二战后的英国经济(英文)
The Economy of United Kingdom after World War Ⅱ二战后的英国经济CONTENTAbstract: (1)Key word: (1)1. The current situation of English economy (2)2. The decline of English economy after world war Ⅱ (2)3. The reasons of the decline of British economy (2)3.1. British heavily debt because of financing the war (2)3.2. India got out of the British control. (3)3.3. Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military. (3)3.4. British older equipment made the output low than others. (3)3.5. The failure to invest sufficiently in industry (3)4. The resuscitation of English economy in Margaret Thatc her’s government (4)4.1. Macroeconomic measures (5)4.2. Microeconomic policies (5)4.3. Some explanation about Margaret Thatcher’s government (5)4.3.1. Free-market economic theory (6)4.3.2. Thatcher Governmen t’s Medium-term Financial Strategy (6)4.3.3. The meaning of British disease (6)5. Soft Policies Adopted by Post-war Governments (6)6. The Impetus to Change from Defeat in War (7)7. The Current British Economy (7)7.1. Primary Industries (8)7.2. Secondary industries (8)7.3. Tertiary Industries (9)8. British several industries and its present agriculture (11)8.1. British coal mining (11)8.2. British oil and natural gas (11)8.3. British iron and steel industry (11)8.4. British textile industry (11)8.5. Britain’s agriculture (12)8.6. The change of Britain’s trade pattern (12)9. Conclusion (12)Work cited (14)The Economy of the United Kingdom after World War ⅡAbstract: Before the World War Ⅱ, Britain was the oldest industrial country in the world. By the 1880s, British economy was dominant in the world.Although by 1900 this was no longer the case, and the United Kingdomhad been overtaken by both the United States and Germany, Britain stillhad an obvious advantage of economy. However, after World War Ⅱ, it isstainable but misleading, and there is a period as one of decline. Maybethis decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute, butthis relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the British internalcondition.Key word: the economy of the United Kingdom, World War Ⅱ, decline, the reasons of decline, resuscitation, Margaret Thatcher’s government, soft policies,current British economy, primary industries, second industries, tertiaryindustries, British industries, British agriculture.The Economy of The United Kingdom after World War Ⅱ1. The current situation of English economyThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US&2 645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies for the period 2007 to 2011. The United Kingdom is not only a member of the G7, G8, G-20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global trading nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).2. The decline of English economy after world war ⅡHere, we mainly talk about the British Economy after World War Ⅱ.Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world. By the 1880s, British economy was dominant in the world; producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the world put together. Although by 1900 this was no longer the case, the United Kingdom having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany, Britain still had an obvious advantage of economy. Unfortunately, certainly from 1945 until the present, it is stainable but misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the center of a still vast empire. According to the figures, the United Kingdom was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline. And the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of economy, the high proportion of world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the United Kingdom’s position even then.3. The reasons of the decline of British economyThere are several reasons explaining the appearance.3.1. British heavily debt because of financing the warThe country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the UnitedStates and Canada. These debts meant that the United Kingdom entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.3.2. India got out of the British control.The era of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown”of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the sizes of the U.S.3.3. Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military.Despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions – both as one of the NATO’s major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment.3.4. British older equipment made the output lower than others.Although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors – especially the main losers in the conflicts, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favor in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry, however, could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and give its other economic problems, did so – a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low in these two potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the United Kingdom was inevitable as they recovered.3.5. The failure to invest sufficiently in industryThe failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the United Kingdom economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money businesses