博士研究生入学考试试题及答案解析
中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1．Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A．separating B．having separatedC．to separate D．of separating2．Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A．in that B．now thatC．since that D．no that3．With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A．even if B．so as toB．even more D．much less4．After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A．was sitting B．was seatedC．was seating D．was sat5．_______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A．Regardless of B．Attributing toC．Allowing for D．Under the spell of6．Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A．configuration B．constitutionC．condemnation D．contamination7．Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A．blatant B．philanthropicC．distressful D．intractable8．Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A．primeval B．legitimateC．newfangled D．beneficent9．In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A．capacity B．erosionC．remedy D．amenity10．The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A．lining up B．lying behindC．chiming in D．drifting into11．Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A．stupendous B．bruisingC．tectonic C．internecine12．Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A．inconsistent B．moderateC．nascent D．weird13．To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A．independent of B．emulated byC．disguised as D．founded upon14．He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A．dazzle B．offsetC．circumvent D．impartial15．A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A．line B．strandC．mass D．plethora16．New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A．vexing B．psychicC．alienated D．somatic17．The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A．on way to B．on route toC．returning to D．in line to18．The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A．obsolete B．ellipticalC．oval D．eligible19．The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A．deflate B．pad aroundC．recoup D．cash out20．In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A．preoccupied with B．displaced to beC．lend credence to D．loom as1．A．句意：有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难，他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。
have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth. 在某方面存在困难。
2．A 句意：人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家使用了一系列严密的方法和技术来证明那些可以被其他人检测的观察报告。
in that 因为，由于。
now that 既然。
3．C 句意：19世纪和20世纪紧张局势加剧，要求立法者、部长官员和总统能够理解这一爆炸性问题就很困难，更不可能指望他们就怎样从这一爆炸性问题占有所得达到一致。
even if 即使。
so as to 以便，为的是。
4．B 句意：在所有客人都入座后，主人开始上菜。
seat(及物动词) 就座，坐下。
sit 不及物动词，无被动语态。
5．C 句意：考虑到交通阻塞问题，如果您想赶上飞往纽约的818次航班的话，就最好早点动身。
Allowing for 考虑到，顾及。
regardless of 不管，不顾。
attributing to 归因于，认为是….的结果。
under the spell of 在….的诅咒下。
6．D 句意：现在一篇科技论文争辩说岩石里有机化学物质大部分来自地球污染而不是来自火星的细菌。
configuration 构造，结构。
constitution 宪法，宪章。
condemnation 谴责。
contamination 污染。
7．D 句意：通常人们不相信雄心，他们认为雄心代表着人性中一些难以应付的事情。
intractable 难以对付，难控制的。
数学博士试题及答案解析
数学博士试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题5分，共20分）1. 假设函数f(x)在区间[a, b]上连续，且f(a) = f(b) = 0，则下列哪个选项是正确的？A. f(x)在[a, b]上恒等于0B. 存在至少一个点c∈(a, b)，使得f'(c) = 0C. f(x)在[a, b]上至少有一个极大值或极小值D. f(x)在[a, b]上单调递增或递减答案：B解析：根据罗尔定理，如果函数f(x)在闭区间[a, b]上连续，在开区间(a, b)内可导，且f(a) = f(b)，则存在至少一个点c∈(a, b)，使得f'(c) = 0。
因此，选项B是正确的。
2. 假设随机变量X服从标准正态分布，那么P(|X| < 1)的值是多少？A. 0.5B. 0.6827C. 0.8413D. 0.9772答案：C解析：标准正态分布的累积分布函数（CDF）表或计算器可以告诉我们，P(|X| < 1) = P(-1 < X < 1) = Φ(1) - Φ(-1) = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6827，其中Φ表示标准正态分布的CDF。
因此，选项C是正确的。
3. 假设矩阵A是一个3x3的奇异矩阵，那么下列哪个选项是正确的？A. |A| = 0B. A的行列式为正C. A可逆D. A的秩小于3答案：A解析：奇异矩阵是指行列式为零的矩阵，因此选项A是正确的。
选项B不正确，因为奇异矩阵的行列式可以是正数、负数或零。
选项C不正确，因为奇异矩阵不可逆。
选项D不正确，因为奇异矩阵的秩可以是0、1或2，但不一定是小于3。
4. 假设函数g(x) = x^3 - 3x + 1，那么g'(x)的表达式是什么？A. 3x^2 - 3B. x^2 - 3x + 1C. 3x^2 - 3x + 1D. x^3 - 3x^2 + 1答案：A解析：对g(x) = x^3 - 3x + 1求导，得到g'(x) = 3x^2 - 3。
矿产
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
博士考试题及答案
