介入名词解释、简答Word版

传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除! 名词解释10×3' 单选30×1 ' 多选10×1 ' 简答题5×6'

名词解释 1. (P1)介入放射学(interventional radiology,IVR or IR):是以影像诊断为基础,在医学影像诊断设备的引导下,利用穿刺针、导管及其他介入器材,对疾病进行治疗或采集组织学、细菌学及生理、生化资料进行诊断的学科。 2. (p20)经皮穿刺引流术:是通过穿刺针、导管等器材,在X线、B超、CT等影像设备的引导下,经皮穿入体内液体潴留处并植入引流管引流的一种介入治疗技术。 3. (P31)经导管血管栓塞术(TAE简称栓塞术):是介入放射学的最重要的基础技术之一,是在X线电视透视下经导管向靶血管内注入或送入栓塞物质,使之闭塞从而达到预期治疗目的的技术。 4. (P38)化疗性栓塞:对恶性肿瘤的栓塞常与化疗药物灌注合并进行,特别是使用碘油化疗乳剂。 5. (P39)栓塞后综合征:版本1介入治疗栓塞后局部组织缺血坏死,继而出现临床症状(如栓塞部位疼痛,全身发热,恶心、呕吐等症状),这些症状是一过性变化,一般在10-15天内逐渐缓解,消失,可以进行对症处理(脾栓塞疼痛可持续很久)。版本2:

介入栓塞治疗后3-15天中,病人出现局部疼痛、发热、白细胞计数增高、消化道症状等表现,称栓塞后综合症,是由于栓塞后局部缺血,代谢产物或坏死物质吸收所致。次重要的: 6. (P38 P46)血流重分布:对正常的动脉血供进行栓塞,使之血供由其他动脉供给,而达到某种治疗目的。栓塞的前提是不造成被栓血管供养器官的缺血坏死。 7. (P40)介入性器官切除:内科性内脏切除是应用栓塞剂,栓塞某些器官的终末动脉或毛细血管,使之出现不同程度的梗死、机化,从而达到临床治疗目的的治疗方法。可用于脾功能亢进、脾大、肾脏病引起的顽固性高血压、大量蛋白尿及异位妊娠等的治疗。 8. (P40)动脉内药物灌注术(IAI):是指通过介入放射学的方法,建立由体表到达靶动脉的通道(导管),经该通道注入药物达到局部治疗的一种方法。 9. (P41)首过效应:主要指药物第一次通过靶器官时被提取和代谢的现象,也包括一些其他效应。大多数药物在肝脏进行代谢,首过效应在肝动脉内药物灌注时是分明显。 10. (P52、132)经皮经腔血管成形术(PTA)采用导管技术挤压扩张或再通动脉粥样硬化或其他原因导致的血管狭窄闭塞性疾病的方法。 11. (133)经皮经腔支架植入术(PTAS) 12. (P64、P163)经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS):是近20年发展起来的一项介入放射学治疗技术。它是以颈内静脉为穿刺入口,将导管经颈静脉、上腔静脉、右心房、下腔静脉,插入肝静脉并在X线导向下由肝静脉穿刺进入肝内门静脉内,在扩张两者间肝实质通道后,植入支架在肝静脉与门静脉之间建立人工分流通道,使门静脉血流直接分流至下腔静脉,从而降低门静脉压力,打到治疗静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性腹水等门静脉高压症的目的。 传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除! (P81)经皮经肝胆管内外引流术(PTCD):-经皮经肝胆管内外引流术,是指在影像设备的引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管并置入引流管,使胆汁流向体外或十二指肠的一系列技术。 13. (P92)经皮腰椎间盘摘除术(PLD):是通过纤维环开窗,并切除部分髓核组织,使椎间隙内的压力减低,从而实现减轻或解除了对神经根的压迫,达到治疗的目的。 14. (P110)肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE):经股动脉插管,选择性插入肝癌供血动脉,进行栓塞及灌注化疗药物,栓塞主要的肿瘤血管,以阻断肿瘤血供,使肿瘤缺血坏死,并灌注化疗药物以杀死肿瘤细胞。 15. (?P111)射频消融治疗(RFA):利用高频电流使活体中组织离子随电流变化的方向产生震动,使电极周围受电流作用的组织离子相互摩擦产生热量,当温度超过50°C以上即可使局部组织蛋白变性、细胞膜崩解、凝固性坏死而达到治疗肿瘤目的。 16. DVT (deep venous thrombosis)深静脉血栓:是指血液在深静脉腔内不正常凝结引起的疾病。血栓脱落可引起肺栓塞。致病因素有血流缓慢、静脉壁损伤和高凝状态三大因素。如早期未得到有效治疗,血栓机化,常遗留静脉功能不全,称为DVT综合征。 17. (P156)脑动静脉畸形(AVM):指局部脑血管发育障碍引起的脑血管局部脑血管数量和结构的异常,影响正常脑血流,是一种先天性脑血管发育异常,由扩张的、存在的静脉之间的杂乱血管积聚构成;是脑血管畸形的最常见类型。 18. (P160)颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF):颈动脉或其分支由于各种原因造成破裂,使动脉、海绵窦间形成窦道而产生的一系列病症。 19. (?P169)经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE):是通过经皮穿刺肝内门静脉分支、插管栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉来治疗门静脉高压胃食管曲张静脉破裂出血的一种方法。 20. (?P169)部分性脾动脉栓塞术(PSE):是通过股动脉插管至脾动脉及其分支,并释放栓塞物质减少,在保留正常脾功能的基础上消除患者亢进的功能,已成为公认的治疗脾功能亢进的首选方法。 21. (P175)布-加综合征(BCS):由于肝静脉和(或)肝段下腔静脉阻塞导致肝静脉和(或)下腔静脉回流障碍而产生的门脉高压和(或)下腔静脉高压的一系列临床症状和体征。 22. (?P192)动脉瘤:动脉瘤是指多种血管扩张性疾病。分为真性、夹层及假性动脉瘤等三种病变。其共同的特点为其瘤腔内均有流动的血流。真性动脉瘤简称动脉瘤,指局限性动脉扩张。夹层动脉瘤是指动脉中层血流纵向撕裂而形成真假两个血管腔。假性动脉瘤是指动脉破裂出血后血肿或周围组织包裹而形成的血腔。 23. PVA-聚乙烯醇颗粒,一种可机械阻塞病变部位血管,颗粒在其间隙中凝结机化,使血管永久性栓塞的一种高分子材料。属永久性栓塞物质。

