2014年四级考试阅读长难句过关
考研英语四级阅读理解长难句解析
考研英语四级阅读理解长难句解析汇总Boys at single-sex schools were said to bemore likety to get involved in cultural andartistic activities that helped develop theiremotional expressiveness, rather than feelingthey had to conform to the "boy code" ofhiding their emotions to be a "real man".原文译文：据说，在单一性别学校里的男孩更有可能参与到有助于培养他们情感表达能力的文化和艺术活动中，而不会让他们觉得必须遵从“男孩法则”，掩饰自己的真性情从而成为“真正的男人”。
词汇讲解：本句的主干是Boys were said to be likely to...that helped develop their emotionalexpressiveness为定语从句修饰cultural and artistic activities; rather than作介词，后接动名词结构feeling...，同时该结构中的they had to conform to the "boy code" of hiding theiremotions to be a "real man"是feeling的宾语从句。
be said to意为“据说，被认为”。
如：Women are often said to be more emotional than men. 女人常常被认为比男人更易动感情。
考研英语四级阅读理解长难句解析汇总一、Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (08.12 Passage 2)分析主干：Customers can also improve experiences (by...)1.介词by 后面动名词短语filing...作宾语，表示手段或方式。
2024年英语四级真题长难句解析
9、Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)
本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。
这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。
5、We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a beneficial effect on the world.
本句为复合句。主句为We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices。that 引导定语从句，修饰 choices，that 在从句中作主语。to make choices 作 opportunity 的定语。
10、“Retailers who’re ponsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)
2014年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(多套题及详解)
2014年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(多套题及翻译）CET4Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.题目一：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观你的校园，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?题目二：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观你的家乡，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?题目三：Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?假设你的一位外国朋友来参观中国，你最感兴趣的地方想带他/她去看?为什么?Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
英语四级四级长难句
四级长难句分析在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。
长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。
理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。
首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点一 词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇二 语法结构1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语2．并列结构3．插入语4．倒装5．强调6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构2008-61．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —— without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it.2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one. 3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on apitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.2007-124．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with awild imagination taking her first music lesson.5. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact thatI was co-opting my daughter’s experience.6. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainlya good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked.2007-67. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.8. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.9. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”10. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.11. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.12. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.13. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men.14. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.15. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore.16. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. 2006-1217. In fact, New York’s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.18. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.19. According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.20. Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wish toappear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.21. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.22. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.23. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs.24. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.25. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.26. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.2006-627. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time.28. Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by thearrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.▲29. We’re saying we want you to work in these places, we’re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when it’s convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, especially after Sept. 11, then you’re disposable.30. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely.2006-6旧31．Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue.32．Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children.33．Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.34．She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.35．The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again.36．Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their enginemanagement computer won’t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key.2005-1237．While here’s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.38．In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they get the job done.39. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.40. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.实战演练1．But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do.2. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set ofpsychological and performance tests requiring them, forinstance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passageread to them only minutes earlier.3. Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggestthat teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized.4. House had to be sited “within easy walking distance ofthe railroad station,” as some old residents would point out; and only those wealthy enough to afford a horse and a carriage dared to penetrate farther into the open country.5. White collar workers doing routine work in governmentoffices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.6. But you must know that different nations have differentways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if your ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.7. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis;college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school.8. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routinethan he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.9. The recent growth of export surpluses on the world foodmarket has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests.10. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18thcentury Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of ushow little we know and how bewildering seems the wayahead.11. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.12. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.13. Scientists, like other human beings, have their hopes and fears, their passions and disappointments and their strong emotions may sometimes interrupt the course of clear thinking and sound practice.14. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.15. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.二、总结——长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
2014年12月英语四级真题及答案2014年12月英语四级真题及答案
