2007年北京大学医学部博士入学考试流行病学试题
缘梦缘整理
2007年北京大学医学部博士研究生入学考试
流行病学试题
一、名词解释（英文→中文，解释）：
1．Lead time bias
2．Differential misclassification bias
3．Effect modification
4．Intention-to-treat analysis
二、简答题
1．列举任意三种病例对照研究的交叉设计类型，并阐述其原理？
2．简述判别混杂的基本准则及控制混杂的总体策略？
3．简述流行病学实验研究中设立对照的必要性与对照的主要类型？
4．如何理解“matching in a case-control study introduces selection bias”？其后果是什么？如何解决这个问题？队列研究中实施matching是否存在同样问题？为什么？
三、论述题：（任选两题，20分×2题）
1．拟开展一项病例对照研究，探讨吸烟与急性心梗之间的关联。
研究拟在一家医院进行，某期间收治的所有急性心梗病人作病例，同期该医院收治的非急性心梗病人作对照，由调查人员对所有研究对象进行问卷调查，询问既往吸烟史，假定吸烟确实可增加个体发生急性心梗的危险性，请尽可能全面的分析，这项研究可能出现的误差以及应考虑的质量控制措施。
2．请从宏观和微观两个方面论述流行病学研究的发展趋势？
3．试述循证卫生决策面临的机遇和挑战？
4．试述慢性非传染性疾病流行病学研究中的主要问题和解决方法？。
2007博士毕业考题(B)
新疆医科大学2007博士研究生病理专业毕业考试专业理论试卷(B卷)一、选择题（每题1分，共22分）1．非被覆鳞状上皮的器官发生鳞癌是因为：A 化生所致B 与外界相通的特征 C变性所致D 上皮缺损，肉芽组织修复所致E 与个体体质有关2．判断离体心脏萎缩的最主要根据是：A 心脏变形，表面血管弯曲 B心脏外形不变，表面血管弯曲C 体积明显缩小D 颜色呈棕色 E无法判断是否萎缩3．关于血管壁玻璃样变性，错误的描述是：A常见于高血压病 B常累及肾、脑、脾、视网膜动脉C导致血管壁变硬、管腔狭窄 D引起组织缺血E玻璃样物质有免疫球蛋白和基底膜样物构成4．肠扭转引起的坏死，称为：A凝固性坏死 B 液化性坏死 C气性坏疽D干性坏疽 E湿性坏疽5．不符合静脉性充血的是：A局部发绀 B小动脉扩张 C局部温度降低D局部组织肿胀 E间质水肿6．来自下肢静脉的血栓，最可能栓塞的部位是：A肺动脉 B肺静脉 C支气管静脉D支气管动脉 E下腔静脉7．出血性梗死可发生于：A脑 B肺 C心D肾 E 肝8．金黄色葡萄球菌感染最常引起：A蜂窝织炎 B脓肿 C纤维素性炎D假膜性炎 E 出血性炎9．白细胞游出前必须有的过程是：A 白细胞附壁，粘着B 血流加快 C血流变慢甚至停滞D白细胞靠边 E血管壁通透性升高10．5-羟色胺主要存在于：A肥大细胞 B血管内皮细胞 C局噬细胞D淋巴细胞 E嗜酸性粒细胞11．白喉杆菌感染引起：A纤维素性炎 B 浆液性炎 C 蜂窝织炎D 脓肿E 肉芽肿性炎12．目前我国死亡率最高的肿瘤是：A肝癌 B胃癌 C 子宫颈癌D 乳腺癌E 肺癌13．肿瘤性增生与炎性增生的根本区别是：A有炎细胞浸润 B有核分裂像 C生长快D有肿块形成 E细胞不同程度失去了分化成熟的能力14．癌转移至淋巴结时，首先出现在：A边缘窦 B髓窦 C淋巴滤泡内D副皮质区 E以上都不是15．急性风湿病最常见的死亡原因是：A 风湿性心包炎 B风湿性心肌炎 C风湿性心内膜炎D风湿性脑动脉炎 E 动脉系统栓赛16．不符合大叶性肺炎的描述是：A 多由肺炎链球菌感染引起 B累及整个或多个大叶 C属于纤维素性炎D 破坏小支气管壁和肺泡壁结构 E咳铁锈色痰17．小叶性肺炎的典型病变特点是：A支气管急性卡他性炎症 B 肺泡的纤维素性炎症 C 肺泡的出血性炎症D 肺间质非化脓性炎症E 以细支气管为中心的小叶性化脓性炎症18．硅肺的基本病理变化是：A硅结节 B肺气肿 C硅肺结核病D肺间质弥漫性纤维化 E 胸膜斑A成纤维细胞大量增生B富有新生毛细血管和成纤维细胞C出现炎症反应D成纤维细胞变为纤维细胞，产生大量胶原纤维E毛细血管改建为小动脉和小静脉19．肉芽组织的特点20．瘢痕组织的特点A活体心血管内血液某些成分形成固体质块B组织内过多的体液潴留C 大量气体迅速进入血液D 局部组织血流阻断E 下肢静脉血栓脱落21. 血栓形成22. 肺动脉栓塞1.绒毛心2.肺肉质变3.炎性介质4.槟榔肝5.大红肾6.慢性肺源性心脏病7.凋亡8.假小叶9.R-S细胞10.冠心病四、简答题（每题6分，共18分）1.简述风湿病的基本病变2.简述肿瘤演进和异质化3.简述凋亡和坏死的区别1.试述恶性肿瘤的侵袭和转移机制（16分）2.详述门脉性肝硬化的病理变化及临床病理联系（14分）。