问答 1. (P9)抗肿瘤药物的分类 ①细胞周期非特异性药物:此类药物主要影响DNA分子的复制和功能,用于增值细胞群的各期,甚至作用于非增殖细胞。如烷化剂、大部分抗癌抗生素以及糖皮质激素。 ②细胞周期特异性药物:此类药物仅对增值细胞群的某一期的作用,主要包括作用于S期的抗代谢药以及作用于M期的长春新碱等。

分类 烷化剂 抗代谢药 抗生素 植物类 杂类 激素类 传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除! 代表药物 环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺 甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶 丝裂霉素、阿霉素 依托泊苷 顺铂、卡铂 性激素、皮质激素 传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除! 2. (P15)碘油选择性长期滞留在肝癌中的机制 ①肿瘤内新生血管丰富,血流量大,由于虹吸作用碘油选择性地流向肿瘤区; ②肿瘤血管扭曲、不规则,缺乏肌层和弹力层,缺乏神经调节,血流缓慢,不足以冲刷 附着的碘油; ③肿瘤细胞分泌的渗透增强因子有利于包括碘油在内的各种物质渗透出毛细血管,使碘 油易滞留于肿瘤内; ④肿瘤组织内缺乏能清除碘油的单核巨噬系统和淋巴系统; ⑤坏死导致死腔形成,单核巨噬系统难以将其清除。 3. (?P17)介入放射学的分类 按照介入放射学方法分为:穿刺引流术、灌注栓塞术、成形术、其他。 按照治疗领域分为:血管系统介入放射学、非血管系统介入放射学。 4. (?P24)胆道梗阻经皮穿刺引流术的适应症、禁忌症 适应证:①无法手术切除的原位性或转移性恶性肿瘤导致的黄疸 ②良性狭窄,尤其是在胆道吻合处的狭窄 ③胆道梗阻导致的败血症 ④黄疸患者手术前的胆道减压 ⑤作为其他治疗的一种辅助治疗措施 禁忌证:①凝血功能障碍 ②脓毒血症及败血症是相对禁忌症 ③大量腹水 5. (?P48)动脉内药物灌注术治疗恶性肿瘤的适应证、禁忌证 适应证:①晚期不能手术的恶性肿瘤 ②虽能手术切除,但有手术禁忌证或不愿意手术治疗的患者 ③恶性肿瘤手术切除前的局部化疗 ④恶性肿瘤手术切除术后复发或转移者 ⑤恶性肿瘤手术切除术后预防性局部化疗 禁忌症: ① 恶病质或有心肝肺肾功能严重障碍者 ② 伴有高热感染迹象以及白细胞计数低于3×109/L ③ 发生严重脑和全身转移者 ④ 严重出血素质者 6. (?P173)经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞联合脾动脉栓塞术栓塞顺序 主张先行部分性脾动脉栓塞术(PSE),后行经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)。原因如下:①栓塞部分脾脏后,脾静脉、门静脉的血流量、流速和压力下降,使侧支分流血管的血流量流速降低,有利于侧支血管的栓塞,可减少栓塞剂用量,并降低或避免异位栓塞等并发症;②在急诊止血时,先作PSE,可减少或控制患者术中的消化道出血,保证患者后续操作安全顺利进行;③PSE比PTVE操作相对简单。