英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编20.doc
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20 (总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00) 1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 2.In traditional grammar, 1is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into 1words and 2words. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 4.The 1is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 5.There are two fields of morphology: the study of 1and the study of 2. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 6.A 1morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 7. 1 is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 8. 1is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from 2and 3. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 9.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an 1affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 10. 1is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and 1. (北京邮电大学2010研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 12.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types; 1and 2root.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 14.A word formed by derivation is called a 1, and a word formed by compounding is called a 2.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 填空项1:__________________ 二、判断题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)
15.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 16.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 17.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 18.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 19.The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 20.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 21.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 22.A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 23.The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 24.The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 25.Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 26.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（分数：2.00） A.真 B.假 三、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)
27.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00） A.open-class B.closed-class C.neither open-class nor closed-class 28.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00） A.lexical words B.grammatical words C.function words D.form words 29.Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00） A.roots B.prefixes C.suffixes D.words 30.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00） A.Polymorphemic words B.Bound morphemes C.Free morphemes 31.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00） A.Affixation B.Inflection C.Derivation D.Conjugation 32.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break— daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00） A.inflection and compound B.compound and derivation C.inflection and derivation 33.Compound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00） A.bound B.free C.both bound and free 34.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00） A.WTO B.Motel C.Bookshelf D.red-faced 35.Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00） A.girlfriend B.television
[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编14.doc
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答案见麦多课文库 [考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编14 一、简答题 0 Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研)
1 Jane showed her baby pictures. 2 The old man is drinking in the air. 3 We need more realistic officials to handle the economy. 4 We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street. 5 Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner. 6 What is Halliday's idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?
7 What are deep and surface structures? 8 In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle? (1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond. (2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond. (3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研)
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编9
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编9(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：24，分数：48.00)1.The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymyB.antonymyC.entailment √解析：解析：（如果知道一个句子的真假能够判断另一个句子的真假，那么第一个句子就蕴含了第二个句子。
题中如果第一个句子为真，则第二句为真；第一句为假，第二句或真或假。
所以第一句蕴含第二句。
)2.Conceptual meaning is not______（分数：2.00）A.affective √B.cognitiveC.logicD.denotative解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容，而不是感情的。
)3.The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word______（分数：2.00）A.is interpreted through the mediation of concept. √B.is related to the thing it refers to.C.is the idea associated with that word "in the minds of speakers".D.is the image it is represented in the mind.解析：解析：（语义三角学说认为词汇的意义是通过概念表现出来的。
)4.Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or______which can not be determined by the context. （分数：2.00）A.homonymy √B.antonymyC.meronymyD.synonymy解析：解析：（当语境无法决定多义词或同音异义词的具体含义时，就会产生分歧。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编21
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编21(总分：90.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)1.IC is the short form of immediate 1used in the study of syntax. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：constituent）解析：解析：随接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。
它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。
2. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cohesion）解析：解析：衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之问存在的一种形式上的联系。
3.Coordination and subordination belong to 1construction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：endocentric）解析：解析：向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。
从结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。
4.A 1sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but" , or . （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：coordinate）解析：解析：并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如hut，and，or这些并列连渊来连接的。
英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编10_真题-无答案
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10(总分48,考试时间90分钟)1. 简答题1. In English, the phoneme/p/is pronounced differently in words such as pat, spat, or tap. Can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?（南开大学2010研)2. What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?（厦门大学2010研)Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.(四川大学2007研)3. rational4. moral5. regular6. political7. effective8. human9. relevant10. legal11. proportionate12. resistible13. (a)List the " bound" morphemes to be found in the following words; misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly(b)In which of the following examples should the " a" be treated as a bound morpheme: a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL（上海交大2005研)14. In English, the suffix "-able" as in "X + able" means "able to be X-ed.(1)Use an example to illustrate this rule.(2)What kind of words can function as "X"?In words like "unthinkable ," the suffix-able means more than " able to be X-ed. " Think of TWO more words of this type.（南京大学2007研)15. What can this rule mean in English grammar? {D}—(-id)/(t)—(北师大2004研)16. What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?17. Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, usinga labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.（1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18. Distinguish between the two possible meanings of more beautiful flowers by means of IC analysis.(北二外2006研；北二外2008研)19. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?(西安交大2008研)Please rephrase the following sentences, to disambiguate them.20. Tom and Mary saw the mountains while they were flying over.21. Old men and women are hard to live with.22. They said she would go yesterday.23. The governor is a dirty street fighter.24. We deplore the shooting of the hunters.。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析：解析：（bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。
)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。
)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。
)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。
)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编7
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编7(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。
2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。
3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。
4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meanings. These words are called homonyms. There are also lots of homonyms in Chinese, for instance, the Chinese word "不过" embodies different meanings in actual usage. Take the examples provided above for example. In(1), the word "不过" expresses the meaning of "no more than". Hence, this sentence can be rewritten as "you will have nothing to be worried about after no more than two years. " In(2), the meaning is a little bit different and it means "only, just". The example can be interpreted as "one year later he became a father who was only 18 years old. " In(3), it has used another meaning of this word, namely "very, extremely". Therefore, this sentence can be interpreted like this; this is a very cute kid. However, the most commonly-used meaning of "不过" can be identified in the last example(4). In Chinese, more often than not, we use this word to indicate the change or transition of meaning. It has the same meaning with the English conjunctions "however" , "but" , "nevertheless" , etc. Therefore, the sentence in the example can be paraphrased as "I have no good suggestions, either. However, this is very urgent; there is no way that we can make sure it is perfect". Through these four examples we can observe that the meaning of the specific words is context-dependent. The meanings may vary due to the change of the context. "不过" in most cases is used as an adverb, indicating the degree, such as the example(1)—(3). It is used as a conjunction in(4)indicating transition or change of ideas.) 解析：解析：（本题考查汉语中一词多义的现象，通过分析例句指出同一词语不同意义之间的联系与区别，具有较强的灵活性。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：the meaning of its structure）解析：解析：（句子的意义是由词汇意义与句子结构两者决定的。
)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。
)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编4
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。
)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。
显然这里用的是主位意义。
)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。
)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。