2014年12月英语四级真题及答案（文字版）考试采取“多题多卷”模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.作文题一：印象最深的活动AA campus activity that has benefited most.作文题二：印象最深的课程A course that has impressed you most in college.作文题三:印象最深的同学A classmate of yours who has influenced you most in college．Part II ListeningSection ADirections：In this section，you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D)，and decide which is the best answer. Then m ark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Question 1A.The man is not good at balancing his budget.B.She will go purchase the gift herself.C.The gift should not be too expensive.D.They are gonging to Jane's house-warming party.Question 2A.He is quite willing to give the woman a hand.B.It takes patience to go through the statistics.C.He has prepared the statistics for the woman.D.The woman should take a course in statistics.Question 3A.Page 55 is missing from the woman's scripts.B.They cannot begin their recording right away.C.The woman does not take the recording seriously.D.The man wants to make some changes in the scripts.Question 4A.The date of Carl's wedding.B.The birthday of Carl's bride.C.A significant event in July.D.Preparation for a wedding.Question 5A.The woman forgot to tell the man in advance.B.The man was absent from the weekly meeting.C.The woman was annoyed at the man's excuse.D.The man was in charge of scheduling meetings.Question 6A.The woman is a marvelous cook.B.The woman has just bought an oven.C.The man has to leave in half an hour.D.The man cannot want for his meal.Question 7A.How she can best help the man.B.Where the man got the bad news.C.What items sell well in the store.D.Whether the man can keep his job.Question 8A.The woman can sign up for a swimming class.B.He works in the physical education department.C.The woman has the potential to swim like a fish.D.He would like to teach the woman how to swim.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question 9A.He teaches in a law school.B.He loves classical music.C.He is a diplomat.D.He is a wonderful lecturer.Question 10A.Went to see a play.B.Watched a soccer game.C.Took some photos.D.Attended a dance.Question 11A.She decided to get married in three years.B.Her mother objected to Eric’s flying lessons.C.She insisted that Eric pursue graduate studies.D.Her father said she could marry Eric right away.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 12A.Editor.B.Teacher.C.JournalistD.Typist.Question 13A.The beautiful Amazon rainforests.B.A new railway under construction.C.Big changes in the Amazon valley.D.Some newly discovered scenic spot.Question 14A.In news weeklies.B.In newspapers' Sunday editions.C.In a local evening paper.D.In overseas editions of U.S. magazines.Question 15A.To be employed by a newspaper.B.To become a professional writer.C.To sell her articles to a news service.D.To get her life story published soon.Section BDirections：In this section，you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage，you will hear s ome questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，y ou must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresp onding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.Question 16A.Nodding one's head.B.Waving one's hand.C.Holding up the forefinger.D.Turning the right thumb down.Question 17A.Looking away from them.B.Forming a circle with fingers.C.Bowing one's head them.D.Waving or pointing to them.Question 18A.Looking one's superior in the eye.B.Keeping one's arms folded while talking.C.Showing the sole of one's foot to a guest.ing a lot of gestures during a conversation.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 19A.They had to beg for foot after the harvest.B.They grew wheat and corn on a small farm.C.They shared a small flat with their relatives.D.The children walked to school on dirt roads.Question 20A.Tour Ecuador's Andes Mountains.B.Earn an annual income of $2800.C.Purchase a plot to build a home on.D.Send their children to school.Question 21A.The achievements of the Trickle Up Program.B.A new worldwide economic revolution.C.Different forms of assistance to the needy.D.The life of poor people in developing countries.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 22A.They are highly sensitive to cold.B.They are vitally important to our life.C.They are a living part of our body.D.They are a chief source of our pain.Question 23A.It has to be removed in time by a dentist.B.It is a rare oral disease among old people.C.It contains many nerves and blood vessels.D.It is sticky and colorless film on the teeth.Question 24A.It can change into acids causing damage to their outer covering.B.It greatly reduces their resistance to the attacks of bacteria.C.It makes their nerves and blood vessels more sensitive to acid food.D.It combines with food particles to form a film on their surface.Question 25A.Food particles.B.Gum disease.C.Unhealthy living habits.D.Chemical crosion.Section CStunt people(替身演员) are not movie stars, but they are the hidden heroes of many movies.They were around long before films. Even Shakespeare may have used them in fight scenes. To be goo d, a fight scene has to look real. Punches must (26)______ enemies' jaws. Sword fights must be fought with(27)______ swords. Several actors are usually in a fight scene. Their moves must be set up so that n o one gets hurt. It is almost like planning a dance performance.If a movie scene is dangerous, stun people usually(28)______the stars. You may think you see Tom Cru ise running along the top of a train. But it is(29)______ his stunt double. Stunt people must(30)______ th e stars they stand in for. Their height and build should be about the same. But when close-ups are neede d, the film(31)______ the star.Some stunt people(32)______ in certain kinds of scenes. For instance, a stunt woman named Jan Davis does all kinds of jumps. She has leapt from planes and even off the top of a waterfall. Each jump requir ed careful planning and expert(33)______.Yakima Canutt was a famous cowboy stunt man. Among other stunts, he could jump from a second stor y window onto a horse's back. He(34)______ the famous trick of sliding under a moving stagecoach. Can utt also(35)______ a new way to make a punch look real. He was the only stunt man ever to get anOsc ar.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for e ach blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through c arefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the co rresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not u se any of the words in the bank more than once.For decades, Americans have taken for granted the XXXX development of new technologies. The innova tions(创新)XXXX opment during World War II and afterwards were(36)_____ to the prosperity of the nat ion in the second half of the 20th century. Those innovations, upon which virtually all aspects of(37)____ _ society now depend, were possible because the United States then(38)_____ the world in mathematics a nd science education. Today, however, despite increasing demand for workers with strong skills in mathe matics and science, the(39)_____ of degrees awarded in science, math, and engineering are decreasing. The deeling in degree production in what are called the STEM disciplines(science, technology, engineerin g, and math.)seems to be(40)_____related to the comparatively weak performance by U.S. schoolchildren o n international assessments of math and science. Many students entering college have weak skills in math ematics. According to the 2005 report of the Business Higher Education Forum, 22 percent of college fre shmen must take remediat(补习的)math(41)_____, and less than half of the students who plan to major in science or engineering(42)_____complete a major in those fields.The result has been a decrease in the number of American college graduates who have the skills, (43)__ ___ in mathematics, to power a workforce that can keep the country at the forefront(前言)of innovation a nd maintain its standard of living. With the(44)_____ performance of American students in math and scie nce has come increased competition from students from other countries that have strongly supported educa tion in these areas. Many more students earn(45)_____ in the STEM disciplines in developing countries th an in the United States.A.acceleratingB.actuallyC.closelyD.contemporaryE.coursesF.criticalG.decliningH.degreesI.especiallyJ.futureK.ledL.metM.proceduresN.proportionsO.sphetesSection BDirections：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each stat ement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the informa tion is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. A nswer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Ban sugary drinks that will add fuel to the obesity war[A] On a train last Thursday, I sat opposite a man who was so fat he filled more than one seat. He w as pale and disfigured and looked sick to death, which he probably was: obesity(肥胖的)leads to many na sty ways of dying. Looking around the carriage, I saw quite a few people like him, including a couple o f fatty children with swollen checks pressing against their eyes. These people are part of what is without exaggeration an epidemic(流行病)of obesity.