图像处理必备英文词汇
图像处理必备英文词汇 Algebraic operation 代数运算 一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。 Aliasing 走样（混叠） 当图像象素间距和图像细节相比太大时产生的一种人工痕迹。 Arc 弧 （l）图的一部分（2）表示一段相连曲线的像素集合。 Binary image 二值图像 只有两级灰度的数字图像（通常为0和1，黑和白）。 Blur 模糊 由于散焦、低通滤波、摄像机运动等引起的图像清晰度的下降。 Border 边框 一幅图像的首、未行或列。 Boundary chain code 边界链码 定义一个物体边界的方向序列。 Boundary pixel 边界像素 至少和一个背景象素相邻接的内部像素（比较：外部像素、内部像素）。 Boundary tracking 边界跟踪 一种图像分割技术，通过沿弧从一个像素顺序探索到下一个像素的方法将弧检测出来。 Brightness 亮度 和图像一个点相关的值，表示从该点的物体发射或反射的光的量。 Change detection 变化检测 通过相减等操作将两幅匹准图像的像素加以比较从而检测出其中物体差别的技术。 Class 类 见模或类。 Closed curve 封闭曲线 一条首尾接于一点的曲线。 Cluster 聚类，集群 在空间（如在特征空间）中位置接近的点的集合。 Cluster analysis 聚类分析 在空间中对聚类的检测、度量和描述。 Concave 凹的 如果说某个物体是“凹的”是指至少存在两个物体内部的点，其连线不能完全包含在物体内部（反义词为凸的）。 Connected 连通的。 Contour encoding 轮廓编码 对具有均匀灰度的区域，只将其边界进行编码的一种图像压缩技术。 Contrast 对比度 物体平均亮度（或灰度）与其周围背景的差别程度。 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展 一种线性的灰度变换。 Convex 凸的 指连接物体内部任意两点的直线均落在物体内部。 Convolution 卷积 一种将两个函数组合生成第三个函数的运算，卷积刻画了线性移不变系统的运算。 Convolution kernel 卷积核 （1）用于数字图像卷积滤波的二维数字阵列；（2）与图像或信号卷积的函数。 Curve 曲线 （1）空间的一条连续路径；（2）表示一路径的像素集合（见弧、封闭曲线）。 Deblurring 去模糊 （1）一种降低图像模糊，锐化图像细节的运算；（2）消除或降低图像的模糊，通常是图像复原或重构的一个步骤。 Decision rule 决策规则 在模式识别中，用以将图像中物体赋以一定量的规则或算法，这种赋值是以对物体特征度量为基础的。 Digital image 数字图像 （l）表示景物图象的整数阵列；（2）一个二维或更高维的采样并量化的函数，它由相同维数的连续图像产生；（3）在矩形（或其他）网格上采样一连续函数，并在采样点上将值量化后的阵列。 Digital image processing 数字图像处理 对图像的数字化处理；由计算机对图片信息进行操作。 Digitization 数字化 将景物图像转化为数字形式的过程。 Edge 边缘 （l）在图像中灰度出现突变的区域；（2）属于一段弧上的像素集，在其另一边的像素与其有明显的灰度差别。 Edge detection 边缘检测 通过检查邻域，将边缘像素标识出的一种图像分割技术。 Edge enhancement 边缘增强 通过将边缘两边像素的对比度扩大来锐化图像边缘的一种图像处理技术。 Edge image 边缘图像 在边缘图像中每个像素要么标注为边缘，要么为非边缘。 Edge linking 边缘连接 在边缘图像中将边缘象素连成边缘的一种图像处理技术。 Edge operator 边缘算子 将图像中边线像素标记出来的一种邻域算子。 Edge pixel 边缘像素 处于边缘上的像素。 Enhance 增强 增加对比度或主观可视程度。 Exterior pixel 外像素 在二值图像中，处于物体之外的像素（相对于内像素）。 False negative 负误识 在两类模式识别中，将属于物体标注为不属于物体的误分类。 False positive 正误识 在两类模式识别中，将不属于物体标注为属于物体的误分类。 Feature 特征 物体的一种特性，它可以度量。有助于物体的分类，如：大小、纹理、形状。 Feature extraction 特征检测 模式识别过程中的一个步骤，在该步骤中计算物体的有关度量。 Feature Selection 特征选择 在模式识别系统开发过程中的一个步骤。旨在研究质量或观测能否用于将物体赋以一定类别。 Feature space 特征空间 参见度量空间。 Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 采用复指数作为核函数的一种线性变换。 Geometric correction 几何校正 采用几何变换消除几何畸变的一种图像复原技术。 Gray level 灰度级 （1）和数字图像的像素相关连的值，它表示由该像素的原始景物点的亮度；（2）在某像素位置对图像的局部性质的数字化度量。 Gray scale 灰度 在数字图像中所有可能灰度级的集合。 Gray-scale transformation 灰度变换 在点运算中的一种函数，它建立了输入灰度和对应输出灰度的关系。 Hankel transform Hankel变换。 Harmonic signal 谐波信号 由余弦实部和相同频率的正弦虚部组合的复数信号。 Hermite function Hermite函数 具有偶实部和奇虚部的复值函数。 High-pass filtering 高通滤波 图像增强（通常是卷积）运算，相对于低频部分它对高频部分进行了提升。 Hole 洞 在二值图像中，由物体内点完全包围的连通的背景点。 Image 图像 对物理景物或其他图像的统一表示称为图像。 Image Compression 图像压缩 消除图像冗余或对图像近似的任一种过程，其目的是对图像以更紧凑的形式表示。 Image cording 图像编码 将图像变换成另一个可恢复的形式（如压缩）。
Image enhancement 图像增强 旨在提高图像视觉外观的任一处理。 Image matching 图像匹配 为决定两副图像相似程度对它们进行量化比较的过程。 Image-processing operation 图像处理运算 将输入图像变换为输出图像的一系列步骤。 Image reconstruction 图像重构 从非图像形式构造或恢复图像的过程。 Image registration 图像配准 通过将景物中的一幅图像与相同景物的另一幅图像进行几何运算，以使其中物体对准的过程。 Image restoration 图像恢复 通过逆图像退化的过程将图像恢复为原始状态的过程。 Image segmentation 图像分割 （1）在图像中检测并勾画出感兴趣物体的处理；（2）将图像分为不相连的区域。通常这些区域对应于物体以及物体所处的背景。 Interior pixel 内象素 在一幅二值图像中，处于物体内部的像素（相对于边界像素、外像素）。 Interpolation 插值 确定采样点之间采样函数的过程称为插值。 Kernel 核 见卷积核。 Line detection 线检测 通过检查邻域将直线像素标识出来的一种图像分割技术。 Line pixel 直线像素 处于一条近似于直线的弧上的像素。 Local operation 局部运算 基于输入象素的一个邻域的像素灰度决定该像素输出灰度的图像处理运算，同邻域运算（对比：点运算）。 Local property 局部特征 在图像中随位置变化的感兴趣的特性（如：光学图像的亮度或颜色；非光学图像高度、温度、密度等）。 Lossness image compression 无损图像压缩 可以允许完全重构原图像的任何图像压缩技术。 Lossy image compression 有损图像压缩 由于包含近似，不能精确重构原图像的任何图像压缩技术。 Matched filtering 匹配滤波 采用匹配滤波器检测图像中特定物体的存在及其位量。 Measurement space 度量空间 在模式识别中，包含所有可能度量向量的n维向量空间。 Misclassification 误分类 在模式识别中，将物体误为别类的分类。 Multi-spectral image 多光谱图像 同一景物的一组图像，每一个是由电磁谱的不同波段辐射产生的。 Neighborhood 邻域 在给定像素附近的一像素集合。 Neighborhood operation 邻域运算 见局部运算（对比：点运算）。 Noise 噪声 一幅图像中阻碍感兴趣数据的识别和解释的不相关部分。 Noise reduction 噪声抑制 降低一幅图像中噪声的任何处理。 Object 目标，物体 在模式识别中，处于一二值图像中的相连象素的集合，通常对应于该图像所表示景物中的一个物体。 Optical image 光学图像 通过镜头等光学器件将景物中的光投射到一表面上的结果。 Pattern 模式 一个类的成员所表现出的共有的有意义的规则性，可以度量并可用于对感兴趣的物体进行分类。 Pattern class 模式类 可预先赋予一个物体的相互不包容的任一个类。 Pattern classification 模式分类 将物体赋予模式类的过程。 Pattern recognition 模式识别 自动或半自动地检测、度量、分类图像中的物体。 Pel 像素 图像元素（picture element）的缩写。 Perimeter 周长 围绕一物体的边界的周边距离。 Picture element 图像元素，像素 数字图像的最小单位。一幅数字图像的基本组成单元。 Pixel 像素 图像元素（picture element）的缩写。 Point operation 点运算 只根据对应像素的输入灰度值决定该像素输出灰度值的图像处理运算（对比：邻域运算）。 Quantitative image analysis 定量图像分析 从一幅数字图像中抽取定量数据的过程。 Quantization 量化 在每个象素处，将图像的局部特性赋予一个灰度集合中的元素的过程。 Region 区域 一幅图像中的相连子集。 Region growing 区域增长 通过反复对具有相似灰度或纹理的相邻子区域求并集生成区域的一种图像分割技术。 Registered 配准的 （l）调准的状态；（2）两幅或多幅图像已几何调准，其中的物体吻合。 Registered image 已配准图像 同一景物的两幅（或以上）图像已相互调准好位置，从而使其中的物体具有相同的图像位置。
PS术语及操作指令中英对照
PS术语及操作指令中英对照以下是PS（Photoshop）术语及其操作指令的中英对照。
1. 调整面板（Adjustments Panel）- 色彩平衡（Color Balance）- 曲线（Curves）- 色阶（Levels）- 亮度/对比度（Brightness/Contrast）2. 图像菜单（Image Menu）- 裁剪（Crop）- 图像大小（Image Size）- 旋转画布（Rotate Canvas）- 剪贴画布（Trim）3. 筛选器菜单（Filter Menu）- 清晰度（Sharpen）- 柔化（Blur）- 噪点（Noise）- 钻石照片效果（Facet）4. 选择工具（Selection Tools）- 椭圆选框（Elliptical Marquee）- 矩形选框（Rectangular Marquee）- 超级魔棒（Magic Wand）- 快速选择（Quick Selection）5. 刷子工具（Brush Tools）- 标准刷子（Standard Brush）- 气笔工具（Airbrush Tool）- 油漆刷（Paintbrush）- 模糊刷（Blur brush）6. 去红眼工具（Red Eye Tool）7. 渐变工具（Gradient Tool）8. 文字工具（Text Tool）9. 涂鸦工具（Dodge Tool / Burn Tool）10. 动作（Actions）- 创建新动作（New Action）- 记录动作（Record Action）- 执行动作（Play Actions）11. 图层面板（Layers Panel）- 新建图层（New Layer）- 合并图层（Merge Layers）- 图层蒙版（Layer Mask）- 创建剪贴蒙版（Create Clipping Mask）12. 混合模式（Blending Modes）- 正片叠底（Multiply）- 屏幕（Screen）- 溶解（Dissolve）- 叠加（Overlay）13. 调整图像大小（Resize Image）- 宽度（Width）- 高度（Height）- 分辨率（Resolution）- 保持长宽比（Constrain Proportions）14. 魔棒工具（Magic Wand Tool）- 容差（Tolerance）- 反转选择（Invert Selection）- 钢笔工具（Pen Tool）- 添加到选择（Add to Selection）15. 快速选择工具（Quick Selection Tool）16. 快速掩膜工具（Quick Mask Tool）17. 焦点区域（Focus Area）18. 图层面板（Layer Panel）- 结合（Group）- 填充（Fill）- 图层样式（Layer Style）- 隐藏/显示图层（Hide/Show Layers）19. 历史面板（History Panel）- 切换前一个状态（Previous State）- 前进到下一个状态（Next State）- 打开历史快照（Open History Snapshot）- 创建历史快照（Create New Snapshot）20. 文件菜单（File Menu）- 新建（New）- 打开（Open）- 保存（Save）- 另存为（Save As）我希望这些术语和操作指令能够帮助你更好地理解和使用PS。
超声常用英语术语
超声常用英语术语超声成像 - ultrasonic imaging实时成像 - real-time imaging灰阶显示 - gray scale display彩阶显示 - color scale display经颅多普勒 - transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像 - color doppler flow imaging彩色血流造影 - color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图 - color doppler energy彩色能量图 - color power angio超声内镜 - ultrasound endoscope超声导管 - ultrasound catheter血管内超声 - intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像 - intravascular ultrasonic imaging管腔内超声显像 - intraluminal ultrasonic imaging腔内超声显像 - endoluminal sonography心内超声显像 - intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描 - endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术 - endosonography膀胱镜超声技术 - cystosonography阴道镜超声技术 - vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像 - transvaginal color doppler imaging 经直肠超声扫描 - transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术） - rectosonography经尿道扫查 - transurethral scanning介入性超声 - interventional ultrasound术中超声监视 - intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影 - ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇 - US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流 - US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸 - US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检 - US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影 - US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography三维显示 - three dimensional display三维图像重建 - 3D image reconstruction组织特性成像 - tissue specific imaging动态成像 - dynamic imaging数字成像 - digital image血管显像 - angiography声像图法 - echography sonography声像图 - sonogram echogram多用途探头 - multipurpose scanner宽频带探头 - wide-band probe环阵相控探头 - phased annular array probe术中探头 - intraoperative porbe穿刺探头 - ultrasound guided probe食管探头 - transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头 - transesophagel echocardiography probe 阴道探头 - transvaginal probe直肠探头 - transrectal probe尿道探头 - transurethral probe膀胱探头 - intervesical probe腔内探头 - intracavitary probe内腔探头 - endo-probe导管超声探头 - catheter-based US probe扫描方式 - scan mode线阵 - linear array凸阵 - convex array扇扫 - sector scanning传感器 - sensor换能器 - transducer放大器 - amplifier阻尼器 - buffer解调器、检波器 - demodulator触发器 - trigger零位调整 - zero adjustment定标、校正 - calibration快速时间常数电路 - fast time constant自动增益控制 - automatic gain control深度增益补偿 - depth gain compensation时间增益补偿 - time gain compensation对数压缩 - logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制 - sensitivity time control 动态范围 - dynamic range消除 - erase, eliminate变换 - shift倒置、反转 - invert消除 - clear注释 - annotation放大 - magnification , magnify , zoom写入 - write记录 - record聚焦 - focus帧率 - frame rate冻结 - freeze字符 - character抑制 - rejection, reject , suppression增益 - gain帧相关 - frame correlation回放 - rendering , play back彩色极性 - color polarity彩色边界 - color edge彩色增强 - color enhance菜单选择 - menu selection彩色余辉 - color persistence彩色捕获 - color capture彩色壁滤波 - color wall filter彩色速度显像 - color velocity imaging彩色转向 - color steering彩色消除 - color cut彩色锁定 - color lock成像数据 - imaging data预设置 - preset前处理 - pre process后处理 - post process重调、复原 - reset动态频率扫描 - dynamic frequency scanning 焦距 - focal distance动态聚焦 - dynamic focusing滑动聚焦 - sliging focusing区域聚焦 - zone focusing连续聚焦 - sequential focusing电子聚焦 - electric focusing分段聚焦 - segment focusing多段聚焦 - multistage focusing全场连续聚焦 - confocusing图像均匀性 - image uniformity运动辨别力 - motion discrimination穿透深度 - penetration depth空间分辨力 - spatial resolution瞬时分辨力 - temporal resolution帧分辨力 - frame resolution图像线分辨力 - image-line resolution对比分辨力 - contrast resolution细节分辨力 - detail resolution多普勒取样容积 - doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力 - doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution多普勒流向分辨力 - doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力 - doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution彩色多普勒空间分辨力 - spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力 - time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力 - minimum flow-velocity of color doppler彩色多普勒强度 - color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板 - CFM processing board彩色视频监视器 - color video monitorultrasonic imaging 超声成像real-time imaging 实时成像gray scale display 灰阶显示color scale display 彩阶显示transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像color flow angiography 彩色血流造影color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图color power angio 彩色能量图ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜ultrasound catheter 超声导管intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描endosonography 内镜超声技术cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查interventional ultrasound 介入性超声intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像dynamic imaging 动态成像digital image 数字成像angiography 血管显像echography sonography 声像图法sonogram echogram 声像图multipurpose scanner 多用途探头wide-band probe 宽频带探头phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头intraoperative porbe 术中探头ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头transesophagel probe 食管探头transesophagel echocardiography probe 经食管超声心动图探头transvaginal probe 阴道探头transrectal probe 直肠探头transurethral probe 尿道探头intervesical probe 膀胱探头intracavitary probe 腔内探头endo-probe 内腔探头catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头scan mode 扫描方式linear array 线阵convex array 凸阵sector scanning 扇扫sensor 传感器transducer 换能器amplifier 放大器buffer 阻尼器demodulator 解调器、检波器trigger 触发器zero adjustment 零位调整calibration 定标、校正fast time constant 快速时间常数电路automatic gain control 自动增益控制depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿time gain compensation 时间增益补偿logarithmic compression 对数压缩sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制dynamic range 动态范围erase, eliminate 消除shift 变换invert 倒置、反转clear 消除annotation 注释magnification , magnify , zoom 放大write 写入record 记录focus 聚焦frame rate 帧率freeze 冻结character 字符rejection, reject , suppression 抑制gain 增益frame correlation 帧相关rendering , play back 回放color polarity 彩色极性color edge 彩色边界color enhance 彩色增强menu selection 菜单选择color persistence 彩色余辉color capture 彩色捕获color wall filter 彩色壁滤波color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像color steering 彩色转向color cut 彩色消除color lock 彩色锁定imaging data 成像数据preset 预设置pre process 前处理post process 后处理reset 重调、复原dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描focal distance 焦距dynamic focusing 动态聚焦sliging focusing 滑动聚焦zone focusing 区域聚焦sequential focusing 连续聚焦electric focusing 电子聚焦segment focusing 分段聚焦multistage focusing 多段聚焦confocusing 全场连续聚焦image uniformity 图像均匀性motion discrimination 运动辨别力penetration depth 穿透深度spatial resolution 空间分辨力temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力frame resolution 帧分辨力image-line resolution 图像线分辨力contrast resolution 对比分辨力detail resolution 细节分辨力doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板color video monitor 彩色视频监视器常用超声医学术语、缩略语中、英文对照词汇（按首字母分类）A 面积Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹主动脉Abdominal Circumference (AC) 腹围Abdominal Flow Display (AFD) 腹部血流显示Abscess (ABS) 脓肿ACA 大脑前动脉Acc 加速度AccT 血流加速时间AComA 前交通动脉Adrenal Gland (AG) 肾上腺ALS 主动脉瓣叶开放Amniotic Fluid (AF) 羊水Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) 羊水指数Amplifier 放大器Angiography 血管显像Angioma (ANG) 血管瘤Ann 瓣环Annotation 注释Anterior Chamber(AC ) 前房Ao 主动脉Ao Arch Diam 主动脉弓直径Ao Asc 升主动脉直径Ao Desc Diam 降主动脉直径Ao Diam 主动脉根部直径Ao Isthmus 主动脉峡部Ao st junct 主动脉 ST 接合Appendix (Ap) 阑尾Aqueous Humour 房水AR 主动脉返流Asc 上升Ascariasis (As) 蛔虫Ascending Colon (As C) 升结肠Ascites (ASC) 腹水ASD 心房间隔缺损Automatic gain control 自动增益控制AV 主动脉瓣膜AV- A 连续性方程计算的主动脉瓣膜面积AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Di am) 主动脉瓣膜直径AVA 主动脉瓣膜面积Axill 腋下动脉Axillary Vein 腋静脉BBA 基底动脉Basil V 基底静脉Bile Dull Ascariasis (BDAS) 胆道蛔虫Biparietal Diameter (BPD) 双顶径Body Of Pancreas (PaB) 胰体Body of Stomach (SB) 胃体Brac V 臂静脉Breast 乳腺Brightness 辉度、亮度BSA 体表面积Buffer 阻尼器CCalcification (CAL) 钙化Calibration 定标、校正Cardia (C )(Ca) 贲门Catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头Caudate Lobe (CL) 尾状叶CCA 颈总动脉Cecum 盲肠Celiac Artery (Ce A;CA) 腹腔动脉Ceph V V 头静脉Cephalic Index 胎头指数Cervix (C ) 子宫颈CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板CHA 肝总动脉Character 字符Chorion (C ) 绒毛膜Choroid 脉络膜CI 心脏指数Ciliary Body 睫状体Clear 消除CO 心脏输出量Colon (Co) 结肠Color capture 彩色捕获Color cut 彩色消除Color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图Color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) 彩色多普勒血流显像Color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度Color edge 彩色边界Color enhance 彩色增强Color flow angiography 彩色血流造影Color lock 彩色锁定Color persistence 彩色余辉Color polarity 彩色极性Color power angio 彩色能量图Color scale display 彩阶显示Color steering 彩色转向Color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像Color video monitor 彩色视频监视器Color wall filter 彩色壁滤波Com Femoral 股总动脉Common Bile Duct (CBD) 胆总管Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) 肝总管Common Iliac Artery 髂总动脉Common Jugular Artery 颈总动脉Confocusing 全场连续聚焦Contrast resolution 对比分辨力Convex (CVX) 凸形、凸阵Convex array 凸阵Cornea 角膜Cross sectional Area (CSA) 切面面积Crowm-Rump Length (CRL) 顶臀长度Cyst (Cy) 囊肿Cystic Duct (CD) 胆囊管Cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术DD 直径Dec 减速度Decidua 蜕膜DecT 减速时间Demodulator 解调器、检波器Depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿Desc 递减Descending Colon (De C ) 降结肠Detail resolution 细节分辨力Diaphragm (D) 横膈Digital image 数字成像Doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力Doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力Doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力Doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积Dorsal Pedal Artery 足背动脉Duodenum (Du) 十二指肠Dur 持续时间Dynamic focusing 动态聚焦Dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描Dynamic imaging 动态影像Dynamic range 动态范围EECA 颈外动脉Echography sonography 声像图法Ed 心脏舒张EDD 预产期EdV 舒张末期容量EF 射血分数Effusion (Eff) 积液EFW 胎儿估计体重Electric focusing 电子聚焦Embolism 栓塞Endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像Endometriosis (En) 子宫内膜Endo-probe 内腔探头Endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描Endosonography 内镜超声技术Epididymis (Ep) 副睾EPSS E 点到室间隔分离Erase eliminate 消除EsV 收缩末期容量ET 射血时间External Iliac Artery 髂外动脉External Jugular Vein 颈外静脉FFalx Cerebri (FC;FL) 大脑镰Fast time constant 快速时间常数电路Fecalith (Fe) 粪石Femoral Artery 股动脉Femoral Vein 股静脉Femur Length (FL) 股骨径Fetal Head (FH) 胎头Fetal Heart (F Ht) 胎心Fib 腓骨Fibrosis (Fib) 纤维化Focal distance 焦距Focus 聚焦Foreign Boby (FB）异物frame correlation 帧相关frame rate 帧率frame resolution 帧分辨力Freeze (FRZ) 冻结Freeze 冻结Frequency Spectrum 频谱FS 短轴缩短率Fumur 股骨Fundus of Stomach (SF) 胃底FV 血流容量FVI 血流速度积分GGA 孕龄Gain 增益Gallbladder (GB）胆囊Gestational Sac (GS) 妊娠囊Gray scale display 灰阶显示Great Saphenous Vein 大隐静脉HHamartoma 错构瘤Head circumference (HC) 头围Head of Pancreas (PaH) 胰头Hematoma (HMA) 血肿Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Flexure of Colon 结肠肝曲Hepatic Vein (HV) 肝静脉Hip 髋骨HR 心率Humerus 肱骨IICA 颈内动脉Ileum 回肠Iliac Creast 髂嵴Ilium 髂骨IMA 肠系膜下动脉Image uniformity 图像均匀性Image-line resolution 图像线分辨力Imaging data 成像数据Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) 下腔静脉Inguen 腹股沟Inno V 无名静脉Internal Iliac Artery 髂内动脉Internal Jugular Vein 颈内静脉Internal Ostium of the Uterius 子宫内口Interventional ultrasound 介入性超声Intervesical probe 