lecture 6
Lecture-6-修改
• 亨利· 丹尼森（Henry Denison，1877～1952），美国的 企业家和管理学家。 • 1899年，丹尼森进入丹尼森制造公司工作，1906年在公 司中担任经理，1917～1952年任该公司的总经理。 • 1931年出版《组织工程学》一书。
• 丹尼森担任过许多社会职务。如一战时出任工业委员会 主席和顾问、中央计划和统计局的助理局长，后担任过 美国政府官员，美联储波士顿分行董事等职务。 • 丹尼森关心劳工、热爱公益、注重人的因素，推动了行 为科学理论的发展。
• 雨果· 明斯特伯格（Hugo Munsterberg, 1863-1916）工业心理学的创始人。
• 他是德裔美国的心理学家和哲学家，因为
将心理学运用于法律、商业、工业、医学、 教育、社会学的工作而闻名。 • 在1913年出版的 《心理学与工业效率》一 书中，他论述了对人类行为进行科学研究， 以发现人类行为的一般模式和解释个人之
学理论
• 工业心理学领域——对工作中的个人进行科学研究， 以使其生产率和心理适应最大化。 • 他认为，应该用心理测验来选拔雇员，用学习理论来 评价培训方法，要对人类行为进行研究，便于管理者
指导用什么方法来激励工人是最有效的。
• 认为，心理学应该对提高工人的适应能力与工作效率 做出贡献。
Lecture 6 英国教育
Introduction to British Educational System
General classification of British Educational System
Compulsory education Further education Higher education
Core subjects: English, Math, Science
Foundation subjects:
Design &Technology, Information and Communication Technology(ICT), History, Geography, Music, Art, Physical Education, A modern foreign language （usually French )
Introduction to British Educational System
Five stages
1st : nursery school(3-4) 2nd :Primary school(5-11) 3rd :Secondary school (11-16) 5-16 years old (compulsory education) 义务教育 16-18 中学高级班(或大学预科) 4th :18岁大学3-4(医科5) for BA/BScs;1-2 MA/MScs;PhD(35) 5th : further education : 青年和成年人的职业教育( 不含正 规的大学
Introduction to British Educational System
Text A Going to school :British Style
lecture 6
7. Please serve me ___D____ soup. A. more some B. the less C. more the D. some more
8. ____B____ alloy may be used to replace copper.
A. Such a
B. Some such
7〕 Determiners with plural and noncount nouns only a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other
1. Why is there ___A____ traffic on the streets in February than in may? A. less B. fewer C. few D. little
5. He was on leave ___D____ days. A. the few last B. few another C. few other D. the last few
6. ___B____ friends usually speak highly of him. A. His some B. His many C. Many his D. Some his
6.2 Collocation between Nouns and Determiners
1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns the, some, any, no, other, whose, my, your, John‘s,
my, friend’s
8. I’d like ____C____ paper. A. a few B. several C. a bit of D. these
lecture6-税收分析框架PPT课件
10
（2）征税对象——对什么征税
征税对象，指的是课税的目的物，即对什么征 税。
一种税区别于另一种税的标志在于征税对象不同。
• 比如，所得税的征税对象为所得，财产税的征税对象 为财产，由于所得不同于财产，所以，所得税不同于 财产税。
上世纪70年代末，美国、欧洲经济陷入“滞胀”。1980 年，里根当选总统后推动了以减税、私有化为核心的“里 根革命”，使得上世纪80-90年代成为了美国历史上经济 最繁荣的时期之一。
我国汉代的“文景之治”也有完美地诠释。汉文帝上台之 后推行了一系列“休养生息”政策，最重要的一条，就是 把赋税从“十五税一”大幅度降到“三十税一”。据《史 记》记载，经过“休养生息”，到汉武帝初年，皇家粮仓 由于存放作为农业税收上来的粮食过多，以至于粮食都腐 烂而不可食；工商业税也使国库空前充盈。
17
回顾：亚当·斯密
平等
• “一国的国民都必须在其可能的范围之内， 按照各自能力 的比例（即各自在国家保护下取得的收入比例）缴纳国赋， 维持政府。”
能有什么其他的目的？（例如前面的消费税的征税 对象）
13
（3）税率——征多少税
定额税率
即固定税额，对征税对象的数量规定每单位征收某 一固定的税额，一般适用于从量定额的征收。
比例税率
比例税率是对同一征税对象，不论数额大小，采用 相同比例征税的税率形式。
累进税率
将课税对象按照数额大小划分为若干等级，对不同 等级规定高低不同的税率。
和个人，即税款的缴纳者。
纳税人可以是自然人，也可以是法人。 扣缴义务人：是税法规定的在其经营活动中负有代扣
论文写作Lecture 6
3.1 Background of the study
• It is important to offer a description of your research subject at the beginning. Then you should narrow down and get focused on your research topic. In other words, in writing this part, you should go from general to specific, i.e., from introducing the historical background of the study to recent development in this field. This is to answer the question "WHAT has been done?", leading up to the next question "WHAT still needs to be studied?"