[B] But it is quite unnecessary: there is a simple idea- far from new- that could spare millions of such people a lifetime of chronic(长期的)ill health, and at the same time save the National Health Service(NHS) at least ￡14 billion a year in England and Wales. There would, you might think, be considerable public interest in it. This simple idea is that sugar is as good- or as bad- as poison and should be avoided. It i s pure, white and deadly, as Professor John Yudkin described it 40 years ago in a revolutionary book of that name. The subtitle was How Sugar Is Killing Us.[C] In its countless hidden forms, in ready meals, junk food and sweet drinks, sugar leads to addiction (瘾), to hormonal upsets to the appetite, to metabolic(新陈代谢的)malfunctions and obesity and from there to type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)and its many horrible complication. If people really grasped that, they would t ry to kick the habit, particularly as Britain is the “fat man of Europe”. They might even feel driven to support government measures to prevent people from consuming this deadly stuff. Yet so far this idea h as met little but resistance.[D] It is not difficult to imagine the vested interests(既得利益集团)lined up against any sugar control- al l the food and drink manufacturers, processors, promoters and retailers who make such easy pickings out of the magic powers of sugar. Then there are the liberals, with whom I would normally side, who protest that government regulation would be yet another instance of interference in our lives.[E]That is true, but people should realize that you cannot have a welfare state without a nanny state(保姆国家), to some degree. If we are all to be responsible for one another’s health insurance, through socia lized medicine, then we are all closely involved in one another’s health, including everyone’s eating and drinking. That has already been admitted, finally, with smoking. But it has yet to be admitted with overe ating, even though one in four adults in this country is obese and that number is predicted to double by the year 2050.Quite apart from anything else, obesity will cripple the NHS.[F]Recently, though, there have been signs that the medical establishment is trying to sound the alarm. L ast month the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges(AMRC)published a report saying that obesity is the gr eatest public health issue affecting the UK and urging government to do something.[G]The report offers 10 recommendations, of which the first is imposing a tax of 20 percent on sugary drinks for at least a year, on top of the existing 20 percent value-added tax. That at least would be an e xcellent start. The amounts of sugar in soft drinks are horrifying, and turn straight to fat. As Professor T erence Stephenson, head of the AMRC, has said, sugary soft drinks are “the ultimate bad food. You are j ust consuming neat sugar. Your body didn’t evolve to handle this kind of thing.”[H]Precisely. The risks of eating too much fat or salt(which are very different)pale into insignificant com pared with the harm done by sugar. And it is everywhere.[I]It is difficult to buy anything in a supermarket, other than plain, unprepared meat, fish or vegetables, that doesn’t have a large amount of sugar in it. This has come about because the prevailing scientific vie ws of the 1960s and 1970s ignored the evidence about sugar, and instead saw fat as the really serious ris k, both to the heart and other organs, as well as the cause of obesity.[J]The fashion was to avoid fat. But finding that food with much of its fat removed is not very appetizi ng, food producers turned to sugar as a magic alternative flavor enhancer, often in the forms of syrups(糖浆)that had recently been developed from corn, and put it generously into most prepared foods and soft d rinks.[K]This stuff is not just fattening. It is addictive. It interferes with the body’s metabolism, possibly via t he activity of an appetite-controlling hormone. There’s plenty of evidence for this, for those who will acc ept the truth.[L]Theoretically, people ought to make “healthy choices”and avoid overeating. But sugar additives are n ot easy to identify and are hard to avoid. So the snacking, over-drinking and over eating that makes peop le fat is not really their own fault: obesity is in large part something that is being done to them. It shoul d be stopped, or rather the government should stop it.[M]Going round my local supermarket, I am constantly astonished that it is still legal to sell all the pois ons stacked high on the shelves. The problem is that they are worse than useless. They are poisonous. T hey are known to be addictive. They are known to make people obese. And giving small children sweet drinks or bottles of fake juice all day long is nothing less than child abuse.[N]Clearly, the sale of such stuff ought to be illegal. I hate to think of yet more government regulation. But a bit of tax on sweet soda and a little more health education, a bit of cooking in schools and bann ing vending machines(自动售货机)here and there —as suggested try the AMRC report —is not going t o achieve very much. Labelling is quite inadequate. What is needed is legislation banning high levels of sugary syrups used in foods and drinks.[O]In June 2012, the then minister for public health said the government was not scared of the food ind ustry and had not ruled out legislation, because of the costs of obesity to the NHS. However, nothing has happened yet. Why not have another Jammie Dodger biscuit and forget about it.46、Avoiding over-consumption of sugar can improve people’s health as well as save medical expenses.47、Laws should be passed to make it illegal to produce overly sweet foods or drinks.48、Giving small children sweet juices to drink all the time is equal to child abuse.59、Looking around, the author found obesity quite widespread.50、The number of obese people is expected to increase quickly in the next few decades.51、If people really understood the horrible consequences of sugary foods and drinks, they would support government measures against sugar consumption.52、It would be a very good beginning wo improve an additional tax on sugary drinks.53、The government has not yet taken any action to regulate sugar consumption although it indicated its i ntention to do so some time ago.54、Sugar is far more harmful to health than fat and salt.55、Consumers of sweet foods are not really to blame because they cannot tell what food is sugary.Section CDirections：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinish ed statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centr e.The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, compar able in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before, and can communicate with each other inst antly, often using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere. But the Internet’s tremendous im pacts has only just begun.“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transfor mations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global,”Schmidt a nd Cohen write in their new book. The New Digital Age.Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lac k Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one m ajor shortcoming, it’s that authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these weeping changes.In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes —and more imp ortantly predicts —how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades. They paint a picture of a world in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must deal with two realities, one p hysical, and one virtual.At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.”By using this concep t as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy (对立观点)that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and h is co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks and da ngers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal p rivacy and state surveillance(监视).56、In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and the telegra ph?A.It transforms human history.B.It facilitates daily communication.C.It is adopted by all humanity.D.It revolutionizes people's thinking.57、How do Schmidt and Cohen describe the effects of the Internet?A.They are immeasurable.B.They are worldwide.C.They are unpredictable.D.They are contaminating.58、In what respect is the book The New Digital Age considered