用时少,先行PSE符合“先易后难”的治疗操作原则。 7. (?P175)布-加综合征主要分型 ⑴下腔静脉阻塞型:①下腔静脉膜性阻塞,②下腔静脉节段性阻塞,③下腔静脉阻塞伴血栓形成; ⑵肝静脉阻塞型:①肝静脉局限性阻塞,②肝静脉广泛性阻塞,③肝静脉和副肝静脉阻塞;传播优秀Word版文档 ,希望对您有帮助,可双击去除! ⑶混合型阻塞型:①下腔静脉和肝静脉阻塞,②下腔静脉和肝静脉阻塞伴副肝静脉代偿。 8. (P187)Seldinger穿刺技术经典的操作步骤 用带针芯的穿刺针经皮穿透血管前、后壁,退出针芯,缓缓向外拔针,当穿刺针退至血管腔内时,可以见血流从针尾射出,即引入导丝,退出针,通过导丝引入导管,将导管放至主动脉,此即Seldinger术。 9. (P196)恶性病变的血管造影表现 ①肿瘤血管的肿瘤染色 ②动脉弧形推移 ③动脉不规则僵直或中断 ④血管弧或血管池 ⑤动静脉分流术 ⑥静脉癌栓的造影表现 ⑦侧支供血 10. (?P199)静脉癌栓的造影表现 ①静脉内充盈缺损 ②线样征 ③静脉增粗最粗直径可达3.5cm ④回流静脉不显影,但此征无特异性 ⑤癌性静脉高压所办法的侧支循环表现 11. 肝细胞肿瘤 特点: 肝癌主要侵袭性,常以单中心或多中心形式发生,极易侵犯门静脉分支形成癌栓,易形成动脉-静脉瘘或肝静脉瘘,肝外血性转移多见于肺、骨、脑等。淋巴转移至肝门淋巴结最多见,此外,向横隔及附近脏器直接蔓延和种植性转移并不少见。 诊断:实验室 甲胎蛋白(AFP)对诊断肝细胞癌有相对特异性 影像学检查 超声检查是筛查肝癌的常用手段 活检 治疗方法:①肝动脉化疗栓塞术 ②物理消融 ③经皮穿刺药物灌注治疗 ④其他综合治疗 13. 请简述一下CCF(颈动脉海绵窦瘘)的临床表现 ① 搏动性突眼 ② 颅内血管杂音 ③ 眼结膜充血以及水肿 ④ 眼球运动障碍 ⑤ 进行性视力障碍 ⑥ 头痛 ⑦ 颅内出血以及鼻出血 一. 原发性肝癌(第七章) 肝癌的介入治疗: 1.肝动脉化疗栓塞术:肝动脉化疗栓塞术是肝脏恶性肿瘤最常用、最有效的治疗方法之一。经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗阻断了肝癌局部血流,栓塞剂内混合的抗癌药物缓慢释

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(完整word版)音乐教师招聘复习资料-名词解释

(完整word版)音乐教师招聘复习资料-名词解释

名词解释一、音乐教材教法1、课程标准:课程标准是规定某一学科的课程性质、课程目标、内容目标、实施建议的教学指导性文件。

2、人文内涵:是指人类社会生活中的各种文化现象,是每个人每天生活在其中的具体的、活生生的、真实的世界,它渗透到人类生存的每个领域。

3、多元音乐文化:是指不同国家和地区、不同民族和风格的多种音乐文化。

4、仿真型教学情境:教师运用语言、实物、音乐和多媒体等手段,为学生创设生动真实的情境,激发学生积极的情感,充分调动学生学习的积极性,学生在“身临其境”中,领略了音乐艺术的魅力。

