国际结算(第四章)
国际结算第四章 国际支付方式(二)共50页文档
– （3）寄单，并向开证行或指定的偿付行索偿
• 7. 开证行审单付款
– （1）在收到单据后的5个工作日内严格审单 – （2）付款或拒付
• 8.开证申请人付款赎单
– （1）进行审单，以确定单证相符 – （2）付款提货
二、信用证的当事人及其权责
• 1、开证申请人(Applicant)——进口商 是向银行申请开立信用证的人
– 2. 电开本 • 简电本（Brief Cable）一般与信开本配合 使用 • 全电开（Full Cable）
• e.g. 出口冰冻加吉鱼。
• 7.16通知行转来一电开信用证（加密押）
• 有关货物的条款规定是：50公吨冻加吉鱼。新鲜、 速冻，每条重2-3公斤。
• 该公司备货后于7.21装运完毕
• 7.23日，又接到该信用证的证实书(其中注明要 求加吉鱼为整条和不去内脏的）
• (2)义务 – ① 按信用证规定装货、制单、交单 – ② 做到四个一致
• 4、 通知行（Advising Bank）——出口商所在 地银行（开证行的分行、代理行）
•
是接受开证行的委托，将信用证通知受益人的银行
– （1）对信用证表面的真实性进行审核
• （3）信用证修改
• ① 开证申请人提出要求
开证申请人
通
知
受益人
修
改
要
修
求
改
书
开证行
修改书
通知行
注：只能由作出 承诺的一方进行 信用证的修改
4. 2.
• ② 受益人提出修改
开证申请人
1.协商修改
修 改 要 求
开证行
3.修改书
受益人
修 改 书
四章国际结算方式二
如果代收行在托收行设有账户，托收指示 上可注明：
Please collect proceeds and to authorize us by airmail/cable to debit your account with us.
(2)无账户联系的情况
可找一家与托收行和代收行均 有账户关系的代理行
远期D/P直接托收流程图：
一、托收风险及其损失
从信用角度看，托收是出口商凭进口商 的信用收款，属于商业信用。不同的托 收种类其风险和损失的程度是不同的。
从跟单托收看，承兑交单风险最大：
对于出口商来说在收到货款之前已经 失去了对货物所有权的控制，将完全要 依靠进口商的信用来收取货款了。
付款交单风险较小：
提示行（Presenting Bank）
需要时的代理
（a representative to act as case-of-need）
一、托收申请书
托收申请书是委托人与托收银行之间 关于该笔托收业务的契约性文件，也 是银行进行该笔托收业务的依据。
托收申请书的主要内容
1、托收的交单方式。
如果代收行在该行设有账户， 可注明:
Please collect proceeds and reimburse us through … Bank by asking them to authorize us by airmail/cable to debit their
account.
一、跟单托收（Documentary Collection ）
3、远期付款交单下的委托书，必须指明单据是 凭承兑还是凭付款交单。如未指明，银行只能 凭付款后交单。
4、银行对于任何由于传递中发生的遗失或 差错概不负责。
国际结算第二版课后习题答案
第一章绪论练习题答案一、术语解释1.答:国际结算是指国际间由于经济、文化、科技交流而产生的以货币表示的债权债务的清偿行为。
2.答: TARGET即泛欧自动实时总额清算系统。
隶属于欧洲中央银行，是建立在区内15个国家原有的国内清算系统上，通过连接15个国家资金清算系统及原欧洲货币单位（ECU）的清算系统，并借助SWIFT网络组成的欧元跨国清算系统。
3.答: SWIFT即环球银行金融电讯协会，是一个国际银行间非盈利性的国际合作组织，于1973年在比利时首都布鲁塞尔创建。
在付款、投资以及外汇买卖等方面为会员提供安全、快捷、标准化和自动化的信息服务。
4.答: Fedwire即联邦资金转账系统。
是美国联邦储备银行拥有并运行的全美范围内的大额资金转账系统。
它提供实时的全额结算转账服务，较多用于纽约州以外的美国境内银行间的资金划拨。
5.答: CHAPS即伦敦自动清算支付系统CHAPS 。
有关银行进行英镑支付时采用的电子清算系统。
该系统用高度自动电脑化的信息传递，部分地取代了依靠票据交换的方式，使以伦敦城外的交换银行为付款人的部分交易（1万英磅以上）也可实现当天结算。
二、问答题1.答:国际贸易结算大体经历了三个历史发展过程: （1）现金结算发展到非现金结算。
（2）商品买卖发展到单据买卖。
（3）从买卖双方直接结算发展到买卖通过银行结算。
2.答:国际结算新的特点有以下4个：（1）国际结算中的非信用证结算方式正取代信用证结算方式，成为国际贸易结算方式的主流，尤以欧美国家为甚，主要是适应市场向买方市场的转变。
（2）国际结算的单据日趋多样化、复杂化。
（3）国际结算电子化、标准化，提高了结算效率。
（4）国际贸易结算的法律规范日益健全，国际惯例、公约在结算中起着重要作用。
3、答:世界范围内有五大国际支付清算系统有：（1）美元支付清算系统。
包括CHIPS---纽约清算所同业支付系统和Fedwire--联邦资金转账系统。
CHIPS的特点是：①为实时的、大额的、多边的、终局性支付；②具有最大的流动性，1美元日周转500次；③免除了日透支费；④可以提供在线现金管理工具；⑤给公司客户传输汇款相关信息；⑥服务于国内和国际市场，可处理超过95%的美元跨境支付；⑦每日日终进行净额清算的资金转账。
第四章 商业银行的国际结算业务[13页]
![第四章 商业银行的国际结算业务[13页]](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/7bda6ce4bceb19e8b8f6ba6a.webp)
第四章 商业银行的国际结算业务
第一节 商业银行业务体系
一、商业银行资产业务 （一）现金业务 （二）贷款业务 （三）投资业务 （四）同业拆出业务 （五）资产创新业务 二、商业银行负债业务 （一）存款性业务 （二）非存款性业务
第一节 商业银行业务体系
三、商业银行中间业务 （一）支付结算业务 （二）银行卡业务 （三）代理业务 （四）担保业务 （五）承诺业务 （六）交易性业务 （七）基金托管业务 （八）咨询顾问业务 （九）保管箱业务
第二节 商业银行国际结算运作
3．代理行往来账户的应用 （1）通过账户行直接入账进行清算 （2）通过共同账户行转账进行清算 （3）通过账户行的共同账户行转账进行清算
第二节 商业银行国际结算运作
（二）联行往来账户的设置与应用 1．联行往来的账务管理体制和记账制度 2．联行往来的账户设置与应用 3．联行往来账户的使用特点
（三）银行账户的选择
一、银行机网络的建立 （一）境外分支机构
1．新设机构的组织形式 2．跨国并购的组织形式 （二）代理行 （三）银行机构网络布局
第二节 商业银行国际结算运作
二、代理行关系的建立 （一）建立代理行关系的必要性 （二）建立代理行关系的原则与方式
1．建立代理行关系的原则 2．建立代理行关系的方式 （三）建立代理行关系的步骤 1．资信调查与评估 2．签订协议或换函确认 3．相互交换控制文件
第一节 商业银行业务体系
四、商业银行信托业务 （一）信托存款 （二）信托贷款 （三）信托投资 （四）委托业务
第一节 商业银行业务体系
五、商业银行国际业务 （一）国际结算业务 （二）贸易融资业务 （三）国际借贷业务 （四）担保业务 （五）外汇买卖业务 （六）离岸金融业务
国际结算(第三版)课后习题参考答案
