浙江大学行政法考博历年真题
浙江大学直博考试题及答案
浙江大学直博考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 浙江大学的校训是什么？A. 求是创新B. 厚德博学C. 格物致知D. 明德新民答案：A2. 浙江大学的前身是什么？A. 求是书院B. 京师大学堂C. 南洋公学D. 岳麓书院答案：A3. 浙江大学的创办时间是？A. 1897年B. 1905年C. 1911年D. 1928年答案：A4. 浙江大学的现任校长是谁？A. 吴朝晖B. 杨卫C. 林建华D. 张尧学答案：A5. 浙江大学的校歌是什么？A. 求是之歌B. 浙江大学校歌C. 浙江大学之歌D. 求是创新之歌答案：B6. 浙江大学的校徽是什么颜色？A. 蓝色B. 绿色C. 红色D. 黄色答案：A7. 浙江大学的校庆日是几月几号？A. 5月21日B. 10月21日C. 11月7日D. 12月31日答案：B8. 浙江大学的校训“求是创新”中的“求是”是什么意思？A. 实事求是B. 追求真理C. 寻求知识D. 探索未知答案：A9. 浙江大学的校训“求是创新”中的“创新”是什么意思？A. 创新思维B. 创新能力C. 创新精神D. 创新实践答案：C10. 浙江大学的校训“求是创新”体现了什么精神？A. 科学精神B. 人文精神C. 创新精神D. 求实精神答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 浙江大学的学科门类包括哪些？A. 哲学B. 经济学C. 法学D. 教育学答案：ABCD12. 浙江大学的国家重点学科有哪些？A. 数学B. 物理学C. 化学D. 生物学答案：ABCD13. 浙江大学的国家级重点实验室有哪些？A. 材料科学与工程国家重点实验室B. 化学工程国家重点实验室C. 计算机科学与技术国家重点实验室D. 环境科学与工程国家重点实验室答案：ABCD14. 浙江大学的国家级教学团队有哪些？A. 数学教学团队B. 物理教学团队C. 化学教学团队D. 生物教学团队答案：ABCD15. 浙江大学的国家级精品课程有哪些？A. 高等数学B. 大学物理C. 有机化学D. 生物学答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 浙江大学是中国最早的国立大学之一。
浙江大学 2006年(春)攻读博士研究生入学考试题
浙江大学2006年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题考试科目_____________英语______________ 编号_________________ 注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或者草稿纸上均无效。
Section ⅠListening Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Part ADirections: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan, an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use no more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight?A. Meet around the underground station.B. Stay at home.C. See the evening performance.D. Walk in the rain.12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra’s phone call as soon as he got home.B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn’t get tickets.C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos’ phone.D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.13. What will Carlos finally do?A. Wait at home for Sandra’s phone.B. Hurry up and try to get the theater before Sandra does.C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11~13.Directions: Questions 14~16 are based on the following interview. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 14~16.14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?A. They can express aggression in sports.B. Their athletic skills can be improved.C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.D. They can find employment in the Centre.15. What is the man’s attitude towards the new scheme?A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.B. He doubles whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.C. He doesn’t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center.16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?A. It has received much support from the local people.B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.C. It has been in operation for years.D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14~16.Directions: Questions 17~20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coco-Cola. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 18~20.17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.B. Asa G Candle, in1879.C. Dr.Pemberton, in 1886.D. Jacob, in 1895.18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola’s success?A. A catchy name.B. Advertising.C. Its taste.D. Competition.19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-Cola to soldiersC. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in American.D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.20. What do doctor say about Coca-Cola?A. It is both delicious and nutritious.B. It contains too much sugar.C. It does you no good.D. It may be harmful to your health.