解质stern layer（吸附层diffuse layer（扩散层）Electrostatic interaction 静电作用Thermal motion 热运动colloidal stability胶体稳定性electrostatic repulsion 静电排斥hydration shell (hydration layer)水化层fluid流体London-van der waals forces （范德华引力）predominate.占主导地位dense稠密的cationic（阳离子型）neutralize使中和aluminum铝coagulants凝聚剂anionic（阴离子型）stir velocity搅拌速度precoat预涂层fermentation发酵plate and frame filter（板框过滤机）accumulates biomass（生物量）rotary drum vacuum filters 真空转鼓过滤器cross flow filtration 错流过滤diatomite filter 硅藻土过滤机permeate渗透tangential flow切向流动shear剪切sedimentation（沉降）centrifugal field（离心场）paste糊状物angular velocity角速度radius半径deposit沉淀effluent流出物sludge污泥intermittent operation（间歇操作）bowl碗dismantled（拆卸）microbial微生物的cell organelles细胞器annular slit环形缝隙discharge卸渣screw螺旋conveyor输送机rotate旋转scroll卷轴dewater脱水mass质量subcellular fractionation亚细胞结构分离density gradient密度梯度sufficient足够的pellet小球enveloped viruses包膜病毒macromolecules大分子hydrolysis水解rabies vaccine(狂犬疫苗) Isopycnic等密度repetitive重复的lipoprotein脂蛋白第三章lysis buffer裂解液Fungal cell 真菌细胞mould cell霉菌细胞Peptidoglycan肽聚糖polymer 高分子聚合物cross-linkage交联exponential growth phase (对数生长期) chitin几丁质glucan葡聚糖mannoproteins甘露糖蛋白polysaccharide多糖microfibrillar微原纤microfibrillar纤维素substance物质substrate底物pectin（果胶）Lignin（木质素）Intercellular layer胞间层Antioxidant抗氧化剂Protease inhibitors蛋白酶抑制剂cofactor辅助因子Homogenization匀浆Ultrasound（sonication）超声波agitated表现不安的grind磨碎collision碰撞parameter参数impingement（冲击）disruption破坏microorganisms微生物filamentous丝状的implode内爆momentarily即刻Plunger活塞duration持续时间第四章无定形物质(Amorphous)Isoelectric等电位的conversion转换solute溶质solvent溶剂morphology形态学dielectric constant介电常数property性质affinity reagents亲和试剂labile不稳定的hydrophobic(疏水作用) Pilot experiment预实验Preparative experiment制备性实验proteolysis蛋白质水解solubilization (溶解）saturated solutions饱和溶液Undergoes经受ammonia氨corrosive (腐蚀性) Residue残基，残留hence因此bulk体积容量dissolve使溶解equilibrate平衡Macromolecule高分子low flammability不易燃constituent atoms组成原子的repeating pattern重复构型spatial dimensions空间维度diffraction衍射thermodynamically热力学diagram图表metastable zone (亚稳区）elapse流逝Heterogeneous nucleation异相成核dust灰尘vessel容器impeller推进器curve曲线osmosis渗透sterile filtration无菌过滤acetone丙酮orientation方向category种类vapor diffusion蒸汽扩散第五章Modest谦虚的，适度的reverse osmosis 反渗透(RO)nanofiltration纳滤(NF) ultrafiltration超滤(UF)microfiltration微滤(MF)gas separations气体分离(GS) pervaporation渗透蒸发(PV)hemodialysis血液透析(HD)electrodialysis电渗析(ED)ion exchange离子交换(IX) ceramic陶瓷microstructure显微结构cross section横截面Symmetric对称Asymmetric不对称;Composite复合的Dialysis透析schematic原理图macromolecules（大分子）Multivalent ions（多价离子）retain保持monovalent ions（单价离子）sulfur dioxide二氧化硫chlorine氯hydrogen sulfide(硫化氢) neutral form中性coefficients（系数）phenol（苯酚）benzene（苯）Ultrapure water超纯水desalination脱盐brackish含盐的array排列，数组intake摄入deterioration恶化cellulose acetate醋酸纤维Viable cell活细胞element元素boric acid硼酸reproductive tract生殖系统moderate温和的polysaccharide多糖Hydrostatic pressure静水压力sieving筛选electrostatic（静电）globular protein球状蛋白retentivity记忆力，保持力permeate flux（渗透通量）concentration polarization浓差极化deposition沉积作用backflushing反冲hydrophilic亲水的adhesion粘附reversible可逆的penetration渗透plug塞irreversible不可逆的Flush用水冲flux水通量restoration恢复Sponge海绵Paint涂料column chromatography柱层析Hemodialysis 血液透析metabolite代谢物intermittently间歇得Completion完成retentate滞留物。
生化词汇
Biochemistry> 冈崎片段oncogene <生物化学Biochemistry> 癌基因，原癌基因one carbon unit <生物化学Biochemistry> 一碳单位operator <生物化学Biochemistry> 操纵基因operon <生物化学Biochemistry> 操纵子orotic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 乳清酸ossification <生物化学Biochemistry> 成骨作用oxaloacetic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 草酰乙酸oxidases <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化酶类oxidative phosphorylation <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化磷酸化oxidoreductase <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化还原酶palindrome <生物化学Biochemistry> 回文结构pancreatic lipase <生物化学Biochemistry> 胰脂肪酶pantothenic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 遍多酸pentose <生物化学Biochemistry> 戊糖pentose phosphate pathway <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸戊糖途径pepsin <生物化学Biochemistry> 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 胃蛋白酶原peptide <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽peptide bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽键peptidyl site <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽基位或P位peroxidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 过氧化物酶phenylalanine <生物化学Biochemistry> 苯丙氨酸phosphatidic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷脂酸phosphogluconate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸葡萄糖酸phospholipase <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷脂酶plasmid <生物化学Biochemistry> 质粒polycistron <生物化学Biochemistry> 多作用子polypeptide <生物化学Biochemistry> 多肽porphyrin <生物化学Biochemistry> 卟啉precipitation <生物化学Biochemistry> 沉淀preproalbumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 前清蛋白原primary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 一级结构primase <生物化学Biochemistry> 引发酶primer <生物化学Biochemistry> 引物glucogenic amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 生糖氨基酸glucokinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 葡萄糖激酶gluconeogenesis <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖(原)异生作用glutamic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酸glutaminase <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酰胺酶glutamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酰胺glutathione <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷胱甘肽glycerol <生物化学Biochemistry> 甘油glycine <生物化学Biochemistry> 甘氨酸glycogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原glycogen phosphorylase <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原磷酸化酶glycogen synthase <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原合成酶glycolysis <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖酵解guanosine <生物化学Biochemistry> 鸟苷helicase <生物化学Biochemistry> 解链酶(解旋酶)heme <生物化学Biochemistry> 血红素heteroduplex <生物化学Biochemistry> 杂化双链hexokinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 己糖激酶histamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 组胺histidine <生物化学Biochemistry> 组氨酸housekeeping gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 管家基因hybridization <生物化学Biochemistry> 杂交hydrogen bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 氢键hydrolase <生物化学Biochemistry> 水解酶类hydroperoxidases <生物化学Biochemistry> 氢过氧化酶类hydrophobic bond (hydrophobic interaction) <生物化学Biochemistry> 疏水键hydroxyapatite <生物化学Biochemistry> 羟磷灰石hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA cleavage enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> HMG CoA裂解酶hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthetase <生物化学Biochemistry> HMG CoA合酶Hydroxyproline <生物化学Biochemistry> 羟脯氨酸acceptor site <生物化学Biochemistry> 受位acetone <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮activator <生物化学Biochemistry> 激活蛋白，激活剂，活化物adenine (A) <生物化学Biochemistry> 腺嘌呤adenosine <生物化学Biochemistry> 腺苷aerobic dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 需氧脱氢酶alanine <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙氨酸albumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 白蛋白，清蛋白allopurinol <生物化学Biochemistry> 别嘌呤醇allosteric effect <生物化学Biochemistry> 别构(位)效应allosteric enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 变构酶，别位酶allosteric regulation <生物化学Biochemistry> 别构调节amine <生物化学Biochemistry> 胺aminoacyl site <生物化学Biochemistry> A位，氨酰基位anticodon <生物化学Biochemistry> 反密码子arginine <生物化学Biochemistry> 精氨酸ascorbic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 抗坏血酸(维生素C)asparagine <生物化学Biochemistry> 天冬酰胺aspartic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 天冬氨酸asymmetric transcription <生物化学Biochemistry> 不对称转录attenuator <生物化学Biochemistry> 衰减子base <生物化学Biochemistry> 碱基base pairing <生物化学Biochemistry> 碱基配对bile pigment <生物化学Biochemistry> 胆色素biotin <生物化学Biochemistry> 生物素biotransformation <生物化学Biochemistry> 生物转化calcitriol <生物化学Biochemistry> １，２５二羟胆骨化醇（钙三醇）calcium dependent protein kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> Ca依赖性蛋白激酶，蛋白激酶C(C 激酶)Calmodulin <生物化学Biochemistry>carbohydrate <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖carnitine <生物化学Biochemistry> 肉毒碱catalase <生物化学Biochemistry> 触酶，过氧化氢酶cephalin <生物化学Biochemistry> 脑磷脂de novo synthesis <生物化学Biochemistry> 从头合成degradation <生物化学Biochemistry> 降解denaturation <生物化学Biochemistry> 变性deoxycholic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 脱氧胆酸deoxyribonucleotide <生物化学Biochemistry> 脱氧核糖核苷酸dialysis <生物化学Biochemistry> 透析dihydroxyacetone phosphate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸二羟丙酮disulfide bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 二硫键DNA polymerase <生物化学Biochemistry> DNA聚合酶domain <生物化学Biochemistry> 域,结构域,功能区donor site <生物化学Biochemistry> 给位double helix <生物化学Biochemistry> 双螺旋effector <生物化学Biochemistry> 效应器,效应物elongation <生物化学Biochemistry> 延长endopeptidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 内肽酶enhancer <生物化学Biochemistry> 增强子enolphosphopyruvate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 酶essential amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 必需氨基酸essential fatty acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 必需脂肪酸exon <生物化学Biochemistry> 外显子exopeptidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 外肽酶fat <生物化学Biochemistry> 脂肪feedback inhibition <生物化学Biochemistry> 反馈抑制作用feritin <生物化学Biochemistry> 铁蛋白ferrochelatase <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚铁螯合酶folic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 叶酸free fatty acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 游离脂肪酸free radicals <生物化学Biochemistry> 自由基fructose diphosphatase <生物化学Biochemistry> 果糖二磷酸酶gene cloning <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因克隆gene expression <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因表达gene library <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因文库gene transfer <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因导入,转基因genetic code <生物化学Biochemistry> 遗传密码genetic engineering <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因工程genetic recombination <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因重组genome <生物化学Biochemistry> 染色体基因，基因组globin <生物化学Biochemistry> 珠蛋白hypocalcemia <生物化学Biochemistry> 低钙血症induction <生物化学Biochemistry> 诱导initiator codon <生物化学Biochemistry> 起动信号,起始密码子intermediary metabolism <生物化学Biochemistry> 中间代谢ionic bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 离子键isocitrate dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 异柠檬酸脱氢酶isoleucine <生物化学Biochemistry> 异亮氨酸isomerase <生物化学Biochemistry> 异构酶类isozyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 同工酶jaundice <生物化学Biochemistry> 黄疸ketogenic amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 生酮氨基酸key enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 关键酶kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 激酶lactate <生物化学Biochemistry> 乳酸盐lecithin <生物化学Biochemistry> 卵磷脂leucine <生物化学Biochemistry> 亮氨酸ligase <生物化学Biochemistry> 连接酶linoleate <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚油酸linolenate <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚麻酸lipoic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 硫辛酸lipoid <生物化学Biochemistry> 类脂lipoprotein <生物化学Biochemistry> 脂蛋白lithocholic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 石胆酸lyases <生物化学Biochemistry> 裂合酶类malate <生物化学Biochemistry> 苹果酸malate aspartate shuttle <生物化学Biochemistry> 苹果酸天冬氨酸穿梭metabolic regulation <生物化学Biochemistry> 代谢调节mitogen activated protein kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 分裂原活化蛋白激酶mixed function oxidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 混合功能氧化酶molecular cloning <生物化学Biochemistry> 分子克隆molecular disease <生物化学Biochemistry> 分子病monooxygenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 单加氧酶monooxygenase system <生物化学Biochemistry> 单加氧酶体系nicotinamide <生物化学Biochemistry> 烟酰胺，尼克酰胺nitrogen balance <生物化学Biochemistry> 氮平衡pyruvate carboxylase <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate dehydrogenase complex <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvate kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸激酶recombinant DNA <生物化学Biochemistry> 重组DNAgenetic engineering <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因工程regulatory gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 调节基因renaturation <生物化学Biochemistry> 复性repair <生物化学Biochemistry> 修复replication <生物化学Biochemistry> 复制repression <生物化学Biochemistry> 阻遏residue <生物化学Biochemistry> 残基respiratory chain <生物化学Biochemistry> 呼吸链restriction endonuclease <生物化学Biochemistry> 限制性内切核酸酶retinol <生物化学Biochemistry> 视黄醇(维生素A)reverse transcriptase <生物化学Biochemistry> 逆转录酶reverse transcription <生物化学Biochemistry> 逆转录作用salting out <生物化学Biochemistry> 盐析salvage pathway <生物化学Biochemistry> 补救(重新利用)途径screening <生物化学Biochemistry> 筛选secondary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 二级结构semiconservative replication <生物化学Biochemistry> 半保留复制sense strand <生物化学Biochemistry> 有意义链sequence <生物化学Biochemistry> 序列serine <生物化学Biochemistry> 丝氨酸signal recognition particle <生物化学Biochemistry> 信号肽识别颗粒silencer <生物化学Biochemistry> 抑制子simple protein <生物化学Biochemistry> 单纯蛋白质specificity <生物化学Biochemistry> 特异性splicing <生物化学Biochemistry> 剪接作用squalene <生物化学Biochemistry> 鲨烯stage specificity <生物化学Biochemistry> 阶段特异性stercobilinogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 粪胆素原stress <生物化学Biochemistry> 应激structural gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 结构基因substrate <生物化学Biochemistry> 作用物substrate level phosphorylation <生物化学Biochemistry> 作用物(底物)水平磷酸化subunit <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚单位，亚基succinate dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 琥珀酸脱氢酶supersecondary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 超二级结构Taurine <生物化学Biochemistry> 牛磺酸telomerase <生物化学Biochemistry> 端粒酶telomere <生物化学Biochemistry> 端区(端粒)template strand <生物化学Biochemistry> 模板链termination <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止terminator <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止子terminator codon <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止信号thiamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 硫胺素(维生素B1) threonine <生物化学Biochemistry> 苏氨酸thymidine <生物化学Biochemistry> 胸苷，胸腺嘧啶核苷thymine (T) <生物化学Biochemistry> 胸腺嘧啶tocopherol <生物化学Biochemistry> 生育酚proalbumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 清蛋白原processing <生物化学Biochemistry> 加工proenzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 酶原proline <生物化学Biochemistry> 脯氨酸promoter <生物化学Biochemistry> 启动基因(启动子)，催化剂prosthetic group <生物化学Biochemistry> 辅基protease <生物化学Biochemistry> 蛋白酶pyridoxal <生物化学Biochemistry> 吡哆醛pyridoxamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 吡哆胺。
生化英语词汇
acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白
acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白
acidification 酸化（作用）
acidifying 酸化（作用）
acidolysis 酸解
activator 激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白
activator protein 激活蛋白
active absorption 主动吸收
active biomass 活生物质
active carbon 活性碳
active center 活性中心
active chromatin 活性染色质
actinomycetes 放线菌
actinomycin D 放线菌素D
actinospectacin 放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素
action 作用
action current 动作电流
action potential 动作电位
action spectrum 动作光谱
activated sludge 活性污泥
accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂
acceptor 接纳体，（接）受体
acceptor site 接纳位点，接受位点
acceptor splicing site 剪接受体
acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎
accessible 可及的
accessible promoter 可及启动子
active dry yeast 活性干酵母
active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物
生物化学_专业英语单词
常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀 第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定 第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联 第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生化单词下
Lecture 1Endocrine (内分泌)Paracrine (旁分泌)Autocrine (自分泌) hypothalamus（下丘脑）Pituitary（垂体）thyroid（甲状腺）parathyroid(甲状旁腺)adipose（脂肪质的）adrenal（肾上腺）pancreas（胰腺）ovary （卵巢）testes（testis＝testicle的复数，睾丸）capillary network (毛细血管网)afferent（传入的）neuronal（神经元的）vasopressin（加压素;抗利尿激素）oxytocin（催产素）colloid（胶质(的)）follicle（滤泡，卵泡）epithelium（上皮细胞）portal vein（门静脉）aorta（主动脉）artery（动脉）splenic（脾脏的）hepatic（肝的）duct（管，导管）interlobular duct（小叶间导管）accessory duct（副管）papilla（乳头；乳头状小突起）mesenteric（肠系膜的）Islets（小岛）of Langerhans (郎格罕式岛)glucagon（胰高血糖素）insulin （胰岛素)somatostatin（生长激素抑制素）fibrous tissue（纤维组织）fat layer（脂肪层）capsule （被膜）zona glomerulosa（球状带）zona fasciculata（束状带）zona reticularis（网状带）adrenal cortex（肾上腺皮质）adrenal medulla（肾上腺髓质）sensory（感觉的）neuroendocrine（神经内分泌的）corticotropin（促肾上腺皮质激素）thyrotropin（促甲状腺素）catecholamine（儿茶酚胺）epinephrine（肾上腺素）eicosanoid（类花生酸）steroid（类固醇）retinoid（类视黄醇）nitric oxide（NO）arachidonate（花生四烯酸）Pancreatic hormones (胰腺激素) parathyroid hormone (甲状旁腺激素) calcitonin (降血钙素)axon（轴突）Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 促甲状腺素释放激素)Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 促性腺激素释放激素) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH促生长激素释放激素) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素) Somatostatin=growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH; 生长激素抑制素) appreciable（可察觉的）pyroglutamate（焦谷氨酸）Uterine（子宫的）contractions（收缩）lactation（乳汁的分泌，哺乳）Antidiuretic （抗利尿）Prolactin (催乳激素) Thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone(TSH or thyrotropin; 促甲状腺素) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 促卵泡激素) Luteinizing hormone (LH; 促黄体激素) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 人绒毛膜促性腺激素) (heterodimeric异二聚体的)(prohormones/前激素)preproinsulin (前胰岛素原)spatial（空间的）Tertiary（第三级的）hexamer（六聚体）threefold（三倍的，三重的）symmetry（对称）zinc（锌）Pro-opiomelanocortin/前鸦片黑皮质素(POMC)endorphin（内啡肽）melanocyte-stimulating（促黑激素）hormones(MSH) lipotropin（促脂素）enkephalin（脑啡肽）norepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素)catechol (儿茶酚)neurotransmitters (神经递质)dopamine（多巴胺）ascorbate（抗坏血酸）hydroxylase（羟化酶）tetrahydrobiopterin（四氢生物蝶呤）decarboxylase（脱羧酶）phenylethanolamine（苯乙醇胺）methyltransferase（甲基转移酶）Eicosanoid (类花生酸)prostaglandins（前列腺素）thromboxanes（凝血烷）leukotrienes白细胞三烯arachidonate/花生四烯酸phospholipase (磷脂酶)prostanoid (前列腺素类)cyclooxygenase环氧合酶(COX)prostaglandins (前列腺素)prostacyclins (环前列腺素)prefix （前缀）numerical（数字的）subscript（下标）denote（表示）alkyl （烷基；烃基）substituents（取代基）contraction（收缩）intestine/小肠uterus /子宫labor分娩inflammation （炎症）: non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (非甾体抗炎药) Indomethacin (消炎痛)Asprin阿司匹林cytomembrane（细胞膜）ether （醚；乙醚）vasoconstrictor (血管收缩剂)potent （有效力的）hypertensive（高血压的）vasodilator (血管舒张剂)platelet aggregation (血小板聚集)pulmonary airways (肺气道)trachea (气管)anaphylaxis (过敏反应) detrimental（有害的）Hydroperoxyeicosa-tetraenoic acid 过氧羟基二十四碳四烯酸lipoxygenase（脂氧合酶）steroid hormones (类固醇激素)adrenocortical hormones (肾上腺皮质激素)Glucocorticoids (糖皮质激素) mineralocorticoids (盐皮质激素)cortisol/皮质醇metabolism (新陈代谢) aldosterone /醛固酮concentrations（浓度）electrolytes (电解质) Androgens/雄激素(testosterone /睾酮) estrogens /雌激素(estradiol /雌二醇) testes（testis＝testicle的复数，睾丸）ovary(卵巢),reproductive （生殖的）prednisone强的松prednisolone脱氢皮质醇cholesterol胆固醇mitochondria（线粒体）endoplasmic reticulum（内质网）photolysis （光解）7-dehydrocholesterol（脱氢胆固醇）deposition（沉积）mobilization（动员；流通，转移）Calcitriol（钙三醇）intestinal（肠的）uptake（吸收）Retinoid (类视色素)Retinoic acid视黄酸carotene 胡萝卜素retinal视黄醛retinol视黄醇epithelial上皮的triiodothyronine /三碘甲状腺氨酸thyroglobulin (甲状腺球蛋白)iodinate（碘化）iodotyrosine（碘化酪氨酸）condense（浓缩）proteolysis（蛋白水解作用）monoiodotyrosine（单碘化酪氨酸）follicle colloid滤泡腔follicular cell滤泡细胞exocytosis（胞吐）endocytosis（胞吞）oxidation（氧化）iodination（碘化）conjugation（接合）sympoprter（同向转运，协同载体）free radical（自由基）guanidinium（胍基）citrulline（瓜氨酸）Adenylyl Cyclase（腺苷酸环化酶）Guanylyl （鸟苷酸）G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs; G蛋白偶联受体)serpentine receptor (蛇形受体) eukaryotes（真核细胞）heterotrimeric（异源三聚体）intrinsic（本来的，体内的）hydrolyzes水解mammalian（哺乳动物的)transduction （转导转换）β-adrenergic receptors (肾上腺素能受体)glycogen（糖原）adipose（脂肪质的）hydrolysis（水解）stimulatory （刺激性的）inhibitory （抑制性的）protein kinase A (PKA; 蛋白激酶A)identical（同样的）cleft（裂缝）Amplification（放大）Cascade（级联）hepatocyte（肝细胞）corticotropin（促肾上腺皮质激素）corticotropin-releasing hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素dopamine（多巴胺）epinephrine（肾上腺素）follicle-stimulating hormone（促卵泡激素）glucagon（胰高血糖素）histamine（组胺）luteinizing hormone（促黄体激素）melanocyte-stimulating hormone（促黑激素）odorant（有气味的东西）serotonin（血清素）somatostatin（生长激素抑制素）tastant（促味剂）couple（偶联）phospholipase C (PLC; 磷脂酶C)phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸)acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生张因子adrenergic agonist（兴奋剂）angiogenin（血管生成素）angiotensin（血管紧缩素）vasopressing （抗利尿激素）auxin（植物生长素）gonadotropin-releasing hormone （促性腺激素释放激素）gastrin-releasing hormone（促胃泌激素释放激素）diacylglycerol (二酰基甘油)inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇)phosphatidylinositol（磷脂酰肌醇）cytosolic（细胞内的）Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (受体酪氨酸激酶)architecture（构造）Cytoplasmic（胞质的）juxtamembrane（膜旁）Heterodimer（异源二聚体）isoforms（异构式）diabetes (糖尿病)auto-phosphorylation (自身磷酸化)adapter proteins (中介蛋白)modules（模块）Guanylyl cyclases (GC; 鸟苷酸环化酶)heme group（亚铁血红素）cardiac（心脏(病)的）cytosol（细胞溶质）Steroid（类固醇）retinoic acid (retinoid维甲酸) nucleus（细胞核）Transcription（转录）serum（血清）coactivator（共活化剂）corepressor（辅抑制物）Lecture 2vertebrates（脊椎动物）hydrophobic疏水的isoprene (异戊二烯) derivative（衍生物）lipoprotein（脂蛋白）precursors（前体）toxicity （毒性）carotene (胡萝卜素)(retinol/视黄醇)retinal(视黄醛), retinoic acid (视黄酸) pigment（色素）antioxidant（抗氧化剂）calcium（钙）clot（(血等的)凝块，凝结）Photographic（摄影用的）rhodopsin/视紫红质detects（察觉）differentiation（差别，分化）epithelial （上皮的）liver（肝脏）Deficiency（缺乏）cholecalciferol/胆钙化醇7-dehydrocholesterol (7-脱氢胆固醇)component（成分）ergocalciferol/麦角钙化醇commercial（商业的）irradiation （辐射）ergosterol (麦角固醇)yeast（酵母）dihydroxycholecalciferol （二羟胆钙化醇）dehydro-cholesterol（胆固醇) cholecalciferol（胆钙化醇）calcitriol（骨化三醇）calcium（钙）intestine （小肠）intestinal mucous (小肠粘膜) renal tubular（肾小管）phosphor（磷）deposition（沉积）mobilization （动员；流通，转移）calcification（钙化）rickets (软骨病, 佝偻病) osteomalacia (骨软化) collective（集体的共同的）tocopherols (生育酚) isoprenoid （类异戊二烯）tocotrienols (生育三烯酚类) antioxidants（抗氧化剂）radicals（基，原子团）fragility（脆弱，易碎）germ（胚芽）fragile（脆弱的）erythrocytes（红血细胞）phylloquinonone/叶绿醌naphthoquinone/萘醌menaquinone (甲基萘醌类) isoprenoid （类异戊二烯）Artificial（人工的）blood plasma（血浆）protein prothrombin (凝血酶原) blood clotting (凝血作用) proteolytic（蛋白水解的）blood protein fibrinogen (血纤维蛋白原) fibrin (血纤维蛋白) hemorrhagic（出血的）urine（尿）inception（开始，初期）B1, thiamine (硫胺素) B2, ribofavin (核黄素) B3, niacin (烟酸) B5, pantothenic acid (泛酸) B6, pyridoxine (吡哆醇)B7, biotin (生物素) B9, folic acid (叶酸) B12, cobalamin (钴胺素) thiazolium ring（(噻唑环)）Thiamine pyrophosphate/焦磷酸硫胺素(TPP) acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) γ-aminobutyric acid/ γ-氨基丁酸(GABA) Thiamine pyrophosphate/焦磷酸硫胺素(TPP) catabolism (分解代谢) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex/丙酮酸脱羧酶复合物(PDC) α-keto dehydrogenase (α-酮脱氢酶) fungi（fungus 的复数真菌）beriberi/脚气病muscle atrophy（肌肉萎缩）neurological （神经病学的）supplements（增补）isoalloxazine ring/异咯嗪环FMN: flavin mononucleotide (黄素单核苷酸)FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide (黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸)semiquinon（半醌）flavoproteins （黄素蛋白）α-ketoglutarate (酮戊二酸) succinate (琥珀酸) acyl（酰(基) ）legumes （豆科植物）almonds（杏仁）stomatitis (口腔炎)，angular stomatitis (口角炎), cheilosis (唇干裂) nicotinic acid（烟碱酸）pyridine (吡啶/氮苯) carboxyl group (羧基) nicotinamide (烟酰胺;烟碱) carboxamide（甲酰胺，酰胺）NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸) NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸dehydrogenases（脱氢酶）anabolism (合成代谢) cereal （谷物）peanuts（花生）legumes（豆科植物）nausea（恶心,作呕）lesions（损伤）anemia（贫血症）Chronic（长期的）pellagra (糙皮病) pantothenate（泛酸）mercapto-ethylamine（巯基乙胺）acetyl（乙酰基）cholesterol（胆固醇）acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）avocado（鳄梨）cereals（谷物）legumes（豆科植物）jelly（果子冻）yogurt（酸奶）impair（损伤）irritability（易怒）apathy（冷淡）Pyridine（吡啶）hydroxyl（羟基）methyl（甲基）aminomethyl（氨甲基）hydroxymethyl（羟甲基）Pyridoxal（吡哆醛）Pyridoxamine（吡哆胺）racemization reactions (外消旋反应) carboxylase (羧化酶) carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）gluconeogenesis (糖异生) Swiss chard（唐莴苣）raw（生的）yolk（蛋黄）conjunctivitis (结膜炎)dermatitis (皮炎) folacin叶酸pteroyl-L-glutamate (蝶酰谷氨酸；叶酸) tetrahydrofolate (THF)/四氢叶酸pterin蝶呤folate（叶酸的）derivatives（衍生物）antitumor （抗癌抗菌素）nut（坚果）pea（豌豆）poultry（家禽）Avocado（鳄梨）, spinach（菠菜）asparagus（竹笋）sprouts（芽洋白菜）susceptible （敏感的）ultraviolet（紫外的）glossitis (舌炎), diarrhea (腹泻), depression (抑郁), confusion (意识模糊), anemia (贫血), Cyanocobalamin（维生素B12 ）Hydroxocobalamin（维生素B12a,羟钴胺素）Isomerases （异构酶）concomitant （伴生的）archaea（古生菌）poultry（家禽）Pernicious anemia (恶性贫血); mania (狂躁); psychosis (精神病) L-ascorbic acid=ascorbate (抗坏血酸) collagen（胶原）bats（蝙蝠）guinea pigs（豚鼠）, capybaras（水豚）Anthropoidea (类人猿亚目) Scurvy (坏血病), spongy（海绵状的）gums（齿龈）mucous membranes（黏膜）Lecture 3metabolism (新陈代谢) bioenergetics (生物能学) Cata'bolic(分解代谢的), a'nabolic （合成代谢的）transformations（转变，变化）Sequential （连续的）Intermediates（中间体）metabolite（代谢产物）nutrients（营养物）Polymerize（聚合）monomeric（单体）Ca'tabolism (分解代谢) 'Degradative (使降解) Organic（有机的，器官的）lactic acid（乳酸）deplete(减少，损耗) A'nabolism (合成代谢) potential（电势，电位）gly'colysis (糖酵解) Con'vergent （会聚的）Di'vergent （发散的）pyruvate（丙酮酸）sucrose （蔗糖）starch（淀粉）homolytic cleavage（均裂）radical (自由基), heterolytic cleavage（异裂）carbanion（负碳离子）carbocation（碳阳离子）hydride（氢化物）Nucleophiles (亲核基团) Electrophiles (亲电子基团)carbanion（碳酸根）carbocation（碳正离子）hydride（氢化物）rubber（橡胶）carotenoid（类胡萝卜素）mevalonate（甲羟戊酸）isopentenyl-pyrophosphate（异戊烯焦磷酸）citrate（柠檬酸）oxaloacetate（草酰乙酸）Decomposition（分解）exergonic放能的endergonic吸能的committed step (关键步骤) compartmentalize（把…分门别类）eukaryotic（真核的）Allosteric（别构的）adenylylation（腺苷酰化）Mitochondria (线粒体) Cytosol（细胞溶质）glycolysis（糖酵解）pentose（戊醣）Nucleus（细胞核）replication（复制）, transcription （转录）process（加工；处理）Nucleolus（核仁）vacuole（液泡）bioenergetics (生物能学) Thermodynamics （热动力学）quantitative （定量的）transductions（转换）underly（在…下）conservation（守恒）entropy （熵）spontaneously（自发的）equilibrium（平衡）net （净的，纯的）Enthalpy (焓) reactants（反应物）exo'thermic (发热的；放热的)endo'thermic (吸热的) initially（最初的）gases（气体）physiological （生理的）Glyceraldehyde（甘油醛）dihydroxyacetone（二羟基丙酮）Additive（增加的）exer'gonic (放能的) ender'gonic (吸能的) Hexokinase （己糖激酶）Multiplicative（倍增的）Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-二磷酸甘油酸)Phosphocreatine (磷酸肌酸)Thioesters (硫酯键)Adenosine（腺苷）phosphoanhydride bonds (磷酸酐键) Ester(酯)ribose（核糖）adenine（腺嘌呤）resonance（共振，中介）tautomerization（互变异构化）pyruvate（丙酮酸）photosynthetic（光合的）Nicotinamide烟酰胺isoalloxazine（异咯嗪）flavin (核黄素) semiquinone（半醌）Faraday（法拉第）neutral（中性的）Acetaldehyde （乙醛）ethanol（乙醇）Potential（电势，电位）Lecture 4Gly'colysis (糖酵解) anaerobic（厌氧的；无氧的) Feeder（支流；支线）stepwise（逐步的）elucidate（阐明，说明）Utilization（利用）extracellular matrix（细胞外基质）Fermentation(发酵) microorganisms（微生物）remarkably（显著的；非凡的）versatile （通用的，万能的）pyruvate（丙酮酸）anhydrides（酐）cytosol（细胞溶质）preparatory（准备的，预备的）hexose（己糖）Hexokinase （己糖激酶）Induced Fit（诱导契合）pinch（挤压，捏，掐）Fructose（果糖）Isomerase（异构酶）acetone（丙酮）glyceraldehyde（甘油醛）Aldolase (醛缩酶) Thermodynamically（热力学的）throughput （生产量，生产能力）enamine（烯胺）Interconversion（互变）Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM；磷酸丙糖异构酶) Acyl phosphate (磷酰基) Substrate level phosphorylation (底物水平磷酸化) Phosphoglycerate Mutase（磷酸甘油酸变位酶）Phosphoenolpyruvate（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸）Enolase (烯醇化酶）dehydration（脱水）phosphoanhydride（磷酸酐）Tautomerization (互变异构化) spontaneous（自发的）enol（烯醇）keto form(酮式) equilibrium（平衡）equation（方程）completion （完成，实现）Ethanol（乙醇）Lactic（乳汁的）Lactate（乳酸）aerobic （需氧的）respiration（呼吸作用）skeletal（骨骼的）Erythrocytes（红细胞）mitochondria（线粒体）devoid（缺…的）strenuous（用力的，费劲的）Lecture 5Pentose phosphate (磷酸戊糖) Gluconeogenesis (糖异生) phosphogluconate (磷酸葡萄糖酸) 6-Phospho-glucono-δ-lactone (内酯) hemiacetal半缩醛intramolecular（分子内的）the committed step（关键步骤）Lactonase内酯酶oxidative decar-boxylation (氧化脱羧) ribulose 5-phosphate (5-磷酸核酮糖) isomerase（异构酶）sterols（固醇）Redox（氧化还原反应）Glutathione Reductase (谷胱甘肽还原酶) sulfhydryl groups（巯基）hemoglobin（血红蛋白）peroxides（过氧化物）respiration（呼吸作用）ionize（电离）radiation （辐射）sulfa（磺胺的）herbicide（除莠/草剂）antimalarial（抗疟药，抗疟的）divicine (蚕豆嘧啶) superoxide（过氧化物）Hemolysis（溶血，血球溶解）sedoheptulose（景天庚糖）xylulose（木酮糖）glyceraldehyde （甘油醛）Transketolase (转酮酶) ketose (酮糖) aldose (醛糖) Transaldolase (转醛酶) ribulose（核酮糖）epimerase（差向异构酶；表异构酶）erythrose（赤藓糖）glutathione reduction (谷胱甘肽还原反应）flux（流出）dietary（饮食的）Gluconeogenesis (糖异生) cytosol （细胞溶质）mitocondrion (线粒体) renal cortex (肾上腺皮质)glycerol （甘油，丙三醇）fixation（固定；凝固）bypass（绕过）phosphoenolpyruvate（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸）carboxykinase（羧激酶）oxaloacetate（草酰乙酸）carboxylase (羧化酶) biotin (生物素) Anaplerotic (添补/回补的) TCA cycle (三羧酸循环) replenish（补充）glucogenic（生成葡萄糖的）predominant（主要的）malate（苹果酸）transamination (转胺反应) anaerobic （厌氧的；无氧的) hepatocytes （肝细胞）guanosine（鸟苷）equivalents（同等物，同等的）expend （使用，用光）phosphorylate（使磷酸化）Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase -1) 1,6-二磷酸果糖磷酸酶luminal（细胞腔的，鲁米那（镇定剂））renal（肾的）ingest（吸收，摄取）fasting（禁食）starvation（饥饿）triglycerides （甘油三酸酯）Gluconeogenesis（糖质新生）reciprocally （相互的）modulator（调节者）citric（柠檬的）Granules（颗粒）diameter （直径）rosette（花结）cluster（聚集）Glycoge'nolysis (糖原分解) Glycogen debranching enzyme (糖原去分支酶) Phosphoglucomutase (磷酸葡萄糖变位酶) glucantransferase (转葡糖苷酶) successive（连续的）glu'cosidase (葡萄糖苷酶) Glycogenesis (糖原生成) glycogenin（糖原蛋白）pyrophosphorylase（焦磷酸化酶）inorganic（无机的）polymerization（聚合）cellulose（纤维素）aminohexoses (氨基己糖) equilibrium（平衡）amylo（淀粉）transglycosylase (转糖基酶) transferase (糖基转移酶) nascent chain (新生链) glucosylate（使糖基化）Homodimer（同二聚体）Asymmetric（不对称的）skeletal（骨骼的）interconvertible（可互相转换的）resting（静止的）vigorous（精力旺盛的）triggers（触发，激起）myocyte（肌细胞）casein kinase II (CKII; 酪蛋白激酶)glyoxylateLecture 6(乙醛酸)hypoxic（含氧量低的）microbial（微生物的，细菌的）flux （流动）interplay（相互作用）Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)/二氢硫辛酸转乙酰基酶prosthetic group (辅基)Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)/二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶lipoic acid (硫辛酸)thiazolium(噻唑环)Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase（酮戊二酸脱氢酶）transketolase（转酮酶）assimilation（吸收，同化）lipoate(硫辛酸)thiol（硫醇）adenosine （腺苷）Beriberi (脚气病) hulls（外壳）urea（尿素）knight（封爵）malate（苹果酸）fumarate（延胡索酸）hydration（水合）succinyl-CoA (琥珀酰-CoA)analog（analogue类似物）Fluoroacetate (氟乙酸) poisonous（有毒的）aconitase（乌头酸酶）cis-aconitate（顺-乌头酸）isocitrate (异柠檬酸)oxalosuccinate（草酰琥珀酸）succinyl（琥珀酰）moieties（一部分）succinic thiokinase (琥珀酸硫激酶) prokaryotes（原核生物）Malonate丙二酸fumarate延胡索酸Fumarase延胡索酸酶maleate (马来酸；顺丁烯二酸) stereospecific（立体定向的）intact（完整无损的）exergonic（放能的）Incorporation（结合，合并）chiral (手性的) Prochiral (前手性)complementary（互补的）radioactivity（放射性）porphyrin卟啉amphibolic