国际结算（第三版）课后习题参考答案第一章国际结算导论一、1 支付工具划账冲抵2 票据单据银行3 协定贸易结算4 货物单据化所有权二、1 F 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 F 6 T三、1 A 2 C 3 A 4 C第二章国际结算中的票据一、1 拒付退票2 2007年4月3日3 商业本票银行本票4 银行汇票商业汇票5 光票跟单汇票6 非票据义务人义务被保证人二、1 F 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 F 6 F三、1 B 2 B 3 D第三章汇款一、1 (1)remitter (2) payee (3)remitting bank (4) paying bank2 (1)outward remittances (2) inward remittances3 (1) T/T (2) M/T (3) D/D4 (1) chips (2) fed wire (3) bank’s internal payment by book entries5 (1) mail advice (2) payment order6 (1) bank er’s cheque (2) bank’s promissory note7 draft on center8 (1) goods sold (2) selling on consignment9 略二、 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 F 6 F三、 1 D 2 B 3 A 4 A 5 C 6 A第四章托收一、1 (1)acceptance (2)payment2 （1）bills of exchange （2）invoices3 (1) clean (2) documentary (3) direct4 (1) principal (2) remitting bank (3)collecting presenting(4) drawee5 （1）collection instruction（2）URC 5226 （1）blank（2）special7 （1）address（2）presentation（3）address8 (1) payment D/P (2) acceptance D/A(3) tenor draft(4) paid at sight acceptance(5) signed trust receipt (6) promissory notes(7) letter of undertaking9 (1) collection bills purchase (2) advance against collection(3) accommodation bills for discount(4) trust receipt10 略二、 1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 F 9 F 10 F第五章信用证一、1．有条件2．代理行3．背对背信用证4．信用证的有效期内5．符合信用证条款规定的单据6．开证行7．受益人提交的单据8．进口商/申请人9．第一性的10．偿付行二、BCACB DBBCB ADAAA DB三、×√×√√××√√×四、（单选）CBCCD ACCDB五、1．分析：BanK1 的拒付理由成立。
国际结算汇款方式
（二）大陆法系
奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、 匈牙利、意大利、卢森堡、摩纳哥、荷兰、挪威、波兰、 苏联、瑞典、瑞士、巴西、日本于1930年批准了所谓的 《1930年日内瓦公约》（Geneva Conventions of 1930）， 包括以下三部公约：规定了汇票和本票统一法的公约 （Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes）、某些与汇票和本票相关的法律冲突的公约，以 及有关汇票和本票印花税法的公约。
（三）流通转让
• 流通转让（Negotiation）可以是： • 1.转让人经过单纯交付或背书交付票据给受让人，受让人善意
地支付对价取得票据，不必通知原债务人。 • 2.受让人取得票据，即取得它的全部权利，他可以用自己的名
义对票据上的所有当事人起诉。 • 3.受让人获得票据权利优于其前手权利，即受让人的权利不受
（三）英美法系和大陆法系票据法的差异
1. 伪造背书以后的汇票拥有人，大陆法系认为可以成为持票 人，英国票据法认为不能成为持票人。这就引起了付款问 题、付款人或承兑人责任问题、行使追索权问题的差异。
2.“保证”的票据行为，大陆法系有着完整的规定，而英国 票据法仅有近似规定。
3. 票据的对价观点，大陆法系没有规定，而英国票据法有着 明确规定，还进一步规定了付对价持票人和正当持票人， 保护票据流通转让。
一、票据的定义
• 广义的票据是指商业上的权利单据（Document of Title），它 作为某人的、不在其实际占有下的金钱或商品的所有权的证 据。
• 狭义的票据是以支付金钱为目的的证券，由出票人签名于票 据上，无条件地约定由自己或另一人支付一定金额，可以流 通转让。
托收结算方式
•
代收行的特殊责任
• 无义务对托收项下货物采取任何行动。按照银 行的习惯做法，银行对跟单托收项下的货物，没有 任何行动义务。但是，为了保护委托人的货物，不 管有没有指示，如果银行采取了提货、存仓、保险 等行动，则该银行对于货物的处理、货物的状况、 对受托保管或保护该项货物的第三者所采取的行动 或疏漏均不负责。不过代收行必须将这些行动通知 托收行，银行对于货物因采取保护行动而发生的费 用和支出应由委托人负责。
依据汇票的 付款时间
D/P at sight 即期付款交单
D/P at ……. days after sight 远期付款交单
签约
跟
发货
单 Principal委托人
托
托
收 的
收 交款
程
序
示
意
图
托收指示
payer 付款人
提示
交
单
承付
兑款
Remitting bank 托收行
Collecting bank 代收行
• C．代收行在提示托收单据而付款人拒绝付款、拒绝承兑 时，应尽力查明理由并通知托收行。
托收分类与流程
1. 托收概述 2. 托收的分类及流程 3. 托收到风险及防范
2021/1/23
托收种类及业务程序
光票托收 托收
跟单托收
债务人开立汇票的光票托收
债权人开立汇票的光票托收 金融票据附带商业单据的托收 金融票据不附带商业单据的托收
国际结算习题第三、四章
第三章汇款一、选择题1．“汇款方式”是基于( )进行的国际结算。
bA．国家信用B．商业信用C．公司信用D．银行信用2．客户要求银行使用电汇方式向国外收款人汇款，则电讯费用由( c )承担。
A．汇出行B．汇入行C．汇款人D．收款人3．银行办理业务时通常无法占用客户资金的汇款方式是( a )。
A．电汇B．票汇C．信汇D．以上都是4．采用寄售方式来出售商品时，( d )承担的风险很大。
A．进口商B．代销商C．银行D．出口商5．代理行向收款人解付电汇款项之前需要( b )。
A．核对汇出行授权人签章B．核对汇出行密押C．核对汇出行电文格式D．核对汇出行汇票票根6．不必限定在汇入行取款的汇款方式是( C )。
A．电汇B．信汇C．票汇D．以上都是7．对出口商有利的贸易结算汇款方式是( a )。
A．先结后出B．赊销C．延期付款D．售定8．对进口商不利的贸易结算汇款方式是( D )。
A．延期付款B．赊销C．售定D．预付货款✔9．汇款业务中，付讫通知书在汇款解付后应交给( B )。
A．汇款人B．汇出行C．解付行D．收款人10．票汇结算的信用基础是汇款人与收款人之间的商业信用，办理中使用的是( c )汇票。
