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高考语文现代文阅读专练(15)科普文阅读(Word版,含答案)

高考语文现代文阅读专练(15)科普文阅读(Word版,含答案)

科普文阅读一、(2017《考试说明》新题型)阅读下面的文字,完成1~3题。

(12分)开隧道的矿蜂——斑纹蜂[法]法布尔矿蜂是细长形的蜜蜂,腹部的底端有一条明显的沟,沟里藏着一根刺,遇到敌人来侵犯时,这根刺可以沿着沟来回地移动,以保护自己。

红色的斑纹蜂是矿蜂的一种,雌蜂的斑纹是很美丽夺目的,细长的腹部被黑色和褐色的条纹环绕着。

它的巢往往建在结实的泥土里面,因为那里没有崩塌的危险。

每到春天,它们就成群结队地来到一个地方安营扎寨。

每个蜂群数量不一,最大的差不多有上百只。

每只蜜蜂都有自己单独的一个巢。

这个巢除了它自己以外,谁也不可以进去。

如果有哪只不识趣的蜜蜂想闯进别人的巢里,那么主人就会毫不客气地给它一剑。

因此,大家都各自守着自己的家,谁也不冒犯谁,这个小小的社会充满了和谐的气氛。

一到四月,它们的工作就不知不觉地开始了。

唯一可以显而易见地证明它们在工作的,是那一堆堆新鲜的小土山。

至于那些劳动者,我们外人是很少有机会看到的。

它们通常是在坑的底下忙碌着,有时在这边,有时在那边。

我们在外面可以看到,那小土堆渐渐地有了动静,先是顶部开始动,接着有东西从顶上沿着斜坡滚下来,一个个劳动者捧着满怀的废物,把它们从土堆顶端的开口处抛到外面来,而它们自己却用不着出来。

五月到了,太阳和鲜花带来了欢乐。

四月的矿工们,这时已经演变成勤劳的采蜜者了。

我们常常看到它们满身披着黄色的尘土停在土堆上,而那些土堆现在已变得像一只倒扣着的碗了,那碗底上的洞就是它们的入口了。

它们的地下建筑离地面最近的部分是一根几乎垂直的轴,大约有一支铅笔那么粗,在地面下约有六寸到十二寸深,这个部分就算是走廊了。

在走廊的下面,就是一个小小的巢,大概有四分之三寸长,呈椭圆形。

小巢内部都修葺得很光滑,很精致。

可以看到一个个淡淡的六角形的印子,这就是它们做最后一次工程时留下的痕迹。

它们用什么工具来完成这么精细的工作呢?是它们的舌头。

我曾经试图往巢里面灌水,看看会有什么后果,可是水一点儿也流不到巢里去。

小学语文科普文章阅读指导

小学语文科普文章阅读指导

(小学语文科普文章阅读指导)一、引言在小学语文教学中,科普文章是一种重要的阅读材料,它不仅能够拓展学生的知识面,还能培养学生的科学素养。

本文将介绍如何有效地指导学生阅读科普文章,提高学生的阅读能力和科学素养。

二、阅读前的准备工作1.了解科普文章的特点科普文章通常具有知识性、科学性、通俗性的特点。

知识性是指文章介绍的是科学知识;科学性是指文章用科学的方法进行阐述;通俗性是指文章用通俗易懂的语言表达科学知识。

因此,在阅读前,教师需要让学生了解这些特点,以便更好地理解文章。

2.准备相关资料为了更好地理解科普文章,教师可以准备一些相关的资料,如图片、实物、视频等。

这些资料能够帮助学生更好地理解文章内容,提高阅读兴趣。

三、阅读过程中的指导1.引导思考在阅读科普文章时,教师要引导学生思考,提出问题并尝试解答。

这有助于培养学生的思考能力和解决问题的能力。

2.关注重点科普文章通常会介绍某一科学现象或科学原理,教师要引导学生关注这些重点,以便更好地理解文章内容。

3.多种方式阅读为了提高阅读效果,教师可以采用多种方式指导学生阅读,如朗读、默读、小组讨论等。

这些方式能够激发学生的学习兴趣,提高阅读效果。

四、阅读后的反思与拓展1.反思阅读过程在阅读后,教师要引导学生反思自己的阅读过程,找出不足之处,以便更好地提高阅读能力。

同时,教师也要鼓励学生分享自己的阅读心得,以便互相学习。

2.拓展阅读为了进一步拓展学生的知识面和科学素养,教师可以推荐一些相关的科普文章或书籍,让学生进行拓展阅读。

这有助于培养学生的科学兴趣和科学精神。

五、注意事项1.关注个体差异学生的阅读能力存在差异,教师要关注学生的个体差异,针对不同学生的特点进行指导,以便更好地提高他们的阅读能力。

2.培养科学精神在阅读科普文章时,教师要注重培养学生的科学精神,让他们认识到科学是不断探索和发展的,需要持之以恒地努力。

同时,教师也要引导学生关注科学对社会和人类的影响,培养他们的社会责任感。

小学语文科普文阅读精选两篇(含答案)

小学语文科普文阅读精选两篇(含答案)