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17~20.SectionⅡVocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center.21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _____ circumstances.A. exceptionalB. coincidentalC. peculiarD. imperative22. His latest _____ was buying a second- hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A. agonyB. stigmaC. wrathD. folly23. The champagnes had caused his face to _____ and his eyes were bright.A. flourishB. freshC. fleshD. flush.24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ____ .A. mischiefB. nuisanceC. hostilityD. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common ____ of old age.A. presentationsB. afflictionsC. outcomeD. relevance26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a _____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.A. transientB. temporaryC. perpetualD. periodic27. Only a small ____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A. fractureB. fragmentC. fractionD. fragrance28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ______ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A. corruptedB. infectedC. contaminatedD. stained29. It is strictly illegal to _____ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A. shelterB. disguiseC. concealD. veil30. To ____ the boredom of studying it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A. intensifyB. aggravateC. illuminateD. alleviate31. Although we felt ____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.A. compassionB. compassC. companionD. compartment32. The police were _____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A. hinderedB. enlightenedC. baffledD. detained33. _____ for the top-of-the–range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A. accessoriesB. componentsC. decorationsD. colleagues34. The author uses the ____ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A. correlationB. equivalentC. analogyD. parallel35. The books will be ____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A. dispatchedB. disputedC. dismissedD. dispersedSection ⅢCloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that thing were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand kissing – unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean –indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us ―fresh.‖ In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and wo men’s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you’d put it right back on you head.The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__mark of status, in the second place, you couldn’t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. There customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands –a formal custom of no present day __54__. But in an age when every carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepares to converse without a weapon in one’s hand, a sign of __55__. What we think of as ―good manners‖ was merely a way of saying, ―I mean you no immediateviolence, if you can show that your intention is the same.