put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of close relationshipbetween industry and banks in the United Kingdom – again the contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economy, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the United Kingdom was the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the United Kingdom, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the United Kingdom economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largest investor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though it has improved, other counties have improved more rapidly, hence the slide from being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the United Kingdom in terms of output per head of population. So the United Kingdom has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the United Kingdom governments.4. The resuscitation of English economy in Margaret Thatcher’s governmentThe phenomenon culminated in the winter of 1979 when there were widespread strikes. The Labor government faced a vote of no confidence, which it lost, causing a general election. This was won by the Conservatives under their leader Margaret Thatcher, who thus became the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.She was a radical in conservative terms, committed to the idea of small government and free-market economics, and less concerned with being “fatherly” this she dismissed as the “nanny state”, encouraging laziness and discouraging entrepreneurship. As a result the 1980s saw the most substantial changes to British society since the late 1940s. Part of the change was to undo some of the work of that 1945 Labor government, because one of their major policies was the privatization of nationalized industry: British Aerospace; British Airways; British Telecom; British Petroleum; the electricity, gas and water companies, and many others, including much public housing, were gradually sold off, until today when little remains to be sold. The policy is generally seen as a success because the privatized companies have done very well, becoming very efficient and profitable. There were negative consequences; however, as the process of becoming efficient enough for private investors to buy them involved all these huge businesses in the loss of many workers. Sounemployment went up quickly in the early 1980s, from 1 million jobless to 3.5 million. So poverty has increased for the first time since the War. Government welfare payments have become less generous too. So through the 1980s many people got richer and many got poorer: Britain became a less equal society, and many thought public services, such as health, education and transport, got worse. The leader of the liberal party described the 1980s as a time of “private affluence and public squalor”. Nevertheless many businesses boomed, and simplified government regulations attracted many foreign businesses.From a clearer aspect, we know that Thatcher’s government adopted a Medium-term Financial Strategy and took numerous to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.4.1. Macroeconomic measures●The aim: to bring down the rate inflation and achieve price stability.●The measures: to apply a tight control on the exchange rate and the regulation ofmoney growth. This monetary policy was complemented by a firm fiscal policy to reduce public borrowing.4.2. Microeconomic policies●The aim: to work with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise,efficiency and flexibility.●The seven policies:Privatization of some state –owned enterprises;Deregulation and market liberalization replacing prices and incomes control and state intervention;Emphasis on improving the long run supply performance of the economy;Labor legislation to change labor-capital relation for the good;Reform of taxation stimulates private investment;Control over foreign transactions, company dividends, installment purchase and bank lending were abolished;Encouraging competition is among financial institutions.Owing to the Thatcher programmed, the British in the 1980s developed quite significantly. Mrs. Thatcher tried to cure the “British disease”but she failed in the end.4.3. Some explanation about Margaret Thatcher’s governmentThere are some proper nouns in Margaret Thatcher’s government. Next, some explanation is as follows.4.3.1. Free-market economic theoryIt is an economic theory put forward by John M. Keynes, a British economist in the first half of the twentieth century. It hold that the government should use fiscal and monetary policy to fine-tune aggregate demand to achieve full employment, while using prices and incomes policies to suppress inflation at source. This policy is characterized by high consumption and low investment.4.3.2. Thatcher Government’s Medium-term Financial StrategyThatcher Government’s Medium-term Financial Strategy in many ways represented a break with that of its predecessors. Its theory turned Keynesianism on its head. Privatization, deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism. Unlike earlier Keynesian approach the new approach placed emphasis on improving the long-run supply-side performance of the economy.4.3.3. The meaning of British diseaseBritain is the oldest industrial country