小学语文科普文阅读精选两篇(一)猫为什么要吃老鼠科学家们一直对一个问题困惑不解:猫一旦不吃老鼠后,它们的”夜视”能力为什么会逐渐下降,最后变成夜里的瞎猫。

德国穆勒博士经过多年探索,终于解开这一谜团。

他认为,一种叫“牛黄酸”的物质,能提高哺乳动物的夜间视觉能力。

猫不能在体内合成牛黄酸,如果体内长期缺乏牛黄酸,猫在夜间就会变为“睁眼瞎”,最后丧失夜间活动能力。

但是,老鼠体内却有一种特殊物质,能自行合成牛黄酸。

所以,猫只有不断捕食老鼠,才能弥补体内牛黄酸不足,以保持和提高夜视能力,正常的生存下去。

穆勒认为,当今社会大城市中猫处于恶性循环状态:一方面因很少或几乎不吃老鼠,使它们的夜间捕鼠能力大大降低,而这种降低又使它们少食鼠肉。

穆勒的研究成果一公布,立即引起了眼科医学家的兴趣。

原来,目前医学界对一种“顽固性夜盲”仍束手无策。

这种夜盲并非常见的由缺少维生素A引起的,因而至今不明白它的发病机制。

于是,医生们设想,这种病的患者可能也缺少牛黄酸,因而他们尝试让这些病人食一些鼠肉。

经眼科生理检测发现,食用老鼠肉以后,病人眼睛中视网膜内的“视紫红质”的数量增多了,由此使“具有弱光感应的杆状细胞”的感光性能增强了,他们的夜视能力因此也增强了。

1.“束手无策”中的“策”的正确解释是()。

A.计谋、主意B.古代的马鞭子C.同“册”2.在()内补充合适的词语。

解开()揭示()消除()3.猫为什么要吃老鼠?从文中找出相关语句,用横线画出来。

4.猫吃老鼠给医学家带来启发,医生让患____________的病人适当地吃一些鼠肉。

5.下面说法,与短文内容不相符的一句话是()。

A.牛磺酸能够提高哺乳动物的夜间视觉能力B.猫不能在体内合成牛黄酸,老鼠体内有牛黄酸C.眼科医生已经证明吃鼠肉可以治疗夜盲症(二)北极风光地球上的北极,过去一向被人认为是一个shén mì()的地区,现在它的真面目已渐渐地给探险家揭开了。