inadequate?A.It fails to recognize the impact of the Internet technology.B.It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet.C.It lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businesses.D.It does not address the technical aspects of Internet communication.59、What will the future be like when everybody gets online?A.People will be living in two different realities.B.People will have equal access to information.C.People don’t have to travel to see the world.D.People don’t have to communicate face to face.60、What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?A.They leave many questions unanswered concerning the Internet.B.They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution.C.They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world.D.They don’t take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet.In 1950, a young man would have found it much easier than it is today to get and keep a job in the a uto industry. And in that year the average autoworker could meet monthly mortgage(抵押贷款)payments o n an average home with just 13.4 percent of his take-home pay. Today a similar mortgage would claim more than twice that share of his monthly eamings.Other members of the autoworker’s family, however might be less inclined to tried the present for the p ast. His retired parents would certainly have had less economic security back then. Through-out much of t he 1960s,more than a quarter of men and women and women age 65 and older lived below the poverty l evel, compared to less than 10 percent in 2010.In most stales, his wife could not have taken out a loan or a card in her own name. In 42 states, a ho memaker had no legal claim on the earnings of her husband. And nowhere did a wife have legal protecti on against family violence.Most black workers would not want to return to a time when, on average they earned 40 percent less t han their white counterparts(职位相当的人),white racially restrictive agreements largely prevented them fro m buying into the suburban neighborhoods being built for white working –class families.Today, new problems have emerged in the process of resolving old ones, but the solution is not to go ba ck to the past. Some people may long for an era when divorce was still hard to come by. The spread of no -fault divorce has reduced the bargaining power of whichever spouse is more interested in continuing the relationship. And the breakup of such marriages has caused pain for many families.The growing diversity of family life comes with new possibilities as well as new challenges. Accordingto a recent poll, more than 80 percent of Americans believe that their current family is as close as the o ne in which they grew up, or closer. Finding ways to imaginary golden age.61、What do we learn about American autoworkers in 1950?A.They had less job security than they do today.B.It was not too difficult for them to buy a house.C.Their earnings were worth twice as much as today.D.They were better off than workers in other industries.62、What does the author about retired people today?A.They invariably long to return to the golden past.B.They do not depend so much on social welfare.C.They feel more secure economically than in the past.D.They are usually unwilling to live with their children.63、Why couldn’t black workers buy a house in a whitc suburban neighborhood ?A.They lacked the means of transportation.B.They were subjected to racial inequality.C.They were afraid to break the law.D.They were too poor to afford it.64、What is the result of no-fault divorce ?A.Divorce is easier to obtain.B.Domestic violence is lessened.C.It causes little pain to either side.D.It contributes to social unrest.65 、What does the author suggest society do?A.Get prepared to face any new challenges.B.Try to better the current social security.C.Narrow the gap between blacks and whites.D.Improve the lives of families with problemsPart IV TranslationDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.翻译题一：大熊猫是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(11)
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(11)倒装结构英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾(表)+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。
简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。
ExerciseOf drugs or medicine she had almost none.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.要点及参考译文要点：介词短语位于句首表示强调，这是一个倒装句。
译文：在毒品或者药物这两样东西中她几乎什么都没有。
要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为:" The architecture of Manhattan,... is splendid."因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。
译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。
要点：此句为倒装句。
因主语较长，并带有分词短语"followed..."作定语修饰"dinner"，为了保持句子平衡，将表语提前到句首。
译文：在周日晚餐后，通常提供音乐演出，因此特别受欢迎。
2014年6月大学英语四级真题解析：阅读理解
2014年6⽉英语四级考试阅读理解Section C部分的第⼆篇⽂章来源于⼤学教材。
这篇⽂章收录在这本教材的前⾔⾥。
原⽂章题⽬为：Depending on Energy, Not Energy Independent。
这次节选的这篇⽂章共7段。
第1段，描述了美国⼈对能源独⽴的长久和美好期盼。
第2、3段为过渡转折段，作者对此期盼提出疑问。
第4、5、6段中，作者阐释了增加能源进⼝⽽⾮完全能源独⽴的原因和有利之处。
最后⼀段，总结段落。
本篇⽂章的题⽬整体难度不太⼤，只要⼤家做好关键信息定位、把握原⽂句意的理解并结合排除⽅法，基本就能。
下⾯，附给⼤家详细的题⽬解析： 1. 61题选A，细节题。
根据定位关键词：enegy independence，很快将题⽬定位⾄⾸段。
有关enegy independence，抓住两个表述：⾸先，作者说能源独⽴听上去很好(It has a nice ring to it, doesn’t it ?)。
接着，作者举例，⼏⼗年来，美国的总统也是⼀直有要实现能源独⽴的愿望，尤其是过去⼏年，因为在那段时间，⽯油价格冲击很可能导致了经济衰退。
A选项“听上去很有吸引⼒”与原⽂的It has a nice ring to it是同义替换，正确。
B选项，⽂章没有涉及国家安全，排除。
C选项，⽂章说了⽯油价格与经济可能相关，但没有说能源独⽴会使⽯油价格下降，错误。
D选项错在“everyone’s dream”。
因此，61题选A 2. 62题选C，细节题。
根据biofuel定位到第四段。
第四段中作者明确指出，biofuel可以让经济运转，并且将来会有越来越多的biofuel。
但是，biofuel会带来经济浪费和环境破坏。
A选项错在”healthily”，⽂中作者只说了“keep running”，没有涉及是否healty。
并且，作者在后⾯指出，此类资源有缺陷。
B选项⽂中没有涉及。
D选项错在“serious”，⽂中说有破坏，但没有说严重破坏，错误。
2014年12月大学英语四级考试备考资料《阅读理解-长篇阅读(匹配)》考前冲刺及答案
2014年12月大学英语四级考试备考资料《阅读理解-长篇阅读（匹配）》考前冲刺及答案练习1Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Caring for elderly parents catches many unprepared[A ] Last July, Julie Baldocchi，s mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasn"t prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldn’t handle her mother’s care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasn’t willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents’ home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother. “I couldn’t do it all,” she says. “But I didn’t even know how to find help.”[B] With help from the Family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, you’renever ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mother’s stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.[C] While many parents lack an advance care directive, it’s the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives someone legal authority to make financial decisions on another’s behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “It’s invaluable for the kids, because it’s hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed th e parent’s legal guardian, says .[D] It’s important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents，preferences, wishes and goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But it’s not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspici ous of their children’s financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need informationand help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesn’t pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.[ F] Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, it’s not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isn’t covered by Medicaid.[G ] If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can, according toAARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example, Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.[H] Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parent’s finances, while another sibling will take the parent to doctors" appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mother’s home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasn’t able to get around as well. Walker, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorcedand has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have, and I guess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches, it’s literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. It’s not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. It’s everything,” she says.[I ] Caregi vers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout, ” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older, 20% reported symptoms of depression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife. “It’s a hard job,” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. It’s only natural that I be here for her now.”46. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.47. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their children’s financial motives.48. Besides advance planning for finances or medical care, family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.49. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.50. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home, but she had difficulty taking care of her.51. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 2009.52. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many people they can call on.53. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health, or they may burn out or become depressed.54. One will have to petition the court to be the parent’s legal guardian, if there is no advance directive.55. The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.46. [G]47. [D]48. [H]49. [C]50. [A]51. [B]52. [D]53. [I]54. [C]55. [F]练习2Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