哈尔滨医科大学神经病学2007年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
哈尔滨医科大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名解:(10个，每个2分)
1、一过性黑瞻
2、良性位置性眩晕
3、临床孤立综合症C工S
4、α-synuclein
5、korsarkoff综合症
6、副肿瘤综合症
7、退发型运动障碍
8、Lhermitte征
9、上行网状激活系统
10、精神发育障碍
二、简答(2个，每个10分)
1、简述眼肌型重症肌无力的检查方法?
2, Andersen-Tawil综合症、低钾周期性瘫痪、高钾周期性瘫痪的临床表现。
三、论述(2)
论述面神经进入面神经孔之后的可分为几支，损伤之后可有什么临床表现?
五、论述(20分)
脊髓亚急性联合变性的临床表现和Friedreich共济失调的如何鉴别?
哈尔滨医科大学神经病学2007年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
哈尔滨医科大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名解:(10个，ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ个2分) 1、一过性黑瞻
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2、良性位置性眩晕 3、临床孤立综合症C工S 4、α-synuclein 5、korsarkoff综合症 6、副肿瘤综合症 7、退发型运动障碍 8、Lhermitte征 9、上行网状激活系统 10、精神发育障碍 二、简答(2个，每个10分) 1、简述眼肌型重症肌无力的检查方法? 2, Andersen-Tawil综合症、低钾周期性瘫痪、高钾周期性瘫痪的临床表现。 三、论述(20分) 不安腿综合症的临床表现及药物的治疗? 四、论述(20分) 论述面神经进入面神经孔之后的可分为几支，损伤之后可有什么临床表现? 五、论述(20分) 脊髓亚急性联合变性的临床表现和Friedreich共济失调的如何鉴别?
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流行病学 试卷及答案
暨南大学考试试卷一、名词解释（请将答案写在后附白纸上。
每题2分，共20分）1. 队列研究2. 流行3. 冰山现象4. 金标准5. 疾病监测6. A型药物不良反应7. 偏倚8. 医院感染9. 暴露10.失效安全数二.填空（每空1分，共20分）1. 流行病学研究方法主要分为，和理论研究三大类。
2. 偏倚按其产生的原因主要分为，和。
3. 形成病因假设时常用的Mill准则包括：求同法，，，类推法和排除法4. 2004年的传染病防治法规定：对法定报告的乙类病种中、和人感染高致病性禽流感三种传染病采取甲类的防制措施。
5. 院感监测常用的指标有医院感染发生率、医院感染患病率、、和。
6. 队列研究根据观察开始的时间可为和两种类型。
7. 临床试验研究要遵循的三个原则是，和。
8. 病例对照研究类型主要有和。
9. 医院感染的种类包括自身感染，，和代入传染。
三.单项选择题（每题请选出一个最佳答案）（每题1分，共10分）1.某种新疗法可延长寿命，但不能治愈疾病，可能会出现：（）A．该病发病率将增加B．该病发病率将减少C．该病患病率将增加D．该病患病率将减少E．该病发病率和患病率都减少2.疾病的三间分布包括：（）A．年龄、性别和种族B．职业、家庭和环境C．国家、地区和城乡D．时间、地区和人群E．家庭、社会、国家3.慢性病原携带者作为传染源的主要意义取决于：（）A．职业和个人卫生习惯B．排菌时间的长短C．活动范围的大小D．携带病原体的多少E．排菌量的大小4.构成传染病在人群中流行的三个条件：（）A．生活条件、经济条件、文化素养B．年龄、性别、职业C．传染源、传播途径、人群易感性D．病情轻重、接触者的多少、疫源地是否经过消毒E．以上均是5.经空气传播的疾病的流行特征是：（）A.疾病的发生与季节有关，多见于冬春季B.传播广泛，发病率高C.在未经免疫的人群中，发病率呈周期性变化D.儿童多发E.以上都是6.现况调查主要分析指标是：（）A．发病率B．病死率C．死亡率D．患病率E．罹患率7.病例对照研究中，选择新病例的优点是：（）A.需要的样本较小B.保密性问题较少C.可以减小回忆偏倚D.费用较低E.便于发现病例8.流行病学实验研究中，实验组与对照组人群的最大区别是：（）A.年龄不同B.性别不同C.目标人群不同D.干预措施不同E.观察指标不同9.为探索新生儿黄疸的病因，研究者选择了100例确诊为新生儿黄疸病例，同时选择了同期同医院确诊没有黄疸的新生儿100例。