原来北极也是一个很美丽可爱的地方,近年来,还有许多人到那儿游历呢。

英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇

英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇

英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇(一)我们如何在28小时内到达火星? (1)(二)饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理 (9)(三)人们是否应该接受人造肉 (29)(四)为什么当代手机电池还是这么不经用 (40)(一)我们如何在28小时内到达火星?How Could We Get To Mars In Only 28 Hours?Everyone always wants to get to Mars.每个人都总是渴望去火星Unfortunately, the journey would be a long one,不幸的是依靠我们目前的技术taking hundreds of days of travel with our current technology.这趟旅途将会十分漫长长达几百天Well, what if we could shorten that time to only a matter of days试想如果我们不使用宇宙飞船by throwing away our spaceships而是用一些在太空中急速穿梭的东西and using something that’s already zooming acr oss space?这趟旅程可以缩短到几天?I’m talking about comets.我说的是彗星Comets are big ol’ cosmic snowballs,彗星是一个由冻结气体岩石和尘埃made from frozen gases, rock, and dust组成的巨大雪球that end up orbiting the Sun after the other planets当其他行星试图把彗星扔向地球tried throwing them at Earth and missed.但没成功时它们便围绕地球飞行Well, that last part probably isn’t true.当然最后那部分可能是假的Everyone knows that the planets only have water gun battles.我们都知道行星上只有水枪之战Not to mention, comets can actually be pretty big.更不必说彗星实际上可能非常大Frozen, you could probably liken them to about the size of a small town.这些雪球你可以把它们比做一个小镇那么大However, when these things get close to the Sun in their orbit,然而它们在自己的轨道环形并接近太阳时they can begin to heat up.会逐渐变热Then they start spewing dust and gases,接着喷涌出尘埃和气体forming a giant glowing head.形成一个巨大的发光脑袋Huh. I thought only I had that problem.哈我认为只有我有这个顾虑Luckily enough, if we want to use one of these things for stellar travel,幸运的是如果我们想用其中一个彗星进行星际旅行we have quite a few to choose from!我们的选择有很多!According to NASA,根据美国航天局there are around 3,600 comets that we currently know of.我们目前已知的彗星约有3600颗Beyond that, it’s believed that there are billions of other comets out there此外据说在遥远的柯伊伯带还有数十亿颗彗星orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud. 甚至是更远的奥尔特云围绕着太阳运行的What makes comets great for getting around in space彗星能够穿梭星际is that they can go SUPER fast.是因为其速度极快Yeah, this baby can fly!是的这小东西会飞!How fast they’re travelling depends on a bunch of different factors,它们的速度取决于多种不同因素but they can travel anywhere from a few thousand kilometers per hour,但在一定条件下它们的速度可以从时速几千公里to over 160,000 kilometers per hour under certain conditions.达到每小时超16万公里在任何地方飞行In fact, in 2016, scientists at NASA recorded2016年美国航天局的科学家们记录了a comet traveling at nearly 600 kilometers per second as it dove toward the Sun.一颗秒速六百公里驶向太阳的彗星That’s over 2 /million/ kilometers per hour!那超过了两百万公里每小时!To put that in perspective,就此展望if we could travel at 2 million kilometers per hour,如果我们能以每小时两百万公里的速度飞行then wecould get to Mars from Earth in around 28 hours,我们可以在一天多的时间里just little more than a single day,约28小时就可以完成火星之旅assuming the two planets were close together in their orbits. 假设轨道上有两颗行星距离很近Lining up the planets is the least of our worries though.我们可以在可控范围内排列行星While comets can go super fast,彗星的速度超快getting to them would be a big problem.登上彗星仍会是一大问题That’s because, not even considering how hard it would be to actually commandeer one,因为我们甚至没有考虑控制一个彗星有多难comets just don’t typically get that close to Earth.彗星一般离地球很远Hale-Bopp, a comet that made the news about two decades ago, 大概二十年前新闻上报道了海尔-波普彗星came closer to Earth than most comets do,它比大多彗星更靠近地球and it was still about 200 million kilometers away.但还是有约两百万公里的距离We might as well just go straight to Mars at that point!照那样我们还不如直接去火星吧!Even if a comet did come by Earth,即使彗星确实经过地球we assume that its trajectory is towards Mars,我们也断定它的轨道是朝着火星的and we ignore that it would likely be in its more gassy, less-solid state,并且我们忽略了它可能更多的是气体而非固态物质you’d still have to keep yourself alive on the comet.你还要在彗星上生存下去I guess if it’s only a day or so then food and water would be less of an issue我猜如果只是一天左右那食物和水就不是问题了since the aliens would definitely feed you once we got there,因为一旦我们到了那里外星人肯定会伺候我们的but you’d still have to worry about oxygen and protecting your self from space.但你仍要担心氧气并且保护自己远离太空You would need about 0.84 kilograms of oxygen a day,你每天约需0.84公斤的氧气so you better grab a spacesuit and take a big breath before jumping on the comet.所以跳上彗星前你最好穿上宇航服深吸一口气So yeah, using comets as a means of space travel is probably not that viable in the end.所以利用彗星进行太空旅行或许并不可行Sometimes I like doing these thought experiments, you know,有时我喜欢做这些思维实验and then realizing that they can’t work.然后意识到不可能实现But it’s still interesting!仍然它仍很有趣!That’s how we learn people!这也是咱认识人类的方法!So do you have any questions about space that you want me to answer.你有关于太空的疑问想要我解答?Any planets that we should cover next?接下来我们要讲哪些行星?Let me know right now in the comment section below!请立刻在下方评论区告诉我吧!Curious to know what would happen if you were trapped on the international space station?我很好奇如果你被困在国际空间站会发生什么?We teamed up with our friend William Osman to answer that question.我们会与我们的朋友William Osman一起为你解答ISS actually gets its power from solar arrays made up of thousands of solar cells.国际空间站的能量来自上万个太阳能电池组成的阵列These arrays can efficiently covert solar energy into electrical power. 这些阵列可以有效地将太阳能转换成电能Typically producing more power than the station needs at one time. 通常在同一时间产生超出所需的电力(二)饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理The Engineering of the Drinking BirdThis toy has fascinated me since childhood.我从小就对这个玩具着迷To me its motion is almost hypnotic.对我来说它的运动就像是催眠Here’s how it operates.它是这样运转的Wet the bird beak thoroughly with room temperature water.