in the world. However, soon after World War Ⅱ, Britain gave up its economic hegemony. Its GDP growth rate became lower than that of its trading partners. It has been running balance of payments deficits for many decades. As a result the British pound has fallen into its lowest level. Britain is no longer able to match the growth rates of other industrial counties. The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.5. Soft Policies Adopted by Post-war GovernmentsIn principle, there were two broad strategies which British governments might have adopted after the war. The first was a market solution, in which the economy was deregulated and producers exposed to competitive pressures. The advantage of this strategy was that competition will penalize firms with, say, weak management or poor industrial relations. This was broadly the type of strategy which West Germany adopted after 1948, with some success. Such policies were also pursued by the Thatcher Government in the 1980s, when, as already noted, there was some improvement in Britain's relative performance. The obvious implication was that it would have been better if British governments had moved in this direction earlier. However, this conclusion may be unsustainable. For one thing, it waits to be seen if Britain's improved performance can be sustained through the 1990s. For another, there are reasons to doubt whether a market solution is always appropriate. If, for example, low growth has been due to an underinvestment in education then a market solution will not solve the problem.The alternative strategy would have been to introduce a state-led modernizationprogram. This was the direction which both France and Japan took after the war with some success.4 British economic policy, with the adoption of demand management, nationalization and active industrial, regional and manpower measures also became much more interventionist after the war. Yet, these policies seem to have been less effective. Why?One possibility has been canvassed by Corelli Barnett. He has argued that the need for a modernization strategy was clearly recognized by the wartime administration. Yet it never materialized after the war, because the immediate policy priority became the establishment of the welfare state. Barnett is probably wrong to put so much emphasis on the welfare state, which, judging from expenditure levels has been no more prominent in Britain than in other European countries. Nevertheless, he is correct to argue that Britain never developed a modernization strategy.Why did Britain not develop a modernization strategy? It is was not the intention to argue here that Britain would have achieved an economic miracle if she had been defeated in 1945. Nevertheless, the Table does did show that a number of countries, which were defeated or occupied during the Second World War, were extremely successful thereafter. One possible reason for this is that wartime damage created exceptional investment opportunities. However, this could not be the whole story; their above average performance was sustained for too long. Another possibility, suggested by Mansur Olson, is that, when a country is defeated in a war, this will lead to a change in its attitudes and policies. Business and labor become receptive to change, while governments are likely to push through unpalatable reforms and to adopt modernization policies.6. The Impetus to Change from Defeat in WarWartime victors, by contrast, are less likely to do this. There will be less impetus to change, and governments will prefer to adopt policies which reward the population for their wartime sacrifices. This is essentially what happened in Britain after 1945. At this time there was extensive state intervention, but it was not to foster modernizing as in France and Japan. Rather the overriding priority was to correct the principal economic deficiency of the interwar years - high unemployment. Thus Britain never had a modernization strategy; it was effectively a strategy for containing unemployment. Similarly, wartime victory encouraged British governments to persist with international policies of questionable economic value. Thus, in the 1950s, Britain remained a colonial power, which restricted her freedom of action, without providing many obvious economic benefits. At the same time, she continued to act as a world policeman, and was obliged to maintain higher levels of defense expenditure than her international competitors, and this generated few economic benefits.7. The Current British EconomyThe national economies of Britain can be broken down into three main areas: “Primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “Secondary” industries,which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and “Tertiary”industries, often referred to as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.7.1. Primary IndustriesThe British agriculture is highly efficient by the standard of France and Germany . It produces 1.4% of the national wealth, with only 2% of the labor force that grow 58 % of the food needed by the nation. The high rate of production is due to the extensive use of modern technical improvements.Only parts of the country have good soil, and farmland is scare. The quarters of