3.2 Need for the study
• After the introduction of the background and recent development of the research topic, the next step is to explain the rationale, i.e., WHY your study is worth undertaking. • You should be able to demonstrate your knowledge about the topic, and establish the research gap so as to justify the need for your study.
Lecture6 泛化理论
知识回顾
• 上一节课，我们主要探讨了当M的数值大小对机器学习的影响。
如果M很大，那么就不能保证机器学习有很好的泛化能力，所以
问题转换为验证M有限，即最好是按照多项式成长。然后通过引
入了成长函数和dichotomy以及break point的概念，提出2D
perceptrons的成长函数是多项式级别的猜想。这就是本节课将要
•
• 另一方面，由于中x4是成对存在的，且是不能被任意三点
shatter的，则能推导出是不能被任意两点shatter的。这是因为，
如果 是不能被任意两点shatter，而x4又是成对存在的，那么x1、
x2、x3、x4组成的必然能被三个点shatter。这就违背了条件的
设定。这个地方的推导非常巧妙，也解释了为什么会这样分组。
该推导的证明比较复杂，我们可以简单概括为三个步骤来证明：
最终，我们通过引入成长函数m () ，得到了一个新的不等式，称为Vapnik-Chervonenkis(VC) bound：
对于2D perceptrons，它的break point是4，那么成长函数m () 。所以，我们可以说2D perceptrons
• 得到了m ()的上界B(N,K)的上界满足多项式分布poly(N)后，我
们回过头来看看之前介绍的几种类型它们的m ()与break point
的关系：
我们得到的结论是，对于2D perceptrons，break point为k=4， m ()的上界是N −1 。推广一下，也就是说，如果能
是可以进行机器学习的，只要找到hypothesis能让 ≈ 0，就能保证 ≈ 。
五、总结
• 本节课我们主要介绍了只要存在break point，那么其成长函数
lecture 6
6.3 Cohesion in English texts
❖cohesion
❖衔接
❖ Means of cohesion (衔接）:
a. Lexically
(repetition, synonymy, hyponymy--reiteration)
antonymy,
b. Grammatically
Discuss
❖P. 90 No. 1 ❖a. What does “it” refer to? ❖ MONEY ❖b. What is omitted in the sentence? ❖“WORK HARD” is omitted after
“DOESN’T”.
6.4 Turn taking in Engliile the next speaker may opt to interrupt in order to seize the floor, he or she can wait to be nominated by the current speaker, or take the hints from him such as a long pause, a gesture, a gaze, etc.
❖For endophoric reference, further distinction is attempted between anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. The former involves a relation between a preceding referential expression or an antecedent and the current pronominal item (as in “John loves Jane.
lecture 6 汉英句式翻译
III. 存现句的翻译
• 存现句1.存现句含义 • 存现句，指的是说明某处或某时有某人物存在、出 现、消失的句子。 • 如： • ①河里漂着两只船。（存在） • ②前面来了两个客人。（出现） • ③昨天走了两个陌生人。 （消失）
• •
• • •
• 1. 有+名词+附加语（v., adj., phase etc. ） 1）译为英语存现句： 有人敲门。-There is someone knocking./ Some one is at the door. 有趟列车六点出发。-There is a train due to leave at six. 可能已有些疑点出现在他的案子中。 There could be a few doubts/suspicion in his case.
I. 主谓谓语句(sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate)的翻译
(Topic-prominent structure VS Subject-prominent structure)
• 1) 大小主语是总体和部分的关系：大主语译成 定语，小主语改为句子主语 • (1) 我国的国民经济，工业和农业都是基础。 • Both industry and agriculture are the foundation of national economy in our country. • (2) 总共五个人，三个病了干不了活。 • Three of five persons in all are not able to work because of illness. • (3) 敌人活着的，全都缴械投降。 • All of the still living enemy surrendered their arms. (laid down their arms and surrendered.)