将鸟喙完全浸透在室温的水中The opaque container makes it looked chilled,不透明容器使它看起来冷淬了but it isn’t…其实并没有Then stand it upright…然后让它直立It will take a few seconds for it to start drinking…它要等几秒钟后才开始喝水Notice that all of the action right now takes place in the stem here 注意现在所有的运动都发生在躯干这里As l speed up the action当我快进这个过程you see liquid rising and the bird rocking back and forth.可以看见液面上升饮水鸟开始前后摇摆If I return to normal speed,如果调回常速播放you can see the bird slowly …可以看到饮水鸟慢慢地very, very slowly ….非常非常慢地Rock forward…向前摆动Until it takes a drink,直到它喝到了水which it will do again and again.然后一遍又一遍地重复此过程In this video I’ll detail the bird’s clever engineering design,在本视频中我将详述这只鸟精妙的工程设计explain how it uses thermodynamics,阐明它是如何运用热力学知识and link its action to some of the greatest将其运动与一些工程师创造的and most impactful devices created by engineers.伟大且影响深远的装置联系起来的This toy has long history,这个玩历史悠久but its current incarnation is due to Miles V. Sullivan—它的当前形态是由贝尔实验室一名科学家a scientist at Bell Labs.Miles V. Sullivan创造的He specialized in methods of manufacturing semiconductors,他专精于研究制造半导体的方法but as a sideline invented toys.发明玩具是他的副业Its reported that this bird delighted U.S. President Herbert Hoover,据说这只饮水鸟深得美国总统赫伯特·胡佛喜爱an engineer who failed to figure out how it worked,作为一名工程师他没搞懂它的工作原理and it also defeated the great scientist Albert Einstein,而且它还难倒了伟大的科学家艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦who spent three and half months studying it.爱因斯坦花了三个半月来研究它It’s reported that he refused to take the bird apart.据报道他拒绝把这只鸟拆开With the benefit of hindsight,有了后见之明let’s start by exploring how it works让我们从探索它的工作原理and examining the key engineering design aspects.以及检查关键的工程设计方面开始First, let’s ask is the water ornamental or essential?首先要问的是水是装饰品还是必需品?At first the bird acts just as if the water were still there.最初饮水鸟的行为好像水还在那里一样Now let’s speed up the bird’s motion我们快进饮水鸟的动作you see at 15 minutes it is still drinking.可以看见过了15分钟它仍在喝水At 30 still drinking.30分钟还在喝水45 minutes still drinking.45分钟依然还在喝水60 minutes still drinking.60分钟还在喝水75 minutes still drinking.75分钟仍然还在喝水And five or ten minutes later,又过了5到10分钟后at eighty or eight-five minutes it takes its last drink.约在80到85分钟它喝了最后一次水The liquid still rises a bit,虽然液面上升了一点but it never rises enough to make the bird tip over,但它从没上升到足够使鸟翻倒的高度which shows that the motion is not perpetual说明这个运动不是永恒的—as long as there is water, the bird keeps drinking.只要有水鸟就一直喝水Let’s look inside the bird来看看饮水鸟的内部to get an idea of how it works.了解它的工作原理Underneath the bird’s hat, beak and fabric covering lies a glass bulb 在鸟帽鸟嘴和织物覆盖物下面有一个玻璃泡smaller than the bulb at the base, and also rounder.它比底部的玻璃泡小也更圆Now, watch as I put a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the bulb to cool it.现在我滴几滴异丙醇在玻璃泡上使它降温The liquid rapidly rises to the head,里面的液体快速上升到头部this changes the bird’s center of gravity这改变了饮水鸟的重心so that it will tilt forward.使它向前倾斜The head now fills with liquid and then …现在头部充满了液体接下来……there…你看…it …drinks.它喝水了It becomes upright and the liquid drains from the head.它直立后液体从头部排出Liquid rises again to the head and…液体再一次上升到头部……the bird drinks again.饮水鸟再一次喝水This cycle repeats until all of the isopropyl alcohol on the bird ’s head evaporates.这个过程循环往复直到鸟头上的异丙醇都蒸发掉Why does the liquid rise?为什么液面会上升呢?The place to begin is with the bird’s manufacture.我们从饮水鸟的制造说起The bird is filled through this “tap ”—a small pipe built into the head —通过装在头部里的小管子即龙头with methylene chloride dyed red, which is then frozen,向鸟内装入冷冻的染成红色的二氯甲烷a vacuum applied to evacuate the air,抽走空气形成真空the tap sealed ( and of course, later hidden by the bird’s hat )…把龙头密封(当然后来被鸟帽盖住了)And then the methylene chloride melts:之后二氯甲烷融化It turns to liquid and then some of it evaporates(turns into vapor).转变为液态其中部分二氯甲烷蒸发(变成蒸汽)The key to the bird’s operation is饮水鸟运转的关键就在于that the vapor in the head and in the base are separated by the liquid in the base.头部和底部的气体被底部的液体所隔离It’s hard to see,这很难看清楚but the tube extends into the base, nearly reaching the bottom.不过管子延伸到底部几乎接触到底面This separates the vapor in base and the vapor in the tube使得底部和管中的气体隔离……and …of course, the head.当然还有头部的气体So, at rest the pressure in these two spaces are equal,在静止状态这两个空间的压强相等but when the bird’s beak is wet,但当鸟喙湿润时the temperature falls鸟喙温度下降and as I’ll explain in a moment the pressure in the head drops头部的压强下降这个我稍后会解释below that in the base and the liquid rises.降到低于底部的压强然后液面上升Of course this liquid in the head causes the bird to…tilt forward, to drink …自然头部的液体导致饮水鸟向前倾斜喝水and when it drinks,当它喝水时the vapor in the head and the base are connected,头部和底部的蒸汽连通the pressures is nearly equalize两端压强几乎相等—a slug of vapor rises to the top and some liquid drains from the head一股蒸汽上升到头部迫使部分液体流出and then the cycle repeats.然后循环重复To see the pressure equalize为了看到压强平衡过程l will slow down the bird as I tilt it forward.我会慢一点倾斜饮水鸟Right now the head is half full.现在头部已经半满了When I tilt it you see a slug of vapor go from bottom to top.当它倾斜时可以看见一股蒸汽从底部升到顶部I’ve tilted it far enough forward我把它倾斜得够多that the liquid in the head is below the top of the tube以至于头部的液面低于管子的顶端and the liquid in the base is below the section of the tube that almost reaches the bottom of the bird.同时底部液面也低于几乎触底的管子底端This allows the pressure to equalize,这样头部和底部的压强相等and as the bird becomes upright而当饮水鸟站起来时the liquid returns to the base before the cycle starts again.液体会在下一次循环开始之前返回到底部In operation it doesn’t tilt quite this far forward实际运转时它不会向前倾斜这么多and so the pressures don’t fully equalize.因此压强不会完全平衡Why, though, does the pressure in the head drop as the temperature falls?那么头部压强为何会随着温度下降而下降呢?You can see the answer if I shoot cool, compressed gas across the bird’s head.你看我向头部射低温压缩气体就知道答案了As the cool gas strikes,遇到低温气体时you see liquid condensing inside the head;头部内壁出现了冷凝的液体and, as you see on the left,正如你在左图看到的this causes the liquid in the base to rise.