Britain's land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of undercrops--wheat and barley are the two commonest. The farmland in the eastern half of the country is used for raising crops. Its chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and sugar beets. The rest is used for grazing animals, including cattle (both dairy and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. Dairy farming is distributed all over the country but is characteristic of the west of England. Britain is the world's leading exporter of pedigree livestock: cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses. Cattle are bred for meat as well as for dairy farming. Sheep are found in hilly counties particularly and are bred chiefly for their meat. Britain's beef, especially the best Scottish meat, is well known for its excellence, and Welsh mutton is the favorite meat in the country. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the southeast of England.Britain has a large ocean fishing fleet and fish is a basic item in the national diet. The fishing industry provides 55% of the United Kingdom demand for fish. The leading fish caught are cod, haddock, herring, plaice, turbot and sole. The major fishing areas are the North Sea, the English Channel, the sea area around Ireland and the sea area between English and Iceland. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the British economy, account for 5% of the national wealth. Since 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now accounts for only about a quarter of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the United Kingdom has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has given British companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas. The world's largest mining company, RTZ, is a United Kingdom company, which operates mines all over the world.7.2. Secondary industriesIn the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. Britain companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceutical (Glaxo-Wellcome, the British company is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (including plastics, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industry, ICI being the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the United Kingdom industry is third in size in the world, with such products as VC 10, the Trident, the BAC One-Eleven, and a range of military aircraft including the Jaguar, and the Harrier, a vertical take-off and landing strike aircraft, and the Concorde, the Anglo-French supersonic airliner) and food and drink (Scottish whisky being c major export). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world, which produces such products as radar, computers, radio and television transmitting equipment, industrial control equipment and consumer goods) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, and Toyota) is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain's last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world's racing cars, both for Formula One and the American Indy Car series, being designed and built in Britain. McLaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world's fourth largest steel company. Other manufacturing industries include mechanical engineering that produces all forms of machinery and industrial plant; instrument engineering, with a product range extending from scientific instruments to photographic equipment and time-pieces; electrical engineering, engaged in the manufacture and installation of generation, transmitting and distribution equipment, telecommunications and broadcasting apparatus, specialized laboratory equipment and domestic electrical appliances. The other leading traditional industries include shipbuilding, textiles, locomotives, food products and consumer goods.7.3. Tertiary IndustriesLike most developed economies, Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth. A lot of this domestic activity such as retailing, tourism, insurance, and so on, but British is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the United Kingdom's work force is employed in the service sector.Trade is Britain's lifeline. Britain's geographical position makes it a natural transfer point. It imports many goods that are immediately re-exported to other countries in smaller lots, sometimes after some minor processing. Britain remains one of the world's most important trading nations. It exports about one-sixth of the total world exports of manufactured goods. It buys about one-fifth of the raw materials exported in the world.Britain's traditional customers in trade were the Commonwealth countriesand its former colonies. Its trade with highly industrialized nations has gone up since it joined the European Economic Community (the Common Market) in 1973. Apart from the Common Market, the United States and Canada are also its important customers in trade now.The invisible trade makes a great contribution to Britain's balance of payment problems. Earnings from tourism, with the associated shipping, international insurance, banking fees and air services and from private investment overseas constitute one of the largest single sources of foreign currency. A government-sponsored body, the British