南京大学病理生理学2007年考博真题试卷
பைடு நூலகம்南京大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南京大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：先汉译英或英译汉后在解释
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1.组织性缺氧2.Psychotraumatic stress 3.Myocardial remodeling 4.脑死亡 7.Pulmonaryencephalopathy 二、多选题 ：共五小题，10 分，都是书上的，较简单 三、简答题： 1、DIC 时休克发生的机制 2、休克早期微循环变化对机体有何代偿意义 3、心衰的原因和诱因 4、酸中毒在休克变化过程中所起的作用 四、名词解释 1.高渗性脱水 2.代谢性酸中毒 3.组织性缺氧 4.毛细血管后阻力 5.心脏紧张性扩张
2007博士学位研究生入学考试试题-综合解释答案
标准答案（要点）一、1、由于含氢指数低，天然气层中天然气对快中子的减速能力低于骨架，导致中子测井结果明显低于实际的孔隙度的一种物理现象。
2、传统的声速测井往往采用阈值检测法来判断首波的到达。
如果地层对声波的衰减太大，以至于使首波的幅度小于所设置的阈值，则不能检测到首波，而只能检测到后续波，这会使所测量的声波旅行时间变大，这种现象叫“周波跳跃”。
周波跳跃一般都发生在远波，使时差t 变大。
周波跳跃现象的产生导致时间测量误差为首波的若干个周期。
3、淡水泥浆滤液侵入条件下，含高矿化度地层水轻质油气层中的油气相对渗透率大于水相相对渗透率，导致在侵入带前缘形成的以原生高矿化度地层水相对富集的环带。
4、核磁测井三种横向弛豫机制之一。
发生在岩石孔隙中固体与流体界面。
表面弛豫取决于岩石孔隙表面弛豫率和孔隙比表面。
5、在给定的地区地质条件下，为了完成预定的勘探、开发或工程任务而选用的一套经济实用的综合测井方法。
岩性、物性、流体性质。
6、饱和多相流体孔隙介质中一相流体有效渗透率与绝对（空气）渗透率的比值。
二、1、根据岩石物理体积模型，采用反演理论进行解释的一种方法。
以经过环境校正后的测井值（向量）为基础，根据适当的解释模型和测井响应方程，计算理论测井值（向量），并与实际测井值（向量）对比，按非线性加权最小二乘原理建立目标函数，用最优化方法不断调整未知储层参数，使目标函数达到极小值（能结合公式叙述最佳）。
2、是油藏描述和多井评价中的一项技术。
选择有系统连续取心、测试和较全测井系列等资料齐全的井，建立可以应用于整个油藏（田）其他井的测井解释模型、参数。
3、测井资料综合分析的一种直观图形手段。
如中子—密度测井重叠图可以直观反映地层岩性类型以及孔隙度高低；视地层水电阻率曲线与深探测电阻率曲线可以帮助判断储层流体性质等。
三、1、低电阻率油气层指与同等物性、岩性和水性的水层，电阻增大率小于2-3的油气层，主要类型有：具有高—极高地层水矿化度的低电阻率油气层，引起这类油气层呈低电阻率的原因是矿化度极高的地层水在孔隙中形成密布的导电网络，使油气层电阻率明显降低；微孔隙发育的低电阻率油气层，这类油气层低电阻率的原因是岩石的颗粒较细（细粉砂和粘土矿物），导致地层中微孔隙十分发育，微孔隙和渗流孔隙并存，再加上地层水矿化度的影响，其电阻率值可能极低；富含泥质的低电阻率油气层，这类地层往往是淡水泥质砂岩地层，这时泥质的附加导电性表现十分突出，成为引起电阻率下降的原因；粒间孔隙与裂缝并存引起的低电阻率油气层，由于裂缝发育，在钻井过程中有相当的泥浆滤液侵入，驱赶并代替了裂缝中的油气，而使油气层的电阻率明显下降； 表面和骨架导电引起的低电阻率油气层 2、（1）岩石体积模型方法的基本要点是：按物理性质的差别，将岩石分成几个组成部分，而且岩石的总体积等于各部分体积之和；根据测井方法的物理意义，表达出宏观物理量与测量的物理量（单位物理量）的表达式；对表达式简化得到体积模型方程。
(整理)北京大学年博士研究生入学考试英语试题.