这导致底部的液面上升The cool gas withdraws energy as heat from the head,低温气体带走头部的热量causing some of the methylene chloride vapor inside to condense –to turn into a liquid.导致头部部分二氯甲烷气体冷凝成液体This decreases dramatically the amount of vapor in the head.这大大减少了头部的气体体积Liquid is 1,000 times more dense than vapor.液体的密度是气体的1000倍This in turn lowers the pressure in the head and causes the liquid to rise.结果降低了头部的压强使液面上升I used compressed gas to cool the head我用压缩气体给头部降温because I can control the amount of cooling;因为我可以控制降温的程度the bird, though, cools its head by “drinking.”然而饮水鸟通过喝水来降温The head is wrapped in fabric that absorbs water.其头部包裹在吸水的织物中As I put drops on its beak当我把水滴在鸟喙上you can see the water beads up at first…一开始你可以看到水珠……and then saturates the fabric and spreads rapidly across the bird’s face.然后水珠浸透织物并迅速扩散到鸟的整个面部On the right side you can see it creeping to back of the head.从右边看可以看到水渍浸到了后脑勺If I now turn the bird around,如果我现在把鸟转过来you can see that the water has spread to the back.可以看到水已经蔓延到后面As I continue adding drops on the beak如果我继续往鸟喙上滴水the saturated area on the back increases.头背处渗水区域扩大When this water evaporates into the air, it removes energy from the bulb as heat当水蒸发到空气中带走了头部的热量you feel this effect every time you step out of the shower,每次你洗完澡都会有这种感受the evaporating water withdraws energy as heat and chills you.蒸发的水带走热量让你感到冷飕飕的This evaporation, this withdrawal of heat, lowers the temperature 蒸发吸热降低了头部的温度and begins the condensation of the vapor, which starts the cycle 蒸汽冷凝启动循环as I showed you with the cool, compressed gas.就像我之前用低温压缩气体做的演示一样As long as the head is wet and heat is withdrawn from it,只要头部保持潮湿而且有热量带走the bird will always “drink, ”饮水鸟将一直“喝水”but if you were to operate the bird in humid air,但如果你把饮水鸟放在潮湿的环境it would slow down, because little water would evaporate,它就会减速喝水因为很少有水分蒸发and if the air were at 100 % humidity the bird would stop如果空气湿度是100% 饮水鸟将停止喝水because no water would evaporate at all.因为根本没有水蒸发Now, to make this dramatic condensation happen现在为了达到明显的冷凝效果when the temperature is lowered just slightly当温度只稍微降低时the evaporating water lowers the temperature by only about three-tenths of a degree水的蒸发只降低了0.3 度the bird’s designer choose a highly volatile liquid.饮水鸟的设计者选择了一种极易挥发的液体This means one whose boiling point is near ambient temperature这就需要这种液体的沸点接近室温because for small changes in temperature因为即使温度轻微变化there is a large change from vapor to liquid从气态至液态的变化也是巨大的and so the variation of pressure is large.从而引起压强的巨大变化Watch what happens as I “heat ”the base of the bird with my hand.观察我用手加热饮水鸟的底部时会怎么样You see the liquid level in the base dropping,可以看到底部的液面在下降that’s because energy from my hand is converting some of the liquid into vapor,这是由于手的热量使部分液体转化成气体which increases the pressure in this region…增大了这个区域的压强and that causes the liquid to rise to the head.从而使液体上升到头部Eventually I heat the vapor so much that it shoots up the stem.最终我把蒸汽加热到从管子中冒出来Now watch as I place my hand around the head.现在看我把手放在头部Heat from my hand converts liquid to vapor,手上的热量将液体转化为蒸汽which increases the pressure从而增大了压强and forces the liquid back to the base.并迫使液体回到底部To test this explanation of the bird’s operation,为了验证这个饮水鸟运转的解释let’s activate the bird in different ways.让我们用不同方式来触发饮水鸟As I noted it is the temperature difference between its top and bottom我说过是它顶部和底部的温差that drives liquid to rise to the head.驱使液体上升至头部So, let’s see what happens if I point a light at the base of the bird,那么我们看看对底部进行光照会怎么样which I’ve painted black我把饮水鸟的底部涂成了黑色so it will absorb the energy from the light better.这样它能更好地吸收光能As I heat the base of the bird,当我给饮水鸟底部加热时the liquid rises, as before but …液体像之前一样上升但是……五倍速播放the bird tips backwards.饮水鸟向后倾斜The wet nose tilted the center of gravity……湿润的鼻子倾斜了饮水鸟的重心……and so I added some modelling clay to the nose于是我在鸟鼻子上加了些粘土to get the bird to tilt forward.好让鸟向前倾斜And now when I turn on the light the liquid rises,现在当我打开灯光液体上升the birds drinks as if there were liquid in front of it until…鸟儿就像面前有水一样喝水直到……I turn the light off我把灯关掉and the bird drinks for a little bit longer until eventually…这只鸟再坚持了一会儿直到最终……it comes to rest.它停了下来Next, let’s see what happens if we use this: Whiskey.接下来让我们看看用这个会怎么样:威士忌Again, thoroughly wet the bird’s beak with the liquid…再次用液体浸润鸟喙……stand it upright …让它直立……and then we see again the liquid rising in the bird …然后我们又看到饮水鸟体内的液面上升and then …it drinks.然后……它在喝水We can also now understand why the bird’s rate of drinking differs 我们现在也能理解在三种不同的刺激下among the three methods I used to “activate ”the bird:为什么饮水鸟的喝水频率不同了a heat lamp, whiskey and water.加热灯威士忌和水三种刺激Roughly, heat bird takes three drinks for every one of the water bird,大致上饮水鸟每喝一次水受热鸟喝三次the whiskey bird takes two for every drink of the water bird.而饮水鸟每喝一次饮酒鸟喝两次The reason the bird drinks whiskey faster than water is之所以饮酒鸟比饮水鸟快because the rate of evaporation of the alcohol is greater than that of water.是因为相对于水酒精更易挥发This means that heat is withdrawn faster from the head也就是说头部的热量散失更快and so more vapor condenses in a shorter amount of time,短时间内冷凝的蒸气更多which accelerates the pressure difference.从而加速扩大压差The heat lamp causes the greatest difference of all,加热灯导致的压差最大which highlights how an engineer thinks about this bird.这重点表明了工程师对饮水鸟的想法To an engineer this bird is a heat engine.对工程师来说饮水鸟是一个热机A heat engine turns heat differences into work —mechanical motion.热机将热能转化为功——机械运动To see that recall that when the bird is just about to drink回想一下当鸟正要喝水时that its head is at a lower temperature than its base,它的头部温度比底部的低which is at ambient temperature.