A．商业即期B．银行即期C．商业远期D．银行远期二、判断题1．使用电汇时资金到账速度快，但是费用比信汇高。
✔2．汇款结算都是通过银行来传递资金的，所以是以银行信用为基础的结算。
✘3．预付货款可以保证进口商得到所需的货物。
✘4．信汇委托书可以通过背书而流通转让。
✘5．对进口商而言，售定比预付货款的风险要小。
✔6.国际贸易结算中，汇款人通常是进口人。
✔7．顺汇方式下，结算工具的传递方向与资金的流动方向都是从债权方向债务方传递。
✘8．票汇中使用的汇票是付款人出具的商业汇票。
✘第四章托收结算方式一、选择题1．在托收业务中，以下关系中不属于委托代理关系的是( C )。
A．委托人和委托行B．委托行和代收行C．代收行和付款人D．委托人和“需要时的代理”2．以下不属于代收行义务的是( D )。
《国际结算》(全套课件)
第三章 汇款方式
一、顺汇与逆汇的概念 根据资金的流向是否与信用工具的流向一致来划分 ，汇款 方式是顺汇，其他的是逆汇。 二、汇款的概念 汇出行应汇款人的要求，以一定的方式，把一定的金额，通 过其作为付款行的国外联行或代理行，付给收款人的一种结算 方式。是银行的主要外汇业务之一。 三、汇票的当事人 汇款人、汇出行、汇人行、解付行、收款人 四、汇款的种类及期各自工作程序 (一)电汇：工具：加押电报、电传或通过SWIFT (二)信汇：工具：信汇委托书或支付委托书 (三)票汇 ：工具：银行即期汇票 式样见教材
在票汇项下，大多采用中心汇票汇款。 中心汇票：是指汇票付款人是汇票所用货币清算中心地的银行 的汇票。 三种方式的比较：简单地，T/T——高、短；M/T——低、长； D/D——汇款人方便，汇款人可能就是收款人。 五、汇款头寸划拨 汇入行解付的前提是收妥头寸 (一) 汇出行与汇入行有帐户关系 1．汇出行在汇入行开有帐户——汇入(解付)行的付讫借记 2．汇入行在汇出行开有帐户——汇出行的主动贷记 （二）汇出行与汇入行在同一家银行开有帐户 双方与同一家代理行有帐户往来——通过共同账户完成头寸划拨 （三）双方在不同银行开有帐户 汇出行在汇出汇款时，主动通知代理行将款拨给汇入行在其他代理 行开立的帐户——汇出行嘱其账户行汇付给汇入行的账户行
（八）保证 非票据的债务人对于出票、背书、承兑、参加承兑等行为所发 生的债务予以保证的附属票据行为。保证人与被保证人负相同的 责任。经过保证后票据可接受性大。 六、汇票的种类 (一)国际汇票与国内汇票 (二)即期汇票与远期汇票 (三)来人汇票、记名汇票。补充：若汇票抬头人为“某人或某指示 人”或“某人的指示人”等，则为指示汇票。 (四)商业汇票与银行汇票 (五)光票与跟单汇票 (六)商业承兑汇票与银行承兑汇票 (七)本币汇票与外币汇票
国际结算——托收 讲义材料
第四章托收上课材料CollectionAfter issuing payment order (draft) to importer, exporter would entrust banks with payments collection. Banks handle the business on the basis of exporter’s instruction and is not liable for the consequence of the collection, though with endeavor. Thus, bank collection is classified into commercial credit instead of bank credit.In bank collection, exporter is, to some degree, in a positive position; not releasing transportation documents( title to goods) to importer until the latter pays or accept the time draft issued by exporter, without which importer could not take delivery from carrier.Exporter is also confronted with many risks, e.g. importer might not take up transportation documents (giving up the deal) and exporter has to ship back the exports, thus entailing additional shipping and insurance costs. Or, after accepting and taking hold of the documents, importer would refuse to pay at maturity. Banks are not responsible for these breaches. So, it is commercial credit, not bank credit and is applied only when both sides know well about and have enough faith in each other. Its advantage is that collection fees earned by banks are relatively low.1、DefinitionAn arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by seller on buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent bank located in the domicile of buyer.2、Parties to collection operationPrincipal = exporter = seller = drawer =remitterRemitting bank = exporter’s bank in exporting countryCollecting bank = importer’s bank in importing countryImporter = buyer = draweePresenting bank = bank at importer’s place3、Flow chart of Documentary Collection①Deliver goods②B/L③Documents and Instructions (Application)④Rept.⑤Collection Order or Instruction & docs.⑥Present⑦Pay⑧Release Documents D/A or D/P⑨Credit Advice or Debit Authorization⑩Hand in B/L（（11））Deliver goods4、Delivering documents = Delivering goodsBuyer must take delivery of goods with bill of Lading (B/L), which is receipt issued by carrier when receiving goods delivered by seller for transportation. Importer must take delivery of goods against it. Without B/L, buyer could not get the goods at the carrier. For sight payment, only when buyer pay the sight draft drawn by seller would collecting bank release documents(B/L) to buyer. For time bill, only when buyer accepts time draft drawn by seller would collecting bank release documents to importer.