‖36. A) renowned B）considered C）known D）famous37. A) by B）on C）in D）with38. A) elaborate B）detailed C）exquisite D）exotic39. A) general B）familiar C）commonplace D）cruel40. A) vary B）change C）fluctuate D）turn41. A) output B）produce C）goods D）products42. A) by contrast B）by the way C）on the contrary D）on the way43. A) approach B）attack C）access D）accommodate44. A) outdoors B）indoors C）externally D）internally45. A) face B）greet C）confront D）meet46. A) for B）why C）behind D）because47. A) sign B）signature C）signal D）symbol48. A) visual B）valuable C）visible D）victorious49. A) taking B）holding C）pulling D）putting50. A) letter B）lecture C）legacy D）lesson51. A) instruments B）tools C）devices D）equipments52. A) familiarized B）formalized C）legalized D）modernized53. A) derive B）originate C）obtain D）acquire54. A) emphasis B）sense C）significance D）use55. A) understanding B）friendship C）unity D）peaceSection ⅣReading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Why do we care so much about appearance? Is it some kind of mass psychosis? Or is it nature? Do other species do the same thing? If a male squid is cling to anundersea rock, and two female squids swim past, dose the male look at them and decide which one is more beautiful? Does he notice the shapes of their beaks, the way the undersea light glints from their skin slime, the size of the suckers on their tentacles, and does he think to himself, in some squid way, ―Well, the one on the left is ugly, but the one on the right is a BABE‖?We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can’t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal. Especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I’m glad I’m a man.Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there’s a definite ― beauty‖ standard for males: the square jawed male models with rippling abdominals, Tom Cruise, and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino--- who is a Registered Sex object --- and say: ―Hey, I don’t look THAT different.‖Regular women can’t look at female romantic lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin. Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don’t meet these criteria, then …sorry! You’re the ugly squid!56. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.B. She is different from the majority of women.C. She is different from the majority of women.D. She has the right cheek bones, the right eyes and the right mouth.60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Standards of BeautyB. Beauty Men VS WomenC. Concern for Appearance: a Universal TruthD. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?Passage 2Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the ―cup‖ of coffee. Drink size have become a free-for-all of image build, divorced from any real description of quantity.The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic—companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.To be sure, medium hasn’t died altogether. There are medium olives and mediumgarbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra- large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large and jumbo too.Small products are flourishing, but they aren’t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages.‖But they’re never called tiny,‖say Lorna Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associates. ―They’re called individual or one time or disposable.‖When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast food restaurants. At McDonalds’s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size.―Nobody wants a small drink anymore,‖ says McDonald’s spokesman Chuck Ebeling.‖We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.‖At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces.The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America’s biggest drink, the 64-ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman,sys no other country gulps as American does: the chain’s international stores don’t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury—the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. ‖The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,‖ says Ebeling of McDonald’s. ―If we package it in a large size, that’s more efficient for us.