底部温度就是环境温度Then when it “drinks ”, the pressure in the head and base start to equalize,当它“喝水”时头部和底部的压强开始平衡so liquid returns to the base,于是液体回到底部but the overall temperature of the bird但是现在饮水鸟的整体温度is now just a little below ambient temperature.只是稍低于环境温度When it return to upright, the base draws in energy as heat…当它恢复直立时底部吸热……the head then rejects some energy as heat头部放热and the bird drinks again.然后饮水鸟再次喝水These two flows define a heat engine:这种热传递定义了热机:a device, operating in a cycle一种循环运行的装置that absorbs heat from a high temperature reservoir,从高温热源处吸热converts part of it into work,将部分热能转化为功and rejects the remainder into a low temperature reservoir.向低温热源放热The fact that this is a heat engine饮水鸟就是热机这一事实means it’s related to the great machines that make our globalized world happen:表明它跟实现全球化的许多伟大机器有关among those the mighty steam turbine that generates electricity,其中有能发电的大型蒸汽轮机the giant diesel engine that propels container ships across the oceans,推动货轮穿越海洋的大型柴油机and the great gas turbine that flies us around the globe.还有让我们飞遍全球的燃气轮机(三)人们是否应该接受人造肉Lab-Grown Meat Is Coming to Your Supermarket. Ranchers Are Fighting Back.Would you eat a hamburger or a chicken nugget你会吃在实验室生长的肉made of meat grown in a laboratory?所制的汉堡或鸡块吗?Joshua Tetrick, co-founder and CEO of JUST is betting that you will. JUST的合伙人兼CEO Joshua Tetrick断言你会吃In tomorrow’s world, you can eat more meat,在将来你能在不吃动物的情况下hopefully safer meat, even better tasting meat, without eating the animal.吃到更多的肉很可能是更安全甚至更好吃的肉JUST which is based in San Francisco,JUST公司位于美国旧金山has been producing and selling2013年起就生产销售non animal versions of food like mayonnaise since 2013各种无动物食品and it’s raised more than 310 million dollars in venture capital.并筹集到超过3.1亿美元的风险投资基金Tetrick and his team have created products like JUST Mayo Tetrick及其团队通过寻找鸡蛋等常见动物产品的植物替代品by identifying plant based alternatives to common animal products like eggs.创造了像JUST Mayo这样的产品We’re one part pharma,我们公司有医药部one part bio-tech and a whole bunch of regular food company.有生物技术部总得来说是一个常规的食品公司We built a discovery system that我们创建的搜索系统has the only patent of the world拥有世界上唯一能够that utilizes machine learning for food ingredient discovery利用机器学习如何搜索食物组成的专利and it helped us find this mung bean该系统还帮我们找到了that when you put it in a pan scrambles一种放入平底锅时变得蓬松的绿豆and that process broken down means that这一过程的突破意味着we source from over 51 countries in the world,我们的原料来自超过世界上51个国家we look at about 21 different molecular properties,我们要研究大约21种不同分子的性能we look at how that bean functions,研究这种绿豆的作用does it bake a cake, does it gel in a pan看它能否用来烤蛋糕是否会粘在平底锅上and then we see if it makes ice cream or butter or scrambled eggs. 以及能否用来做冰淇淋黄油或炒鸡蛋Our process of finding these new tools is high tech,这些新工具的开发过程技术含量高but what we find is not high tech at all.但开发结果却简单的很The mung bean has been in the world’s food system for 4400 years.早在4400年前绿豆就已经被当做食物了I sure as hell didn’t invent the mung bean.我很肯定绿豆不是我发明的JUST is one of the handful of tech companies workingJUST只是众多致力于to disrupt the meat production industry.颠覆肉类供应行业的高科技公司之一While many of its competitors are pursuing better plant based meat substitutes,正当其他竞争者还在寻找更好的以植物为基础的肉类替代品时JUST is pushing ahead with so called clean meatJUST已经开始推进所谓的瘦肉or lab grown animal tissue that requires no farming,和无需农场养殖无需喂养牲畜且无需屠宰场no feeding of livestock and no slaughterhouses.的实验室生长的动物组织Only a single sample from a single animal duplicated endlessly.只需要动物身上的一个样本就可以无限克隆JUST and companies like it are poised toJUST和其他同类公司准备disrupt the entire livestock industry but颠覆整个畜牧业the established players are turning to the government to protect their turf.但是现有的畜牧公司正在向政府寻求庇护The United States Cattlemen’s Association, which declined to participate in this story,美国牧民协会拒绝受访submitted a petition still under consideration by the United States Department of并向美国农业部递交了请愿书目前正在受理中Agriculture asking that the words meat and beef exclude any products他们请求肉和牛肉这样的词汇不得用于that are ‘neither derived from animals, nor slaughtered in the traditional manner.’任何既不来自动物也不经传统方法宰杀的肉类产品The power of the terms is a lot more powerful than people think, 这些术语的影响力远比人们想象的要大especially in food尤其是在食品行业Imagine Tesla launches a pickup truck,想象一下如果特斯拉推出了一辆小货车but US Department of Transportation says然后美国交通部门说-Hold up, Tesla, y ou can’t call it a pickup truck.-等等特斯拉你不能把它称作小货车You have to call it electric mobility transport unit.你必须叫它“电动交通装置”That’s not winning in Alabama, even though it might be fast,这在阿拉巴马州行不通即使它可能很快even though it might have an amazing amount of horsepower,马力也超级大because a car is identity, but food’s identity even more.因为车有它的定义而食物的定义则更复杂JUST is also looking to transcend the vegan vs carnivore paradigm. JUST也在试图寻找一种超越纯素食主义者和肉食主义者的范式来界定We don’t allow the term vegan to be used in our company.我们公司不允许使用“纯素食主义者”这个词Not because we don’t believe in the spiri of it,并不是因为我们不相信素食主义精神that word ends up turning off 99% of people.而是这个词会令99%的人反感The food system needs to start over,食物体系需要革新了little girls in the second row of a class in Liberia aren’t ge tting proper nutrients,在利比里亚教室里第二排的女孩们营养不良a young boy growing up in Birmingham Alabama is阿拉巴马州伯明翰的一个男孩accelerating a path to Type 2 diabetes,患2型糖尿病的速度加快了animals are being confined in needless ways,动物们受到了一些不必要的限制it’s contributing to climate change,这加剧了气候变化and I think if we can think differently about the food system而且我觉得如果我们对食物系统换种思维while also realizing that we can’t be so new and so out there同时认识到我们不能太新奇太超前that it doesn’t relate to the everyday human being,以至和百姓的寻常生活脱节we can do a whole lot of good.我们就可以造福大家And that’s what I want to do.而这就是我想要做的This isn’t Tetrick’s first fight with entrenched food interests.。