pathway（两用代谢途径）anaplerotic reactions (回补反应) replenish（补充）bicarbonate(碳酸氢盐)enolate 烯醇化物Avidin (亲和素) chromatography（层析）Tethers（系绳，限度）Glyoxylate (乙醛酸) variant（变体，变形）Isocitrate lyase (异柠檬酸裂解酶) short-circuit（巡回，线路）sequestered（退隐的）organelle （细胞器）glyoxysomes (乙醛酸循环体) peroxisomes（过氧物酶体）germination（萌芽）acquires（获得）Graphs （曲线图）isotopic（同位素的）Lecture 7Respiration（呼吸作用）usher（引导）cristae(脊) permeable（能渗透的）porin（孔蛋白）Respiratory（呼吸(作用)的）prosthetic (辅助的) ferric 三价铁的ferrous二价铁的hydride ion (:H-) (氢阴离子) Reducing equivalent (还原当量) Ubiquinone (泛醌) Cytochromes (细胞色素) Iron-sulfur proteins (铁硫蛋白) nicotinamide（烟酰胺）Pel'lagra (糙皮病) niacin (烟酸) curative（治疗的）eradication（根除，消灭）flavoproteins （黄素蛋白）flavin（黄素）benzoquinone (苯醌) isoprenoid (类异戊二烯的) diffusible（会扩散的）bilayer（双分子层）junction（接合点），shuttle（来回运动）Cytochromes (细胞色素) heme (血红素) porphyrin (卟啉) spectra（spectrum的复数光谱）Protoporphyrin (原卟啉) bands （带）rotenone(鱼藤酮)antimycin(抗霉素) embed（植入，嵌进）succinate（琥珀酸）Vectorial transport (向量运输)cyanide(氰化物) Succinate (琥珀酸) cytochrome c oxidoreductase (细胞色素c 氧还酶) Myxothiazol (粘噻唑) copper（铜）binuclear（双核的）Proton-Motive Force (质子动力势) gradient（梯度）Chemiosmotic Model (化学渗透学说) inherent（固有的，生来的）Suspend（暂停，中止）fumarate （延胡索酸）venturicidin (杀黑星菌素) oligomycin (寡霉素) Chemical uncoupler (化学解偶联剂) dissipate（消散，驱散）dinitrophenol二硝基酚carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone羰基-氰-对-三氟甲氧基苯肼Ionophores (离子载体) Valinomycin (缬氨霉素) exterior（外部(的)）outward（外部(的)）counterion（平衡离子，反粒子）peripheral（末梢的）flattened（平的）sphere（球体）perpendicular （垂直的）concentric circles (同心圆) cylinder（圆筒，柱）Adenine（腺嘌呤）Translocases（移位酶）fluctuates（波动，起伏）Brown Fat (褐脂) Thermogenin（产热素）encode（编码）respiratory(呼吸(作用)的) ribosomes(核糖体) assemble(装配) eukaryotes(真核细胞) symbiotic（共生的）suspension（中止，停止）intact(完整无损的)Lecture 8lipid droplets (脂滴) macroscopic（肉眼可见的;宏观的）dispersed（分散的）microscopic （微观的）micelles (胶束；微团)bile（胆汁）gallbladder（胆囊）mucosa（黏膜）chylomicron（乳糜微粒）apolipoprotein（载脂蛋白）spherical （球形的）unesterified（未酯化的）coronary atherosclerosis (冠状动脉粥样硬化) remnants （剩余，残余）deplete （耗尽，用尽）hepatocytes（肝细胞）VLDLs (极低密度脂蛋白) lipid droplets (脂肪滴) adipocytes (脂肪细胞) adenylyl cyclase (腺苷酸环化酶) perilipin（脂滴包被蛋白）serum albumin (血清白蛋白) myocyte (肌细胞) carnitine shuttle (肉毒碱穿梭). Transesterification（酯基转移作用）isozymes（同工酶，催化同一化学反应而化学组成不同的一组酶）carnitine acyltransferase I (肉毒碱脂酰基转移酶) even（偶数的）odd （奇数的）palmitate (棕榈酸)enoyl（烯酰）hydratase（水合酶）hydroxyacyl（羟酰）ketoacyl（酮酰）thiolase（硫解酶）myristoyl（肉豆蔻酰）heterooctamer（异源八聚物）oleoyl（油酰）Oleate (油酸)dodecenoyl（十二烷酰）linoleoyl（亚油酰）propionyl (丙酰)methylmalonyl（甲基丙二酰）epimerase（差向异构酶）benzimidazole （苯并咪唑）Aminoisopropanol（氨基异丙醇）alkyl（烷基；烃基）minute amounts（微量）pernicious anemia (恶性贫血) pathology（病状）erythrocytes（红细胞）hemoglobin（血红蛋白）progressive （渐进的）impairment （损害，损伤）dose（剂量）alleviates（减轻，缓和）adipic acid (己二酸；肥酸)Phytanic Acid (植烷酸) Peroxisomes (过氧化物酶体)pristanal（降植烷醛）phytanoyl（植烷酰）neurological （神经病学的）trimethyltridecanoyl（三甲基十三酰）Ketone Bodies (酮体) acetoacetate (乙酰乙酸) hydroxybutyrate (羟基丁酸) exhale（渗出）nourish（滋养；教养）b-hydroxy-b-methylglutaryl-CoA (β-羟-β-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A/HMG-CoA) extrahepatic（）Diabetes（糖尿病）malonyl（丙二酰）odor （气味）diagnose（诊断）aci'dosis (酸毒症;酸中毒) coma（昏迷）urinary（尿的，泌尿(器)的）excretion（排泄；分泌）ke'tosis (酮症)phosphopantetheine（磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺）ketoacyl （）malic（）skeletons（骨架）segregate（分开；分离）stearate ( 硬脂酸)linolenate（亚麻酸）palmitoleate (棕榈油酸) oleate (油酸) linoleate（亚油酸）grams （克）phosphatidic acid（磷脂酸）cytidine （胞苷）shunt（躲开）Glyceroneogenesis (甘油异生) isoprene (异戊二烯)mevalonate（甲羟戊酸）squalene（鲨烯）Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate（二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯）isopentenyl pyrophosphate（异戊烯焦磷酸）prenyl（异戊二烯基）geranyl（香叶基）farnesyl pyrophosphate（法尼酯焦磷酸）squalene 2,3-epoxide（环氧化物）stigmasterol（豆固醇）ergosterol（麦角固醇）lanosterol（羊毛甾醇）Localization（定位，定域）Lecture 9excretion（排泄；分泌）Transamination转氨作用pyridoxamine phosphate磷酸吡哆胺pyridoxal phosphate 磷酸吡哆醛aldimine醛亚胺quinonoid醌型的Ammonia（氨）transdeamination (联合脱氨作用)ammonotelic排泄氨的aquatic水生的larvae幼虫；幼体amphibia 两栖纲ureotelic排尿素的terrestrial陆生的uricotelic排尿酸的reptile爬行动物Urea Cycle (尿素循环) exclusively（专有的）Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Itranscarbamoylase转氨甲酰酶Ornithine鸟氨酸citrulline胍氨酸aspartate argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle柠檬酸循环旁路hyperammonemia (高血氨)benzoate苯甲酸hippurate马尿酸phenylacetate乙酸苯酯phenylbutyrate丁酸苯酯glucogenic生糖的ketogenic生酮的pterin蝶呤tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸adenosylmethionine腺苷甲硫氨酸valerate戊酸methylene亚甲基Formyl: 甲酰基Cyclohydrolase: 环水解酶Cyclodeaminase：环化脱氨酶formate甲酸formimino亚胺甲基homocysteine同型/高半胱氨酸ketoadipate酮己二酸glutaryl戊二酰propionyl丙酰Phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿homogentisate尿黑酸alkaptonuria尿黑酸尿maleylacetoacetate马来酰乙酰乙酸tyrosinemia 酪氨酸血症pyrroline吡咯啉methionine甲硫氨酸threonine苏氨酸cystathionine胱硫醚methylmalonyl（甲基丙二酰）maple syrup枫糖asparagine天冬酰胺cumulative（累加的）indicators（指示剂）shut （关闭）Sequential feedback inhibition (顺序反馈抑制)Creatine (肌醇)Glutathione谷胱甘肽aminobutyrate氨基丁酸serotonin血清素Spermidine亚精胺Spermine精胺putrescine腐胺nicotinate烟酸cinnamate肉桂酸indoleacetate吲哚乙酸5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP磷酸核糖焦磷酸) 3-phospho-glycerate（甘油酸）Homocysteine（同型/高半胱氨酸）cystathionine胱硫醚dihydropicolinate二羟基吡啶甲酸piperidine六氢吡啶pimelate庚二酸meso内消旋valerate戊酸Chorismate (分支酸) arabinoheptulosonate阿拉伯庚酮糖酸dehydroquinate脱氢奎尼酸shikimate莽草酸anthranilate邻氨基苯甲酸酯indole吲哚prephenate 预苯酸acetol丙酮醇lecture 10De novo synthesis (从头合成)Pharmaceutical(药物)inosinate(IMP; 次黄苷酸) salvage pathway (补救合成途径) amidotransferase酰胺转移酶glycinamide甘氨酰胺transformylase转甲酰酶formylglycinamidine甲酰甘氨脒aminoimidazole氨基咪唑carboxamide 酰胺,甲酰胺xanthylate黄苷酸carbamoyl氨甲酰cytosine胞嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤urea（尿素）urine 尿carbamate氨基甲酸orotate（乳清酸）orotidylate乳清苷酸Nucleoside（核苷）adenylate kinase（腺苷酸激酶）glutaredoxin/谷氧还蛋白thioredoxin/硫氧还蛋白interface（分界面）sulfhydryl groups （巯基）tyrosyl（酪氨酰）carbocation碳正离子carbanion负碳离子dithiol二硫醇，二硫酚Thymidylate（胸苷酸）N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate （亚甲基四氢叶酸）allantoin尿囊素primate灵长目动物reptile爬行动物inosine次黄苷,肌苷hypoxanthine次黄嘌呤xanthine黄嘌呤guanosine鸟苷thymine胸腺嘧啶ureidoisobutyrate脲基异丁酸ureidopropionase脲基丙酸酶adenosine（腺苷）Gout (痛风) joints（关节）inflamed（发炎红肿的）arthritic（关节炎的）sodium（钠）urate（脲酸）synovium滑膜tophus痛风石tubules（小管）underexcretion（排泄减少）withhold(不给，扣住，抑制) alleviation减轻，缓和(的东西) allopurinol (别嘌呤醇) oxypurinol（别嘌呤二醇）alloxanthine别黄嘌呤6-mercaptopurine/巯基嘌呤Azathioprine/咪唑巯嘌呤leukemia （白血病）immuno（免疫）suppressive（抑制的）Pyrimethamine/乙嘧啶;息疟定malaria（疟疾）Trimethoprim/三甲氧苄氨嘧啶meningitis (脑膜炎), septicemia (败血症) Acyclovir/羟乙氧鸟嘌呤viral（病毒性的）herpes（疱疹）Zovirax无环鸟苷Chemotherapy (化疗) cytotoxic（细胞毒素的）antineoplastic (抗肿瘤的) chemotherapeutic agents化学治疗剂property性质，特征marrow（髓，骨髓）follicles (毛囊) myelosuppression (骨髓抑制), mucositis (黏膜炎),alopecia (脱发) targeted therapy (靶向治疗) discriminate有分辨能力的azaserine (重氮丝氨酸) acivicin（阿西维辛，细胞毒素）Fluorouracil (氟尿嘧啶) Methotrexate (氨甲喋呤)。