‖Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Franciso, is sticking with small, medium and large. ―We want to offer quick service,‖ says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. ―We don’t want to waste time correcting customers’coffee grammar.‖61. What is the major reason for ―size inflation‖ in the United States?A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.62. Why aren’t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more more money-minded than the Americans.D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.63. The expression ―a pencil over their ear‖(Para.6) most probably means______.A. something normalB. something peculiarC. something extra-largeD. something extraordinary64. Why does Pasqua Coffee still offer ―small, medium, and large‖ sizes?A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.C. Because they don’t want to hear the customers’ ungrammatical sentences.D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.65. What is the author’s point of view toward large sizes?A. This is a trend that will go on and on.B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.Passage 3Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association(NNA). The growth ofInternet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High- tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signaturcs.The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of ―acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.‖ But these measures do not elaborate on the role the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observers the person’s willingness to sign a document and the signer’s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the singer, a notary cannot make these determinations.The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under w. In 1955, a Texas court said, ―A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,‖ according to the NNA.Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some states legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so –called ―notarized‖ electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions, some claim to provide ―electronic notarization‖ for online transactions.These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the ―personal appearance‖aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness,‖ writes Milton G.Valera, president of the notary association.Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face–to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions.‖The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,‖ say Valera.66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in _______.A. the decline of identify fraudB. frequent use of digital signatureC. the disappearance of the notaryD. the inferiority of handwritten signatures67. What the Texas court said in 1955 shows that _______.A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are availableB. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a toothC. a notary is extremely important in the process of verificationD. a notary is useless without the required physical presence68. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business worldB. some companies managed to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness through ―electronic notarization‖C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactionsD. the present ―electronic notarization‖has twisted the basic principles of traditional notaries69. The phrase ―foreclose on‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ―___‖.A. look forward toB. interfere withC. take possession ofD. believe in70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Alternative to the NotariesB. Notaries in the Digital AgeC. E-documents in the Digital TimeD. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin’s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the ―modern synthesis‖in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendal’s theory of heredity with Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school’s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.It’s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called ―isolating mechanisms,‖and discourage the two populations from interbreeding.Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. ―Without speciation, there would be no diversificationof the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution.‖71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?A. He was the first man to reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.72. Mayr’s work on species and speciation helped scientists understand______.A. evolution as a continuous change over timeB. the evolution from one species to anotherC. Darwin’s theory of natural selectionD. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?A. Geographic isolation.B. Species interbreeding.C. Heredity.D. Natural selection.74. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. A biographical account of Mayr’s life.B. Mayr’s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology.C. Awards and honors Mayr has received.D. Mayr’s passion for bird-watching and biology.75. The word ―crack‖ in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. analyzeB. locateC. presentD. solveSection ⅤTranslation (25 marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet 2.76. 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。
浙江 2023年真题模拟考试：行政法学真题模拟汇编(共92题)
浙江 2023年真题模拟考试：行政法学真题模拟汇编（共92题）1、下列属于保障行政公正原则的基本制度的是（）（单选题）A. 回避制度B. 表明身份制度C. 时效制度D. 简易程序制度试题答案：A2、因行政机关违法行政行为造成公民死亡，可以成为赔偿请求人的是（）（多选题）A. 受害公民的邻居B. 受害公民所在的单位C. 受害公民的孙子女D. 受害公民的父母E. 受害公民的未成年养女试题答案：C,D,E3、行政主体在作出行政处罚决定之前，应当告知行政相对人拟作出行政处罚决定的事（）（单选题）A. 行政信息公开制度B. 行政听证制度C. 行政行为说明理由制度D. 行政回避制度试题答案：C4、依据《行政处罚法》的规定，由于生理缺陷原因而致违法的，行政主体应当（）（单选题）A. 减轻处罚B. 从轻处罚C. 不予处罚D. 正常处罚试题答案：C5、下列属于行政裁决中权属纠纷裁决的是（）（单选题）A. 劳动争议仲裁委员会就劳动争议纠纷作出裁定B. 行政机关在进行土地管理时，对甲乙之间就某一土地使用权归属争议进行裁决C. 食品卫生监督部门裁决出售变质食品的甲赔偿受害人乙医疗费D. 工商局裁决甲停止侵犯乙已注册商标的行为试题答案：B6、区分抽象行政程序和具体行政程序的标准是（）（单选题）A. 行政程序的适用范围B. 行政行为的对象是否特定C. 是否有明确法律规定D. 行政效能的差异试题答案：B7、下列属于行政行为的是（）（单选题）A. 某县社保局向社会发布2014年本县参加社会保险统计数字B. 某市工商局购买办公用品C. 某市环保局为净化空气禁止某餐馆以煎炒方式做菜D. 某市卫生局与市财政局交换某块土地使用权试题答案：C8、下列行政奖励属于物质方面权益的是( )（单选题）A. 授予荣誉称号B. 通报表扬C. 发给奖金D. 记功试题答案：C9、以行政机关是否可以主动作出为标准，行政行为可分为( )（单选题）A. 作为行政行为与不作为行政行为B. 依职权的行政行为与依申请的行政行为C. 抽象行政行为与具体行政行为D. 羁束行政行为与自由裁量行政行为试题答案：B10、下列关于行政许可的表述，错误的是（）（单选题）A. 行政许可的主体是特定主体B. 行政许可一般为要式行政行为C. 行政许可是依职权的行政行为D. 行政许可原则上是一种授益性行政行为试题答案：C11、下列属于行政征收的是（）（单选题）A. 某大型央企缴纳100万排污费B. 某公安局巡警追小偷，借用张三的自行车C. 某物业小区保安收取路边停车费D. 交警对随意闯红灯的行人处以20元的罚款试题答案：A12、下列属于行政处罚的是（）（单选题）A. 公安交管局因违章驾车暂扣张某驾驶执照六个月B. 工商局对一企业有效期届满未申请延续的营业执照予以注销C. 卫生局对流行性传染病患者强制隔离D. 食品药品监督局责令某食品生产者召回其已上市销售的不符合食品安全标准的食品试题答案：A13、下列关于从轻处罚的表述，正确的是( )（单选题）A. 从轻处罚是行政主体在法定范围内，选择较轻的方式和幅度较低的处罚B. 从轻处罚是行政主体在法定范围内，选择较重的方式和幅度的处罚C. 从轻处罚是行政主体对违法相对人在法定处罚幅度最低限以下适用行政处罚D. 从轻处罚是行政主体对违法相对人在法定处罚幅度最高限以上适用行政处罚试题答案：A14、一般情况下，行政复议案件的审理期限是（）（单选题）A. 15日B. 30日C. 60日D. 120日试题答案：C15、甲、乙两村分别位于某市两县境内，因土地权属纠纷向市政府申请解决，市政府裁决争议土地属甲村所有。
2019年浙大行政法学模拟卷_答案
《行政法学》模拟卷参考答案一．填空题（每题1分，共10分）1.不平等2. 具有独立的行政职权职责3.地方行政4.行政主体5. 行政规章6. 法律资格7. 两年8．60日9. 两年10. 作出具体行政行为的行政机关二．单项选择题（答案选错或未作选择者不得分。
每题1分，共10分。
）1.D2. C3. A4. B5. B6. C7.D 8．D 9. A 10. B三．不定项选择题（答案选错、未选全或未作选择者不得分。
每题2分，共20分。
）a) C D 2. ABC 3. CD 4. ABCD 5. AB6. ABCD7. ABCD 8．ABCD 9. ABD 10. ACD四．判断题（命题是正确的在对应的题号内打“√”、错误的打“×”。