膀胱探头Intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像Intracavitary probe 腔内探头Intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像Intraoperative porbe 术中探头Intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视Intrauterine Devices (IUD) 宫内节育器Intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像Intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声Invert 倒置、反转Iris 虹膜IVC 下腔静脉IVRT 等容舒张期IVS 室间隔IVSd 、IVSs 室间隔（收缩期，舒张期）厚度JJejunum 空肠Joint 关节KKidney (K) 肾LL 长度LA 左心房LA Diam 左心房直径LA Major 左心房长度LA Minor 左心房宽度LA/Ao Ratio 左心房直径和主动脉根部直径比率LAA 左心房面积LAD 左心房直径Large Intestine 大肠Lateral Ventricle (LV) 侧脑室Left Gastric Artery 胃左动脉Left Hepatic Vein(LHV) 肝左静脉Left Liver Lobe (LL) 肝左叶Lens 晶状体Linear array 线阵Lipoma 脂肪瘤Logarithmic compression 对数压缩LPA 左肺动脉LPA 左肺动脉LV 左心室LVA 左心室面积LVI D 左心室内径LVIDd 舒张期左心室容积LVIDs 收缩期左心室容积LVL 左心室长度LVLd 舒张期左心室内径LVLs 收缩期左心室内径LVM 左心室心肌重量LVOT Diam 左心室流出道直径LVPW 左心室后壁LVPWd 左室后壁舒张期厚度LVPWs 左室后壁收缩期厚度Lymph node (LN) 淋巴结Lymphoma 淋巴瘤MMajor 腰大肌Magnification Magnify Zoom 放大Mass( M) 包块MCA 大脑中动脉Mcub V 中央静脉Mean Velocity (Mean Vel) 平均速度Medial Hepatic Vein (MHV) 肝中静脉Meniscus 半月板Menu selection 菜单选择Mesentery 肠系膜metastasis (Met) 转移灶Minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力Motion discrimination 运动辨别力MPA 主肺动脉MPA 主肺动脉MR 二尖瓣返流MRA 肾主动脉Multipurpose scanner 多用途探头Multistage focusing 多段聚焦Muscle Musculus (M) 肌肉MV 二尖瓣MVA By PHT 二尖瓣口面积根据压力降半时间MVcf 纤维圆周缩短平均速度MVO 二尖瓣口Myoma (MYO) 肌瘤NNeck of Pancreas (PaN) 胰颈Necrosis (Nec) 坏死Needle Tip (NT) 针尖Node (N) 结节OOccipital Frontal Diameter (OFD) 枕额径Optic Bulb; Eyeball 眼球Orifice of the Uterius 子宫口OT 流出道Ovary Ovaries (Ov) 卵巢PP 乳头肌PA 肺动脉Pancreas (P;Pa) 胰腺PAP 肺动脉压力Parathroid 甲状旁腺Parotid 腮腺PCA 大脑后动脉PComA 后交通动脉PDA 动脉导管末闭PEd 心包渗出舒张期Penetration depth 穿透深度PEP 射血前期Peripheral Vessel （PV）外周血管PFO 卵圆孔未闭PG 压力阶差Phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头PHT 压力降半时间PISA 最近等速线表面面积Placenta (PL) 胎盘Popliteal Artery 腘动脉Popliteal Vein 腘静脉Porta Hepatis 肝门Portal Vein (PV) 门静脉Post process 后处理Pre process 前处理Preset 预设置Prostate (Pro) 前列腺Ps 心脏收缩Pulmonic Diam 肺动脉瓣膜直径PV 肺动脉瓣PV Ann Diam 肺动脉瓣环面直径PV-A 连续性方程计算的肺动脉瓣口面积PVein 肺静脉PW 后壁Pylorus (Py) 幽门Pyramids (Py) 锥体QQp 肺循环血流量Qs 体循环血流量Quadrate Lobe (QL) 方叶RRA 右心房RAA 右心房面积Rad 半径RAD 右心房直径Raduis 桡骨Real-time imaging 实时成像Record 记录Rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）Rectum 直肠Rejection reject suppression 抑制Renal Artery (RA) 肾动脉Renal Calyces (RC) 肾盏Renal Colums (Rco) 肾柱Renal Pelvis (RP) 肾盂Renal Vein (RV) 肾静脉Rendering play back 回放Reset 重调、复原Retina 视网膜Reversed Flow (RF) 返流Right Hepatic Vein (RHV) 肝右静脉Right Liver Lobe (RL) 肝右叶Right Ventricle (RV) 右心室RPA 右肺动脉RPA 右肺动脉RV 右心室RVA 右心室面积RVAW 右心室前壁RVD 右心室直径RVID 右心室内径RVL 右心室长度RVOT 右心室流出道SSantorini Duct (SD) 副胰管Scan mode 扫描方式Scanner (SCNR) 扫描器、探头Scar (Sc) 疤痕Sclera 巩膜Scrotum (Sc)Scrotal Sac (SS) 阴囊Sector Angle (Sec Ang) 扇扫角度Sector scanning 扇扫Sediment (Sed) 沉积物Segment focusing 分段聚焦Sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制Sensor 传感器Septum Pellucidum (SP) 透明隔;透明隔腔Sequential focusing 连续聚焦Shift 变换Short Saphenous Vein 小隐静脉SI 搏动指数Sigmoid Colon 乙状结肠Skull Cranial Bones 颅骨Sliging focusing 滑动聚焦SMA 肠系膜上动脉Small Intestine 小肠SMV 肠系膜上静脉Sonogram echogram 声像图Spatial resolution 空间分辨力Spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力Spermatic Cord 精索Spina Bifida 脊柱裂Spleen (Sp) 脾Splenic Artery (Sp A) 脾动脉Splenic Flexure of Colon 结肠脾曲ST 缩短% STIVS 心室缩短百分比Stomach (STO) 胃Stone (St) 结石SUBC 锁骨下动脉Subclavian Vein (SCV) 锁骨下静脉Sublingual Gland 舌下腺Submaxillay Gland 颌下腺Sup Femoral 股浅动脉Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) 肠系膜上动脉Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) 肠系膜上静脉SV 每搏量SVI 每搏量指数TT 时间TA 三尖瓣环Tail of Pancreas (PaT) 胰尾TAML 三尖瓣环面中部到侧部Target (TAR) 靶团TCD 经颅多普勒Temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力Tendon Tendon 肌腱Testis (Ts) 睾丸Thalmus (Th) 丘脑、视丘Third Ventricle (V3) 第三脑室Thoracic cavity 胸腔Thoracic Circumference (Th C) 胸围Three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建Thrombus (Th) 血栓Thyroid 甲状腺Tibiaula 胫骨Time gain compensation 时间增益补偿Time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力Tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像TR 三尖瓣返流Trans AVA(d)、Trans AVA(s) 横向主动脉瓣膜面积Transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD) 经颅多普勒Transducer 换能器Transesophagel echocardiography probe（TEE）经食管超声心动图探头Transesophagel probe 食管探头Transrectal probe 直肠探头Transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描Transurethral probe 尿道探头Transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查Transvagin Scan (TVS) 阴道超声Transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像Transvaginal probe 阴道探头Transverse Colon (Tr C) 横结肠)Trigger 触发器Tuberculosis (TB 结核Tumor (T) 肿瘤Tunica Vagialis Vagina Tunic 鞘膜TV 三尖瓣膜TVA 三尖瓣口面积UUlna 尺骨Ultrasonic imaging 超声成像Ultrasound catheter 超声导管Ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜Ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影Ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头Umbilical Cord (UC) 脐带Uncinate Process 钩突Ureters (Ur) 输尿管Urethra 尿道Urinary Bladder (BL) 膀胱Urterine Canal 子宫腔US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影Uterine TubeOviduct 输卵管Uterus 子宫VVagina 阴道Vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术Vcf 纤维圆周缩短速度Vel 速度Verebral Colum Spine 脊柱VERT 椎动脉Vertebra 椎骨Vesiculae Seminals; Seminal Vesicle (SV) 精囊VET 瓣膜射血时间Villus 绒毛Vitreous 玻璃体Vmax 最大速度Vmean 平均速度VSD 室间隔缺损VTI 速度时间积分WWall (W) 壁Wide-band probe 宽频带探头Write 写入YYolk Sac (YS) 卵黄囊ZZero adjustment 零位调整Zone focusing 区域聚焦。
工程图学常用英文词汇
工程图学常用英语词汇投影projection投影中心center of projection投影面projecting plane投影线projecting line中心投影法perspective projection平行投影法parallel projection斜投影oblique projection正投影orthographic projection正投影面frontal plane of projection侧面投影面profile plane of projection投影图projection drawing三面投影图three-plane projection drawing投影轴axis of projection投影特性characteristic of projection不变性characteristic of true积聚性characteristic of concentration类似性characteristic of similarity视图view三视图three-view drawing正面frontal plane正面投影frontal projection水平面horizontal plane水平投影horizontal projection侧面profile plane侧面投影profile projection主视图frontal view俯视图top view左视图left side view立体solid平面立体plane body曲面立体body of curved surface回转面surface of revolution棱柱prism棱锥pyramid边side顶点center vertex棱edge点point直线line straight line棱锥台truncated pyramidfrustum of pyramid重影coincidence of projection积聚concentrate变形deformation实长true length实形true shape正平线frontal line水平线horizontal line侧平线profile line一般位置直线oblique line铅垂线vertical line, frontal-profile line正垂线horizontal--profile line侧垂线frontal-horizontal line一般位置平面oblique plane相交intersection平行parallel垂直perpendicular交线intersecting line, line of intersection 交点point of intersection平行线parallel line垂直线perpendicular line交叉线skew line长度length宽度width高度height组合体complex基本几何体basic body相接built-up相交inter section相切tangent相贯penetration支架brace底板bottom board肋rib支承板bearing plate轮廓线outline, contour line底图traced drawing截平面cutting plane截交线line of section二重性dual nature平面曲线plane curve圆弧arc椭圆ellipse长轴major axis短轴minor axis双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola圆circle圆锥顶conic apex相贯体intersecting bodies相贯线line of intersection空间曲线space curve截平面方法cutting plane method辅助面auxiliary surface辅助平面auxiliary plane最高点culminating point尺寸Size定形尺寸size dimension定位尺寸location dimension左视图right view后视图rear view, back view仰视图bottom view辅助图auxiliary view局部视图partial view, broken view斜视图oblique view旋转视图revolved view, aligned view 剖视图sectional view, section全剖视full section半剖视half section局部剖视图partial section, broken-out section斜剖视图oblique section旋转剖视图aligned section阶梯剖视echelon section, offset section复合剖视compound section剖面图section, sectional view重合剖面coincide section, revolved section移出剖面removed section剖面线section line剖面符号symbols for section-lining习惯画法conventional drawing局部放大图drawing of partial enlargement零件图detail drawing, working drawing第三角投影third angle projection粗实线continuous thick line, full line, visible line 细实线continuous thin line虚线dot line, dashed line, hidden line点划线dash and dot line双点划线double dots line波浪线break line断裂线剖切平面迹线cutting plane line尺寸线dimension line尺寸界线extension tine尺寸dimension size箭头arrowhead基准datum基准线datum line基准面datum plane中心孔central hole中心距center distance轴shaft, axle孔hole斜孔inclination装配图assembly drawing性能尺寸characteristic dimension大小尺寸size dimension总体尺寸outer dimension外形尺寸配合尺寸fit dimension内圆角fillet外圆角round尖角sharp corner倒角chamfer轮缘flange of wheel缘、边、环rim轴肩shoulder凸台boss凹坑concave pit轴颈shaft neck轮毂hub轮辐spoke, spoke of wheel 直纹滚花straight knurling s 网纹滚花hatching knurling 键槽key-way退刀槽escape拔模斜度pattern draft填料盒gland box油槽oil groove油封oil seal标准件standard parts螺纹thread外螺纹external thread内螺纹internal thread大径major diameter小径minor diameter螺距pitch of thread牙型form of