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Chapter 1 protein structure and functionproteinbiomolecularamino acidpolaritynonpolarityhydrophobicityneutralityacidityalkalityglycine, Glyalanine, Alavaline, Valleucine, Leuisoleucine, Ilephenylalanine, Pheproline, Protryptophan, Trpserine, Sertyrosine, Tyrcysteine, Cysmethionine, Metasparagine, Asnglutamine, Glnthreonine, Thraspartic acid, Aspglutamic acid, Glulysine, Lys arginine, Arghistidine, Hisbasic amino acidacidic amino acidpolar amino acidneutral amino acid SpectrophotometryAbsorbance SpectrumUltravioletinfraredabsorption peakwavelengthsolubilityside chainaminogroupguanidinium groupimidazolylcarboxy groupisoelectric point, pIpeptidepolypeptide chainpeptide bondoligopeptidepolypeptideamino terminalcarboxyl terminalresidueninhydrin/triketohydrindene hydrate imino acidglutathione, GSHhydrosulfide group/sulfhydryl primary structure secondary structuretertiary structure quaternary structureα-helixβ-pleated sheetβ-turnrandom coilzinc fingerdomainpeptide unitmotifprotein denaturemolecular chaperone allosteric effectsubunitpositive cooperativity negative cooperativity renaturationprotein coagulation ninhydrin reactionbiuret reactiondialysissalt precipitation elctrophoresis chromatographyprosthetic groupprion proteindisulfide hydrogen bondhydrophobic interactionelectrostatic interactionVan der Waals interactionFibrous proteinConformational changeGlobular proteinProtein foldIonic bondSide chaintetramerdimmermonomeroligomerdenaturationrenaturationQuestions:1.Can you give an example toe lucidate the relationship betweenprotein primary structure andfunction?2.Can you give an example toe lucidatethe protein allostericeffect?Chapter 2Structure and Function of Nucleic Acidnucleotidenucletic acid deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA ribonucleic acid, RNAthe chemical componentbasebase pairbase pairingribosephosphatepurineadenine, Aguanine, Gpyrimidinecytosine, Curacil, Uthymine, Tribosedeoxyriboseribonucleosideribonucleotideglycosidic bondnucleoside monophosphate, NMP nucleoside diphosphate, NDP nucleoside triphosphate, NTP phosphodiester linkage polydoxynucleotide polynucleotidenitrogenous basedouble helixhistone superhelix/supercoilpositive supercoilnegative supercoilnucleosomeRNA(small non-messenger RNAs, snmRNAsnucleoidchromatinmessenger RNA,mRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hn RNA cap sequencepoly (A) tailtransfer RNA, tRNAcloverleaf patternstem-loopanticodondihydrouracil loopribosomal RNA, rRNAribosomal proteinoptical densitymethyloptical density, ODTm, melting temperatureannealingheteroduplexrenaturationNucleasedeoxyribonuclease, DNase ribonuclease, RNaseribozymeDNAzymerestriction endonuclease exonucleasegram moleculebase stackingamino acid armgrooveright-handed DNAleft-handed double helixcruciformchromosomeintrastrand hydrogen bonding acceptor stemD loopanticodon loopoligonucleotidebase complementrity hyperchromatic effectribozymestabilityQuestions:1.The main classification of RNA incell, and elucidate their function,respectively?2.Elucidate the different betweenDNA and RNA?3.What is hyperchromatic effect? Chapter 3 Enzyme enzymebiocatalyst apoenzymecofactorsimple enzyme conjugated enzyme metalloenzymemetal-activated enzyme coenzymeprosthetic group monomeric enzyme oligomeric enzyme multienzyme system multifunctional enzyme tandem enzyme holoenzyme essential groupactive centeractive sitebinding group catalytic group activation energy specificityabsolute specificity relative specificity stereo specificity induced-fit hypothesis proximity effectorientation arrange KineticMichaelis-menten equation Vmax, maximum velocity Ｋm, Michaelis constant turnover numberdouble reciprocal plot Lineweaver- Burk optimum temperature optimum pHinhibitorirreversible inhibition reversible inhibition competitive inhibition non-competitive inhibition uncompetitive inhibition activatoressential activatornon-essential activator regulationzymogenallosteric regulation allosteric enzyme allosteric siteallosteric effector covalent modification inductionrepressionisoenzyme oxidoreductases transferases hydrolaseslyasesisomerasesligases, synthetases enzyme coupled assays immobilized enzyme abzymesubstratecatalytic powerreactioncatalyzed ratevelocityunimolecular reaction biomolecular reaction second-orderfirst-orderfree energy of activation polymerase chain reaction reversiblyassociation dissociation assumptionbindequilibriumconstantdirection concentration horizontal coordinate vertical coordinategraphical patterninterpretationaffinitylactate dehydrogenase, LDH covalent modificationglycogen phosphorylaseligaseinitial velocityQ1.List six general ways in whichenzyme activity is controlled?2.What is enzyme? And elucidate itsspecificity?Chapter 4 Metabolism of Carbohydratescarbohydratesmonosacchrideoligosaccharidepolysaccharideglycoconjugateglucosefructosegalactoseribosemaltosesucroselactose starchglycogencelluloseglycolipidglycoproteinglucose transporterglycolysisglycolytic pathwaypyruvatelactatehexokinaseglucose-6-phosphate, G-6-P glucokinasefructose-6-phosphate, F-6-P6-phosphfructokinase-1aldolasephosphotriose isomerase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase phosphoglycerate kinase