部编版语文四年级下册课外阅读-科普说明文专题(含答案)

部编版语文四年级下册课外阅读-科普说明文专题(含答案)

课外阅读-科普说明文专题会说话的植物植物有语言吗?它能说长道短吗?年轻的英国植物研究专家希拉米·鲁拉德研究成功一种植物语言翻译器--植物探测仪,可以清晰地听到植物说话的声音,背上仪器,戴上耳机,把仪器的一根线头和植物叶子相接,这根导线就可以振动,生物电子翻译器立即对这种振动进行翻译,在耳机内便可清晰地听到植物对话的声音,植物会向人们诉说是饥是饱、是冷是热,是涝是旱。

意大利发明家发明了一种能和植物讲话的对讲仪。

他将植物连接在对讲仪的电极上,便听到了植物的“讲话”声,然后根据植物发出的信息翻译密码,辨别出“热”“冷”“渴”和其他简单的词汇。

一般来说,在正常情况下,植物的“说话”声是有节奏的,伴有欢快的音乐曲调,而当遇到刮风等灾难性天气时,植物的“讲话”则变得低沉、紊乱。

它们在养料充足时,声音高;在养料缺乏时,“讲话”声音就很微弱。

1.找出画线句子中的几组反义词。

(3分)()—()()—()()—()2.希拉米•鲁拉德研究成功植物语言翻译器叫做,通过它能。

(2分)海南的椰树(10分)在美丽富饶的海南岛,无论到什么地方,都可以看到一排排高耸入云、挺拔秀丽的四季常绿树木,这就是人们喜爱的椰树。

海南岛以椰树闻名,省会海口市也被称为椰城。

海南岛种植椰树始于汉代,至今已有两千多年的历史。

椰树的用途很广,具有很高的经济价值。

椰子汁是天然的饮料,清甜可口,营养丰富。

椰肉可加工成椰蓉,还可榨取椰油,制取椰奶。

椰油可以食用,还可用来制蜡烛、肥皂、香料和化妆品。

椰壳可制成独特的工艺品"椰雕",还可以制成工业原料活性炭。

老椰树树干质地坚硬,纹理美观,可制作精美的家具。

椰根还能入药,能治痢疾。

用椰子制作的佳肴吸引了不少中外游人,椰子鸡、椰子糕已成为海南特有的美味。

两千多年来,海南人民对椰树有着深厚的感情。

椰树伴随着海南人民经历了风风雨雨,椰树已成为海南人民心目中的神圣之树。

1.第三自然段是围绕下列哪一句来写的?()(2分)A.椰子汁是天然的饮料B.椰壳可制成独特的工艺品。

论科普类文章的重要性及如何阅读论文1

论科普类文章的重要性及如何阅读论文1

论科普类文章的重要性及如何阅读摘要:科普类文章在我们生活中尤为常见,科普文章以公众易于理解的內容和易于接受的形式,普及科学技术知识、倡道科学方法、传播科学思想、弘扬科学精神。

在历年的中、高考中科普类文章属必考内容。

我组成员通过对科普文章的重要性进行分析说明后,并就如阅读此类文章做出相关介绍。

我们从辨析科普文的类别,科普文章的概念,科普文章的特点,科普文的相关知识等方面选择性地引入实例,突显这类文章的重要性;又再征对这类文章的科技词汇多,句子长且结构复杂,理论性和逻辑性又都较强等特点使其阅读难度大等相关的问题给出我们自己的一些方法和技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。

关键词:概念特点重要性及其体现阅读方法技巧科普文近乎以前提到的科技说明文,是指研究自然科学及技术方面的文章,包括物理学、化学、植物学、矿物学、生理学、数学等以及它们大大小小、远远近近的分支。

近几十年来,众多的边缘学科的形成,更使这一领域日新月异,令人目不暇接。

科普文自身的特点是:从内容的角度看,每一篇科普文都要向读者提供新知识、新信息,否则,它就没有什么价值了,它不讲究含蓄,不讲究情感,就是以知授人;从语言的角度看,科普文强调用语的准确性、分寸性,来不得半点模棱含糊。

总的说来,科普文章有以下一些特点:(一)科学性科学性是所有科技作品的生命,科普作品也不例外。

科学必须揭示事物的客观规律,探求客观真理,作为认识世界和改造世界的指南。

而科普作品则担负着向大众普及科学知识、启蒙思想的职责,更应保证科学性。

失去科学性的科普作品也就失去了存在的价值。

因此,对于科普作品的创作者而言,应尽力发掘自己的专业所长,从自己熟悉的领域开始,用全面发展的观点,把成熟的、切实可行的知识,介绍给广大读者。

(二)思想性科普是科学技术与社会生活之间的一座桥梁。

它在向读者传授知识的同时,也使读者受到科学思想、科学精神、科学态度和科学作风的熏陶,宣传着科学的世界观和方法论,以提高人们的科学素质和思想素质。

典型考题详解6(科普文章阅读)

典型考题详解6(科普文章阅读)生命的微尘①腊尽春回,百花盛开。

植物开花的本意,是为了繁衍后代。

当你摘下一朵美丽的鲜花时,你是否注意到同时散落一些淡黄色的粉末? 这就是,种子植物的雄性繁殖器官——花粉。

花粉是极微小的生命体,需用显微镜放大几百倍甚至数千倍才能弄清它们的面目。

最大的也不过200多微米(大约是一粒芝麻的五分之一),最小的只有几微米,所以,人们都称它为“生命的微尘”。

②植物花粉的数量,通常都是很多的,有的多得惊人;一株玉米的花粉,竞达5000万粒;松树的一个花序,就有花粉16万粒;一朵苹果花有5. 7万粒,一朵芍药花多达365万拉。

有趣的是,松柏类植物的花粉还背着气囊,能随风升至2000米以上的高空和飘移到1000多公里以外去远游。

因此,每当松树盛花之际,经风一卷,花粉便飞舞在松涛林空,宛如淡黄色的“轻雾”;若遇春雨,便降金色的“花粉雨”,构成春天一奇观,增添了无限春意。

③花粉虽小,但其形态结构复杂,每一种植物的花粉,都有它自已独有的形态结构,通过鉴定,可推知其原植物。

如小麦的花粉像个皮球,松树的花粉像个元宝。

有的像鸡蛋,有的像哑铃,有的呈三角形,有的像个精致的花瓶,有的外表平滑,有的具有各种各样的花纹、图案;有的鲜黄,有的青、绿,有灰色的,也有暗棕色和暗红色的……④花粉富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、维生素和酶类等,可做高级营养品或用于提取雄么素,还可以酿酒和食用。

花粉与人类的健康有密切的关系。

有的花粉可供药用,例如马尾松的花粉,中医称为松花粉,有润肺、益气,止血之效;香蒲的花粉称蒲黄,有消炎利尿之功。

但是,也有对人体有害的花粉,这是需要注意的,例如,有些花粉如洋紫荆、细叶紫荆的花粉,含有一种特殊的蛋白质(有抗原性),飘浮在空气中,有过敏性体质的人(哮喘病患者),一旦吸入了这种花粉,则产生过敏反应,轻者像感冒,重者气喘不止,称为枯草热或花粉病。

还有少数植物,如断肠草、闹羊花、藜芦、乌头等的花粉,含有有毒的生物碱及其他成分,被人误食可引起中毒;混有这些植物花粉的蜂蜜,吃后也会中毒。

高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)含解析

高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)含解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1.犇犇阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