5、真实型教学情境:是指让学生参与到乡村、社区、学校、班级等音乐艺术实践中去,尽情地感受、体验、表现音乐带来的愉悦,并获得成功的喜悦。

6、问题型教学情境:是指在对某个问题的探究为平台的教学中,学习内容和学习求知心理之间制造一种“不协调",把学生引入一种与问题有关的情境的过程,从“不协调(质疑)—探究—发现—解决问题"。

7、合作学习型教学情境:是指为学生创设一种民主的、平等的、和谐的学习氛围,通过师生之间、学生与学生之间的具体的合作活动,开拓学生的思路,调动了学习的主动性,合作中有配合又有竞争,培养了学生的交往、协作和竞争能力.二、西方音乐史1钢琴小品:为钢琴而作的短小乐曲。

把抒情的和戏剧性的情绪安排在一个紧密的结构里,常用短小的二部、三部曲式.如无词歌、音乐瞬间。

2、艺术歌曲:一种艺术性很强的歌曲。

①所采用的歌词大多是文学性较强的诗篇;②力求曲调与诗歌的丝丝入扣、水乳交融;③伴奏在乐曲的总体结构中占有不可或缺的重要地位。

④为指定的声部而写作;⑤在公开或小范围的音乐会上演出.3、交响诗:一种自由形式的单乐章的标题交响音乐,它的前身是音乐会序曲。

交响诗在构思上或体现一个哲学思想,或体现一种诗的意境,或和一定的文学题材相联系。

4、标题音乐:是带有文学或图画联想的器乐作品,标题音乐强调描绘性的因素,推动作曲家努力表现具体的情感,并显示了音乐与生活的直接联系.5、狂想曲:狂想曲一种技术艰深具有史诗性的器乐曲。

(完整word版)历史名词解释(笔记整理)

(完整word版)历史名词解释(笔记整理)

《马斯特里赫特条约》亦称《欧洲联盟条约》于1991年12月9~10日,第46 届欧共体首脑会议在荷兰马斯特里赫特举行。

经过两天激烈辩论,终于通过并草签了《欧洲经济与货币联盟条约》和《政治联盟条约》,即《马斯特里赫特条约》。

这一条约是对《罗马条约》的修订,它为欧共体建立政治联盟和经济与货币联盟确立了目标与步骤,最迟于1999年1月18在欧共体内发行统一货币,实行共同的对外与防务政策,扩大欧洲议会的权力。

该条约的签署标志着欧共体一体化建设进入了一个新的阶段。

埃维昂协议法国承认阿尔及利亚独立的协议。

于1962年3月18日在法国埃维昂签订。

协议规定1962年3月19日在阿尔及利亚全境结束军事行动,法国承认阿尔及利亚人民有权行使自决权,成立一个独立和主权的国家,法国承认阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线为“合法新政治组织”。

法国3年内分批从阿尔及利亚撤出全部军队,但保留米尔斯克比尔(现凯比尔港)的海军基地,租借期15年,法国承担向阿尔及利亚提供为期3年的经济援助。

法国公司则保持它们在阿尔及利亚的石油租借权。

结束法国在阿尔及利亚133年的殖民统治。

切·格瓦拉马克思主义革命者和古巴游击队领导人。

出生于阿根廷的罗萨里奥。

他参与了卡斯特罗领导的古巴革命,推翻了亲美的巴蒂斯塔独裁政权。

在古巴新政府担任了一些要职之后,格瓦拉于1965年离开古巴,在其它国家继续发动共产革命。

在玻利维亚,他在一次由美国中央情报局策划的军事行动中被捕,并于1967年10月9日被玻利维亚军队杀害。

自切·格瓦拉死后,他的肖像已成为反主流文化的普遍象征、全球流行文化的标志[4],同时也是第三世界共产革命运动中的英雄和世界左翼运动的象征。

万隆会议是1955年4月18-24日在印度尼西亚万隆召开的反对殖民主义,推动亚非各国民族独立的会议。

又称第一次亚非会议。

中国总理周恩来率代表团参加。

会议广泛讨论了民族主权和反对殖民主义、保卫世界和平及与各国经济文化合作等问题。

(完整word版)市场营销名词解释简答题答案

(完整word版)市场营销名词解释简答题答案

市场营销名词解释1.关系营销: 所谓关系营销,是把营销活动看成是一个企业与消费者、供应商、分销商、竞争者、政府机构及其他公众发生互动作用的过程,其核心是建立和发展与这些公众的良好关系.2.4C :美国营销大师劳特朋所创4C理论的简称,即:顾客的欲求与需要、顾客获取满足的成本、顾客购买的方便性、沟通。