2014年6英语四级阅读段落匹配题真题及答案
2014年6英语四级阅读段落匹配题真题及答案2014年6月英语四级阅读段落匹配题真题及答案The End of the Book?By John Steele GordonA). Amazon, by far the largest bookseller in the count ry, reported on May 19 that it is now selling more books i n its electronic Kindle format than in the old paper-and-i nk format. That is remarkable, considering that the Kindle has only been around for four years. E-books now account for 14 percent of all book sales in this country and are i ncreasing far faster than overall book sales. E-book sales are up 146 percent over last year, while hardback sales i ncreased 6 percent and paperbacks decreased 8 percent.B). Does this spell the doom of the physical book? Cer tainly not immediately, and perhaps not at all. What it do es mean is that the book business will go through a transf ormation in the next decade or so more profound than any i t has seen since Gutenberg introduced printing from moveab le type in the 1450s.C). Physical books will surely become much rarer in th e marketplace. Mass market paperbacks, which have been dec lining for years anyway, will probably disappear, as will hardbacks for mysteries, thrillers, "romance fiction," etc. Such books, which only rarely end up in permanent collect ions either private or public, will probably only be avail able as e-books within a few years. Hardback and trade pap erbacks for "serious" nonfiction and fiction will surely l ast longer. Perhaps it will become the mark of an author t o reckon with that he or she is still published in hard co py.D). As for children's books, who knows? Children's boo ks arelike dog food in that the purchasers are not the co nsumers, so the market (and the marketing) is inherently s trange.E). For clues to the book’s future, let’s look at so me examples of technological change and see what happened to the old technology.F). One technology replaces another only because the n ew technology is better, cheaper, or both. Thee greater th e differential, the sooner and more thoroughly the new tec hnology replaces the old. Printing with moveable type on p aper reduced the cost of producing a book by orders of mag nitude compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin. A Bible—to be sure,a long book—required vellum made from 300 sheepskins and untold man-hours of scribe labor. Before printing arrived, a Bible cost more than a middle-class house. There were p erhaps 50,000 books in all of Europe in 1450. By 1500 ther e were 10 million.G). But while printing quickly caused the handwritten book to go extinct, handwriting lingered on well into the 16th century in the practice of "rubricating" books, or ha nd drawing elaborate initial letters (often in red ink, he nce the term). Very special books are still occasionally p roduced on vellum, but they are one-of-a-kind show pieces.H). Sometimes a new technology doesn't drive the old o ne extinct, but only parts of it while forcing the rest to evolve. The movies were widely predicted to drive live th eater out of the marketplace, but they didn't, because the ater turned out to have qualities movies could not reprodu ce. Equally, TV was supposed to drive movies extinct but, again, did not.I). Movies did, however, fatally impact some parts of livetheater, such as vaudeville. (Ironically, TV gave vau deville a brief revival in the 1950s in such shows as “Th e Ed Sullivan Show” and brought many of the old vaudeville stars—Sophie Tucker, Jimmy Durante, Ben Blue—out of re tirement.) And while TV didn't kill movies, it did kill B pictures, shorts, and, alas, cartoons.J). Nor did TV kill radio. Comedy and drama shows (“J ack Benny,” “Amos and Andy,” “The Shadow”) all migrat ed to television. But because you can’t drive a car and w atch television at the same time, radio prime time became rush hour, while music, talk, and news radio greatly enlar ged their audiences. Radio is today a very different busin ess than in the late 1940s and a much larger one.K). Sometimes old technology lingers for centuries bec ause of its symbolic power. Mounted cavalry replaced the c hariot on the battlefield around 1000 BC. But chariots mai ntained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later. The sword hasn't had a military function for a hundred years, but is still part of an officer's full-dress uniform, precisely because a sword always symbolized "an officer and a gentle man."L). Sometimes new technology is a little cranky at fir st. Television repairman was a common occupation in the 19 50s, for instance. And so the old technology remains as aback up. Steam captured the North Atlantic passenger busin ess from sail in the 1840s because of its much greater spe ed. But steamships didn't lose their rigging and sails unt il the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty hab it of breaking down. Until ships became large enough (and engines small enough) to mount two engines side by side, t hey needed to keepsails. (The high cost of steam and the lesser need for speed kept the majority of the world’s oc ean freight moving by sail until the early years of the 20 th century.)M). Then there is the fireplace. Central heating was u biquitous in upper- and middle-class homes by the second h alf of the 19th century. But functioning fireplaces remain to this day a powerful selling point in a house or apartm ent. I suspect the reason is a deeply ingrained, atavistic love of fire. Fire was one of the earliest major technolo gical advances for humankind, providing heat, protection, and cooked food (which is much easier to eat and digest). Human control of fire goes back far enough (over a million years) that evolution could have produced a genetic predi sposition towards fire as a central aspect of a human habi tation (just consider the phrase "hearth and home").N). Books—especially books the average person could a fford—haven’t been around long enough to pr oduce evoluti onary change in humans. But they have a powerful hold on m any people nonetheless, a hold extending far beyond their literary content. At their best, they are works of art and there is a tactile pleasure in books necessarily lost in e-book versions. The ability to quickly flip through pages is also lost. And a room with books in it induces, at lea st in some, a feeling not dissimilar to that of a fire in the fireplace on a cold winter’s night.O). For these reasons I think physical books will have a longer existence as a commercial product than some curr ently predict. Like swords, books have symbolic power. Lik e fireplaces, they induce a sense of comfort and warmth. A nd, perhaps, similar to sails, they make a useful backup f or when the lights go out.46. Authors still published in printed versions will be considered important ones.答案：D解析：对应D段末句。
2014年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第3套)参考答案