每题1分，共10分。
）1.（×）2.（×）3.（×）4.（√）5.（√）6.（√）7.（×）8．（√）9.（×）10.（√）五．名词解释（每题4分，共16分。
）1.行政主体是指依法享有国家行政权力，以自己名义从事行政管理活动，并能独立承担由此产生的法律责任的组织。
2. 抽象行政行为是指国家行政机关针对不特定的相对人制定的具有普遍约束力并且可以反复适用的规范性文件的行为。
3. 申诫罚是行政处罚机关向相对人发出警告，申明其具有违法行为，通过对其名声、信誉等施加影响，引起精神上的警惕，使其不在违法。
4.代履行是指当义务人逾期不履行义务时，如该义务由他人代为履行能达到同样目的，则由他人代为履行，但由义务人承担后果并支付必要履行费用的一种强制执行方式。
六．简答题（每题8分，共16分。
）1．简述行政许可的法律特征。
（1）行政许可是准予特定相对人享有某种权利或具有某种资格、能力的一种赋权性具体行政行为。
（2）行政许可的存在以法律上的一般禁止为前提。
（3）行政许可是一种单方行政行为。
（4）行政许可在程序上是依申请的行政行为。
（5）行政许可是要式行政行为。
浙江大学法学院宪法学与行政法学专业博士生历届招生试题
浙江大学法学院宪法学与行政法学专业博士生历届招生试题（行政法）——2002年（春）——第一题：简答题（20%）现已废止的《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的意见（试行）》第1条曾对“具体行政行为”下了这样一个定义：“……指国家行政机关和行政机关工作人员、法律法规授权的组织、行政机关委托的组织或者个人在行政管理活动中行使行政职权，针对特定的公民、法人或者其他组织，就特定的具体事项，作出的有关该公民、法人或者其他组织权利义务的单方行为。
”你认为这一定义（从行政法学理论上看），有什么缺陷？第二题：论述题（40%）行政法与合理性原则第三题：案例分析（40%）2000年2月，H市居民张三去L市提取一批从香港进口的香料。
在此过程中，张三被L市海关以“走私犯罪嫌疑”为由扣留（此属行政行为）。
扣留1个月之后，海关定论：张三行为不构成走私犯罪，但存在违反海关监管规定的行为，决定免于处罚；故将张三释放。
张三被释放后对海关的扣留行为不服，于释放后的第50天向L市人民政府申请行政复议，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留申请人行为违法；（2）判令被申请人赔偿由此所造成的损失。
L市人民政府第二天便以当事人申请复议超过申请时效为由决定不予受理。
张三回到H市，马上以L市海关为被告，向H市有关基层法院提起行政诉讼，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留原告行为违法；（2）判令被告赔偿由此所造成的损失。
H市基层法院受理了此案，但事后又驳回了原告的起诉，理由是：（1）行政赔偿案件应当先向侵权的行政机关即L市海关提出请求，原告未经事先向L市海关请求赔偿便向法院起诉，程序上不允许；（2）行政赔偿程序应当以“确认违法”为前提，海关扣留张三的行为尚未经有权机关确认违法，故不能向法院起诉。
原告收到该法院驳回起诉的裁定后，便向H市中级人民法院上诉，H市中级人民法院受理了此案。
正在此期间，原告在一次意外事故中死亡。
原告除一位关系疏远的外孙女外无任何亲属。
2019级浙江大学法学专业2019-2020年第二学期《行政法与行政诉讼法学课程考试试卷A和答案
浙江大学2020年《行政法与行政诉讼法学》课程考试试卷（A）适用专业：试卷所需时间 120 分钟试卷总分100 分一、单项选择题（每题1分，共计20分）1.下列哪些活动属于我国行政法调整的行政活动( )A.乡选举委员会主持的乡人大代表的选举工作B.村民委员会对本村的公共事务和公益事业的办理C.中国人民银行在公开市场上买卖国债、其他政府债券和金融债券及外汇D.中国人民银行会同国务院银行监督管理机构制定支付结算规则2.某县公安局为了加强对所辖农村社会治安的管理，决定由无公安派出所的甲乡人民政府处理各种治安案件，甲乡人民政府应当以谁的名义实施治安处罚 ( )A.某乡人民政府B.某县公安局C.县政府法制办公室D.甲乡人民政府3.新录用的公务员试用期为（），试用期合格的，予以任职，不合格的，取消录用。
A．3个月 B.半年 C．9个月 D.1年4.下列行政行为中，不直接产生法律效果的是（）A．行政许可 B.行政指导 C．行政确认 D.行政处罚5.经哪个国家机关批准，哪一国家机关根据精简、统一、效能原则，可以决定一个行政机关行使有关行政机关的行政权（）A．经国务院批准，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府决定B．经全国人大常委会批准，省、自治区、直辖市人大常委会决定C．经省人民政府批准，设区的市、自治州人民政府决定D．经省人大常委会批准，设区的市、自治州人大常委会决定6.某公司为建筑一栋商品房，向某市规划局、建设局和环保局等部门申请有关证照。
请问下列那一种说法正确（）A．某公司应当对其申请材料实质内容的真实性负责 B.某公司的申请材料不齐全，相关部门不当场一次告知需要补正的全部内容，即构成违法C.相关部门需要对某公司的申请材料实质内容进行核实的，应当指派1名工作人员进行核查D.某公司的申请符合条件，相关部门应在30个工作日内办结全部证照7.工商局根据王某的申请，依法举行了听证会，并制作了听证笔录，关于听证笔录的约束力，下列说法正确的是( )A.工商局既可以根据听证笔录，也可以不根据听证笔录作出行政许可决定B.听证笔录可以作为工商局作出行政许可决定的参考C.工商局可以根据听证笔录以外的事实为依据作出行政许可决定D.工商局应当根据听证笔录作出行政许可决定8.根据《行政处罚法》的规定，在下列哪种情况下，当事人有权拒绝缴纳执法人员当场收缴行政处罚罚款（）A．给予20元以下的罚款处罚的 B.不当场收缴事后难以执行的C．不出具省、自治区、直辖市财政部门统一制作的罚款收据的D.认定决定证据不足9.根据《行政处罚法》的规定，下列选项中哪个不属于应当依法从轻或者减轻行政处罚的情形（）A．已满14周岁不满18周岁的人有违法行为的B.主动消除或者减轻违法行为危害后果的C.受他人教唆实施违法行为的D.配合行政机关查处违法行为有立功表现的10.张某非法携带管制刀具乘坐长途火车。
浙大、清华、西北大学、武大、复旦考博经济学真题
浙江大学——政治经济学 2003 年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题 2003 秋 政经 简答 40 1. 马克思的劳动分工思想 2. 市场经济与商品经济的区别与联系 3. 社会资本扩大再生产的核心思想 4. 经济增长方式转变过程中的制度因素 论述 60 1. 试论述传统社会主义政治经济学的缺陷与改革 2. 边际主义价值论与劳动价值论 3. 试论述价格双轨制的历史合理性与其局限性 2003 秋 政经 1、 马克思西方经济学实证分析法比较； 2、 马克思平均利润规律的现实意义。 3、 服务业劳动价值问题。 4、 马克思与新制度经济学的制度变迁理论比较， 西方经济学 1、 计算题：宏观两部门 2、 简答题： －奥肯定理 －若伦茨曲线与基尼系数 －成本递减行业的长期供给曲线 － 3、 论述题 －通货紧缩论 －道德风险与逆向选择 复旦 2001 考博经济学基础考题 1、 马克思关于虚拟经济的论述，并运用这一理论来阐述 我国现阶段发展资本市场的意义。2、 委托代理理论，并用这一理论来阐述为什么邮政业 要有政府来经营。3、 试论述比较优势，并说明这一理论在新经济条件下的新发展。4、 国 民收入函数的计算（也就是 Y=C+I+G+E=C+S+T+X）并用以上计算结果解释卢卡斯批判。 复旦大学 2003 年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题——经济学理论基础 1、 混合产 品的均衡分析 2、 纳什均衡的分析以及重复博弈 3、 马克思的劳动价值论以及现实意义 4、 国民收支的简单计算 复旦 2002 考博经济学基础考题 1、 马克思的股份公司理论 2、 网络经济条件下信息不对 称模型是否有效 3、 国民收入决定的计算 4、凯恩斯的有效需求理论（三个心理假说怎么 样决定需求） 南京大学 2005 年理论经济学博士研究生入学试题！南大理论经济学各专业实行统考，并侧 重考察考生思维方式和解决问题的能力！ 政治经济学研究: 共四题 每题 25 分一、论述马 克思在《资本论》中关于利息的观点。二、垄断和反垄断的经济分析。三、论述价值决定和