lecture6译文（1）
lecture6译文（1）WuxiWuxi is a small city in Jiangsu Province of the South, situated between Nanjing and Shanghai. As early as 6,000 years ago, there had been a primitive tribe settled here. Today' s Wuxi began to be built in the second century B.C. At that time tin ore was excavated from Xishan southwest of the city. After the discovery of tin, people started to call this place"Youxi". As time passed by, the tin mine ran out and "Youxi" was changed to "Wuxi". Wuxi is a small city in South China' s Jiangsu Province, located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai. Established as early as 6,000 years ago by a primitive clan tribe, the present city was first built in the second century B.C. when tin was mined from a hill in the southwest named Xishan. After tin was discovered there, the place began to be called Youxi, literally "has tin", and with the passage of time, the tin was mined out and the name was changed to Wuxi, meaning "no tin".Wuxi faces the Taihu Lake in the south and leans against the Huishan Mountain in the west, both of which are the major local scenic spots. Besides, the old Jing-Hang Grand Canal and the Jing-Hu Railway pass through here. Wuxi is bordered by Taihu Lake on the south, and Huishan Hill in the west. They are the major scenic spots there. In addition, the ancient Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was dug to run through the city, as was the Beijing-Shanghai Railway.As one of the five large freshwater lakes in China, the T aihu Lake has a water area of 36,000 square hectares, with about 100 small islands and 72 mountain peaks along its shore. Several thousand years ago, here used to be a shallow water bend. Lateron the Changjiang Delta gradually expanded and connected with the dikes and dams in the gulf, thus forming an interior lake and turning the original isles into mountain peaks. With its misty water, the Taihu Lake is surrounded by grotesque peaks. This nature-made scenery of lakes and mountains is so beautiful that one simply cannot take them all in. The Taihu Lake is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China. Covering a water area of 36,000 hectares, it has scores of islets and 72 peaks along its banks. Thousands of years ago, the lake was a shallow bay. Later the gradually expanding Yangtse Delta linked with the dykes in the bay and turned it into an inland lake and the original islets into the peaks along the water. The mist-covered surface of the water and surrounding peaks make Taihu a splendid natural landscape of mountains and lakes.The part of the Grand Canal in Wuxi is 40 kilometres long, of which 14.6 kilometres is in the urban area. With a history of over 2,400 years, this green chain of water is still running merrily, with many places of historic interest and scenic beauty along its bank. The cutting of this canal dated back to the 5th century B.C. and its full length is 1,794 kilometres. Like the 10-thousand-li Great Wall, it is also the symbol of China's ancient civilization. The Wuxi section of the Grand Canal is 40 kilometres long, with 14.6 kilometres in the city area. With a history of more than 2,400 years, this green belt of water still flows pleasantly with many scenic spots and historical sites on both banks. The Grand Canal was first dug in the 5th century B.C. and is 1,794 kilometres. Like the Great Wall, this project is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization.The Canal is both narrow and deep in Wuxi, and along the two banks there are rows of old-style dwelling houses with greentiles and white walls. The canal at Wuxi is narrow and deep, and row upon row of old residential buildings with white walls and black tiles stand along both sides.Every year there are many tourist activities in Wuxi and from 8th to 14th this October, there will be a "Wuxi Taihu International Fishing Competition, "which can be entered for by both individuals and groups, professionals and amateurs. Wuxi arranges many tourist programmes each year and during the coming October 8--14, there is a"Wuxi Taihu International Angling T ournament". Catering to both professionals and amateurs, the contest can either be entered in group or singles.译文二WuxiWuxi is a small city in South China' s Jiangsu Province, located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai. Established as early as 6,000 years ago by a primitive clan tribe, the present city was first built in the second century B.C. when tin was mined from a hill in the southwest named Xishan. After tin was discovered there, the place began to be called Youxi, literally "has tin", and with the passage of time, the tin was mined out and the name was changed to Wuxi, meaning"no tin".Wuxi is bordered by Taihu Lake on the south, and Huishan Hill in the west. They are the major scenic spots there. In addition, the ancient Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was dug to run through the city, as was the Beijing-Shanghai Railway.The Taihu Lake is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China. Covering a water area of 36,000 hectares, it has scores of islets and 72 peaks along its banks. Thousands of years ago, the lake was a shallow bay. Later the gradually expanding Yangtse Delta linked with the dykes in the bay and turned it into an inlandlake and the original islets into the peaks along the water. The mist-covered surface of the water and surrounding peaks make Taihu a splendid natural landscape of mountains and lakes.The Wuxi section of the Grand Canal is 40 kilometres long, with 14.6 kilometres in the city area. With a history of more than 2,400 years, this green belt of water still flows pleasantly with many scenic spots and historical sites on both banks. The Grand Canal was first dug in the 5th century B.C. and is 1,794 kilometres. Like the Great Wall, this project is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization.The canal at Wuxi is narrow and deep, and row upon row of old residential buildings with white walls and black tiles stand along both sides.Wuxi arranges many tourist programmes each year and during the coming October 8--14, there is a"Wuxi Taihu International Angling Tournament". Catering to both professionals and amateurs, the contest can either be entered in group or singles.第六讲主语的确定汉语：意合语言，重意念，轻形式英语：行合语言，重形式，讲逻辑如何确立主语？一、补充主语汉语句子中主语旺旺不突出，很多句子为无主句。
lecture6
How to Solve Mathematical Programs?