2014年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words._____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversationand the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During thepause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the bestanswer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through thecentre.1. A) The man hates to lend his tools to other people.B) The man hasn't finished working on the bookshelf.C) The tools have already been returned to the woman.D) The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing.2. A) Save time by using a computer.B) Buy her own computer.C) Borrow Martha's computer.D) Stay home and complete her paper.3. A) The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.B) The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.C) The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D) The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.4. A) The cinema is some distance away from where they are.B) He would like to read the film review in the newspaper.C) They should wait to see the movie at a later time.D) Hell find his way to the cinema.5. A) He's been to Seattle many times.B) He has chaired a lot of conferences.C) He has a high position in his company.D) He lived in Seattle for many years.6. A) Teacher and student.B) Doctor and patient.C) Manager and office worker.D) Travel agent and customer.7. A) She knows the guy who will give the lecture.B) She thinks the lecture might be informative.C) She wants to add something to her lecture.D) Shell finish her report this weekend.8. A) The houses for sale are of poor quality.B) The houses are too expensive for the couple to buy.C) The housing developers provide free trips for potential buyers.D) The man is unwilling to take a look at the houses for sale.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) How to study English well.B) Which courses to choose.C) How to write computer games.D) Which books to read.10. A) Physical sciences.B) Maths and physics.C) Art and design.D) Electronics and computer-programming.11. A) Her English is very good.B) She is interested in English.C) Her English writing is poor.D) Her oral English is bad.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Applying for a work experience.B) Applying for a part-time job.C) Taking an exam.D) Visiting an old friend.13. A) Students in the first half of their courses.B) Students who will graduate soon.C) Students in the second half of their courses.D) Students who have just graduated from universities.14. A) Explain the procedures to the students.B) Work regular hours.C) Write a comprehensive report.D) Send a report about the woman's work.15. A) In two weeks.B) In three weeks.C) In the second half of her course.D) Not decided yet.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Synthetic fuel.B) Solar energy.C) Alcohol.D) Electricity.17. A) Air traffic conditions.B) Traffic jams on highways.C) Road conditions.D) New traffic rules.18. A) Go through a health check.B) Carry little luggage.C) Arrive early for boarding.D) Undergo security checks.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) In a fast-food restaurant.B) At a shopping center.C) At a county fair.D) In a bakery.20. A) Avoid eating any food.B) Prepare the right type of pie to eat.C) Wash his hands thoroughly.D) Practice eating a pie quickly.21. A) On the table.B) Behind his back.C) Under his bottom.D) On his lap.22. A) Looking sideways to see how fast your neighbor eats.B) Eating from the outside toward the middle.C) Swallowing the pie with water.D) Holding the pie in the right position.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) Beauty.B) Loyalty.C) Luck.D) Durability.24. A) He wanted to follow the tradition of his country.B) He believed that it symbolized an everlasting marriage.C) It was thought a blood vessel in that finger led directly to the heart.D) It was supposed that the diamond on that finger would bring good luck.25. A) The two people can learn about each other's likes and dislikes.B) The two people can have time to decide if they are a good match.C) The two people can have time to shop for their new home.D) The two people can earn enough money for their wedding.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time,you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when thepassage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.In the center of a big city there are usually dozens of large office buildings that house big banks, corporation headquarters, and government agencies. Thousands of people work in these buildings. People who do all the office work are called white-collar workers. 26 and receptionists, bookkeepers and computer operators work for many different kinds of companies.Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top, from clerk to 27 of a corporation. The way lies through middle management. Middle management includes junior executives, who may fill 28 jobs, supervise other workers in the company, 29 action to top management, or see that the company's policies are 30 . At the very top are the senior executives. They 31 the policies for their own companies, especially 32 . The Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, of a large 33 has a great deal of power and influence.It is believed that one can start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because financial matters are so important, some accountants become top executives. In companies where technology is important, people with an engineering background can also rise to the top. Nowadays, however, education 34 in the selection of people for management jobs. Universities in many countries offer courses in business administration. The graduates of these courses often start out in middle management jobs. From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary 35 and ability.Part m Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passagethrough carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throughthe centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once:Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.For decades, Americans have taken for granted the United States' leadership position in the development of new technologies. The innovations (创新) that resulted from research and development during World War II and afterwards were 36 to the prosperity of the nation in the second half of the 20th century. Those innovations, upon which virtually all aspects of 37 society now depend, were possible because the United States then 38 the world in mathematics and science education. Today, however, despite increasing demand for workers with strong skills in mathematics and science, the 39 of degrees awarded in science, math, and engineering are decreasing.The decline in degree production in what are called the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math) seems to be 40 related to the comparatively weak performance by US schoolchildren on international assessments of math and science. Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. According to the 2005 report of the Business-Higher Education Forum, 22 percent of college freshmen must take remedial (补习的) math 41 , and less than half of the students who plan to major in science or engineering 42 complete a major in those fields.The result has been a decrease in the number of American college graduates who have the skills, 43 in mathematics, to power a workforce that can keep the country at the forefront (前沿) of innovation and maintain its standard of living. With the 44 performance of American students in math and science has come increased competition from students from other countries that have strongly supported education in these areas. Many more students earn 45 in the STEM disciplines in developing countries than in theDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is markedwith a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Ban Sugary Drinks—That Will Add Fuel to the Obesity WarA) On a train last Thursday, I sat opposite a man who was so fat he filled more than one seat. He was pale anddisfigured and looked sick to death, which he probably was: obesity (肥胖症) leads to many nasty ways of dying. Looking around the carriage, I saw quite a few people like him, including a couple of fatty children with swollen cheeks pressing against their eyes. These people are part of what is without exaggeration an epidemic (流行病) of obesity.B) But it is quite unnecessary: there is a simple idea—far from new—that could spare millions of suchpeople a lifetime of chronic (长期的) ill health, and at the same time save the National Health Service (NHS) at least ￡ 14 billion a year in England and Wales. There would, you might think, be considerable public interest in it. This simple idea is that sugar is as good—or as bad—as poison