考试点专业课：浙江大学法理学复习题
复习题1．黄某于2000年4月在某市住宅区购得一套住房，2001年7月取得房产证。
当年10月黄某将住房租借给廖某。
廖某在装修该房时损坏自来水管道，引起漫水，将楼下住户陈某的住房浸泡。
陈某要求廖某予以赔偿。
对此事件，下列哪一种说法是正确的？A．黄某对自己所购买的住房仅有相对权，故其法律义务也是相对的B．廖某不是住房的所有人，故对陈某的损失不负法律责任C．此侵权案件首先应依据法律原则来加以处理D．此案件的处理应直接适用法的正式渊源2．陆某在一百货商场购买“幸福”牌电饭煲一台，遗忘在商场门口，被王某拾得。
王某拿至家中使用时，因电饭煲漏电发生爆炸，致其面部灼伤。
王某向商场索赔，商场以王某不当得利为由不予赔偿。
对此事件，下列哪一项表述能够成立？A．王某的损害赔偿请求权应以与致损事件相关的法律规定为根据B．不法取得他人之物者应承担该物所致的损害C．由王某对自己无合法根据占有物品的行为承担损害后果，符合公平原则D．按照风险责任原则，陆某作为缺陷商品的购买者应为王某的损害承担责任3．郝某的父亲死后，其母季某将郝家住宅独自占用。
郝某对此深为不满，拒绝向季某提供生活费。
季某将郝某告上法庭。
法官审理后判决郝某每月向季某提供生活费300元。
对此事件，下列哪一种理解是正确的？A．该事件表明，子女对父母只承担法律义务，不享有法律权利B．法官作出判决本身是一个法律事实C．法官的判决在原被告之间不形成法律权利与法律义务关系D．子女赡养父母主要是道德问题，法官判决缺乏依据4．2001年全国人大常委会作出解释：刑法第四百一十条规定的“非法批准征用、占用土地”，是指非法批准征用、占用耕地、林地等农用地以及其他土地。
对该法律解释，下列哪一种理解是错误的？A．该解释属于立法解释B．该解释的效力与所解释的刑法条文的效力相同C．该解释与司法解释的效力相同D．该解释的效力具有普遍性参考答案1.参考答案及解析：D法律权利与法律义务、法律责任、法律要素、法律渊源。
浙大mpa综合面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、自我介绍与个人背景1. 请简要介绍一下您的个人基本信息，包括姓名、年龄、学历、工作经历等。
2. 请谈谈您选择攻读公共管理硕士（MPA）的初衷和动机。
3. 在您的职业发展中，有哪些让您印象深刻的经历？这些经历对您选择MPA有何影响？4. 您认为在公共管理领域，哪些方面的知识和技能对您来说最为重要？为什么？5. 请结合您的个人经历，谈谈您在团队合作、沟通协调、解决问题等方面的能力。
二、公共管理理论与政策1. 请简述公共管理的基本概念、特点和发展历程。
2. 请分析当前我国公共管理领域面临的挑战和机遇。
3. 请谈谈您对政府治理、公共政策、公共组织等方面的理解。
4. 请结合实际案例，分析公共管理实践中存在的问题和解决方案。
5. 请谈谈您对我国公共服务体系建设、社会保障制度、环境保护等方面的政策理解。
三、案例分析1. 案例一：某市为了改善空气质量，决定限制机动车尾号出行。
请分析这一政策的制定过程、实施效果以及可能带来的问题。
2. 案例二：某社区为了提高居民生活质量，开展了一系列文化活动。
请分析这些文化活动的策划、实施和效果。
3. 案例三：某政府部门为了提高工作效率，推行了信息化建设。
请分析这一举措的利弊，以及如何进一步优化。
四、管理能力与领导力1. 请谈谈您在管理团队、协调资源、处理突发事件等方面的经验。
2. 请分析您在领导力方面的优势与不足，以及如何提升自己的领导力。
3. 请谈谈您在项目管理、团队建设、激励机制等方面的经验。
4. 请结合实际案例，分析您在解决团队冲突、提升团队凝聚力等方面的策略。
五、跨学科知识与应用1. 请谈谈您在公共管理领域所涉及的跨学科知识，以及如何将这些知识应用于实际问题。
2. 请分析公共管理领域与经济学、法学、社会学等学科之间的关系。
3. 请谈谈您对公共管理领域未来发展趋势的预测，以及如何为我国公共管理事业做出贡献。
六、社会热点与趋势1. 请谈谈您对我国当前社会热点问题的看法，如教育改革、医疗改革、环保等。
1999年浙江大学行政法学考研真题【圣才出品】
1/1十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
圣才电子书
1999年浙江大学行政法学考研真题
浙江大学
1999硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：行政法学
一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）
1．行政职权
2．行政人
3．行政强制措施
4．行政协助
5．[日]行政规则
6．[英]《王权诉讼法》
二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1．如何区别行政相对人与行政对象人？两者区别有何意义？
2．简述行政裁决的特征与范围。
3．简述法国行政合同的性质与特点。
三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）
1．试论行政合理性原则。
2．试论我国行政处罚的设定权与规定权及其两者的关系。
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浙江大学博士研究生入学考试历年行政法试题2002春行政法第一题：简答题（20%）现已废止的《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的意见（试行）》第1条曾对“具体行政行为”下了这样一个定义：“……指国家行政机关和行政机关工作人员、法律法规授权的组织、行政机关委托的组织或者个人在行政管理活动中行使行政职权，针对特定的公民、法人或者其他组织，就特定的具体事项，作出的有关该公民、法人或者其他组织权利义务的单方行为。
”你认为这一定义（从行政法学理论上看），有什么缺陷？第二题：论述题（40%）行政法与合理性原则第三题：案例分析（40%）2000年2月，H市居民张三去L市提取一批从香港进口的香料。
在此过程中，张三被L市海关以“走私犯罪嫌疑”为由扣留（此属行政行为）。
扣留1个月之后，海关定论：张三行为不构成走私犯罪，但存在违反海关监管规定的行为，决定免于处罚；故将张三释放。
张三被释放后对海关的扣留行为不服，于释放后的第50天向L市人民政府申请行政复议，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留申请人行为违法；（2）判令被申请人赔偿由此所造成的损失。
L市人民政府第二天便以当事人申请复议超过申请时效为由决定不予受理。
张三回到H市，马上以L市海关为被告，向H市有关基层法院提起行政诉讼，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留原告行为违法；（2）判令被告赔偿由此所造成的损失。
H市基层法院受理了此案，但事后又驳回了原告的起诉，理由是：（1）行政赔偿案件应当先向侵权的行政机关即L市海关提出请求，原告未经事先向L市海关请求赔偿便向法院起诉，程序上不允许；（2）行政赔偿程序应当以“确认违法”为前提，海关扣留张三的行为尚未经有权机关确认违法，故不能向法院起诉。
原告收到该法院驳回起诉的裁定后，便向H市中级人民法院上诉，H市中级人民法院受理了此案。
正在此期间，原告在一次意外事故中死亡。
原告除一位关系疏远的外孙女外无任何亲属。
法院通知原告外孙女有权以原告代理人的身份继续诉讼，但原告外孙女宣布放弃诉讼权利。
法院便宣布该案诉讼终结。
请分析：1. L市人民政府在处理张三复议案中，程序上存在什么瑕疵？为什么？2. H市有关法院在处理张三诉讼案中，程序上存在什么瑕疵？为什么？2002秋行政法第一题：简答题（20%）根据《中华人民共和国立法法》的规定，哪几个“法”之间具有同等的法律效力？它们之间发生冲突，按什么程序处理？第二题：论述题（40%）试从中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）的角度论我国行政诉讼制度的改革第三题：案例分析（40%）张某驾驶一辆向李某借来的小车行驶，途中与王某碰撞。
县级公安部门作出《道路交通事故责任认定书》。
张某不服，提请行政复议。