3.4R: 4R分别指代Relevance(关联)、Reaction(反应)、Relationship(关系)和Reward(回报)。

该营销理论认为,随着市场的发展,企业需要从更高层次上以更有效的方式在企业与顾客之间建立起有别于传统的新型的主动性关系。

4、社会阶层:社会阶层是指全体社会成员按照一定等级标准划分为彼此地位相互区别的社会集团。

同一社会集团成员之间态度以及行为和模式和价值观等方面具有相似性。

不同集团成员存在差异性。

5.产业市场:产业市场又叫生产者市场或工业市场,是由那些购买货物和劳务,并用来生产其它货物和劳务,以出售、出租给其他人的个人或组织构成。

6.供应商营销:主要包括两方面内容1确定严格的资格标准以选择优秀的供应商。

这些标准可以包括技术水平、财务状况、创新能力、商业信誉、质量观念等。

7.积极争取那些成绩卓著的供应商使其成为自己的合作伙伴。

因这种市场营销活动与产品流动方向是相反的,故也称为“反向营销”。

8.品牌忠诚:品牌忠诚指消费者对某一品牌具有特殊的嗜好,因而在不断购买此类产品时,仅仅是认品牌而放弃对其他品牌的尝试。

9.目标市场:目标市场就是通过市场细分后,企业准备以相应的产品和服务满足其需要的一个或几个子市场。

10.集中市场营销:采取集中性营销策略的企业则把自己的目标集中在一个或少数几个子市场上。

采用这种策略的多是资源有限的中、小型企业,它们追求的目标不是在较大的市场上占有一个较小的市场份额,而是在一个或几个较小的市场上占有较大的、甚至是领先的市场份额。

11.市场定位:是指企业根据竞争者现有产品在市场上所处的位置,针对顾客对该类产品某些特征或属性的重视程度,为本企业产品塑造与众不同的,给人印象鲜明的形象,并将这种形象生动地传递给顾客,从而使该产品在市场上确定适当的位置。

病案信息学

病案信息学

一、单选(1分一题,15分)二、不定项选择(多选少选不得分,2分一题,共12分)三、判断题(2分,共20分)四、名词解释(3分,15分)五、简答题(5,15分)六、案例分析(15分)七、论述题(8分)1.名词解释:PDCA循环:是指全面质量管理的工作程序,即全面质量管理按照计划、实施、检查和处理四个阶段循环往复地进行。

介入治疗:指借助某些器械、在超声、X线、内镜等监视下将导管或针插入脏器,通过导管注射药物,进行栓塞,扩张或导入高频电激光,微波及冷冻等物理因子达到治疗疾病的目的。

合并编码:当两个疾病或一个疾病诊断伴有相关的临床表现被分配到一个编码时,这个编码称为合并编码。

另编码:又称“也要编码”,是一个重要的指示词,提示在该编码下常会出现那些伴随的其他手术操作,这些同时伴随的手术不能相互包括和省略,也要进行编码给出范围。

病床使用率:是反映每天使用床位与实有床位的比率,即实际占用的总床日数与实际开放的总床日数之比。

手术前后诊断符合率:指报告期内出院病人手术前后诊断符合的人数占同期出院病人中手术病人数的比重。

入出院诊断符合率:指报告期间内入院与出院诊断符合人数占同期出院人中明确诊断人数。

2.简答题:运用治愈率、好转率、病死率等治疗效果指标分析时,应注意什么?这四个指标是出院总人数的构成相对数,他们的总和等于1或100%。

简述病案信息统计工作的关键步骤?统计设计、统计调查、统计整理、统计分析医院需要上报2020年住院期间发生压疮的人数,请用公式表示。

答:时间=2020,ICD=L89,入院病情=4简述四种直接在形态学编码之后给出部位编码的情况。

(要求查找2022年经阴道分娩的所有病例)1.无法区分部位的肿瘤:如血液的肿瘤、淋巴瘤2.不区分部位的肿瘤:如脂肪瘤,血管瘤3.特殊组织或部位肿瘤:如肝细胞瘤,脑膜瘤;4.某些未指出部位的肿瘤:如内胚窦瘤,G细胞瘤;梗阻性分娩3.案例分析题颅骨和面骨骨折伴有颅内损伤,以颅内损伤为主要编码见P19212例如:颅底骨折伴有大脑挫裂伤选择:大脑挫裂伤S06.3梗阻性分娩判断梗阻性分娩的标准是什么?见课件上练习题请结合杨老师课上讲的柏拉图实操复习P240医疗质量综合评价计算分析P309表9-是选取反映医疗质量的统计指标体系,并且给出每个指标在医疗质量评价中的权重。