博士考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在科学研究中，以下哪一项是研究者必须遵守的伦理原则？A. 学术不端B. 数据造假C. 尊重研究对象D. 忽视研究结果答案：C2. 下列哪一项不是博士论文撰写过程中的基本要求？A. 原创性B. 系统性C. 可读性D. 随意性答案：D3. 在博士论文答辩过程中，以下哪一项不是答辩委员会的职责？A. 提出质疑B. 评估论文质量C. 提供修改建议D. 决定是否授予学位答案：D4. 以下哪一项不是博士生培养过程中的关键环节？A. 课程学习B. 学术研究C. 社会实践D. 个人娱乐答案：D5. 在博士生培养过程中，以下哪一项不是导师的职责？A. 提供学术指导B. 监督学术道德C. 提供生活资助D. 协助论文发表答案：C6. 以下哪一项不是博士生学术发展中的重要因素？A. 学术兴趣B. 学术能力C. 学术资源D. 学术运气答案：D7. 在博士生学术研究中，以下哪一项不是研究方法的分类？A. 定性研究B. 定量研究C. 混合方法研究D. 随机研究答案：D8. 在博士生学术发展中，以下哪一项不是学术交流的方式？A. 学术会议B. 学术期刊C. 学术博客D. 学术游戏答案：D9. 在博士生学术研究中，以下哪一项不是数据分析的方法？A. 描述性统计B. 推断性统计C. 非参数统计D. 随机统计答案：D10. 在博士生学术发展中，以下哪一项不是学术成果的表现形式？A. 学术论文B. 学术专著C. 学术报告D. 学术竞赛答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 博士生在撰写论文时，以下哪些因素是必须考虑的？A. 论文的创新性B. 论文的逻辑性C. 论文的格式规范D. 论文的字数限制答案：A、B、C12. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是研究设计的关键要素？A. 研究问题B. 研究假设C. 数据收集方法D. 结果的解释答案：A、B、C、D13. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是数据处理的步骤？A. 数据清洗B. 数据编码C. 数据分析D. 数据报告答案：A、B、C、D14. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是论文写作的重要环节？A. 引言撰写B. 文献综述C. 研究方法描述D. 结果讨论答案：A、B、C、D15. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是论文发表的途径？A. 学术期刊B. 学术会议C. 学术专著D. 学术博客答案：A、B、C、D三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）16. 简述博士生在学术研究中应遵循的伦理规范。
中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解SECTION Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 points)(略)SECTION Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage.When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape.If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates,ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a specific kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape).Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of on the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after-literally taking the wicked labor leader apart.Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which have plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided: Therewould be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxley's Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery;the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.21．In the author's opinion, the idea that geneticists could produce a super-ape is ______.A．irrational B．plausibleC．biologically impossible D．demonstrably true22．The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is ______.A．repetitive B．mechanized C．unusual D．intricate23．A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopias is ______.A．creation of super-apes B．the necessity of breeding super-humans C．the necessity of breeding subhumans D．the degradation of beasts24．The author of this article isA．revealing his low opinion of mankindB．poking fun at geneticistsC．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-apeD．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tonePassage TwoQuestions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage.As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be interms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Shouted, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously.As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second.The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with d ecreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect of the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors,the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.25．This selection is primarily concerned with ______.A．the eye's adaptation to color B．the properties of colored surfacesC．the color of colors D．the effect of changes in color intensity 26．Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ______.A．the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB．whether the object was seen in artificial or natural lightC．what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsD．the individual's power of lateral adaptation27．If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect ______.A．a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB．some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC．the immediate loss of the “afterimage” of the fir st objectD．the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level28．The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ______.A．some experiments with color pigmentsB．the nature of colorC．the color properties of various surfacesD．the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to colorPassage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage.The Greek's lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists' contempt of utility —was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether.But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement.Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few—priests, nobles, and kings—concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position.In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in war making, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production.On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.The whole ancient word was built upon this relationship— a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow—products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified tofit his shoulders. For more than rive thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century)to become a rudder.With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it—but the ingenuity wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his' one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.29．Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.A．natural resourcesB．inventive abilityC．people's desire for the “better things of life”D．proper social organization30．During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______.A．was a primary concern of societyB．was hampered by class relationshipsC．began to improve over levels reached by the GreeksD．was in a period of technical progress31．We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.A．freemen had incentive to produce moreB．masters had greater incentive to work their workers harderC．slaves never starved, no matter what they producedD．productivity could go in only one direction32．In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from ______.A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometryB．case studies of lack of social communication between classesC．technologyD．his concern with the plight of the laboring classesPassage FourQuestions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage.The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes,approximately equal numbers of males and females.Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930．This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females, then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”.Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed,his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.Since Fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization.If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some,then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's argument, it should still pay a female to pro duce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only onefemale usually eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.33．The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists ______.A．conducted their research at approximately the same timeB．sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studiedC．sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stableD．studied reproduction in the same animal species34．It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher's work to be ______.A．definitive and thoroughB．inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton's workC．accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton's workD．admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton's work35．According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on ______.A．the ability to adjust one's behavior in light of the behavior of othersB．the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environmentC．the accuracy with which one can predict future eventsD．the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources36．It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been ______.A．developed by scientists with an interest in geneticsB．useful in explaining some biological phenomenaC．adopted by Hamilton in his researchD．based on animal studies conducted prior to 1930Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage.Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”—the decades after 1815．Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's NorthAmerican empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies.The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture.Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern—acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island: and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern—but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.37．The author is primarily concerned with ______.A．refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American SouthB．refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American SouthC．refuting the two premises that underlie Davis' discussion of the culture of the American D．challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature38．According to the author, the depiction of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the ______.A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development of American cultureB．fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious orient-colonistsC．extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural models for the other American coloniesD．extent to which colonial America resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typically English39．The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was ______.A．dying out as Puritan influence began to growB．self-consciously and distinctively SouthernC．more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of EnglandD．spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut40．Which of the following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?A．Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.B．Thus, the contribution of Southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.C．Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.D．Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outsideinfluence than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.SECTION Ⅲ VOCABULARY (10 points)Directions: In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each.Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.41．From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5.7percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979．A．promising B．overwhelming C．threatening D．astonishing42．In 1982, Hitachi was indicted for stealing confidential documents from IBM. As part of a court settlement, the company paid IBM hundreds of millions of dollars.A．condemned for B．accused of C．disciplined for D．disapproved of 43．The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as well as its original nutritional value.A．tasty B．stylish C．delicate D．notable44．The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which operate under government auspices.A．supervision B．orientation C．regulation D．sponsorship45．European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government.A．chose B．constructed C．conceived D．conserved46．During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.A．opposed B．exploited C．despised D．annoyed47．A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A．nutrition B．sanitation C．nursery D．welfare48．Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.A．imaginative B．sensitive C．distinguished D．persistent49．The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.A．evade B．endanger C．exclude D．enhance50．Ideally, anatomical investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organisms at many levels of observation.A．analysis B．recognition C．evaluation D．examination51．Not until the advent of histochemistry could the anatomist see through the microscope which cells carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different cells under various conditions.A．discern B．grasp C．measure D．estimate52．The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.A．motionless B．massive C．flexible D．noticeable53．Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java's administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.A．resolved B．reckoned C．hesitated D．discriminated54．Although diverse, African music has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.A．benefits B．features C．notions D．options55．The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A．avert B．deny C．exclude D．reduce56．The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product's local distributors.A．potential B．responsive C．inquisitive D．perceptive57．Australia began to assume its modern configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southward.A．status B．sphere C．shape D．situation58．Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the struggling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.A．stunning B．discouraging C．concerning D．prevailing59．Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey.He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.A．daring B．futile C．critical D．fruitful60．The Second Hague Disarmament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.A．facilitating B．upgrading C．justifying D．worseningSECTION Ⅳ ERROR IDENTIFICATION ( 10 points)Directions:In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D．Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a line through the center.61．