市级公安部门作出《道路交通事故责任重新认定决定书》，改变了下级公安机关《认定书》中的部分内容。
张某和王某均不服，均在法定期限内提起行政诉讼（起诉时间，王某在先，张某在后）。
人民法院受理后，经审查发现，市级公安部门的复议决定适用法律法规错误……。
请分析：1、张某与王某对公安机关的交通事故责任认定行为不服是否有权提起行政诉讼？为什么？2、李某如果对公安机关的交通事故责任认定不服，是否也有权提起行政诉讼？为什么？3、在本案的诉讼关系中，王某和张某的诉讼身份都是原告，还是某中一人为第三人？如果有第三人，他们两人中谁是第三人？4、本案中的被告，应该是县级公安机关还是市级公安机关？为什么？5、人民法院应当作出什么判决或哪几种判决？2003春行政法第一题：简答题（20%）国务院于1998年2月12日以国务院令第240号发布了《矿产资源勘查区块登记管理办法》。
该《办法》第31条规定：“违反本办法规定，不按期缴纳本办法规定应当缴纳的费用的，由登记管理机关责令限期缴纳，并从滞纳之日起每日加收千分之二的滞纳金；逾期仍不缴纳的，由原发证机关吊销勘查许可证。
”请分析说明：在该法条中，存在着几个具体行政行为，以及这几个具体行政行为的法律属性是什么（如：行政命令、行政许可、行政处罚、行政强制措施、行政强制执行、其他行政决定等）。
第二题：论述题（40%）请结合《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》和《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》等，论述中国现行行政赔偿制度的改革第三题：案例分析（40%）[案情]原告：孙福生，石门村农民。
被告：某乡人民政府。
第三人：石荣发，石门村农民。
石门村农民孙福生全家现有人口5人，在村东头有住宅三间（原宅基地占地面0.25亩）。
1990年9月7日，孙福生以“大儿子已领结婚证，很快要办喜事，住房困难”为由，向村委会递交要求在其原住房东侧的空闲地上再建二间住宅（占地面积0.15亩）的申请。
村委会经研究，认为孙福生住房确实困难，原住房没有达到规定面积，可以建房（根据某某省《〈土地管理法〉实施办法》的规定，石门村这类山区，每户宅基地可以多于0.3亩，但最多不得超过0.4亩），符合石门村规划要求，于是同意孙福生的增建房屋请求。
同年10月7日，村委会将孙福生的建房申请报到乡政府。
乡人民政府经审查认为，孙福生符合建房条件，于同年11月24日批准孙福生在其原住房东侧再建二间房屋（占地0.15亩），并发给孙准建证。
11月27日，县人民政府干部石林山认为孙福生新建房屋的地点好，便找到乡长，要求将其父亲的宅基地批到孙新建房处。
11月28日，乡人民政府收回孙福生的准建证，并重新作出决定：（1）撤销11月24日批准孙福生建房的决定；（2）将孙原住房东侧的空闲地批给石荣发（石林山的父亲）建房；（3）将村西头0.15亩空闲地批给孙福生建房。
孙福生不服，以乡人民政府的决定不公平为由，向人民法院提起诉讼。
请你从审理此案的法官的角度，撰写一份《行政判决书》。
内容保留两部分（其他部分略）：1.本院认为……；2.判决如下……2003秋行政法第一题：简答题（10%）最高人民法院《关于执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》（1999年11月24日最高人民法院审判委员会第1088次会议通过）第一条规定：“……公民、法人或者其他组织对下列行为不服提起诉讼的，不属于人民法院行政诉讼的受案范围：……(四)不具有强制力的行政指导行为……”。
请问：如何理解最高人民法院上述规定的准确涵义？第二题：简答题（20%）•通报批评。
[《中华人民共和国审计法》（1994年第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第九次会议通过）第41条规定：被审计单位违反本法规定，拒绝或者拖延提供与审计事项有关的资料的，或者拒绝、阻碍检查的，审计机关责令改正，可以通报批评，给予警告；拒不改正的，依法追究责任。
]•撤销登记。
[《中华人民共和国公司法》（1993年第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过，经1999年修正）第206条规定：违反本法规定，办理公司登记时虚报注册资本、提交虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实取得公司登记的，责令改正，对虚报注册资本的公司，处以虚报注册资本金额百分之五以上百分之十以下的罚款；对提交虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实的公司，处以一万元以上十万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，撤销公司登记。
构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
]•责令补种盗伐株数10倍的树木。
[《中华人民共和国森林法实施条例》（中华人民共和国国务院令第278号）第38条规定：盗伐森林或者其他林木，以立木材积计算不足0.5立方米或者幼树不足20株的，由县级以上人民政府林业主管部门责令补种盗伐株数10倍的树木，没收盗伐的林木或者变卖所得，并处盗伐林木价值3倍至5倍的罚款。
]•责令暂关闭网站。
[《互联网出版管理暂行规定》（新闻出版总署、信息产业部令第17号）第28条规定：违反本规定第二十二条的，由省、自治区、直辖市电信管理机构责令改正；情节严重的，责令停业整顿或者暂时关闭网站。
]请问：以上4种具体行政行为，是否属于“行政处罚”？为什么？第三题：论述题（35%）试评述中国现行《行政诉讼法》的缺陷，并提出修订构想。
第四题：案例分析（35%）[虚拟案情]被处罚人：孙福林，男，60岁，钱江县城镇居民处罚机关：钱江县人民政府土地管理局。
复议机关：江南市人民政府土地管理局，系钱江县人民政府土地管理局的上级主管部门。
人民法院：钱江县人民法院孙福林系钱江县城镇居民，一家三代11口人，在他名下有祖传私房一栋。
因该房长年失修，加之居住人口增加，孙福林于2001年10月份向有关政府部门申请“原拆原建”，当年便获得有权政府部门的批准。
但在建造过程中，孙福林擅自扩展用地5.6平方米。
钱江县人民政府土地管理局发现后，以新建房屋占地面积与被批准用地面积不符为由，认定整个建筑行为为非法占地，便于2002年6月作出“限期拆除整幢建筑”之行政处罚。
孙福林不服，便在收到处罚决定书之日起第25日向江南市人民政府土地管理局申请行政复议。
江南市土地管理局于2002年7月5日受理该案以后，没有及时审查处理，直到2002年11月3日才作出复议决定。
复议决定认为，孙福林建房属于“少批多建”，不能认定整个建筑为违章建筑，仅是多建部分属于非法占地；于是改变了原处罚决定，把“限期拆除整幢建筑”改为“限期拆除非法占地部分（5.6平方米）的建筑”。
孙福林收到该复议决定后，表示接受，故不再诉讼，并开始自行拆除多占用地部分的建筑。
但是，钱江县土地管理局收到复议决定书后，对复议决定不服；并认为：复议机关超过复议期限作出复议决定无效，复议决定无效就意味着原处罚决定生效。
于是，钱江县土地管理局向钱江县人民法院申请强制执行原行政处罚决定，钱江县人民法院受理了该申请……。
请分析说明：1. 孙福林对钱江县土地管理局作出的行政处罚决定不服向江南市土地管理局申请复议是否超过申请时限？为什么？2.在本案中，复议决定的作出超过了复议期限是否无效？为什么？3.钱江县人民法院是否该受理钱江县土地管理局提出的强制执行申请？为什么？2004春行政法第一题：简答题（10%）什么是行政许可？它有哪些种类？第二题：简述题（20%）简述原告在行政诉讼中的举证责任。
第三题：论述题（以下两题中选一题。
35%）一、从“自然公正”到“正当程序条款”，再到欧洲诸国行政程序法的出现，试回顾历史并作评论。
二、论程序抗辩在现代行政法中的作用。
第四题：案例分析（35%）[虚拟案情]2002年的某天，当事人吴某（男）与沈某（女）在第三人李某陪同下到某镇政府去办理结婚登记，因证件不齐而被镇政府婚姻登记员拒绝；男方便与婚姻登记员发生争吵，事后，男女双方未办任何手续被人劝走回家。
事后，第三人李某到镇政府为当事人吴某（男）与沈某（女）填写了《结婚登记申请书》，并在规定签名与按指纹处签了男女双方的名字并按上第三人自己的指纹。
男女双方当事人的《结婚证》由此被第三人领出。
第三人将该《结婚证》交给了女方当事人。