Trade Authority (BTA) is responsible for the overseas promotion of tourism in Britain.The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is one of the top three financial centers in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world's largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in "The City"--the name given to the historic area at the center of London where all the business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which United Kingdom companies are highly successful. Britain's unit of currency is the proud sterling (￡). It did not adopt the new decimal currency system until February 15th, 1971. Before the introduction of the new system, one pound was worth 20 shilling, and one shilling 12 pence, Following the introduction of the decimal currency system, the pound is divided into 100 pence (p). Cupronickel coins are issued with denominations of 50p, 10p, and 5p, and bronze coins with demonstrators of 2p, 1p, and 1/2p. The Bank of England notes are issued for sums of ￡1, ￡5, ￡10, and ￡20.The United Kingdom has not yet adopted the euro currency and the debate continues over when and indeed whether it will do so. The government has said a series of economic criteria must be met before the issue can be put to a referendum. In recent years, these have been divisions in both major parties as to whether the United Kingdom should form greater ties within the EU, leave things as they are, or reduce the EU’s supranational powers. Opponents of greater European integration are known as Europhiles. Divisions over Europe run deep in both major parities, and though the Conservative Party is seen to spilt over this issue, which in Government up to1997 and today opposition. The Labor Party also faces conflicting views within Cabinet over United Kingdom adoption of the Euro, and whether to ratify the new European Constitution.The Bank of England is Britain's central bank, with was established in 1694, and was brought into public ownership in 1946. It has a wide range of financial and economic responsibilities both as an agent of government policy and in its own right. It acts as banker to the government and the deposit banks. It advises government on the formulation of monetary policy and plays an important part in making agreed policy effective. In addition, the Bank is the note-issuing authority, the registrar for government stocks and banker to many overseas central banks.Besides the Bank of England, which acts as a clearing house, there are。
英国的经济发展历程
英国的经济发展历程英国的经济发展始于工业革命的大约250年前。
18世纪末和19世纪初，英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家。
这一时期，英国的经济以制造业为主导，特别是纺织业和煤炭业。
发明和应用蒸汽机、纺织机械和其他机械装置在英国工业化进程中起到了关键作用。
随着工业化的推进，英国的经济进一步发展壮大。
19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶，英国成为全球贸易的中心，并掌握了大部分的世界贸易份额。
在这一时期，英国的经济以制造业和贸易为主导，其海军的主导地位也起到了关键作用，保障了全球贸易的畅通。
然而，英国的经济霸主地位在20世纪中叶逐渐减弱。
二战后，其他国家的工业化进程迅速崛起，特别是美国、日本和德国。
这些国家以新的技术和生产方式迅速发展，对英国的经济造成了竞争压力。
英国经历了一系列的转型和调整来适应新的国际经济格局。
1970年代，英国开始着手改革国内经济，实施了一系列的经济自由化政策。
这些政策包括减少政府对经济的干预，推动私有化，降低贸易壁垒，吸引外国投资等。
随着全球化的加速和信息技术的飞速发展，英国的经济逐渐向服务业转型。
金融服务、保险、咨询和创意产业成为英国经济的重要组成部分。
伦敦金融城成为全球金融中心之一。
然而，英国经济发展过程中也遇到了一些挑战。
2008年全球金融危机对英国经济产生了巨大冲击，经济增长放缓，失业率上升。
脱欧公投后，英国面临了与欧盟的经济关系调整等新的挑战。
尽管面临一些挑战，英国仍然是一个发达国家，其经济相对健康。
政府通过各种措施鼓励创新和投资，推动经济增长。
同时，英国继续在全球舞台上发挥重要作用，参与国际贸易和投资。
总的来说，英国的经济发展历程是一个从工业革命开始的漫长过程。
经历了起伏和转型，英国仍然是一个重要的经济体，与全球经济紧密相连。
UK
简介：英国一，一个复杂的名字复杂的国家有：和北方的英国大不列颠爱尔兰英格兰苏格兰威尔斯二。
在过去的殖民历史的影响*二战之后的世界帝国天结束1。
的影响，主要是遇到的密切关系存在的帝国殖民地或以上的，与50，并保持联系，通过国家联合体。
但更重要的国际关系是其在欧洲联盟成员国自1973年以来。
2。
人口结构英国---20移民来自印度，巴基斯坦，或加勒比（西印度群岛与中南美洲海域1950）国家在and1960s。
1 /非欧洲种族。
三。
种族，性别，阶层，不同地区在社会和经济1。
一个多种族的社会：因为大多数是基督教徒和移民，很多是穆斯林;2。
性别差异：男性和女性不同的生活居住3。
阶级差别：英国社会阶级结构的比较明显（阿白领的生活是非常不同的一个蓝领工人的。
）4。
经济和4个国家在每个区域差异的：-高地和低地苏格兰之间的差异-差异英格兰北部和南部（南平均是较富裕比北）四。
一个伦敦的重要作用1。
首都2南部。
在;在该国最大的城市，1 / 7的人口占全国3。
文化中心4。
商务中心5。
金融中心，（其中3个世界主要国际金融中心，另外两个是纽约和香港）6。
长期在英国的历史作用第一章英国英国一，一个经济主导地位的英国文化1。
伦敦在英国占主导地位，在政府，金融和文化2。
英格兰队的优势在规模最大的国家--- 4人口最多的是反映在文化和经济优势-结果是：人在国外，人们有时错误英文英国英国在他们的会谈。
二。
在英国征服（公元之前。
第一长，由许多部落王国塞尔特人）省略〜〜〜三。
传奇1。
亚瑟王和他的圆桌，让骑士同等优先，展示骑士'（需求更民主的制度在盎格鲁撒克逊人的入侵）2。
罗宾汉藏在森林，反抗诺曼和规则抢劫从富人向穷人的诺曼时期（在）-一对英文字符线索：一个非常规的内心生活丰富的生活方式隐藏的外部整合（体现英国人个性的迹象：表面上似乎一致，但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的）四。
议会的统治地位在宝座1。
未来数百年之后，诺曼入侵：携手合作，根据规则，各英岛地区的英文团结王国内部和外部2。
历史学基础(第二次世界大战后的西方国家)模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)
历史学基础（第二次世界大战后的西方国家）模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 名词解释 6. 论述题单项选择题1-20小题，每小题2分，共40分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．美国的超越遏制战略是哪个政府提出的?( )A．卡特政府B．里根政府C．布什政府D．尼克松政府正确答案：C解析：老布什政府时期，美国的全球战略有了很大变化，提出超越遏制战略，意图将苏联东欧纳入西方体系。
知识模块：第二次世界大战后的西方国家2．英国为了对抗法国主导的欧共体的发展，在20世纪60年代提出的对策是( )。
A．建立大自由贸易区B．建立欧洲自由贸易联盟C．三环外交D．英、美特殊关系正确答案：B解析：欧洲自由贸易联盟亦称“七国集团”或“小自由贸易区”。
是由英国发起、联合其他几个资本主义国家组成的经济联盟。
本质上是一种国家垄断资本主义的国际联合组织。
1960年1月4日，英国、瑞典、丹麦、挪威、瑞士、奥地利和葡萄牙七国在斯德哥尔摩签订《建立欧洲自由贸易联盟公约》(亦称《斯德哥尔摩公约》)。
该公约经各成员国议会批准后于同年5月3日生效，联盟正式成立，总部设在日内瓦。
知识模块：第二次世界大战后的西方国家3．“二战”之后，推动法国外交走向独立自主的总统是( )。
A．戴高乐B．蓬比杜C．希拉克D．密特朗正确答案：A解析：戴高乐主义的实质内容就是坚持独立自主的外交政策，在战后复杂的国际环境中掌握自己的命运，争取和维护法国在国际事务中的大国地位，并以欧洲联合为基础抗衡美国的政治控制。
知识模块：第二次世界大战后的西方国家4．“二战”后世界经济发展变化迅速，这种变化主要表现在( )。
①国际金融体系和贸易体系的形成②国家垄断资本主义的空前发展③形成以美、苏“冷战”为特征的两极格局④科学技术推动生产力发展更为迅速A．①②B．②④C．①②④D．①②③④正确答案：C解析：布雷顿森林体系促使国际金融体系和贸易体系形成，对经济进行干预和调节，加强国际经济联系。
二战后世界经济体系(3)
这两个金融机构如何体现 美国主导地位呢?