Gardeners such as Prince Charles who claim that talking to plants encourages them to grow have long been seen as a little silly. But scientists have discovered evidence which suggests the Royal may actually be right and they could be listening to him. Biologists at Tel Aviv University in Israel have found that flowers can act as a plant's "ears" to help them detect the sound of approaching insects.When the researchers played recordings of flying bees to evening primrose flowers, within three minutes the sugar concentrations in the nectar (花蜜) of its flowers increased. The fluid, produced to attract pollinating (授粉) insects, was on average 20 percent higher in flowers exposed to the buzz compared to those left in silence or exposed to higher pitched sounds. Professor Lilach Hadany, who led the study, said: "Our results document for the first time that plants can rapidly respond to pollinator sounds in an ecologically relevant way."However, Prof Hadany said a plant's ability to respond to pollinators may be weakened in city environments or beside a busy road. While plants require water, sunlight and the right temperature to grow, it is widely believed they do not have senses in the way animals do.But the study, published on the open-science website BioRxiv, suggests the efforts of gardeners who talk to their plants may not be in vain. "Plants' ability to hear has implications well beyond pollination—plants could potentially hear and respond to herbivores, other animals, the elements, and possibly other plants," Prof Hadany added.A month-long experiment conducted by the Royal Horticultural Society in 2009 found female voices appear to speed up the growth of tomatoes. The research offers a possible explanation —women's voices were at the right frequency for the plants to hear.(1)What's evening primrose flowers' response to bees' buzz?A. Longer bloom.B. Sweeter nectar.C. Brighter color.D. Less fluid.(2)Where can plants grow better according to Hadany?A. On a square.B. Beside a highway.C. In the woods.D. Along the street.(3)What can we infer from the research?A. Prince Charles proves kind of stupid.B. Plants can only potentially hear animals.C. Plants respond to sounds slowly and ecologically.D. Plants gardeners talk to frequently develop well.(4)What does the text mainly talk about?A. Flowers can hear.B. Bees are best pollinators.C. Plants can't grow without sound.D. Women's voices improve plants' growth.【答案】(1)B(2)C(3)D(4)A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了人与植物的交流可以促其生长。

高中语文 科普类文本阅读技巧素材

科普类文本阅读考点一、科普文章的特点1、短小性。

它篇幅小,然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。

它旁征博引,尺幅千里,能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。

2、知识性。

它普及科学知识,把科学的最新信息常给读者。

它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象,用正确的理论,去进行科学的解释,纠正常识错误,从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。

3、文学性。

它要以优美文字、形象手法,来表达科学内容。

它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言,生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。

4、思想性。

它往往以具体细小的事物,阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理,给人起启示,发人深省。

阅读科普文章,要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求:一是科学与人文的层面。

也可以说是科学的人文性。

从科学中吸取智慧与力量,体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。

另一个是知识和能力的层面。

要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点,学会筛选并整合文中有用信息,把握作者的写作思路,重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。

考点二、科普文章阅读的基本要求首先把它作为科技说明文来看待:1、理清说明顺序。

主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。

逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。

在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。

2、掌握结构特点。

说明文的总体结构通常分为三部分,即引出说明对象、详细解说对象〔主体部分〕、总结说明对象。

其结构顺序主要有三种模式:一是横式结构,二是纵式结构,三是纵横结合式。

说明文主体部分的段落、层次之间的结构形式一般又有:并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式等。

3、分析说明方法。

常用的说明方法有以下一些:第一,定义说明与诠释说明。

定义说明是运用简洁、准确、周密的语言,揭示这一事物区别于其他事物本质属性的说明方法;诠释说明那么是对事物进行解释的说明方法。

科普文阅读答题技巧与答题模板

科普文阅读答题技巧与答题模板科普文阅读是提高科学素养和科学知识的重要途径之一。

为了帮助大家更好地阅读和理解科普文,并进行答题,以下提供一些技巧和答题模板供参考。

阅读技巧1. 了解文章结构:在阅读科普文之前,先快速浏览文章的标题、副标题和段落标题,以了解文章的主要结构和内容概要。

这有助于抓住文章的重点和逻辑。

了解文章结构:在阅读科普文之前,先快速浏览文章的标题、副标题和段落标题,以了解文章的主要结构和内容概要。

这有助于抓住文章的重点和逻辑。

2. 重点阅读段落:仔细阅读文章的开头和结尾部分,这通常包含文章的重要信息和结论。

同时,关注每个段落的首句,它通常是该段的主题句,可以帮助理解该段落的主要内容。

重点阅读段落:仔细阅读文章的开头和结尾部分,这通常包含文章的重要信息和结论。

同时,关注每个段落的首句,它通常是该段的主题句,可以帮助理解该段落的主要内容。

3. 注意关键词:留意文中出现的关键词和术语,这些词汇通常是文章中需要重点关注的概念或主题。

你可以将这些关键词记录下来,以便后续的答题。

注意关键词:留意文中出现的关键词和术语,这些词汇通常是文章中需要重点关注的概念或主题。

你可以将这些关键词记录下来,以便后续的答题。

4. 遇到生词查找含义:如果遇到不熟悉的生词或术语,可以使用字典或在线工具查找其含义和解释。

理解这些词汇的意义将有助于更好地理解文章的内容。

遇到生词查找含义:如果遇到不熟悉的生词或术语,可以使用字典或在线工具查找其含义和解释。

理解这些词汇的意义将有助于更好地理解文章的内容。

5. 与自己的常识联系:尝试将文章内容与自己已有的知识和经验联系起来,对比和联想可以帮助更深入地理解和记忆文章。

与自己的常识联系:尝试将文章内容与自己已有的知识和经验联系起来,对比和联想可以帮助更深入地理解和记忆文章。

答题模板针对科普文的答题,以下是一个常用的答题模板,供参考:1. 题目:首先将题目抄写下来,确保理解题目的要求和关键信息。

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