[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编16.doc
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编16
一、判断题
1 The phatic function refers to language function for establishing or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.(清华2001研)
（A）True
（B）False
2 Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.（大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
3 "Competence" and "performance" are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure.（北二外2005研)
（A）True
（B）False
4 The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation.(南开大学2004研)
（A）True
（B）False
5 Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.
（A）True
（B）False
6 By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. （A）True
（B）False
7 Onomatopoeic words are totally arbitrary.
（A）True
（B）False
8 When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.（大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
9 Of the three cavities, pharynx cavity is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.（北二外2007研)
（A）True
（B）False
10 English consonants can be classified into two categories: voiced and voiceless consonants.(对外经贸2006研)
（A）True
（B）False
11 Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage.（对外经贸2006研)
（A）True
（B）False
12 The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.（大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
13 Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.（大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
14 A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA.(大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
15 Auditory phonetics studies how sounds are perceived by the speaker.（清华2001研)
（A）True
（B）False
16 The last sound of "top" can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.
（A）True
（B）False
17 The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.
（A）True
（B）False
18 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.
（A）True
（B）False
19 Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class.（清华2001研)
（A）True
（B）False
20 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure.（大连外国语学院2008研)
（A）True
（B）False
21 The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.(北二外2007研)
（A）True
（B）False
22 Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves.（大连外国语学院2008研) （A）True
（B）False
23 All words contain a root morpheme.（北二外2006研)
（A）True
（B）False
24 Root also falls into two categories: free and bound.（北二外2006研)
（A）True
（B）False
25 The word of "impossibility" contains four morphemes.（对外经贸2006研) （A）True
（B）False
26 We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
（A）True
（B）False
27 All roots are free and all affixes are bound.
（A）True
（B）False。
[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 acoustic phonetics2 allophonic variation3 back-formation4 government5 anaphor6 cognate7 spoonerism8 conversational maxim9 face validity10 negative transfer二、音标题11 Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound.<u>phonetic description</u> <u>phonetic symbol</u> <u>English word</u>(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [ ](2)palatal glide [ ](3)high back tense rounded vowel [ ](4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel [ ]12 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the words[dumuni]"eating" and[sungoli]"sleeping" to illustrate the process of derivation.bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping三、简答题13 What is a "slip of the tongue"? What has research into "slip of the tongue" phenomena revealed about speech production process?14 Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.15 In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies?16 Please describe error analysis procedures in second language research.四、分析题17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.(1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences.(1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.19 Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification.You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. [The children]NP will[stop[at the corner]PP]VP if they see us do so.20 The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation,and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by applying the rules you have given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary.What did John eat?21 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some of such forms. Are these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question.Singular Plural Singular Pluraldwarf dwarfs[s] stratum strata[]dogs dogs[z] thesis theses[i:z]wife wives[z] bureau buraux[z]oxoxen[n] stimulus stimuli[ai]22 State about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of "This is the happiest life of my day".。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22一、填空题1 According to G Leech, ______meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)2 According to G Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)3 According to G. Leech, ______meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)4 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the______theory. (中山大学2008研)5 ______is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)6 Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are______of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)7 "Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack______a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)8 Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are______of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)9 Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are______antonyms. (北二外2003研)10 Terms like "desk" and "stool" are______of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)11 ______= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)12 ______= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)13 In their book______written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)14 Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; ______ and______.二、判断题15 In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研) （A）真（B）假16 After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研) （A）真（B）假17 Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)（A）真（B）假18 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假19 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假20 Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)（A）真（B）假21 Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研) （A）真（B）假22 "Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假23 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假24 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研) （A）真（B）假25 All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题26 When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)（A）connotative（B）conceptual（C）reflected27 ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)（A）Reference（B）Concept（C）Semantics（D）Sense28 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）Connotative meaning.（B）Denotative meaning.（C）Conceptual meaning.29 According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）symbol .. . referent ... thought（B）referent . .. thought.. . symbol（C）thought .. . symbol . .. referent30 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are representedby______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy（B）synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy（C）antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31 Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)（A）Vowel and consonant（B）Mouth and tongue（C）Lexicon and word（D）Number and gender32 By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanationof______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（A）die（B）dead（C）kill（D）killed33 The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研) （A）synonymy（B）antonymy（C）entailment34 Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（A）good and bad（B）male and female（C）young and old（D）buy and sell35 Conceptual meaning is not______（A）affective（B）cognitive（C）logic（D）denotative36 When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.