There is nothing in science staling that it is good to attempt to save human lives. Saving Human lives seems to be a generally held value in most cultures of the world, but it is notin some sense scientifically derived.A B C D62．Theories have features that are indicative of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and using them to guide choices as to which theories to believe.A B C D63．The motivation of rapists is now acknowledged to be a more complex matter than being formerly believed; it has come to be widely accepted that rape is not necessarily the result of sexual desire.A B C D64．The view which elements ofa culture are to be understood and judged in terms of their relationship to the culture as a whole led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be evaluated or graded as higher and lower, superior or inferior.A B C D65．In the United States at the time of World War Ⅱ, when soldiers were screened formilitary service the army defined a minimal level of literacy as that was normally achieved in the fifth grade.A B C D66．Another factor in the display of art objects concerns their continued preservation. Because of the sensitivity of some of the materials used in their creation, it is necessary to control within narrowlimits the temperature, humidity, and lighting which they are exposed.A B C D67．To be measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world's biggest profession. Though the roles and functions of teachers very from country to country, the variations are generally greater within a country than they are between countries.A B C D68．Recent reform efforts have been focused on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only the number of students has increased, butthe scope of education has also expanded.A B C D69．The market for manufactured goods is which economists call “imperfect”, because each company has its own style; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted to makingit even more imperfect by attracting buyers to particular brand names.A B C D70．Further education is officially described as the post-secondary stage of education, comprised all vocational and convocational provision made for young people who have left school, or for adults.A B C DSECTION ⅤWORD FORMATION (5 points)Directions: Form a wordfrom the word given at the end of each sentence. Write the word you have formed in the proper space on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.71．In Yugoslavia, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by improved relations with。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
博士考试入学试题及答案
博士考试入学试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士生入学考试的目的？A. 选拔具有学术潜力的候选人B. 评估候选人的研究能力C. 确定候选人的学术背景D. 评估候选人的社交能力答案：D2. 博士生入学考试通常包括哪些部分？A. 笔试和面试B. 只有笔试C. 只有面试D. 笔试、面试和实验操作答案：A3. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项是最重要的？A. 考试成绩B. 推荐信C. 个人陈述D. 研究计划答案：D4. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分通常包括哪些内容？A. 专业知识测试B. 英语水平测试C. 数学能力测试D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 博士生入学考试的面试部分主要考察什么？A. 候选人的学术背景B. 候选人的研究兴趣和目标C. 候选人的沟通技巧D. 所有以上选项答案：D6. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项不是推荐信的作用？A. 证明候选人的学术能力B. 证明候选人的个人品质C. 证明候选人的社交能力D. 证明候选人的研究潜力答案：C7. 博士生入学考试的个人陈述应该包含哪些内容？A. 学术背景和研究兴趣B. 职业目标和动机C. 个人品质和成就D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪项不是研究计划的作用？A. 展示候选人的研究能力B. 展示候选人的创新思维C. 展示候选人的写作技巧D. 展示候选人的社交技巧答案：D9. 博士生入学考试的英语水平测试通常包括哪些部分？A. 听力和阅读B. 写作和口语C. 听力、阅读、写作和口语D. 听力、阅读和写作答案：C10. 博士生入学考试的数学能力测试通常包括哪些部分？A. 代数和几何B. 微积分和概率论C. 线性代数和微分方程D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、多选题（每题3分，共30分）11. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分可能包括哪些类型的题目？A. 选择题B. 简答题C. 论述题D. 计算题答案：ABCD12. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响候选人的录取结果？A. 考试成绩B. 推荐信C. 个人陈述D. 研究计划答案：ABCD13. 博士生入学考试的面试部分可能包括哪些内容？A. 学术背景的讨论B. 研究兴趣和目标的讨论C. 个人品质和成就的讨论D. 沟通技巧的评估答案：ABCD14. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响推荐信的效果？A. 推荐人的学术地位B. 推荐人与候选人的关系C. 推荐信的内容和质量D. 推荐信的数量答案：ABC15. 博士生入学考试的个人陈述中，以下哪些内容是必要的？A. 学术背景的介绍B. 研究兴趣和目标的说明C. 职业目标和动机的阐述D. 个人品质和成就的描述16. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响研究计划的质量？A. 研究问题的创新性B. 研究方法的合理性C. 研究结果的预期D. 写作技巧和组织结构答案：ABCD17. 博士生入学考试的英语水平测试中，以下哪些部分是重要的？A. 听力理解能力B. 阅读理解能力C. 写作表达能力D. 口语交流能力18. 博士生入学考试的数学能力测试中，以下哪些部分是重要的？A. 代数运算能力B. 几何推理能力C. 微积分计算能力D. 概率论应用能力答案：ABCD19. 在博士生入学考试中，以下哪些因素可能影响候选人的总体表现？A. 考试准备的充分性B. 考试当天的心理状态C. 考试技巧和策略D. 考试环境和条件20. 博士生入学考试的笔试部分可能包括哪些学科领域的题目？A. 自然科学B. 社会科学C. 人文学科D. 工程技术答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）21. 描述博士生入学考试的一般流程。