（1）Documents against documents D/A①Time draft &other docs+application②Collection order& time draft & docs③Present time draft for acceptance④Accepted draft⑤docs= goods（The risk is that buyer would not pay after taking the goods，thoughgoods have been taken away.）⑥Present accepted draft for payment（Collecting bank keeps accepteddraft for exporter and at maturity, presents it for payment.）⑦pay（2）Document against payment D/P at sight①Sight draft& other docs，etc②Collection Order & sight Draft and docs③Presents for payment （Only one presentment for payment ）(So, it is demanded that payment must be made on first presentation.)④Pay after checking （Importer would try to delay payment to wait the arrival of goods ） ⑤docs（3）Documents against payment at tenor D/P at tenor①Time draft & other docs ，application ②Collection order& time draft and other docs ③Present time draft for acceptance ④No docs after acceptance⑤pay （After payment at maturity, buyer gets documents.） ⑥docs（4）Documents against time promissory note made by buyer①Apply Docs.②Collection order & docs demanding time promissory note made by buyer（The risk is that buyer would not pay after taking the goods.）③Advise and demanding documents against time promissory note made by importer.④Time promissory note⑤docs⑥（Collecting bank keeps promissory note for seller and at maturity, presents it for payment.）Present timePromissory Note for payment⑦pay5、Presenting bank①ion&documents②Collection order&documents③Forwarddocuments④present6、In case of needCase of need might be seller’s close friend or agency in importing country, who would arrangeshipping back the goods or selling the goods to other buyer in importing country.①Documents (Application)②Collection Order and documents（In case of need, look for XXX）③present④refuse⑤present⑥Pay & take over docs.Exporter might have mentioned “case of need”on the draft when issuing it if exporter expects the possibility of importer’s dishonor.7、Types of collection(1): Documentary Collection①Deliver goods②B/L③Commercial docs+ financial Instrument OR not+ Application④Collection Order & docs,esp. transporting documents + bill of exchange or not⑤D/A or D/P ⑤present⑥Pay⑦Hand in B/L⑧Deliver goodsDocuments are released to importer against his payment or acceptance/Sometimes, importer pays against commercial documents, e.g. commercial invoice without financial draft to avoid stamp duty. (2): Clean Collection①Send sample ②Rept.③Delivery advice（①,②, ③,Post receipt is sent to buyer’s country together with sample by post office.） ④Hand in Delivery adv.⑤sample （④,⑤, Importer takes the advice to post office and get sample against it.） ⑥Only draft+Application⑦Collection Order& draft （Payment must be made through bank ） ⑧Present draft ⑨PayDividend warrant and time promissory note can also be used in clean collection (3): Direct Collection①Sign long terms contract with bank （Omit a tache, save much time ）②Prenumbered presigned collection order③Deliver goods④B/L⑤Fill in collection order and forward documents and collection order directly to（As if it is sent by remitting bank whose responsibility is the same as under documentary collection.）