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place.[D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group.[B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes.[D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post[B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there[D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a__________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an__________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided [B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided [D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than [B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to [D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores have improved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A]crashed on [B]bumped into [C]fallen against [D]puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by many households asa source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s __________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence” that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ close examination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious for ces “really” are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigati on directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws[C]friends’ opinions[D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that __________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future. History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historicalwriting: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected –not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."精品文档(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education.(74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular.The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country.Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition.Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.精品文档。
2007级博士研究生SPSS软件应用考试试题
2007级博士研究生SPSS软件应用考试试题博士研究生姓名：李方学号：Dr20070101. 某医师收集到35份某肿瘤病历资料如下，请在SPSS数据窗口，定义变量，标记变量名与变量值，建立数据文件（举例输入3－5例情况即可）。
某病病历登记表（节选）编号：200700001患者姓名：张* *性别: 男女出生日期：1956 年 1 月 3 日家庭住址: 迎泽区双塔西街公交公司居民楼二社区现从事的职业：(1)工人(2)农民(3)党政机关干部(4)离退休人员(5)下岗职工(6)学生(7)商业(8)外企(9)私营业主(10)科.教.文.体.卫工作者(11)家务(12) 其它选择该院看病考虑的因素主要有：（多选）（1）离家/单位近方便（2）医疗水平较高（3）是专科医院（4）病房环境好（5）服务态度好（6）大医院（7）设备/设施较先进（8）收费合理（9）院内有熟人（10）其它付费方式：(1) 基本医保(2) 补充医保(公务/企业/事业) （3）商业保险（4）自费肿瘤大小（cm）： 2.3 浸润程度：轻中重淋巴转移：有未发现血红蛋白含量(g/L)：112 ……答：2. 将12只杂种犬随机分为两组，一组海水灌注右肺（A1组），另一组海水灌注全肺（A2组），每组6只。
每只动物分别于海水灌注前以及灌注后5min、30min、60min、120min检测氧分压PaO2（kPa），试进行分析。
表1海水灌注前后两组杂种犬的PaO2（kPa）测定结果A因素动物编号海水灌注前后(B因素)灌前灌后5min 灌后30min 灌后60min 灌后120min灌注右肺A1 1 90.0 69.0 62.0 61.0 66.02 90.0 68.0 62.0 50.0 66.03 90.0 70.0 68.0 55.0 62.04 89.0 80.0 50.0 60.0 50.05 90.0 72.0 60.0 61.0 66.06 89.0 69.0 62.0 50.0 61.0灌注全肺A2 7 90.0 50.0 49.0 38.1 60.08 90.0 50.0 37.0 38.0 39.09 89.0 53.1 49.0 38.1 39.110 90.0 50.0 41.0 42.0 38.011 90.0 51.0 40.0 36.0 38.0答：本题的数据资料类型属于重复测量设计资料。
中山大学药理学2007年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：药理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题
第1页 共1页
1、竞争性拮抗药对于激动剂的剂量曲线有什么影响？理由？ 2、青霉素和氨基糖苷类药物联合应用的药理学基础是什么？ 3、根据神经递质传递的特点，叙述增强中枢多巴胺能作用的所有可 能机制及相关药物。 4、解热镇痛药的副作用？为什么？ 5、地高辛和肾上腺素对心脏作用的异同点。
第1ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 共1页
南方医科大学肿瘤学2007年考博真题试卷
三、问答题：
1.根据ER，PR，Her-2的表达情况，说明晚期乳腺癌的综合治疗原则。
2.何谓中西医结合，并说明中医在肿瘤治疗中的地位和作用。
3.何谓放射免於治疗，其在B细胞淋巴瘤中有那些进展。
南方医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：
CIK
肿瘤的靶向治疗
P诊疗原则。
2.何谓肿瘤的分子标志物，并说明其在肿瘤中的意义。