总部都设在华盛顿
主
美国人担任关键职务
决定性
导
的控制权 地
位
最大投票权（认缴资金制）
以美元为中心的世界
货币体系建立起来。
(布雷顿森林体系)
经济决定外交，美国强大的经济实力是根本原因 一旦美国实力衰退，布雷顿森林体系必然会崩溃
16.8 7.9
美国的心黄变金成外汇了储以备美在1国93为7年中占心资。本主义世界
黄金外汇储备的46.4%，到1948年占74.6%。 ——王斯德等主编的《世界当代史》
上述图片和材料反映了各国实力发生什么变化？
美国总统杜鲁门宣称：“全世界都在注 视着我们，要我们肩负起领导的责任。 形势的发展使我们必须肩负起这个责 任。” 1947年杜鲁门主义，遏制苏 联称霸世界，冷战开始
专题线索：
二战后以美国为中心 资本主义世界经济体 系的形成
11
经济区域 集团化趋 势出现
经济全球化趋势 加强
99 4 4 1947 1951 1955 1958 1967
45
布 雷 顿 森 林 会 议
二 战 结 束
关 贸 总 协 定 建 立
欧 洲 煤 钢 共 同 体 成
两 极 格 局 形 成
原欧 欧 子洲 共 能经 体 共济 成 同共 立 体同 成体 立和
对美国：美国拥有特殊地位，
关 贸 总 协 定
以美国为中心的国际贸易体系
对世界：它们的出现顺应了经济全球化的历史趋势，反映 了二战后世界经济向着体系化、制度化的方向发展。
战后 资本 主义 世界 经济 体系
以美元为主导 的国际货币金
二战后世界经济的发展
《大国崛起》则认为战后的改革为日本建立起比较完整的现代资产阶级政治体制和经济体制，成为现代日本的全新起点。日本经济在这个基础上迅速起飞，很快成为世界经济大国。
九十年代，进入以信息化和全球化为特征的新经济时代。原因（1）社会经济改革；（2）加大发展教育、科技事业的力度，促进高新技术的发展；（3）完成了传统产业的技术改造。
二、日本经济的发展
图三：二战后日本国民生产总值的增长示意图
图四：
在美国的扶持下，日本政府制定适当的经济政策，引进最新的科技成就，发展教育和科学技术，促进了经济的组速发展。图三展示了战后日本国民生产总值持续高速飙升，成为仅次于美国的二号经济大国；图四显示日本在战后二十年多年里经济年平均增长率位居发达资本主义国家榜首。
885
426
钢产量(亿吨)
270.3
117．O
汽车产量(万辆)
9 36.4
824.4
水泥产量(万吨)
11120.3
6405.6
表一欧共体的国民生产总值占世界的比重呈上升趋势，美国呈下降趋势。
表二1970年西欧在黄金外汇储备等方面都远远超过了美国，美国的经济霸主地位受到挑战。
尼克松总统在1971年的演讲中曾说：“从经济学角度来说，现在美国已经不再是唯一的世界第一流的国家，已经不再是力量超群的世界强国，世界上也不再只有两个超级大国。当我们从经济和经济潜力方面来考虑时，就可以看到，今天世界上有五大力量中心。……所以现在我们有了三个力量中心——美国、西欧和日本。要注意：西欧和日本都是美国非常强有力的竞争对手。朋友，是的，盟国，是的。但是正在与我们竞争。在经济领导地位的问题上，他们在全世界同我们竞争非常激烈。”
英国
一、国家概况 （一）自然概况
1、地理位置：西欧岛国，大不列颠岛（包括 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，简称“英伦三岛”） 及爱尔兰岛东北部为国土主要组成部分。
国名中“大不列颠”源于凯尔特语，意为“杂色多 彩”。指古代部族人身上喜涂各种色彩。
英国的地貌变 化多样，东南 部为平原和台 地，土地肥沃， 适于耕种，北 部和西部多山 地和丘陵，北 爱尔兰大部分 为高地。
一、自然概况
1、地理位置：西欧岛国 ，大不列颠岛（包括 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士）及爱尔兰岛东北部 为国土主要组成部分。 2、地形：英格兰东南为平原，其余地区多 为山区
3、气候
属温带海洋性气 候。英国受盛行 西风控制，全年 温和湿润，四季 寒暑变化不大。
全年温和多雨，热量 不足，光照不足，不 利于谷物的成熟，而 利于多汁牧草的生长， 所以发展的是乳畜业， 英国的牧场面积接近 全国总面积的一半， 为畜牧业服务的饲料 种植面积又占了全国 耕地面积的一半，大 片耕地用来种植饲草、 饲用甜菜和饲用芜青 等。 。
芭蕾舞剧
音乐剧 电影
《哈利· 波特》（Harry Potter），是英国作家J· K· 罗琳 的奇幻文学系列小说，共7集， 描写主角哈利· 波特在霍格沃茨7 年学习生活中的冒险故事；该系 列被翻译成67种语言，所有版本 的总销售量逾5亿本（2013年10 月），名列世界上最畅销小说之 列。美国华纳兄弟电影公司把这 7集小说改拍成8部电影，前6集 各一部，而第七集分成两部。哈 利· 波特电影系列是全球史上最 卖座的电影系列，总票房收入达 76亿美元。