⑥D/A or D/P （⑥present）⑦Pay⑧Hand in B/L⑨Deliver goods8、Collection order = Collection Instruction①Application filled in by exporter②Collection Order filled in by remitting bank[①, ②They are the same in contents, for remitting bank carry out order given by exporter (principal).]Specimen of collection orderPlease Collect the Under-mentioned Foreign Bill and /or Documents①Draft &other docs②Collection order& time draft & docs （Banks endeavor to collect for principals, but not responsible for unfavorable results.）③pay④docs（2）Bank’s responsibility①Banks must act upon the instructions given by principals②Banks check the documents received against order to see if there is any missingThe principal must be informed of any documents missing.③Banks are not responsible for examining the contents of documents, e.g. any discrepancies between docs.Sight bill: presentation for paymentTime bill: presentation for acceptance, then, presentation for payment10、Risks for exporter（1）Risks for exporter under documentary collection①Refuse to pay or accept time draft on some small inadvertent infraction of the sales contract.②Demand deep cut down of price, or refuse to accept the goods.③A heavy storage charge, fire insurance, demurrage and great expenses and time delay if court action is taken.（2）Risks for exporter under term payment①At the maturity of draft, importer refuses to pay②The excuse might be defective quality and ask for cut down of price or not having foreign exchange approved by authority.（3）Summary of possible reasons for dishonor①Economic reasons：e.g. defective quality of goods, short of flowing capital, downturn ofmarket, bankruptcy of importer,etc.②Political reasons: war, turbulence, foreign exchange control, having not got import license,etc.③The credit risk of importer (fraud) etc.（4）Protection for exporter ——Credit investigationFinancial credit and operational style of importerMarket trend of importing countryWhether import license or foreign exchange has been approved by relative authority.Whether political situation in importing country is steadyWhether a case of need could be found once dishonor happens, who could help handle returned goods, e.gwarehousing and insuring the goods, arranging shipmentof returned goods, finding another buyer for exporter, etc.Exporter could find an agency (usu.banks) to aid the investigation.To buy export credit insurance at government agency(e.g. import/export bank).Have direct control over documents, esp. the transporting documents,e.g. the consignee should be “to t he order of shipper, or collecting bank (with consent of collecting bank)”, which could be endorsed to importer only when payment is made.If it is non-negotiable transport document (e.g. airway bill), collecting bank should be the consignee who could issue delivery order to importer after the payment.（5）Example, Hedging OperationOn July 20,2000 an I/E corporation of China expected to receive €200 millions in 3 months and the spot rate of €is RMB7.6450, and 3-month forward rate is 7.6250 ~ 7.6630. As €has been weak against USD, to protect against the risk of €’s devaluation, the corporation signed a 3-month forward contract with Bank of China. After July 20, €devalued from USD0.91 all the way to USD 0.83. On Oct. 23, when the settlement was made € depreciated to RMB6.9570.Question: If the corporation was not engaged inhedging operation, how much loss would it suffer? And what is the percentage of the loss to the total amount of the contract?Answer :11、（1）Risks for importer under collection①Might be fraudulent documents.