写作修辞

一：Simile（明喻）figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word like or as.( A Dictionary of Literary Terms)O, my love’s like a red, red rose,啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；That’s newly sprung in June:六月里迎风初开O, my love’s like the melody啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；That’s sweetly played in tune.唱得合拍又柔和。

－Robert BurnsKindness is the golden chain by which the world is bound.仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。

1. Origin: Latin, meaning like2. Comparative words: like, as3. Functions: describing shape, scenery; expressing emotions; explaining; vivid description, making easy to understand;creating interest. Structure of a Simile1.Tenor + comparative word + vehicle.2. Subject + comparative word + reference.Example: 1.My love is like a red red rose. 2.Tom is as tall as his brother (not a simile).3.Tom is as tall as a Maypole.(simile).Type One: like1.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.2.Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get outType Two: as1.Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark.2.Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books.3.But love from love, towards school with heavy books.(Love goes towards love, as schoolboys go from their books.But love goes from love, as schoolboys go towards school with heavy books.)As firm as a rock.As mute as a fish.As strong as a horse.As brave as a lionAs obstinate as a cow.As white as snow.As black as ink / pitchAs changeable as the weather.As wet as a drowned rat.As blind as a batAs fat as a pig.As proud as a peacock.Type Three: whatTwo Patterns:A is toB whatC is to D.What C is to D, A is to B.Reading is to the mind what exercise is tothe body.The pen is to a writer what the gun is toa fighter.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。

Type Four: than1.A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.2.He had no more idea of money than a cowType Five: and1.Love and cough can not be hid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。

2.Truth and roses have thorns about them.3.Kings and bears often worry their keepers.4.A word and stone let go cannot be recalled.说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不回的。

Type Six: othersWho is to blame but her tyrant of a father.怪谁呢？只怪她那暴君般的父亲。

A doctor must have the heart of a lion andthe hand of a lady.当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。

二：Metaphor（暗喻）1A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.2.A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry.A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit3.Metaphors are often easy to identify and take the form X is Y. Something or someone is being compared to something or someone else through a construction using the appropriate part of the verb to be (i.e. am, are, is, was, were, will be).Example:cation is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.2.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.3.Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.4.All the world’s a stage, And all men and women merely players;Theyhave their exits and entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Likeit )5.The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.6.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ( Of Studies, Bacon)7.She has a photographic memory for details.8.The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.9.A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic.三：Metonymy (借代）Definition: one thing for another; associationMetonymy is Greek for a change of name Function: brief, vivid, interestingExample:1.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.(from the cradle to the grave从生到死）2.A thousand mustaches can live together but not four breasts.3.The pen is mightier than the sword.4.He keeps a good table.(待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人)5.She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.6.The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.7.China won 4 golds and 5 silvers.8.We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.9.This is the struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.10.It is a pity that there is more ignorance than knowledge in the country.11.She has retired from the stage to teach.四：Parody 模拟(Piece of ) writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by somebody else/ Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work or of a writer or composer, but treating a serious subject on a nonsensical manner, as in ridicule. Definition: imitation of well-known sayingsFunction: humorous, ironical, interestingExample:I have no outlook, but an uplook. My place in society was at the bottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最底层A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.难中的朋友是要躲避的朋友。