名词解释简答题(基础护理学一)word版本

名词解释简答题(基础护理学一)word版本

名词解释简答题(基础护理学一)名词解释,简答题(基础护理学一)名词解释,简答题(基础护理学一)2010-06-27 17:131.生命体征是指体温、脉搏、呼吸和血压。

生命体征是机体内在活动的客观反映,又是护士评估病人身心状态的基本资料。

2.发热由于致热源作用于体温调节中枢或体温中枢功能障碍等原因,导致体温超过正常范围。

3.弛张热体温在39℃以上,但波动幅度大,24h体温差在1℃以上,最低体温仍高于正常水平4.间歇脉在一系列正常均匀的脉搏中出现一次提高而较弱的脉搏,其后有一较正常延长的间歇,称间歇脉。

5.绌脉在同一单位时间内脉率少于心率,脉搏细数,极不规则,听诊时心律完全不规则,心率快慢不一,心音强弱不等。

6.间断呼吸表现为呼吸与呼吸暂停现象交替出现,其特点是有规律地呼吸几次后突然停止呼吸,间断一个短时间后又开始呼吸,如此周而复始。

是呼吸中枢兴奋性显著降低的表现,多在呼吸停止前出现。

7.呼吸困难呼吸频率、节律和深浅度的异常。

病人自感空气不足,胸闷,呼吸费力,不能平卧;并有烦躁,张口耸肩,口唇、指甲紫绀,鼻翼扇动等体征。

8.血压血液在血管内流动时对血管壁的侧压力9.脉压收缩压和舒张压之差称脉压。

正常值为4~5.3kPa10.高血压收缩压达到21.3kPa或以上,和(或)舒张压在12.6kPa或以上。

1.休息是相对地减少活动,使人从生理上和心理上得到松弛并使精力恢复。

2.睡眠是一种周期性的、可逆的静息现象。

是由不同时相组成的一种休息形式。

3.异相睡眠是睡眠的一种状态,其脑电图是去同步的低振幅脑波,又称去同步睡眠。

表现为肌张力进一步降低,处于完全松弛状态,但眼肌例外,出现快速的眼球转动故又称快动眼睡眠。

5.失眠是睡眠失常中最常见的一种,表现为入睡困难、睡眠不稳和早醒。

6.睡眠性呼吸暂停是一种在睡眠期间发生自我限制,没有呼吸的现象,医学上称之为潜在性致死性疾病。

7.冷热疗法冷热疗法是临床常用的物理治疗方法。

(完整word版)内科名词解释完整版

(完整word版)内科名词解释完整版

内科学名词解释第二篇:呼吸系统疾病1.慢性阻塞性肺病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,COPD):包括慢性支气管炎、阻塞性肺气肿,临床上以进行性气流受阻为主要表现,部分有可逆性,可伴有气道高反应性。

2.阻塞性肺气肿(Obstructive Emphysema):终末支气管远端的气道弹性减弱,过度膨胀、充气和肺容积增大,同时伴有气道周围肺泡壁的破坏。

3.慢性肺原性心脏病(Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease):由于慢性肺部疾病和胸廓疾病或肺血管病变所引起的肺循环阻力增加,肺动脉高压,进而引起右心室肥厚,扩大,甚至发生右心衰竭的心脏病。

4.支气管哮喘(Asthma):一种以嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、淋巴细胞等多种炎症细胞介导的气道慢性变态反应性炎症性疾病,可引起气道高反应性和广泛的、可逆性气道阻塞。

临床上以反复发作的喘息、呼吸困难、胸闷或咳嗽为特点,常在夜间和清晨发作,症状可经治疗或自行缓解。

5.迟发相哮喘反应(Late Asthmatic Reaction,LAR):接触过敏原3-4小时发生,历时20—24小时,嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等炎症细胞从外周循环血液聚集到气道并活化,释放出炎性介质,包括是酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白、白三烯和血小板活化因子等,引起气道炎症,微血管渗漏、腺体分泌增加和气道高反应性。

6.阿司匹林过敏—哮喘-鼻息肉三联症(Aspirin Induced Asthma):阿司匹林可使花生四烯酸代谢异常,前列腺素生成减少,可诱发哮喘.常合并鼻息肉,被称为阿司匹林-哮喘-鼻息肉综合症。