and should be avoided. It is pure, white and deadly, as Professor John Yudkin described it 40 years ago in a revolutionary book of that name. The subtitle was How Sugar Is Killing Us.C) In its countless hidden forms, in ready meals, junk food and sweet drinks, sugar leads to addiction (瘾), tohormonal upsets to the appetite, to metabolic (新陈代谢的) malfunctions and obesity and from there to type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) and its many horrible complications. If people really grasped that, they would try to kick the habit, particularly as Britain is the "fat man of Europe". They might even feel driven to support government measures to prevent people from consuming this deadly stuff. Yet so far this idea has met little but resistance.D) It is not difficult to imagine the vested interests (既得利益集团) lined up against any sugar control—allthe food and drink manufacturers, processors, promoters and retailers who make such easy pickings out of the magic powers of sugar. Then there are the liberals, with whom I would normally side, who protest that government regulation would be yet another instance of interference in our lives.E) That is true, but people should realise that you cannot have a welfare state without a nanny state (保姆国家), to some degree. If we are all to be responsible for one another's health insurance, through socialised medicine, then we are all closely involved in one another's health, including everyone's eating and drinking. That has already been admitted, finally, with smoking. But it has yet to be admitted with overeating, even though one in four adults in this country is obese and that number is predicted to double by the year 2050. Quite apart from anything else, obesity will cripple the NHS.F) Recently, though, there have been signs that the medical establishment is trying to sound the alarm. Lastmonth the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AMRC) published a report saying that obesity is the greatest public health issue affecting the UK and urging government to do something.G) The report offers 10 recommendations, of which the first is imposing a tax of 20 percent on sugary drinksfor at least a year, on top of the existing 20 percent value-added tax. That at least would be an excellent start. The amounts of sugar in soft drinks are horrifying, and turn straight to fat. As Professor Terence Stephenson, head of the AMRC, has said, sugary soft drinks are "the ultimate bad food. You are just consuming neat sugar. Your body didn't evolve to handle this kind of thing."H) Precisely. The risks of eating too much fat or salt (which are very different) pale into insignificancecompared with the harm done by sugar. And it is everywhere.I ) It is difficult to buy anything in a supermarket, other than plain, unprepared meat, fish or vegetables, thatdoesn't have a large amount of sugar in it. This has come about because the prevailing scientific views of the 1960s and 1970s ignored the evidence about sugar, and instead saw fat as the really serious risk, both to the heart and other organs, as well as the cause of obesity.J) The fashion was to avoid fat. But finding that food with much of its fat removed is not very appetising, food producers turned to sugar as a magic alternative flavour enhancer, often in the forms of syrups (糖浆) that had recently been developed from corn, and put it generously into most prepared foods and soft drinks.K) This stuff is not just fattening. It is addictive. It interferes with the body's metabolism, possibly via the activity of an appetite-controlling hormone. There's plenty of evidence for this, for those who will accept the truth.L) Theoretically, people ought to make "healthy choices" and avoid overeating. But sugar additives are not easy to identify and are hard to avoid. So the snacking, overdrinking and overeating that makes people fat is not really their own fault: obesity is in large part something that is being done to them. It should be stopped, or rather the government should stop it.M) Going round my local supermarket, I am constantly astonished that it is still legal to sell all the poisons stacked high on the shelves. The problem is that they are worse than useless. They are poisonous. They are known to be addictive. They are known to make people obese. And giving small children sweet drinks or bottles of fake juice all day long is nothing less than child abuse.N) Clearly, the sale of such stuff ought to be illegal. I hate to think of yet more government regulation. But a bit of tax on sweet soda and a little more health education, a bit of cooking in schools and banning vending machines (自动售货机) here and there—as suggested by the AMRC report—is not going to achieve very much. Labelling is quite inadequate. What is needed is legislation banning high levels of sugary syrups used in foods and drinks.O) In June 2012, the then minister for public health said the government was not scared of the food industry and had not ruled out legislation, because of the costs of obesity to the NHS. However, nothing has happened yet. Why not have another Jammie Dodger biscuit and forget about it.46. Avoiding over-consumption of sugar can improve people's health as well as save medical expenses.47. Laws should be passed to make it illegal to produce overly sweet foods or drinks.48. Giving small children sweet juices to drink all the time is equal to child abuse.49. Looking around, the author found obesity quite widespread.50. The number of obese people is expected to increase quickly in the next few decades.51. If people really understood the horrible consequences of sugary foods and drinks, they would support government measures against sugar consumption.52. It would be a very good beginning to impose an additional tax on sugary drinks.53. The government has not yet taken any action to regulate sugar consumption although it indicated its intention to do so some time ago.54. Sugar is far more harmful to health than fat and salt.55. Consumers of sweet foods are not really to blame because they cannot tell what food is sugary. Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You shoulddecide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a singleline through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.New Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling (骑车的) passengers on those shining blue Citi Bikes. But what about local bike shops? Is Citi Bike rolling up riders at their expense?At Gotham Bikes in Tribeca, manager W. Ben said the shop has seen an increase in its overall sales due to the bike-share program. "It's getting more people on the road," he said. James Ryan, an employee at Danny's Cycles in Gramercy also said Citi Bike is a good option for people to ease into biking in a city famed for its traffic jams and aggressive drivers. "They can try out a bike without committing to buying one," he said.Rentals are not a big part of the business at either Gotham Bikes or Danny's Cycles. But for Frank's Bike Shop, a small business on Grand St., the bike-share program has been bad news. Owner Frank Arroyo said his rental business has decreased by 90% since Citi Bike was rolled out last month. Arroyo's main rental customers are European tourists, who have since been drawn away by Citi Bikes.However, Ben said the bike-share is good for bike sales at his shop. "People have used the bike- share and realized how great it is to bike in the city, then decide that they want something nicer for themselves," he noted.Christian Farrell of Waterfront Bicycle Shop, on West St. just north of Christopher St., said initially he was concerned about bike-share, though, he admitted, "I was happy to see people on bikes."Farrell's early concerns were echoed by Andrew Crooks, owner of NYC Velo, at 64 Second Ave. "It seemed like a great idea, but one that would be difficult to implement," Crooks said of Citi Bike. He said he worried about inexperienced riders' lack of awareness of biking rules and strong negative reaction from non-cyclists. However, he said, it's still too early to tell if his business has been impacted.While it's possible bike-share will cause a drop in business, Crooks allowed that the idea is a positive step forward for New York City.56. What is the author's chief concern about the increasing use of Citi Bikes in New York?A) How non-cyclists will respond to it.B) Whether local bike shops will suffer.C) Whether local bike businesses will oppose it.D) How the safety of bike riders can be ensured.57. What happened to Gotham Bikes as a result of the bike-share program?A) It found its bike sales unaffected.B) It shifted its business to rentals.C) It saw its bike sales on the rise.D) It rented more bikes to tourists.58. Why is the bike-share program bad news for Frank's Bike Shop?A) It cannot meet the demand of the bike-share program.B) Its customers have been drawn away by Citi Bikes.C) Its bike prices have to be lowered again and again.D) It has to compete with the city's bike rental shops.59. Why did Andrew Crooks think that the bike-share program would be difficult to execute?A) Inexperienced riders might break biking rules.B) Conflicts might arise among bike rental shops.C) Traffic conditions might worsen in the downtown area.D) There are not enough lanes to accommodate the bikes.60. What is the general attitude of local bike shops towards Citi Bike?A) Wait-and-see.B) Negative.C) Indifferent.D) Approving.