thread旋向direction of turning右旋螺纹right-hand thread 左旋螺纹left-hand thread头数number of thread导程lead粗牙coarse thread细牙fin thread螺栓bolt螺钉screw螺柱stud螺母nut垫片washer公差tolerance公差带tolerance zone零线zero line标准公差standard tolerance公差等级tolerance grade基本偏差fundamental deviation配合fit间隙配合clearance fit过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过渡配合transition fit基孔制hole-basic system of fits基轴制shaft-basic system of fits间隙clearance形状公差tolerance in form, form tolerance直线度straightness平面度flatness圆度roundness圆柱度cylindricity线轮廓度profile of any line面轮廓度profile of any plane位置公差tolerance in position, position tolerances 平行度parallelism齿轮gear圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear正齿轮spur gear斜齿轮spiral gear轮齿gear tooth节圆pitch circle齿顶圆addendum circle, outside circle齿根圆root circle, addendum circle模数modulus齿数number of teeth齿高tooth height齿顶高height of addendum齿根高height of addendum齿厚circular thickness齿间tooth space齿宽tooth width压力角angle of pressure弹簧spring销pin圆柱销round pin圆锥销taper pin开口销cotter pin, split键key平键flat key半圆键half round key, woodruff key 轴承bearing滚动轴承rolling bearing向心铀承radial bearing密封装置sealing equipment锁紧装置locking equipment粗糙度roughness基本尺寸basic size实际尺寸actual size极限尺寸limits size最大极限尺寸maximum limit of size 最小极限尺寸minimum limit of size 偏差deviation上偏差upper deviation下偏差lower deviation垂直度perpendicularity倾斜度angularity同轴度concentricity对称度symmetry位置度true position跳动run-out圆跳动cycle run-out全跳动total run-out轴测投影axonometric projection轴测投影面plane of axonometric projection 轴测图axonometric drawing正等轴测投影isometric projection正二测bimetric projection斜二测oblique bimetric projection轴测轴axonometric axis轴间角axis angle, angle between ales缩短foreshortened轴向缩短率coefficient of axialdeformation ratio offore shortening for any axis切割法cutting method, by cutting方箱法boxing method坐标法coordinate method方框法enclosing-square method四心近似法four-center approximate method。
激光、光电、光学词汇中英文对照
激光、光电、光学词汇中英文对照1. 激光（Laser）2. 光电效应（Photoelectric Effect）3. 光学（Optics）4. 光纤（Fiber Optic）5. 光谱（Spectrum）6. 折射率（Refractive Index）7. 透镜（Lens）8. 反射（Reflection）9. 干涉（Interference）10. 衍射（Diffraction）11. 偏振（Polarization）12. 激光切割（Laser Cutting）13. 激光焊接（Laser Welding）14. 光电探测器（Photoelectric Detector）15. 光电传感器（Photoelectric Sensor）16. 光学显微镜（Optical Microscope）17. 光学望远镜（Optical Telescope）18. 光学镜头（Optical Lens）19. 光学滤波器（Optical Filter）20. 光学编码器（Optical Enr）21. 光学通信（Optical Communication）22. 光学存储（Optical Storage）24. 光学子系统（Optical Subsystem）25. 光学设计（Optical Design）26. 光学加工（Optical Fabrication）27. 光学镀膜（Optical Coating）28. 光学检测（Optical Inspection）29. 光学成像（Optical Imaging）30. 光学治疗（Optical Therapy）31. 光学材料（Optical Materials）32. 光学元件（Optical Elements）33. 光学路径（Optical Path）34. 光学平台（Optical Platform）35. 光学子件（Optical Component）36. 光学连接器（Optical Connector）37. 光学开关（Optical Switch）38. 光学调制器（Optical Modulator）39. 光学衰减器（Optical Attenuator）40. 光学放大器（Optical Amplifier）41. 光学显示器（Optical Display）42. 光学子午线（Optical Meridian）43. 光学分辨率（Optical Resolution）44. 光学畸变（Optical Distortion）45. 光学厚度（Optical Thickness）46. 光学密度（Optical Density）48. 光学干涉仪（Optical Interferometer）49. 光学相干断层扫描（Optical Coherence Tomography）50. 光学扫描器（Optical Scanner）51. 光学跟踪（Optical Tracking）52. 光学遥感（Optical Remote Sensing）53. 光学成像系统（Optical Imaging System）54. 光学跟踪系统（Optical Tracking System）55. 光学定位系统（Optical Positioning System）56. 光学子午仪（Optical Meridian Instrument）57. 光学补偿器（Optical Compensator）58. 光学补偿器（Optical Corrector）59. 光学基准（Optical Reference）60. 光学基准面（Optical Reference Plane）这些词汇涵盖了激光、光电和光学领域的基本概念、技术和设备。
stable diffusion商业常用提示词中英文对照表
stable diffusion商业常用提示词中英文对照表一、介绍在商业环境中，稳定扩散（Stable Diffusion）是一种流行的图像生成技术，被广泛应用于艺术、设计、广告等领域。
为了更好地理解和使用稳定扩散技术，本文将介绍一些常用的提示词及其中英文对照。
二、常用提示词及中英文对照1. 基础色调（Base Palette）中文：色调基础英文：Base Palette描述：该提示词用于指定稳定扩散所生成的图像的基础色调，包括色彩、明暗等元素。
2. 对比度（Contrast）中文：对比度调节英文：Contrast Adjustment描述：该提示词用于调整生成图像的对比度，包括亮部和暗部的对比度。
3. 纹理（Texture）中文：纹理效果英文：Texture Effect描述：该提示词用于指定生成图像的纹理效果，包括材质、肌理等元素。
4. 亮度（Brightness/Contrast）中文：亮度/对比度平衡英文：Brightness/Contrast Balance描述：该提示词用于调整生成图像的亮度和对比度，以达到特定的视觉效果。
5. 模糊（Blur）中文：模糊效果英文：Blur Effect描述：该提示词用于调整生成图像的模糊程度，以增加艺术感和氛围。
6. 颜色混合（Color Blending）中文：颜色混合模式英文：Color Blending Mode描述：该提示词用于指定生成图像中不同颜色之间的混合方式，包括叠加、柔化等效果。
7. 动态范围（Dynamic Range）中文：动态范围压缩英文：Dynamic Range Compression描述：该提示词用于调整生成图像的高光和阴影部分的对比度，以增强视觉效果。
8. 亮度曲线（Brightness Curve）中文：亮度曲线调整英文：Brightness Curve Adjustment描述：该提示词用于手动调整生成图像的亮度曲线，以达到特定的视觉效果。
机器视觉英文词汇
机器视觉英文词汇Aaberration 像差accessory shoes 附件插座、热靴accessory 附件achromatic 消色差的active 主动的、有源的acutance 锐度acute-matte 磨砂毛玻璃adapter 适配器advance system 输片系统ae lock(ael) 自动曝光锁定af illuminatoraf 照明器af spotbeam projectoraf 照明器af(auto focus) 自动聚焦algebraic operation 代数运算一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。
aliasing 走样（混叠）当图像象素间距和图像细节相比太大时产生的一种人工痕迹。
alkaline 碱性ambient light 环境光amplification factor 放大倍率analog input/output boards 模拟输入输出板卡analog-to-digital converters 模数转换器ancillary devices 辅助产品angle finder 弯角取景器angle of view 视角anti-red-eye 防红眼aperture priority(ap) 光圈优先aperture 光圈apo(apochromat) 复消色差application-development software 应用开发软件application-specific software 应用软件apz(advanced program zoom) 高级程序变焦arc 弧图的一部分；表示一曲线一段的相连的像素集合。
area ccd solid-state sensors 区域ccd 固体传感器area cmos sensors 区域cmos传感器area-array cameras 面阵相机arrays 阵列asa(american standards association) 美国标准协会asics 专用集成电路astigmatism 像散attached coprocessrs 附加协处理器auto bracket 自动包围auto composition 自动构图auto exposure bracketing 自动包围曝光auto exposure 自动曝光auto film advance 自动进片auto flash 自动闪光auto loading 自动装片auto multi-program 自动多程序auto rewind 自动退片auto wind 自动卷片auto zoom 自动变焦autofocus optics 自动聚焦光学元件automatic exposure(ae) 自动曝光automation/robotics 自动化/机器人技术automation 自动化auxiliary 辅助的Bback light compensation 逆光补偿back light 逆光、背光back 机背background 背景backlighting devices 背光源backplanes 底板balance contrast 反差平衡bar code system 条形码系统barcode scanners 条形码扫描仪barrel distortion 桶形畸变base-stored image sensor (basis) 基存储影像传感器battery check 电池检测battery holder 电池手柄bayonet 卡口beam profilers 电子束仿形器beam splitters 光分路器bellows 皮腔binary image 二值图像只有两级灰度的数字图像（通常为0和1，黑和白）biometrics systems 生物测量系统blue filter 蓝色滤光镜blur 模糊由于散焦、低通滤波、摄像机运动等引起的图像清晰度的下降。
layer用法
layer用法“layer”是一种常见的英文单词，它在很多语境下都有不同的用法。
在计算机领域，我们可以用“layer”来描述神经网络、数据结构、操作系统等，而在平面设计、图形图像处理等领域，我们也可以用“layer”来指代图层、层级等。
下面就让我们来详细了解一下“layer”的用法及其在不同语境下的含义。
1. 计算机科学中的“layer”在计算机科学中，我们经常听到“layer”的用法，这里的“layer”通常指代神经网络、网络协议栈等组成多层次结构的东西。
在神经网络中，“layer”是指网络架构中的一个层。
神经网络通常是由多个层组成的，每个层都包含多个神经元。
常见的神经网络包括卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network）和循环神经网络（Recurrent Neural Network）。
例如：- 图像分类任务中，我们可以使用卷积神经网络（CNN）。
卷积神经网络由多个卷积层、池化层、全连接层组成，其中每个卷积层和池化层均相当于一个“layer”。
- 语音识别任务中，我们可以使用循环神经网络（RNN）。
循环神经网络也是由多个层组成的，其中每个层都包含多个循环单元，每个循环单元都会将上一个时刻的输出作为输入，因此循环神经网络可以自适应地处理变长的序列信息。
在网络协议栈中，常常使用“layer”来指代网络协议栈中各层的概念。
网络协议栈是一个由多个协议层组成的结构，每个协议层都有自己的协议头和数据段。
每个协议层都负责封装、解封、转发网络数据包，因此整个协议栈的运作需要各协议层之间的相互协调。
常见的网络协议栈包括TCP/IP协议栈、OSI七层协议栈等。
其中，TCP/IP协议栈包括物理层、数据链路层、网络层、传输层和应用层五个层次。
在平面设计中，我们经常会使用Photoshop、Illustrator等软件，其中“layer”是其中一个非常常见的概念。
在平面设计中，“layer”常常指代图层、图像层、文本层等。
超声通用英语术语
超声常用英语术语超声成像 - ultrasonic imaging实时成像 - real-time imaging灰阶显示 - gray scale display彩阶显示 - color scale display经颅多普勒 - transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像 - color doppler flow imaging彩色血流造影 - color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图 - color doppler energy彩色能量图 - color power angio超声内镜 - ultrasound endoscope超声导管 - ultrasound catheter血管内超声 - intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像 - intravascular ultrasonic imaging管腔内超声显像 - intraluminal ultrasonic imaging腔内超声显像 - endoluminal sonography心内超声显像 - intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描 - endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术 - endosonography膀胱镜超声技术 - cystosonography阴道镜超声技术 - vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像 - transvaginal color doppler imaging 经直肠超声扫描 - transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术） - rectosonography经尿道扫查 - transurethral scanning介入性超声 - interventional ultrasound术中超声监视 - intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影 - ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇 - US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流 - US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸 - US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检 - US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影 - US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography三维显示 - three dimensional display三维图像重建 - 3D image reconstruction组织特性成像 - tissue specific imaging动态成像 - dynamic imaging数字成像 - digital image血管显像 - angiography声像图法 - echography sonography声像图 - sonogram echogram多用途探头 - multipurpose scanner宽频带探头 - wide-band probe环阵相控探头 - phased annular array probe术中探头 - intraoperative porbe穿刺探头 - ultrasound guided probe食管探头 - transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头 - transesophagel echocardiography probe 阴道探头 - transvaginal probe直肠探头 - transrectal probe尿道探头 - transurethral probe膀胱探头 - intervesical probe腔内探头 - intracavitary probe内腔探头 - endo-probe导管超声探头 - catheter-based US probe扫描方式 - scan mode线阵 - linear array凸阵 - convex array扇扫 - sector scanning传感器 - sensor换能器 - transducer放大器 - amplifier阻尼器 - buffer解调器、检波器 - demodulator触发器 - trigger零位调整 - zero adjustment定标、校正 - calibration快速时间常数电路 - fast time constant自动增益控制 - automatic gain control深度增益补偿 - depth gain compensation时间增益补偿 - time gain compensation对数压缩 - logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制 - sensitivity time control 动态范围 - dynamic range消除 - erase, eliminate变换 - shift倒置、反转 - invert消除 - clear注释 - annotation放大 - magnification , magnify , zoom写入 - write记录 - record聚焦 - focus帧率 - frame rate冻结 - freeze字符 - character抑制 - rejection, reject , suppression增益 - gain帧相关 - frame correlation回放 - rendering , play back彩色极性 - color polarity彩色边界 - color edge彩色增强 - color enhance菜单选择 - menu selection彩色余辉 - color persistence彩色捕获 - color capture彩色壁滤波 - color wall filter彩色速度显像 - color velocity imaging彩色转向 - color steering彩色消除 - color cut彩色锁定 - color lock成像数据 - imaging data预设置 - preset前处理 - pre process后处理 - post process重调、复原 - reset动态频率扫描 - dynamic frequency scanning 焦距 - focal distance动态聚焦 - dynamic focusing滑动聚焦 - sliging focusing区域聚焦 - zone focusing连续聚焦 - sequential focusing电子聚焦 - electric focusing分段聚焦 - segment focusing多段聚焦 - multistage focusing全场连续聚焦 - confocusing图像均匀性 - image uniformity运动辨别力 - motion discrimination穿透深度 - penetration depth空间分辨力 - spatial resolution瞬时分辨力 - temporal resolution帧分辨力 - frame resolution图像线分辨力 - image-line resolution对比分辨力 - contrast resolution细节分辨力 - detail resolution多普勒取样容积 - doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力 - doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution多普勒流向分辨力 - doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力 - doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution彩色多普勒空间分辨力 - spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力 - time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力 - minimum flow-velocity of color doppler彩色多普勒强度 - color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板 - CFM processing board彩色视频监视器 - color video monitorultrasonic imaging 超声成像real-time imaging 实时成像gray scale display 灰阶显示color scale display 彩阶显示transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像color flow angiography 彩色血流造影color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图color power angio 彩色能量图ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜ultrasound catheter 超声导管intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描endosonography 内镜超声技术cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查interventional ultrasound 介入性超声intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像dynamic imaging 动态成像digital image 数字成像angiography 血管显像echography sonography 声像图法sonogram echogram 声像图multipurpose scanner 多用途探头wide-band probe 宽频带探头phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头intraoperative porbe 术中探头ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头transesophagel probe 食管探头transesophagel echocardiography probe 经食管超声心动图探头transvaginal probe 阴道探头transrectal probe 直肠探头transurethral probe 尿道探头intervesical probe 膀胱探头intracavitary probe 腔内探头endo-probe 内腔探头catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头scan mode 扫描方式linear array 线阵convex array 凸阵sector scanning 扇扫sensor 传感器transducer 换能器amplifier 放大器buffer 阻尼器demodulator 解调器、检波器trigger 触发器zero adjustment 零位调整calibration 定标、校正fast time constant 快速时间常数电路automatic gain control 自动增益控制depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿time gain compensation 时间增益补偿logarithmic compression 对数压缩sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制dynamic range 动态范围erase, eliminate 消除shift 变换invert 倒置、反转clear 消除annotation 注释magnification , magnify , zoom 放大write 写入record 记录focus 聚焦frame rate 帧率freeze 冻结character 字符rejection, reject , suppression 抑制gain 增益frame correlation 帧相关rendering , play back 回放color polarity 彩色极性color edge 彩色边界color enhance 彩色增强menu selection 菜单选择color persistence 彩色余辉color capture 彩色捕获color wall filter 彩色壁滤波color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像color steering 彩色转向color cut 彩色消除color lock 彩色锁定imaging data 成像数据preset 预设置pre process 前处理post process 后处理reset 重调、复原dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描focal distance 焦距dynamic focusing 动态聚焦sliging focusing 滑动聚焦zone focusing 区域聚焦sequential focusing 连续聚焦electric focusing 电子聚焦segment focusing 分段聚焦multistage focusing 多段聚焦confocusing 全场连续聚焦image uniformity 图像均匀性motion discrimination 运动辨别力penetration depth 穿透深度spatial resolution 空间分辨力temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力frame resolution 帧分辨力image-line resolution 图像线分辨力contrast resolution 对比分辨力detail resolution 细节分辨力doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板color video monitor 彩色视频监视器常用超声医学术语、缩略语中、英文对照词汇（按首字母分类）A 面积Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹主动脉Abdominal Circumference (AC) 腹围Abdominal Flow Display (AFD) 腹部血流显示Abscess (ABS) 脓肿ACA 大脑前动脉Acc 加速度AccT 血流加速时间AComA 前交通动脉Adrenal Gland (AG) 肾上腺ALS 主动脉瓣叶开放Amniotic Fluid (AF) 羊水Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) 羊水指数Amplifier 放大器Angiography 血管显像Angioma (ANG) 血管瘤Ann 瓣环Annotation 注释Anterior Chamber(AC ) 前房Ao 主动脉Ao Arch Diam 主动脉弓直径Ao Asc 升主动脉直径Ao Desc Diam 降主动脉直径Ao Diam 主动脉根部直径Ao Isthmus 主动脉峡部Ao st junct 主动脉 ST 接合Appendix (Ap) 阑尾Aqueous Humour 房水AR 主动脉返流Asc 上升Ascariasis (As) 蛔虫Ascending Colon (As C) 升结肠Ascites (ASC) 腹水ASD 心房间隔缺损Automatic gain control 自动增益控制AV 主动脉瓣膜AV- A 连续性方程计算的主动脉瓣膜面积AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Di am) 主动脉瓣膜直径AVA 主动脉瓣膜面积Axill 腋下动脉Axillary Vein 腋静脉BBA 基底动脉Basil V 基底静脉Bile Dull Ascariasis (BDAS) 胆道蛔虫Biparietal Diameter (BPD) 双顶径Body Of Pancreas (PaB) 胰体Body of Stomach (SB) 胃体Brac V 臂静脉Breast 乳腺Brightness 辉度、亮度BSA 体表面积Buffer 阻尼器CCalcification (CAL) 钙化Calibration 定标、校正Cardia (C )(Ca) 贲门Catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头Caudate Lobe (CL) 尾状叶CCA 颈总动脉Cecum 盲肠Celiac Artery (Ce A;CA) 腹腔动脉Ceph V V 头静脉Cephalic Index 胎头指数Cervix (C ) 子宫颈CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板CHA 肝总动脉Character 字符Chorion (C ) 绒毛膜Choroid 脉络膜CI 心脏指数Ciliary Body 睫状体Clear 消除CO 心脏输出量Colon (Co) 结肠Color capture 彩色捕获Color cut 彩色消除Color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图Color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) 彩色多普勒血流显像Color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度Color edge 彩色边界Color enhance 彩色增强Color flow angiography 彩色血流造影Color lock 彩色锁定Color persistence 彩色余辉Color polarity 彩色极性Color power angio 彩色能量图Color scale display 彩阶显示Color steering 彩色转向Color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像Color video monitor 彩色视频监视器Color wall filter 彩色壁滤波Com Femoral 股总动脉Common Bile Duct (CBD) 胆总管Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) 肝总管Common Iliac Artery 髂总动脉Common Jugular Artery 颈总动脉Confocusing 全场连续聚焦Contrast resolution 对比分辨力Convex (CVX) 凸形、凸阵Convex array 凸阵Cornea 角膜Cross sectional Area (CSA) 切面面积Crowm-Rump Length (CRL) 顶臀长度Cyst (Cy) 囊肿Cystic Duct (CD) 胆囊管Cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术DD 直径Dec 减速度Decidua 蜕膜DecT 减速时间Demodulator 解调器、检波器Depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿Desc 递减Descending Colon (De C ) 降结肠Detail resolution 细节分辨力Diaphragm (D) 横膈Digital image 数字成像Doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力Doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力Doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力Doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积Dorsal Pedal Artery 足背动脉Duodenum (Du) 十二指肠Dur 持续时间Dynamic focusing 动态聚焦Dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描Dynamic imaging 动态影像Dynamic range 动态范围EECA 颈外动脉Echography sonography 声像图法Ed 心脏舒张EDD 预产期EdV 舒张末期容量EF 射血分数Effusion (Eff) 积液EFW 胎儿估计体重Electric focusing 电子聚焦Embolism 栓塞Endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像Endometriosis (En) 子宫内膜Endo-probe 内腔探头Endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描Endosonography 内镜超声技术Epididymis (Ep) 副睾EPSS E 点到室间隔分离Erase eliminate 消除EsV 收缩末期容量ET 射血时间External Iliac Artery 髂外动脉External Jugular Vein 颈外静脉FFalx Cerebri (FC;FL) 大脑镰Fast time constant 快速时间常数电路Fecalith (Fe) 粪石Femoral Artery 股动脉Femoral Vein 股静脉Femur Length (FL) 股骨径Fetal Head (FH) 胎头Fetal Heart (F Ht) 胎心Fib 腓骨Fibrosis (Fib) 纤维化Focal distance 焦距Focus 聚焦Foreign Boby (FB）异物frame correlation 帧相关frame rate 帧率frame resolution 帧分辨力Freeze (FRZ) 冻结Freeze 冻结Frequency Spectrum 频谱FS 短轴缩短率Fumur 股骨Fundus of Stomach (SF) 胃底FV 血流容量FVI 血流速度积分GGA 孕龄Gain 增益Gallbladder (GB）胆囊Gestational Sac (GS) 妊娠囊Gray scale display 灰阶显示Great Saphenous Vein 大隐静脉HHamartoma 错构瘤Head circumference (HC) 头围Head of Pancreas (PaH) 胰头Hematoma (HMA) 血肿Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Flexure of Colon 结肠肝曲Hepatic Vein (HV) 肝静脉Hip 髋骨HR 心率Humerus 肱骨IICA 颈内动脉Ileum 回肠Iliac Creast 髂嵴Ilium 髂骨IMA 肠系膜下动脉Image uniformity 图像均匀性Image-line resolution 图像线分辨力Imaging data 成像数据Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) 下腔静脉Inguen 腹股沟Inno V 无名静脉Internal Iliac Artery 髂内动脉Internal Jugular Vein 颈内静脉Internal Ostium of the Uterius 子宫内口Interventional ultrasound 介入性超声Intervesical probe 膀胱探头Intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像Intracavitary probe 腔内探头Intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像Intraoperative porbe 术中探头Intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视Intrauterine Devices (IUD) 宫内节育器Intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像Intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声Invert 倒置、反转Iris 虹膜IVC 下腔静脉IVRT 等容舒张期IVS 室间隔IVSd 、IVSs 室间隔（收缩期，舒张期）厚度JJejunum 空肠Joint 关节KKidney (K) 肾LL 长度LA 左心房LA Diam 左心房直径LA Major 左心房长度LA Minor 左心房宽度LA/Ao Ratio 左心房直径和主动脉根部直径比率LAA 左心房面积LAD 左心房直径Large Intestine 大肠Lateral Ventricle (LV) 侧脑室Left Gastric Artery 胃左动脉Left Hepatic Vein(LHV) 肝左静脉Left Liver Lobe (LL) 肝左叶Lens 晶状体Linear array 线阵Lipoma 脂肪瘤Logarithmic compression 对数压缩LPA 左肺动脉LPA 左肺动脉LV 左心室LVA 左心室面积LVI D 左心室内径LVIDd 舒张期左心室容积LVIDs 收缩期左心室容积LVL 左心室长度LVLd 舒张期左心室内径LVLs 收缩期左心室内径LVM 左心室心肌重量LVOT Diam 左心室流出道直径LVPW 左心室后壁LVPWd 左室后壁舒张期厚度LVPWs 左室后壁收缩期厚度Lymph node (LN) 淋巴结Lymphoma 淋巴瘤MM.Psoas Major 腰大肌Magnification Magnify Zoom 放大Mass( M) 包块MCA 大脑中动脉Mcub V 中央静脉Mean Velocity (Mean Vel) 平均速度Medial Hepatic Vein (MHV) 肝中静脉Meniscus 半月板Menu selection 菜单选择Mesentery 肠系膜metastasis (Met) 转移灶Minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力Motion discrimination 运动辨别力MPA 主肺动脉MPA 主肺动脉MR 二尖瓣返流MRA 肾主动脉Multipurpose scanner 多用途探头Multistage focusing 多段聚焦Muscle Musculus (M) 肌肉MV 二尖瓣MVA By PHT 二尖瓣口面积根据压力降半时间MVcf 纤维圆周缩短平均速度MVO 二尖瓣口Myoma (MYO) 肌瘤NNeck of Pancreas (PaN) 胰颈Necrosis (Nec) 坏死Needle Tip (NT) 针尖Node (N) 结节OOccipital Frontal Diameter (OFD) 枕额径Optic Bulb; Eyeball 眼球Orifice of the Uterius 子宫口OT 流出道Ovary Ovaries (Ov) 卵巢PP 乳头肌PA 肺动脉Pancreas (P;Pa) 胰腺PAP 肺动脉压力Parathroid 甲状旁腺Parotid 腮腺PCA 大脑后动脉PComA 后交通动脉PDA 动脉导管末闭PEd 心包渗出舒张期Penetration depth 穿透深度PEP 射血前期Peripheral Vessel （PV）外周血管PFO 卵圆孔未闭PG 压力阶差Phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头PHT 压力降半时间PISA 最近等速线表面面积Placenta (PL) 胎盘Popliteal Artery 腘动脉Popliteal Vein 腘静脉Porta Hepatis 肝门Portal Vein (PV) 门静脉Post process 后处理Pre process 前处理Preset 预设置Prostate (Pro) 前列腺Ps 心脏收缩Pulmonic Diam 肺动脉瓣膜直径PV 肺动脉瓣PV Ann Diam 肺动脉瓣环面直径PV-A 连续性方程计算的肺动脉瓣口面积PVein 肺静脉PW 后壁Pylorus (Py) 幽门Pyramids (Py) 锥体QQp 肺循环血流量Qs 体循环血流量Quadrate Lobe (QL) 方叶RRA 右心房RAA 右心房面积Rad 半径RAD 右心房直径Raduis 桡骨Real-time imaging 实时成像Record 记录Rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）Rectum 直肠Rejection reject suppression 抑制Renal Artery (RA) 肾动脉Renal Calyces (RC) 肾盏Renal Colums (Rco) 肾柱Renal Pelvis (RP) 肾盂Renal Vein (RV) 肾静脉Rendering play back 回放Reset 重调、复原Retina 视网膜Reversed Flow (RF) 返流Right Hepatic Vein (RHV) 肝右静脉Right Liver Lobe (RL) 肝右叶Right Ventricle (RV) 右心室RPA 右肺动脉RPA 右肺动脉RV 右心室RVA 右心室面积RVAW 右心室前壁RVD 右心室直径RVID 右心室内径RVL 右心室长度RVOT 右心室流出道SSantorini Duct (SD) 副胰管Scan mode 扫描方式Scanner (SCNR) 扫描器、探头Scar (Sc) 疤痕Sclera 巩膜Scrotum (Sc)Scrotal Sac (SS) 阴囊Sector Angle (Sec Ang) 扇扫角度Sector scanning 扇扫Sediment (Sed) 沉积物Segment focusing 分段聚焦Sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制Sensor 传感器Septum Pellucidum (SP) 透明隔;透明隔腔Sequential focusing 连续聚焦Shift 变换Short Saphenous Vein 小隐静脉SI 搏动指数Sigmoid Colon 乙状结肠Skull Cranial Bones 颅骨Sliging focusing 滑动聚焦SMA 肠系膜上动脉Small Intestine 小肠SMV 肠系膜上静脉Sonogram echogram 声像图Spatial resolution 空间分辨力Spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力Spermatic Cord 精索Spina Bifida 脊柱裂Spleen (Sp) 脾Splenic Artery (Sp A) 脾动脉Splenic Flexure of Colon 结肠脾曲ST 缩短% STIVS 心室缩短百分比Stomach (STO) 胃Stone (St) 结石SUBC 锁骨下动脉Subclavian Vein (SCV) 锁骨下静脉Sublingual Gland 舌下腺Submaxillay Gland 颌下腺Sup Femoral 股浅动脉Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) 肠系膜上动脉Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) 肠系膜上静脉SV 每搏量SVI 每搏量指数TT 时间TA 三尖瓣环Tail of Pancreas (PaT) 胰尾TAML 三尖瓣环面中部到侧部Target (TAR) 靶团TCD 经颅多普勒Temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力Tendon Tendon 肌腱Testis (Ts) 睾丸Thalmus (Th) 丘脑、视丘Third Ventricle (V3) 第三脑室Thoracic cavity 胸腔Thoracic Circumference (Th C) 胸围Three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建Thrombus (Th) 血栓Thyroid 甲状腺Tibiaula 胫骨Time gain compensation 时间增益补偿Time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力Tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像TR 三尖瓣返流Trans AVA(d)、Trans AVA(s) 横向主动脉瓣膜面积Transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD) 经颅多普勒Transducer 换能器Transesophagel echocardiography probe（TEE）经食管超声心动图探头Transesophagel probe 食管探头Transrectal probe 直肠探头Transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描Transurethral probe 尿道探头Transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查Transvagin Scan (TVS) 阴道超声Transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像Transvaginal probe 阴道探头Transverse Colon (Tr C) 横结肠)Trigger 触发器Tuberculosis (TB 结核Tumor (T) 肿瘤Tunica Vagialis Vagina Tunic 鞘膜TV 三尖瓣膜TVA 三尖瓣口面积UUlna 尺骨Ultrasonic imaging 超声成像Ultrasound catheter 超声导管Ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜Ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影Ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头Umbilical Cord (UC) 脐带Uncinate Process 钩突Ureters (Ur) 输尿管Urethra 尿道Urinary Bladder (BL) 膀胱Urterine Canal 子宫腔US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影Uterine TubeOviduct 输卵管Uterus 子宫VVagina 阴道Vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术Vcf 纤维圆周缩短速度Vel 速度Verebral Colum Spine 脊柱VERT 椎动脉Vertebra 椎骨Vesiculae Seminals; Seminal Vesicle (SV) 精囊VET 瓣膜射血时间Villus 绒毛Vitreous 玻璃体Vmax 最大速度Vmean 平均速度VSD 室间隔缺损VTI 速度时间积分WWall (W) 壁Wide-band probe 宽频带探头Write 写入YYolk Sac (YS) 卵黄囊ZZero adjustment 零位调整Zone focusing 区域聚焦。
3DMAX英文单词大全-整理
一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉V iew Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、V iews〈查看〉Undo V iew Change/Redo V iew change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active V iew〈保存/还原当前视窗〉V iewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to V iew〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉V iewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to V iew〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All V iews〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉V olume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉：Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉DeleteSpline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉V ertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉V ertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TCB)〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注：该命令工十一个子菜单。
数字图像处理英文原版及翻译
Digital Image Processing and Edge DetectionDigital Image ProcessingInterest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal application areas: improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation; and processing of image data for storage, transmission, and representation for autonomous machine perception.An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image. The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer. Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are referred to as picture elements, image elements, pixels, and pixels. Pixel is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image.Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not surprising that images play the single most important role in human perception. However, unlike humans, who are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM) spec- trum, imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves. They can operate on images generated by sources that humans are not accustomed to associating with images. These include ultra- sound, electron microscopy, and computer-generated images. Thus, digital image processing encompasses a wide and varied field of applications.There is no general agreement among authors regarding where image processing stops and other related areas, such as image analysis and computer vi- sion, start. Sometimes a distinction is made by defining image processing as a discipline in which both the input and output of a process are images. We believe this to be a limiting and somewhat artificial boundary. For example, under this definition, even the trivial task of computing the average intensity of an image (which yields asingle number) would not be considered an image processing operation. On the other hand, there are fields such as computer vision whose ultimate goal is to use computers to emulate human vision, including learning and being able to make inferences and take actions based on visual inputs. This area itself is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) whose objective is to emulate human intelligence. The field of AI is in its earliest stages of infancy in terms of development, with progress having been much slower than originally anticipated. The area of image analysis (also called image understanding) is in be- tween image processing and computer vision.There are no clearcut boundaries in the continuum from image processing at one end to computer vision at the other. However, one useful paradigm is to consider three types of computerized processes in this continuum: low-, mid-, and high level processes. Low-level processes involve primitive opera- tions such as image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. A low-level process is characterized by the fact that both its inputs and outputs are images. Mid-level processing on images involves tasks such as segmentation (partitioning an image into regions or objects), description of those objects to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing, and classification (recognition) of individual objects. A midlevel process is characterized by the fact that its inputs generally are images, but its outputs are attributes extracted from those images (e.g., edges, contours, and the identity of individual objects). Finally, higher level processing involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image analysis, and, at the far end of the continuum, performing the cognitive functions normally associated with vision.Based on the preceding comments, we see that a logical place of overlap between image processing and image analysis is the area of recognition of individual regions or objects in an image. Thus, what we call in this book digital image processing encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are images and, in addition, encompasses processes that extract attributes from images, up to and including the recognition of individual objects. As a simple illustration to clarify these concepts, consider the area of automated analysis of text. The processes of acquiring an image of the area containing the text, preprocessing that image, extracting(segmenting) the individual characters, describing the characters in a form suitable for computer processing, and recognizing those individual characters are in the scope of what we call digital image processing in this book. Making sense of the content of the page may be viewed as being in the domain of image analysis and even computer vision, depending on the level of complexity implied by the statement “making sense.”As will become evident shortly, digital image processing, as we have defined it, is used successfully in a broad range of areas of exceptional social and economic value.The areas of application of digital image processing are so varied that some form of organization is desirable in attempting to capture the breadth of this field. One of the simplest ways to develop a basic understanding of the extent of image processing applications is to categorize images according to their source (e.g., visual, X-ray, and so on). The principal energy source for images in use today is the electromagnetic energy spectrum. Other important sources of energy include acoustic, ultrasonic, and electronic (in the form of electron beams used in electron microscopy). Synthetic images, used for modeling and visualization, are generated by computer. In this section we discuss briefly how images are generated in these various categories and the areas in which they are applied.Images based on radiation from the EM spectrum are the most familiar, especially images in the X-ray and visual bands of the spectrum. Electromagnet- ic waves can be conceptualized as propagating sinusoidal waves of varying wavelengths, or they can be thought of as a stream of massless particles, each traveling in a wavelike pattern and moving at the speed of light. Each massless particle contains a certain amount (or bundle) of energy. Each bundle of energy is called a photon. If spectral bands are grouped according to energy per photon, we obtain the spectrum shown in fig. below, ranging from gamma rays (highest energy) at one end to radio waves (lowest energy) at the other. The bands are shown shaded to convey the fact that bands of the EM spectrum are not distinct but rather transition smoothly from one to theother.Image acquisition is the first process. Note that acquisition could be as simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the image acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as scaling.Image enhancement is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. Basically, the idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that is obscured, or simply to highlight certain features of interest in an image. A familiar example of enhancement is when we increase the contrast of an image because “it looks better.” It is important to keep in mind that enhancement is a very subjective area of image processing. Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image. However, unlike enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation. Enhancement, on the other hand, is based on human subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a “good”enhancement result.Color image processing is an area that has been gaining in importance because of the significant increase in the use of digital images over the Internet. It covers a number of fundamental concepts in color models and basic color processing in a digital domain. Color is used also in later chapters as the basis for extracting features of interest in an image.Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution. In particular, this material is used in this book for image data compression and for pyramidal representation, in which images are subdivided successively into smaller regions.Compression, as the name implies, deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it.Although storage technology has improved significantly over the past decade, the same cannot be said for transmission capacity. This is true particularly in uses of the Internet, which are characterized by significant pictorial content. Image compression is familiar (perhaps inadvertently) to most users of computers in the form of image , such as the jpg used in the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) image compression standard.Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape. The material in this chapter begins a transition from processes that output images to processes that output image attributes.Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation procedure brings the process a longway toward successful solution of imaging problems that require objects to be identified individually. On the other hand, weak or erratic segmentation algorithms almost always guarantee eventual failure. In general, the more accurate the segmentation, the more likely recognition is to succeed.Representation and description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage, which usually is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region (i.e., the set of pixels separating one image region from another) or all the points in the region itself. In either case, converting the data to a form suitable for computer processing is necessary. The first decision that must be made is whether the data should be represented as a boundary or as a complete region. Boundary representation is appropriate when the focus is on external shape characteristics, such as corners and inflections. Regional representation is appropriate when the focus is on internal properties, such as texture or skeletal shape. In some applications, these representations complement each other. Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for trans- forming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing. A method must also be specified for describing the data so that features of interest are highlighted. Description, also called feature selection, deals with extracting attributes that result in some quantitative information of interest or are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another.Recognition is the process that assigns a label (e.g., “vehicle”) to an object based on its descriptors. As detailed before, we conclude our coverage of digital image processing with the development of methods for recognition of individual objects.So far we have said nothing about the need for prior knowledge or about the interaction between the knowledge base and the processing modules in Fig 2 above. Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing system in the form of a knowledge database. This knowledge may be as simple as detailing regions of an image where theinformation of interest is known to be located, thus limiting the search that has to be conducted in seeking that information. The knowledge base also can be quite complex, such as an interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem or an image database containing high-resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change-detection applications. In addition to guiding the operation of each processing module, the knowledge base also controls the interaction between modules. This distinction is made in Fig 2 above by the use of double-headed arrows between the processing modules and the knowledge base, as opposed to single-headed arrows linking the processing modules.Edge detectionEdge detection is a terminology in image processing and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction, to refer to algorithms which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or more formally has discontinuities.Although point and line detection certainly are important in any discussion on segmentation,edge detection is by far the most common approach for detecting meaningful discounties in gray level.Although certain literature has considered the detection of ideal step edges, the edges obtained from natural images are usually not at all ideal step edges. Instead they are normally affected by one or several of the following effects:1.focal blur caused by a finite depth-of-field and finite point spread function; 2.penumbral blur caused by shadows created by light sources of non-zero radius; 3.shading at a smooth object edge; 4.local specularities or interreflections in the vicinity of object edges.A typical edge might for instance be the border between a block of red color and a block of yellow. In contrast a line (as can be extracted by a ridge detector) can be a small number of pixels of a different color on an otherwise unchanging background. For a line, there maytherefore usually be one edge on each side of the line.To illustrate why edge detection is not a trivial task, let us consider the problem of detecting edges in the following one-dimensional signal. Here, we may intuitively say that there should be an edge between the 4th and 5th pixels.If the intensity difference were smaller between the 4th and the 5th pixels and if the intensity differences between the adjacent neighbouring pixels were higher, it would not be as easy to say that there should be an edge in the corresponding region. Moreover, one could argue that this case is one in which there are several edges.Hence, to firmly state a specific threshold on how large the intensity change between two neighbouring pixels must be for us to say that there should be an edge between these pixels is not always a simple problem. Indeed, this is one of the reasons why edge detection may be a non-trivial problem unless the objects in the scene are particularly simple and the illumination conditions can be well controlled.There are many methods for edge detection, but most of them can be grouped into two categories,search-based and zero-crossing based. The search-based methods detect edges by first computing a measure of edge strength, usually a first-order derivative expression such as the gradient magnitude, and then searching for local directional maxima of the gradient magnitude using a computed estimate of the local orientation of the edge, usually the gradient direction. The zero-crossing based methods search for zero crossings in a second-order derivative expression computed from the image in order to find edges, usually the zero-crossings of the Laplacian of the zero-crossings of a non-linear differential expression, as will be described in the section on differential edge detection following below. As a pre-processing step to edge detection, a smoothing stage, typically Gaussian smoothing, is almost always applied (see also noise reduction).The edge detection methods that have been published mainly differ in the types of smoothing filters that are applied and the way the measures of edge strength are computed. As many edge detection methods rely on the computation of image gradients, they also differ in the types of filters used for computing gradient estimates in the x- and y-directions.Once we have computed a measure of edge strength (typically the gradient magnitude), the next stage is to apply a threshold, to decide whether edges are present or not at an image point. The lower the threshold, the more edges will be detected, and the result will be increasingly susceptible to noise, and also to picking out irrelevant features from the image. Conversely a high threshold may miss subtle edges, or result in fragmented edges.If the edge thresholding is applied to just the gradient magnitude image, the resulting edges will in general be thick and some type of edge thinning post-processing is necessary. For edges detected with non-maximum suppression however, the edge curves are thin by definition and the edge pixels can be linked into edge polygon by an edge linking (edge tracking) procedure. On a discrete grid, the non-maximum suppression stage can be implemented by estimating the gradient direction using first-order derivatives, then rounding off the gradient direction to multiples of 45 degrees, and finally comparing the values of the gradient magnitude in the estimated gradient direction.A commonly used approach to handle the problem of appropriate thresholds for thresholding is by using thresholding with hysteresis. This method uses multiple thresholds to find edges. We begin by using the upper threshold to find the start of an edge. Once we have a start point, we then trace the path of the edge through the image pixel by pixel, marking an edge whenever we are above the lower threshold. We stop marking our edge only when the value falls below our lower threshold. This approach makes the assumption that edges are likely to be in continuous curves, and allows us to follow a faint section of an edge we have previously seen, without meaning that every noisy pixel in the image is marked down as an edge. Still, however, we have the problem of choosing appropriate thresholdingparameters, and suitable thresholding values may vary over the image.Some edge-detection operators are instead based upon second-order derivatives of the intensity. This essentially captures the rate of change in the intensity gradient. Thus, in the ideal continuous case, detection of zero-crossings in the second derivative captures local maxima in the gradient.We can come to a conclusion that,to be classified as a meaningful edge point,the transition in gray level associated with that point has to be significantly stronger than the background at that point.Since we are dealing with local computations,the method of choice to determine whether a value is “significant” or not id to use a threshold.Thus we define a point in an image as being as being an edge point if its two-dimensional first-order derivative is greater than a specified criterion of connectedness is by definition an edge.The term edge segment generally is used if the edge is short in relation to the dimensions of the image.A key problem in segmentation is to assemble edge segments into longer edges.An alternate definition if we elect to use the second-derivative is simply to define the edge ponits in an image as the zero crossings of its second derivative.The definition of an edge in this case is the same as above.It is important to note that these definitions do not guarantee success in finding edge in an image.They simply give us a formalism to look for them.First-order derivatives in an image are computed using the gradient.Second-order derivatives are obtained using the Laplacian.数字图像处理和边缘检测数字图像处理在数字图象处理方法的兴趣从两个主要应用领域的茎：改善人类解释图像信息;和用于存储，传输，和表示用于自主机器感知图像数据的处理。