7.咳嗽变异性哮喘(Cough Variant Asthma):以顽固性咳嗽为唯一临床表现,无喘息症状的支气管哮喘。

8.呼吸衰竭(Respiratory Failure):外呼吸功能严重障碍,以致不能进行有效的气体交换,导致缺氧,伴有或不伴有二氧化碳潴留而引起一系列生理功能和代谢障碍的临床综合征。

完整word版测量学名词解释和简答题

1. 测量学一一测量学是研究如何测定地面点的点位, 及确定地球形状和大小的一门科学。

将地球表面的各种地物、 地貌及其他信息测绘成图以2. 测定一一就是把地表的存在状态, 通过一定的测量仪器和测量方法进行测量, 并以数据或图纸的形式把 它们表现出来,以满足工程规划设计的需要。

3. 测设一一就是把图纸上的设计好的建筑物、 构筑物, 通过一定的测量仪器和测量方法将它们在实地上标 定出来,以作为施工的依据。

4. 铅垂线——重力的作用线称为铅垂线。

5. 大地体一一大地水准面所包围的形体称为大地体。

7. 水准面一一水自然静止时的表面称为水准面,它是一个重力等位面,其特性是处处与铅垂线垂直。

8. 大地水准面一一其中与平均海水面吻合并向大陆内部延伸而形成的封闭曲面称为大地水准面。

9. 绝对高程一一地面点沿铅垂线方向至大地水准面的距离称为绝对高程。

10. 相对高程一一地面点沿铅垂线方向至任意假定水准面的距离称为该点的相对高程。

置数是指照准某一方向的目标后,使水平度盘的读数等于给定或需要的值。

12. 高差法一一直接利用高差计算 B 点高程的,称为高差法。

13. 视准轴一一 十字丝交点与物镜光心的连线,称为视准轴。

14. 视差一一使眼睛在目镜端上下微动,若看到十字丝与标尺的影像有相对移动时这种现象称为视差。

15. 水准点一一用水准测量方法测定高程的控制点称为水准点。

16. 附合水准路线一一从一高级水准点出发,沿各待定高程点进行水准测量,最后测至另一高级水准点所 构成的施测路线,称为附合水准路线。

17. 闭合水准路线一一从一已知水准点出发,沿待定高程点进行水准测量,最后仍回到原水准点所组成的 环形路线,称为闭合水准路线。

18. 支水准路线一一从一已知水准点BM 1出发,沿待定高程点1、2进行水准测量,其路线既不附合也不闭合,称为支水准路线。

19. 水平角一一由一点到两个目标的方向线垂直投影在水平面上所成的角,称为水平角。

(完整word版)单片机名词解释

单片机名词解释一、名词解释1.微处理器:即中央处理器CPU,它是把运算器和控制器集成在一块芯片上的器件总称。

2.单片机(单片微型计算机):把CPU、存储器、I/O接口、振荡器电路、定时器/计数器等构成计算机的主要部件集成在一块芯片上构成一台具有一定功能的计算机,就称为单片微型计算机,简称单片机。

3.程序计数器:程序计数器PC是一个不可寻址的16位专用寄存器(不属于特殊功能寄存器),用来存放下一条指令的地址,具有自动加1的功能。

4.数据指针:数据指针DPTR是一个16位的寄存器,可分为两个8位的寄存器DPH、DPL,常用作访问外部数据存储器的地址寄存器,也可寻址64K字节程序存储器的固定数据、表格等单元。

5.累加器:运算时的暂存寄存器,用于提供操作数和存放运算结果。

它是应用最频繁的寄存器,由于在结构上与内部总线相连,所以一般信息的传送和交换均需通过累加器A。

6.程序状态字:程序状态字PSW是一个8位寄存器,寄存当前指令执行后的状态,为下条或以后的指令执行提供状态条件。

它的重要特点是可以编程。

7.堆栈:堆栈是一组编有地址的特殊存储单元,数据遵循先进后出的存取原则。

栈顶地址用栈指针SP指示。

8.软件堆栈:通过软件唉内部RAM中定义一个区域作为堆栈(即由软件对SP设置初值),称软件堆栈。

9.振荡周期(晶振周期):振荡电路产生的脉冲信号的周期,是最小的时序单位。

10.时钟周期:把2个振荡周期称为S状态,即时钟周期。

1个时钟周期=2个振荡周期。

11.机器周期:完成一个基本操作所需的时间称为机器周期。

1个机器周期=12个振荡周期。

12.指令周期:执行一条指令所需的全部时间称为指令周期。

MCS-51单片机的指令周期一般需要1、2、4个机器周期。

13.地址/数据分时复用总线:是指P0口用作扩展时,先输出低8位地址至地址锁存器,而后再由P0口输入指令代码,在时间上是分开的。

14.准双向并行I/O口:当用作通用I/O口,且先执行输出操作,而后要由输出变为输入操作时,必须在输入操作前再执行一次输出“1”操作(即先将口置成1),然后执行输入操作才会正确,这就是准双向的含义。