②Might be defective or dummy or not the model ordered by importer③Late shipment,and miss the optimal selling seasons.④In advance payment , can not inspect goods beforehand.⑤Dishonor would ruin importer’s reputation.（2）Protection for importerInvestigate exporter’s reputation and deal only with Credit worthy exporters.If it is time payment, payment time can be XX days/months after Bill of Lading date, which means that earlier delivery,earlier payment.Choose the most the favorable procedure of documents delivery basing on the credit standing, financial capability, market trend.e.g. if price is going high, use D/P. If price is going down,use D/A.Use D/P at tenor as possible as you can to confirm if goodsarrive at the harbor of your country.12、（1）Bill purchased under Documentary CollectionBank’s financing to exporterThere is no payment guarantee from collecting bank. So, remitting bank provide the service only for credit worthy client s.①Sight or time bill & full set of original Bill of Lading and apply for discounting the bill. ②Discounted amount③Collection Order & docs④Credit Advice or Debit Authorization ⑤Docs ⑥Pay ⑦Present（2）Discounting bill under documentary collectionThe payee on the draft is normally the discounting bank,e.g.13、Trust Receipt under D/P at tenor （1）This is Bank’s financingto importer①Time draft& other docs②Collection order & time draft and other docs ③Present time draft for acceptance ④Acceptance& IOU=T/R ⑤docs（④, ⑤ Importer borrows B/L and other documents by writing a Trust Receipt (T/R),usu. with permission of exporter.）⑥Accepted Bill &T/R ⑦pay（⑥, ⑦After selling the goods importer retires the bill with the money.） （2）The obligation of trustee, explanation of some points ①Not to put the goods in pledge to other personsthat is; trustee cannot pledge the goods to other banks for credit.②To settle claims of the collecting bank before liquidation in case of the trustee ’s bankruptcy.If trustee goes bankrupt, the entrusted goods would not joint the liquidation or entruster has first lien over the entrusted goods.③Entrusted goods should be stored and booked separately from other goods and can be examined by entruster any time.④Money from sale of entrusted goods should go directly to entruster ’s account. （3）Risks for collecting bank in T/R financingTrust Receipt does not prevent trustee from selling goods to （a third party) someone who buys the goods for value and without notice of trust (the goods does not belong to trustee). If trustee runs away with the money, the entruster could not sue the third party. Laws protects the purchaser in good faith.So, entruster usu. demands that a guarantor (usu. a bank) should sign the T/R in addition to trustee ’s signature.The principal presents an application for collection accompanied by draft and documents to the remitting bank for collection.An application for collection shows as follows:Commercial documents surrendered are below:B/L in triplicate, two originals and one