substrate level phosphorylation phosphoglycerate mutase enolase phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP pyruvate kinaseprotein kinase, PKAerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrate acetyl CoATricarboxylic acid Cycle, TAC oxaloacetic acidcitric acidcarboxy group/ carboxyl dehydrogenationdecarboxylationcitrogenase/condensing enzymeα-ketoglutarte dehydrogenase complex isocitrate dehydrogenasepyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoyltransacetylate dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenaseα-ketoglutaratesuccinyl CoAfatty acidporphyrinmalic acid/ apple acidmalic enzymeoxaloacetic decarboxylasecitrate cleavage enzymepyruvate carboxylaseaepfelsaure-dehydrogenaseglutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase, GOT/aspartate aminotransferase respiratory chainkey enzymeoxidative phosphorylation adeynlate kinase;AKPastuer effectPentose Phosphate Pathway3-phosphoglyceraldehyde,G3P/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate;lactacidogencell sap;cytochymastage; phaseG6PDhydrogenribose phosphate;ribose phosphoric acid;RPpentose phosphate shuntG6P;glucose 6-phosphateketone groupaldehyde grouptransfer reactionhydrogen donorbiosynthesis;biosynthesize bioconversion/biological transformationreducibilityGlycogenesis and Glycogenolysis glycogenglucosidic bond;glycosidic bond glycogenesis glucophosphomutase/glycophosphomu tasehemiacetalphosphate groupuridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG glycogen synthase pyrophosphorylaseglycogenolysisphosphorylaselactic acid cycleglucuronate;glucuronic acid glycogen phosphorylasecovalent modificationcascade amplificationglucagonepinephrinedephosphorylationglycogen storage diseases Gluconeogenesisgluconeogenic pathwaypyruvate carboxylase substratecyclefutile cycleblood glucoseacid-base equilibriumlactose cycleinsulinoxidationglucose tolerenceglucose tolerance test, GTT hyperglycemiaglucosuriarenal glucose thresholddiabetes mellitus, DM hypoglycemiahypoglycemic shockQ1.Explain pentose phosphatepathway and elucidate thesignification?2.Elucidate the function ofoxaloacetic acid in metabolism ofcarbohydrates.Chapter 5Metabolism of Lipidlipidtriacylglycerols,TAGtriglyceride, TGfatlipoidcholesterol, CHOLcholesterol ester, CE phospholipid, PLsphingolipidsphosphoglyceridesunsaturated fatty acidsdigestionabsorptionmicellescolipasemixed micelleschylomicron, CMapolipoproteinmonoglycerideDG;diacylglycerolhormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase , HSLlipolytic hormonesacyl-CoA synthetase ketone body, acetone body activationenergy-rich phosphate bond hexadecanoic acid hydrationthiolysisperoxisomepropanoic acid carboxylaseracemasemutaseacetoacetateβ-hydroxybutyrate acetonehydroxybutyric acid overeatingstarvationmalonyl CoAacyl-CoAcarnitine acyl transferase palmitic acidcitrate pyruvate cycle acetyl CoA carboxylase rate-limiting enzyme biotinEscherichia colifatty acyl group thioesterase acyl carrier protein, ACP phosphopan tetheinethioethylamine Prostaglandin, PG thromboxane, TX leukotrienes, LT5-HPETE,5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acid Phospholipidglycerol phosphatide phosphatidyl inositolcephalinphosphatidyl serinelecithincardiolipinphospholipid exchange proteins phospholipase , PLA sphingosineCholesterolcortisol, hydrocortisonebile acidlipoproteinchylomicron, CMvery low density lipoprotein, VLDL low density lipoprotein, LDLhigh density lipoprotein, HDL apolipoprotein, apochylomicronlipoprotein lipase/LPLvery low density lipoprotein, VLDL low density lipoprotein, LDLscavenger receptor, SRhigh density lipoprotein, HDL reverse cholesterol transport, RCT ATP-binding cassetle transporter A1 cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERPmotifhyperlipoproteinemiahereditary defectcholineheparinLDL receptorChylomicronQ1.What is apolipoprotein and themain function?2.what is the classification of lipaseand their function?3.Elucidate the functions andcharacteristic of triglyeride inenergy metabolism?Chapter6 Biological Oxidation respiratory chainelectron transfer chaincomplexubiquinone iron-sulfur proteincytochromeoxidative phosphorylationsubstrate level phosphorylation chemiosmotic hypothesis uncoupling agentsoligomycinrespiratory control ratio, RCR mitochondrion, mitochondria(复) creatine kinasephosphocreatinetransporterpermeabilityα-glycerophosphate shuttlemalate-asparate shuttleadenine nucleotide transporter transmembrane transportcatalaseperioxidasesuperoxide dismutase monoxygenasemixed-function oxidase hydroxylasesolubilityhydrogen donorP/O ratiooligomycin sensitivity conferring protein, OSCPQ1.How to understand that the ATP isthe center of energy metabolism? 2.What is hydrogen donor andelectron donor?3.What is oxidative phosphorylation?And try to elucidate themechanism?Chapter 7 Metabolism of Amino Acidsnitrogen balanceessential amino acidnutrition valuecomplementationdigestionabsorptionputrefactionpepsinogenpepsinendopeptidaseexopeptidaseoligopeptidaseenterokinasetrypsinexopeptidasecarboxypeptidaseelastaseaminopeptidasedipeptidase γ-glutamyl cycleputrefactionaminesfalse neurotransmitterammoniahalf-lifeprotein turnovercathepsinubiquitinubiquitinationproteasomemetabolic pooltransaminationtransaminaseureablood ammoniaalanine-glucose cycleornithine cycleurea cycleKrebs- Henseleit cyclecarbamoyl phosphate synthetaseⅠ, CPS-Ⅰcitrullineornithine carbamoyl transferase,OCT energy-rich phosphate bond hyperammonemiaammonia poisoning decarboxylationγ-aminobutyric acid, GABAtaurinehistaminevasodilator5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT polyaminesone carbon unitmethylmethylenemethenylformylformiminotetrahydrofolic acid, THFA,FH4 methionine cyclecreatininesulfate;sulphatecatecholaminemelaninphenyl keronuria, PKUbranched chain amino acid nitricoxide synthase;NOSQ1.What is ornithine cycle? Elucidatethe process and physiologicalfunctions.2.Elucidate the pathway of aminoacids metabolism?3.Elucidate the pathway of synthesisof urea? Chapter 8Metabolism of Nucleotidesnucleoside。