博士入学考试试题
博士入学考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士研究的基本要求？A. 创新性B. 系统性C. 可复制性D. 广泛性2. 博士论文撰写中，以下哪项不是必须遵守的学术规范？A. 引用他人观点必须注明出处B. 数据必须真实可靠C. 可以对实验数据进行选择性报告D. 论文结构必须清晰合理3. 在博士研究过程中，以下哪项不是常见的研究方法？A. 实验法B. 观察法C. 调查法D. 猜测法4. 以下哪个选项不是博士生培养的目标？A. 独立思考能力B. 解决问题的能力C. 团队合作精神D. 个人英雄主义5. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪项不是必要的文献资料？A. 相关领域的经典著作B. 最新的研究论文C. 过时的学术文章D. 权威的学术期刊6. 在博士学习期间，以下哪项不是学生应该具备的素质？A. 好奇心和求知欲B. 批判性思维C. 严格遵守学术道德D. 只关注个人研究方向7. 下列哪项不是博士生参与学术交流的目的？A. 分享研究成果B. 获得同行评议C. 增加个人知名度D. 拓宽研究视野8. 在博士研究中，以下哪项不是数据处理时需要注意的？A. 数据的完整性B. 数据的准确性C. 数据的保密性D. 数据的随意修改9. 博士生在撰写学术论文时，以下哪项不是论文的重要组成部分？A. 摘要B. 引言C. 结论D. 个人感想10. 在博士研究中，以下哪项不是研究伦理的基本原则？A. 诚实B. 责任C. 公正D. 利益最大化二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述博士研究中创新性的重要性及其在学术界的作用。
12. 描述博士生在学术写作中应如何避免抄袭和剽窃。
13. 解释为什么博士生需要具备跨学科的知识和技能，并举例说明。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）14. 论述博士生在科研工作中应如何处理与导师的关系，以及如何建立有效的沟通机制。
15. 选择一个你感兴趣的研究领域，讨论该领域中当前存在的主要问题和未来的研究方向。
博士英语入学试题及答案
博士英语入学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The professor suggested that we ________ the meeting at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.A) attendB) attendedC) will attendD) have attended答案：A2. The book is ________ to be published next month.A) likelyB) probableC) possibleD) expected答案：D3. The company has ________ a new policy to reduce carbon emissions.A) implementedB) executedC) performedD) carried out答案：A4. The research team ________ a breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence.A) achievedB) accomplishedC) completedD) finished答案：A5. The patient was ________ to the intensive care unit due to his critical condition.A) transferredB) movedC) shiftedD) relocated答案：A6. The government is ________ to improve the quality of education in rural areas.A) committedB) dedicatedC) devotedD) focused答案：A7. The scientist ________ the hypothesis after conducting numerous experiments.A) confirmedB) verifiedC) validatedD) substantiated答案：D8. The committee has been ________ to review the new regulations.A) appointedB) designatedC) nominatedD) elected答案：B9. The company's profits have ________ significantly over the past year.A) increasedB) risenC) grownD) escalated答案：C10. The new policy will ________ the rights of minority groups.A) protectB) safeguardC) preserveD) maintain答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ of the project was delayed due to bad weather. 答案：completion2. The ________ of the experiment was successful.答案：outcome3. The ________ of the book is quite informative.答案：content4. The ________ of the company is to innovate.答案：mission5. The ________ of the disease is still unknown.答案：cause6. The ________ of the meeting was to discuss the budget.答案：purpose7. The ________ of the project was a success.答案：execution8. The ________ of the data was done by a computer program. 答案：analysis9. The ________ of the new drug is expected to be high.答案：demand10. The ________ of the old building was necessary for safety reasons.答案：demolition三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读以下短文，并回答后面的问题。
博士入学考试试题解析(一)
1. The European Unions countries were once worried that they would not have __.A. sufficientB. efficientC. potentialD. proficient[译文]欧盟国家曾经担心他们潜力不足。
sufficient[英][səˈfiʃənt] [美][səˈfɪʃənt]adj.足够的，充足的；[逻辑学]（条件）必然的；〈古〉有能力的，能胜任的，够资格的n.足够（的量）efficient[英][iˈfiʃənt] [美][ɪˈfɪʃənt]adj.有效率的；（直接）生效的；能干的；（因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的potential[英][pəˈtenʃəl] [美][pəˈtɛnʃəl]adj.潜在的，有可能的；[语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的；有能力的n.潜力，潜能；[物]电位，势能；潜能的事物；[语]可能语气proficient[英][prəˈfɪʃənt] [美][prəˈfɪʃənt]adj.精通的，熟练的n.能手，老手，专家[解析]此处需要名词，根据句意，排除A和D，选C。
2. W e’d like to __ a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. prosperityC. sustainD. retain[译文]我们想留一张五人桌今晚晚餐时用。
preserve[英][priˈzə:v] [美][prɪˈzɚv]vt.保护；保持，保存；腌制食物；防腐处理vi.保鲜；保持原状；做蜜饯；禁猎n.蜜饯；防护用品；禁猎地；独占的事物（或范围）prosperity[英][prɔsˈperiti] [美][prɑˈspɛrɪti]n.繁荣；兴旺，昌盛；成功mutual prosperity 相互繁荣; 共同繁荣; initial prosperity 初步繁荣昌盛; 初步繁荣sustain[英][səˈstein] [美][səˈsten]vt.维持；支撑，支持；遭受，忍受；供养sustainable development[səˈsteinəbl diˈveləpmənt] 可持续发展retain[英][riˈtein] [美][rɪˈten]vt.保持；留在心中，记住；雇用；付定金保留retained earnings 未分配的利润，留存收益[解析]应填入动词，根据句意，排除A和C，选D。
南开大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析
南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。