copyInvoice in triplicate, two originals and one copyInsurance policy in duplicate, one original and one copyCertificate of origin in duplicate, One original and one copyPacking list in duplicate, One original and one copyCollection instructions are given below:Deliver documents against paymentRemit the proceeds by airmailAirmail advice of paymentCollection charges outside China from drawee, waive if refused by him.Airmail advice of non-payment with reasonsProtest waivedWhen collected, please credit proceeds to principal’s account with remitting bank. Remitting bank complete a collection instruction in accordance with principal’s application to add other requirements as follows:Ref No. OC2576459Date: 15 July,2000Please collect and remit proceeds to Bank of China, New York for credit of our account with them under their advice to usPlease produce a collection instruction attaching draft and documents to be forwarded to the collecting bank, Banque du Paris, Paris.Collection InstructionORIGINALTO:_________________ Date:_______Our Ref. No_______Dear Sirs,Please follow instruction marked”x”□Deliver documents against payments/acceptance.□Remit the proceeds by airmail/cable.□Airmail/cable advice of payment/acceptance.□Collect charges outside_____ from drawee,waive if refuse by him.□Collect interest for delay in payment____days after sight at____% per annum.□Airmail/cable advice of non-payment/non-acceptance with reasons.□Protest for non-payment/non-acceptance.□Protest waived.□When accepted, please advise us giving due date.□When collected, please credit our account with___.□Please collect and remit proceeds to ____for credit of our account with them under their advice to us. □Please collect proceeds and authorize us by airmail/cable to debit your account with us.Special InstructionsThis collection is subject to Uniform Rules for collection(1995 Revision) ICC Publication No.522Authorized signature(s)TRUST RECEIPTTO:__________ ________,________Received from the said bank a full set of shipping document evidencing the merchandise having an invoice value of______say______ as follows:And in consideration of such delivery in trust ,the undersigned hereby undertakes to land, pay customs duty and/or other charges or expenses ,store, hold and sell and deliver to purchasers the merchandise specified herein ,and to receive the proceeds as trustee for the said bank , and the undersigned promises and agrees not to sell the said merchandise or any part thereof on credit , but only for cash for a total amount not less than the invoice value specified above unless otherwise authorized by the said bank in writing.The undersigned further acknowledges assents and agrees that in the event the whole or any part of the merchandise specified herein is sold or delivered to a purchaser or purchaser any proceeds derived or to be derived from such sale or delivery shall be considered the property or the said bank and the undersigned hereby grants to be said bank full authority to collect such proceeds directly from the purchaser or purchaser without reference to the undersigned.The guarantor, as another undersigned, guarantees to the said bank the faith and proper fulfillment of the terms and conditions of the trust receipt.Guaranteed by: signed by:_____________ _______________________ ___________。