Graphically: This gives you a feel of what is happening By hand using a systematic analytical method Use your software such as Xpress-MP, GAMES, LINDO, CPLEX, Excel: • Software tools are computer implementations of systematic methods There are also specialized software for some transportation applications • Examples: TRANSCAD and EMME/2 for static traffic assignment (We have licenses of these software systems in the CTS Computing lab)
Link 2, x2 5
O D
5
t 2 ( x2 ) = 1 + 2 x2 t1 ( x1 ) = 2 + x1
Link 1, x1
t1
t2
t2 ( x2 )
Minimum of ( ∫ t1 ( w) dw + ∫ t 2 ( w) dw)
0 0
x1
x2
t1 ( x1 )
x2
1.225, 11/19/02
1.225, 11/19/02 Lecture 6, Page 4
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What are specific rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?
1. There are four fields which are obligatory: Purpose design/methodology/approach,
What approach am I using? I.e. am I reviewing the literature,
describing a case study, supporting a research hypothesis, and if the latter, what is my research design and research methodology? What are my findings? What is the import of my findings?
What are specific rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?
3. The following points, if applicable, should be included usually in the abstract for a postgraduate degree thesis. Research limitations/implications: It should be completed and
What are specific rules for writing an abstract for a conference paper?
3. Very often, the submission procedure will dictate the format and the number of words of the abstract. For example:
issues? How could it inform public or industry policy? How might
it affect quality of life? Not all papers will have social implications.
What are specific rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?
Title Name of presenter, contact details Category of presentation (e.g. workshop, research paper, short paper, poster etc.) Conference themes addressed. Key words that will help people deciding whether or not to participate to understand its focus. Objectives/intended outcomes and activities for participants The abstract.
What are the purposes of writing an abstract?
There are two common reasons for writing an abstract: to generate an abstract for a longer piece of work published as a journal article, thesis, book, an existing article for the purposes of a journal. to submit an application to write a paper for a conference.
An abstract is by no means a shortened version of an academic paper, nor is it a summary of some major points from a research paper. In a strict sense, an abstract, which consists of labeling, body and key words, is an independent part on its own. Structurally speaking, an abstract has a unique discourse pattern distinguishing it either from the thesis or from any other modified versions of a given thesis.
What are specific rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?
2. When writing the abstract, ask yourself the following questions: What is the purpose of my paper? This should, as with any abstract, be a general definition statement about the objectives of your paper.
What are specific rules for writing an abstract for a conference paper?
The difficulty here is that you will probably be writing the abstract as a preamble to the actual paper, rather than subsequent to it. Here are some points to remember:
1. Clarify in your own mind what is the purpose of the paper: what it
is that you are going to do. 2. Look carefully at the themes of the conference: note those that apply and frame your paper accordingly.
Originality/value: What is new in the paper? State the value of the paper and to whom. Make sure that what you write “flows” properly, that there are “connecting words” (e.g. consequently,
practice should be made as a result of this research? What is the
commercial or economic impact?
What are specific rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?
What is the normal length of a paper?
Normally, about 200 words should be sensible maximum for a relatively long paper or report, but never more than 500 words; 50-100 words may suffice for s short one. It is a general rule that an abstract will be approximately 3-5%of the length of the original paper.
English for MEd
Core
Module
School of Foreign Languages， SWU
Section II：Reading for Academic Writing Lecture 6
How to Drafttract?
findings and originality
value Bear in mind that the other four (research limitations/implications, practical implications, and social implications, originality/value) may be omitted if they are not applicable to your paper.
moreover, the benefits of this study, as a result, etc.) and/or the
points you make are not disjointed but follow on from one another. The style of writing should be dense, and sentences will probably be longer than usual.
What are general rules for writing abstracts for journal papers?