（A）sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)（B）sentence (a) entails sentence (b)（C）sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)（D）sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37 "Socrates is a man" is a case of______.（A）two-place predicate（B）one-place predicate（C）two-place argument（D）one-place argument四、简答题38 What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)39 What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)40 What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)41 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.42 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)43 What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?44 What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?五、名词解释45 Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)46 Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)47 Concatenation (四川大学2006研)48 Denotation (南开大学2004研)49 Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)50 Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)51 Homonymy (上海交大2007研)52 Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)53 Synonymy (西安交大2008研)54 Componential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)55 Entailment (武汉大学2006研)56 Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)57 Polysemy (北外2010研)58 linguistic variable (北外2011研)六、举例说明题59 Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)60 The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)61 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)62 Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.63 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.。
[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。
(NEW)中国人民大学外国语学院《816英语语言学与英语教学》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional (10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning (1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11一、简答题1 The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。
2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。
3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。
4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。
2 Comment on the following observation in about 150 words.(武汉大学2010研)"The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. "3 When a teacher says "it's so hot in here" during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.(人大2002研)4 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory.(北航2008研) Customer; Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter; Don't worry, there's no extra charge.5 Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.(浙江大学2004研)6 Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.(浙江大学2007研)a. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.b. A: What do you intend to do? B: I have a terrible headache.c. A: Where've you been? B: Out.7 Discuss the following advertisement extensively: "你不理财，财不理你".(浙江大学2007研)8 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said哎，几点了?and the second said不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?(北外2007研)9 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.(北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3一、填空题1 Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component wordsand______.2 The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called______.3 A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the______the utterance.（人大2004研)4 When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an______force.（清华2001研)5 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say. "（中山大学2008研)6 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______.（中山大学2008研)7 Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?8 Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the______.9 ______refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研)10 ______ is the information that the addresser believes isknown to the addressee, while ______is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.11 ______represents what the utterance is about; ______is what is said about it.12 "Linguistic relativity" was proposed by______and______.（清华2001研)13 Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, ______language.14 A speech______is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.15 A______language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.16 A linguistic______refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.17 Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the______attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.18 In terms of sociolinguistics, ______is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.19 In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ______inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.20 ______is the mental process of classification, while______is the products of the preceding process.21 ______is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.22 There are three aspects in basic-level categories; ______, ______and______.23 The type of language constructed by second or foreignlanguage learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______.（中山大学2008研)24 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中山大学2008研)25 In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. This process is called language______.。
[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编27.doc
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27一、填空题1 Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using______in language study.(中山大学2005研)2 In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, ______has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.3 MT can be divided into two types: ______and______.4 ______a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.5 ______refers to the use of machine (usually computers) to translate texts from one natural language to another.二、判断题6 MT may commit those errors that no human translators would commit, such as wrong pronouns, wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars.（A）真（B）假7 Around 1960, computer software is greatly improved and the first programming languages appeared.（A）真（B）假8 CAL especially refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.（A）真（B）假9 Three types of knowledge are needed so that MT systems can be improved: semantics, pragmatics and common sense（A）真（B）假三、名词解释10 CAL(大连外国语学院2008研)11 CAI and CAL (武汉大学2008研)12 CALL (人大2006研)13 corpus linguistics (南开大学2004研)14 Concordance(北航2010研)15 Corpus四、举例说明题16 Read the following quote from Chomsky. What do you think about Chomsky's criticism and the revival of corpus linguistics? (中山大学2005研)It seems clear that the description which is of greatest psychological relevance is the account of competence, not that of performance, for anyone concerned with intellectual processes, or any question that goes beyond mere data arranging, it is the question of competence that is fundamental. . ..These rather obvious comments apply directly to study of language, child or adult. This it is absurd to attempt to construct a grammar that describes observed linguistic behaviour directly, . . . a direct record—an actual corpus—is almost useless as it stands, for linguistic analysis of any but the most superficial kind. . . .17 In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning? (北外2010研)18 What is the relationship between MT and Human Translation?。
[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编23.doc
（B）假
3 Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.
（A）真
（B）假
4 Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.
（A）Competence
（B）Performance
（C）Learning
（D）Acquisition
8 During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parents' language.
（A）language acquisition
（B）applied linguistics
（C）psycholinguistics
（D）pragmatics
10 ______does not belong to Construal Operations.
（A）Attention/ Salience（B）Jugment/ Comparison
（A）真
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：the meaning of its structure）解析：解析：（句子的意义是由词汇意义与句子结构两者决定的。
)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。
)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。