《美丽中国》，英文名：Wild China，由中英 联合摄制小组拍摄的一部关于中国野生动物和 自然风光的系列记录片，其中有些野生动画和 风景的镜头从未在银幕上出现过。这部系列片 是BBC和中国电视台的首次合作，该片是中英 两国联合电视制作的一个里程碑。英国广播公 司（British Broadcasting Corporation ）， 简称BBC，成立于1922年，是英国最大的新闻 广播机构，也是世界最大的新闻广播机构之一。 长久以来一直被认为是全球最ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้尊敬的媒体之 一。
论二战后英国国有化运动
论二战后英国国有化运动论文关键词国有化共识政治英国病论文摘要二战后，英国工党政府先后掀起两次国有化高潮。
战后国有化运动是英国工党“社会主义试验”的重要组成部分，是英国二战后形成的“共识政治”的产物。
国有化加重了“英国病”，造成经济停滞、通货膨胀和工业关系的紧张。
1979年5月上台的撒切尔政府，为了改变这种局面，试图摒弃凯恩斯主义，从而开始了举世瞩目的“撒切尔革命”。
英国以私有制立国，但在私有经济中也存在国有的成分。
早在1657年，英国便成立国有的邮政总局，在全国发行邮票，经营全国的邮政业务。
1933年，政府还建立公有的英国海外航空公司，并在1939年兼并长期接受国家资助的帝国航空有限公司等。
从总体上看，这些举措还称不上是真正的国有化。
英国国有企业的空前发展，还是在第二次世界大战结束之后。
自二战结束到20世纪70年代末，英国工党先后掀起两次举世瞩目的国有化高潮。
国有化是英国工党“社会主义试验”的重要组成部分1945年7月，工党领袖艾德礼出任首相，开始推行以经济计划化为主体的“社会主义”改革政策，以求推进英国经济的恢复和重建。
国有化即是这一改革的主要内容，由此掀起战后英国第一次国有化高潮。
从1945年到1951年，艾德礼政府先后通过8个国有化法令，将英格兰银行、煤矿（1945）、航空（1946年）、电报和无线电通讯、运输、电力（1947年）、煤气（1948年）和钢铁（1951年）等行业实现国有化。
1951年10月，保守党的丘吉尔政府上台，这一历时6年又3个月的国有化高潮才告结束。
在历经五六十年代经济高速增长之后，70年代，英国经济同其它发达国家一样进入“滞胀”时期。
1974年3月，再次上台的威尔逊工党政府把国有化作为摆脱经济危机的重要手段，在英国掀起第二次国有化高潮。
与第一次国有化高潮相比，这次国有化所涉及的领域进一步扩大到汽车、船舶、机床、火箭等生产部门，甚至包括电子、宇航等尖端技术产业。
如1977年7月，建立了由英国国内最大的19家造船公司组成的英国造船公司，控制全国商船制造业98%的份额。
二次世界大战前后经济危机介绍
（1）背景
战前
工业革命和第二次工业革命极大地提高了生产力，使资本主义经济得到空 前发展。如新的交通工具和通信工具的出现，为资本主义世界市场的发展提供 了先进的物质条件。
其次垄断组织的出现，资本主义进入垄断阶段，这种局部调整了生产关系 适应了资本主义生产的要求，从而促进了资本主义的迅速发展。最终相对生产 力相对过剩。
（4）特点
战前
1. 第二次世界大战前的经济危机在各个主要资本主义国家里趋向于
同时爆发，具有比较明显的同期性。
自 1847 年爆发了第一次世界性的经济危机以后，1857 年、1866 年、1873 年、 1882 年、1890 年、1900 年、1907 年、1920 年、1929 年、 1937 年爆发的经济 危机，欧美各主要资本主义国家都一齐卷入，都是世界同期性的经济危机
3. 1980～1982
1979 年 7 月英国首先爆发危机,加拿大于同年 10 月工业生产出现下降，美国于 1980 年 2 月陷入危机，其他国家在 1980 年爆发危机的有比利时（2 月）、日本 （3 月）、联邦德国（4 月）、荷兰（4 月）、法国（5 月）、意大利（5 月）、爱尔 兰（6 月）。各国于 1982 年底开始走出危机，危机持续 3 年左右,是战后时间最 长的一次经济危机。
2. 局部战争，即 50 年代初的美国侵朝战争和 60 年代中期至 70 年代初的美国 侵越战争，对各资本主义国家经济周期的进程产生了不同的影响。
3. 由于技术的迅速进步，固定资本更新的周期大为缩短。 4. 固定资本投资幅度下降不大。 5. 个人消费需求下降幅度较小。 6. 以通货紧缩、银根吃紧、银行挤兑和大批倒闭为主要形式的货币信用危机
2. 第二次世界大战前，经济危机期间，工业生产力下降幅度较大，
初中历史之二战后世界各国的经济发展3篇
初中历史之二战后世界各国的经济发展3篇学了第二次世界大战历史知识后，相信同学们对此知识又能更好的掌握学习了吧。