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has not led to measurable improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff and teachers at US public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students. Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.Universities show similar trends of increased administration personnel and costs without greater learning, as documented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses.A survey shows that 63% of employers say that recent college graduates don't have the skills they need to succeed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.Some simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of skilled students by private schools, but far more significant events were at work.Public schools worked well until about the 1970s. In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones. It was the underperforming students who were thrown out of public schools and went to private ones.A prominent reason public schools did well was that many highly qualified women had few options for working outside the house other than being teachers or nurses. They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.Having such a large supply of talented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services. Women's liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women, and, over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about a gradual decline in the quality of schooling.Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent adjustments, and introduce bureaucratic (官僚的) standard for advancement. Large education bureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activity with achievement. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsense about theories of education, and require ever more administrators. The end result has been that, after all the spending, students have worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spending far less on education— as all the accumulating evidence now documents.61. What do we learn from various studies on America's public education?A) Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.B) Public schools lack the resources to compete with private schools.C) Little improvement in education has resulted from increased spending.D) The number of students has increased much faster than that of teachers.62. How do some people explain the decline in public education?A) Government investment does not meet schools' needs.B) Skilled students are moving to private schools.C) Qualified teachers are far from adequately paid.D) Training of students' basic skills is neglected.63. What was a significant contributor to the past glory of public schools?A) Well-behaved students.B) Efficient administration.C) Talented women teachers.D) Generous pay for teachers.64. Why did some of the best women teachers leave teaching?A) New career opportunities were made available to them by women's liberation.B) Higher academic requirements made it difficult for them to stay in their jobs.C) They were unhappy with the bureaucratic administration in their schools.D) The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.65. What does the author think is one of the results of government involvement in education?A) Increasing emphasis on theories of education.B) Highly standardized teaching methods.C) Students' improved academic performance.D) An ever-growing number of administrators.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.大熊猫(giant panda)是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。
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1、并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。
这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。
希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。
ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点：句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。
参考译文：当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。
要点：主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy，to build homes，和to design cities。
本句的主干部分为：The way is culturally influenced。
参考译文：怎样利用空间实现个人隐私，修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。
要点：neither…nor连接并列主语。
“convince”后接“people”作宾语，另外三个“that……”从句并列作convince 的宾语，其中最后一个“that……”从句前省略了“that”补齐则为(that) millions of……。
参考译文：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信：多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。
2ExerciseIn whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.要点分析和参考译文:要点：这两句为对偶句，结构工整。
In whatever company 意为"无论和什么人交往"不要误以为"不论在什么公司"。
persons and conversations的定语后置。
同样道理meat and drink，dishes 也都带有后置定语。
参考译文：无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然。
同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。
要点：they are too old for是定语从句修饰jobs。
Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和face参考译文：许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对(再找工作时)可能会遇到的拒绝要点：remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see……，另一个是that we failed to……。
由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。
参考译文：可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。
3 ExerciseWe know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.people think of cowboys as free people, unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to nature, with the trees and the sky and the stars.Clearly , science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study.要点分析和参考译文要点：此句又两个并列结构存在，一个使全局的主干结构，即由but连接的两个分句"we know……，but all too often we recognize……";另一个是glance 后面跟着由and连接的两个并列的状语从句。
这两个状语从句在实践上存在着先后顺序，在结构上是一个对偶句，而且第二个状语从句得主语省略，即when we remember what it was and then suddenly (we) realize that it is no more。
参考译文：我们大家都知道这是实际情况。
可我们却常常只是再回首往事想起它当时的情景时才认识到，并且此时我们会突然发现它已不复存在了。
要点：句中谓语动词为一短语"think of …… as", 后接名词短语" free people"及形容词短语"unafraid to battle with wild animals"并列作cowboys的宾语补足语。
分词短语"living……"及介词短语"with the trees……" 做伴随及方式状语。
参考译文：人们把牛仔看成是自由自在的人，毫不惧怕与野兽搏斗，在大自然的怀抱中生活，与树木，天空及星斗共存。
要点：此句是由;号链接在一起的两个独立的句子，是一个并列的结构。
第二个分句的主语this 指的应该是4插入结构除了上一章的并列结构，英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。
插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，a如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。
有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，不易分清各部分得成分，而造成阅读上得障碍。
插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。
但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。
本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。
ExerciseAmericans admire the self-made person—the one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top.Silly or wise, terrible or delightful, it is a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark, another slice of life cut differently for which, it seems to me, we are never sufficiently grateful.Quite a different problem, but one that is causing growing concern, is that computers may violate people’s privacy.要点分析和参考译文要点：破折号后的“the one”是前面person的同位语，“the one”后面又有一个由who引导的定语从句，其中主语和谓语之间有一个插入语：with neither money nor family influence.参考译文：美国人钦佩靠个人奋斗而成功的人士：这种人既没有金钱也没有家庭背景，靠自己的奋斗攀登到最上层。
要点：Silly or wise, terrible or delightful为平行结构，在句中作让步状语。
另外句子的表语也是平行结构“a further helping of experi ence, an additional joy after dark”“it seems to me”为插入语，插入到for which引导的定语从句中。
参考译文：不管是愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都是更深一层的另外一种体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是生活另一个不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。