(完整word版)组胚名词解释与简答题答案整理

组胚串讲课件名词解释与简答题答案整理1.胚胎学: 研究生物个体发生, 生长及其发育机制的一门科学, 其研究内容主要包括生殖细胞发生, 受精, 胚胎发育过程, 发育规律, 发育机制·胚胎与母体的关系和先天畸形等。

2.HE染色: 将能组织或细胞内的酸性物质染成紫蓝色的苏木清和将组织或细胞内的碱性物质染成粉红色的伊红两种染色法简称为: HE 染色3.内皮: 衬贴在心、血管和淋巴管腔面的单层扁平上皮。

4.间皮: 分布在胸膜、腹膜和心包膜的单层扁平上皮。

5.肌节:在偏振光显微镜下, 明带呈单折光为各向同性:暗带呈双折光, 为各向异性。

暗带中央有一条暗色的窄带。

明带中央有一条深色的细线成为Z线。

相邻的两条Z线之间的一段肌原纤维成为肌节。

6.横小管: 是肌膜向肌质内凹陷的管状结构。

其走向与肌纤维长轴垂直。

7.三联体: 每一条横小管与其两者的终池共同组成8.闰盘: 盘心肌纤维的连接处, 在HE染色的标本中呈着色较深的横行或阶梯状粗线。

9.尼氏体:为嗜碱性物质,又称嗜染质,为光镜下可见的嗜碱性小体或颗粒。

在一些大型的运动神经元,尼氏体大而多,宛如虎皮花纹,又称虎斑小体。

电镜下,尼氏体由大量平行排列的粗面内质网和其间的游离核糖体构成。

是神经元合成蛋白质的部位。

10.神经原纤维:是神经细胞质内的丝状纤维结构。

在银染标本切片中, 呈棕褐色细丝, 交织成网, 并向轴突和树突方向延伸。

神经原纤维由神经丝和微管聚集成束所构成, 神经原纤维构成神经元的细胞骨架, 具有支持作用, 参与细胞内的物质转运。

现细胞之间的通讯。

12.化学突触: 以神经递质为媒介, 单向传导。

由突触前成分、突触后成分与突触间隙组成。

13.动脉周围淋巴鞘:简称为淋巴鞘, 由位于中央动脉周围的淋巴组织构成。

主要含有大量T细胞, 属于胸腺依赖区, 同时含有巨噬细胞、交错突细胞等, 但无毛细血管后微静脉。

14.胃底腺: 分布于胃底和胃体, 为单管状或分支管状腺。

(完整word版)语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)

四、名词解释:1)Parole话语:①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2)Applied linguistics应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often beapplied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3)Reference(所指)语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4)Illocutionary act言外行为:the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th eact preformed in saying something.5)Regional dialect地域方言:it is a linguistic variety used by people living in thesame geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制:It was described as animaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.7)CA(Contrastive Analysis)对比分析:starting with describing comparablefeatures of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.8)Neurolinguistics(神经语言学):it is the study of two related areas:languagedisorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析:①It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.②The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.③This applies to all forms of a sentence.④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流:itis communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.11)Cross-association互相联想:In English we sometimes may come across wordswhich are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12)CPH(Critical Period Hypothesis)临界期假说:a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)13) Prescriptive(grammer)规定语法:if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14) Performance语言运用;言语行为:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15)Duality双重性(double articulation):language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.五、问答题:Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientificstudy of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinkslinguists should study t he ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockettto show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals of its users.3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Atthe lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 23.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].③Allophone—the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsPhone is different from phoneme,The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处?In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:"You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo rds “you”, “have”, “door”,“open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答:Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity数量原则E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?B: Sometimes next month.It is flouting the maxim of quantity(2) The maxim of quality质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.(3) The maxim of relation相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class.(4) The maxim of manner方式准则E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Chapter92.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: “corn snow”, “fine powder snow”, and “drifting snow”.Chapter102.Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1)Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination (识别)and generalizaition are key to language development.2)An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.2.Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:1)a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;2)a learner's perception of native-target language distance,3)a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.。

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