下面是小编给大家带来的初中历史之二战后世界各国的经济发展，欢迎大家阅读参考，我们一起来看看吧!初中历史：西欧和日本经济的发展一、欧洲的联合1、二战后，西欧经济恢复和发展的原因有哪些?外因：(1)美国的援助内因：(2)发挥高素质的劳动力优势(3)采用最先进的科技成果(4)制定恰当的经济发展政策(5)成立欧盟2、战后西欧经济发展的表现：(1)20世纪50年代初，各国工业生产已达到甚至超过战前水平;(2)50—70 年代，西欧经济持续繁荣;(资本主义发展的黄金时期)3、欧洲一体化的过程：20世纪60年代，法国和联邦德国等西欧国家成立了“欧洲共同体”1993年,西欧国家在欧洲共同体的基础上成立了“欧洲联盟”2007年，欧盟已有27个成员国。
目前有27个成员国(2016年，英国脱离欧盟)4、欧盟成立的影响：(1)促进各成员国经济发展;(2)提高欧盟的国际地位;(3)促进经济全球化和世界政治多极化5、欧盟性质：区域性政治经济组织二、日本的崛起1、日本崛起的原因：外因：①美国援助日本内因：②推行非军事化政策③日本政府制定适当的经济政策发展教育和科技④日本实行科技立国政策等2、现代日本崛起的表现：(1)20世纪70年代，日本经济持续高速发展，成为世界第二号资本主义经济大国。
(2)80年代中期以后，日本实行“科技立国”政策。
(3)1964年，日本东京成功地举办了奥运会。
(4)20世纪七、八十年代以来，日本谋求政治大国的地位。
拓展延伸1、战后日本经济迅速发展的原因与西欧相比,有哪些共同点?其中哪些经验值得中国借鉴?共同点:重视教育;善于引进先进科技;美国的援助;制定恰当的经济发展政策。
中国借鉴：(1)坚持实施科教兴国战略;(2)要大力发展教育和科技;(3)坚持改革开放;(4)制定适合恰当的经济发展政策。
2、看材料，分析欧洲走向一体化的原因材料一：随着经济的发展和美苏争霸的加剧，欧洲国家为了发展经济和保证自己的安全，感到有必要加强合作。
二战后英国私有化政策研究综述
取得了一些新成果， 在私有化的概念范畴的界定上， 的经营自主权. 综合现在学者的观点， 国有化的弊端
二战后的英国到 7 0 年代末曾有过两次国有 化 的产生 .
何在？ 原先形成的共识政治为什么被打破？ 这个问题 样，其实质是把国家的控制资本权转移给个人或企 尤其值得我们去探索 .目前学术界有以下观点： 王俊 业， 增强其活力 . 当然， 这不是说国有企业必然没有 豪认为英国从国有化到私有化的政策转移的原因， 活力， 竞争力就低， 原因是国家控制产生了很多的弊 可以追溯到 7 0 年代中期所发生的高失业率和高 通 端， 如政企不分， 生产的灵活性降低等问题， 因此改 货膨胀率这两大并发症，它打破了人们对传统凯恩 革改的就是这些地方，是对市场和国家关系的新调 斯主义实行宏观调控， 能达到供需总量平衡的信念 . 整 .减少了国家对企业的干预， 国家不再直接管理企 在7 0 年代末，英国的意识形态领域也发生了变化， 业， 更多的是依靠市场的自发的调节作用.毛锐在其 而政府为增强供给效能的战略思路是使经济适应市 �撒切尔政府私有化政策研究� 一书中对这个问题作 场规律， 这就要求扩大市场调节的范围， 强化竞争机 制 . 毛锐在其 �撒切尔政府私有化政策研究� 一书中 了全面系统的研究， 他把国有化的内容总结如下： 在 撒切尔夫人执政期间，英国的私有化经历了三个阶
要， 是工党与保守党斗争的产物 . 侯
英国的国有企业改革� 一文中还强调了缺乏有效的 企业激励机制和约束机制， 政企不分， 企业缺乏足够 是导致私有化的根本原因，经济缓慢和通货膨胀必 然要求改革，当然还有由此产生的劳资双方的关系 紧张， 政府财政困难问题， 新右派的兴起也刺激了它 二, 私有化的内容 英国私有化的内容相当广泛，形式灵活多种多
定地方当局必须将建筑物和高速公路的修建和维护 以竞争 性投标方式承包给私 营企业 ; 198 3 年政府又 将强制性竞争投标适用的范围扩展到医院和伙食供 应和清洁工作 ; 19 8 5 年 " 运输方案 " 规定 地方的公共 汽车运输必须通过投标实现商业运行 ; 198 8 年 " 地方 政府法 " 进一步明确规定政府必须将学校膳食, 垃圾 收集 , 街道清扫等七项服务项目举行投标.针对这些 批评以及私 有化扩展 到自然 垄断领域 所产生的 问 题，英国政府对基础设施产业的政府管制体制进行 重大改革， 这成为英国私有化一个重要组成部分 .撒 切尔夫人执政之后，先对英国基础设施产业的政府 管制进行初步改革， 采取一些自由化政策.在撒切尔 夫人担任首相的近 12 年里，政府先后于 198 4 年 , 198 6 年和 198 9 年颁布了 �电信法� �煤气法� �自来水 大基础设施产业进行私有化之外，还初步规定了政 府对基础设施产业实行政府管制的总体框架 . 由于 英国电信公司在基础设施部门是最早私有化的， 在 撒切尔夫人执政时期所进行的政府管制改革也比较