英语语用学 名词解释
1 1. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. 2. Syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well-formed. 3. Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. 4. Deixis 指示语 is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (such as, ‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (such as ‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (such as ‘now’, ‘then’). 5. Proximal terms近指 are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the deictic center指示中心. ‘this’, ‘there’, ‘now’, ‘then’ near speaker 6. Distal terms远指can simply indicate ‘away’ from speaker’, but, in some languages, can be used to distinguish between ‘near addressee’ and ‘away from both speaker and addressee’. 7. Person deixis人称指示语clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified例证 by the pronouns for first person, second person, and third person./ forms used to point to people, “me””you” 8. Expressions which indicate addressee higher status are described as honorifics敬语. 9. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes described as social deixis./forms used to indicate relative social status 10. A distinction between forms used for familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction. 用复数形态来表示单数敬语，在语言中叫 T-V distinction。此概念由 1960 年的学者 Brown 和 Gilman 提出，他们将第二人称单数分为两种形态：T 形态（T-form）和 V 形态（V-form），前者在非正式场合、尊称呼卑、关系亲密的人之间使用，后者在正式场合、下级称呼上级、称呼陌生人的时候使用 11. exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee)； inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee included). 12. spatial deixis空间指示语- the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Eg, here, there/ forms used to point to location. 13. ‘Yonder’那边 (more distant from speaker) ‘hither’这边 (to this place) ‘thence’从那里 (from that place) 14. deictic projection指示投射 manipulate speaker’s location eg: I am not here now./speakers acting as if they are somewhere else. 15. psychological distance 心理距离I don’t like that. it is ‘invested’ with meaning in a context by a speaker./speaker’s marking of how close or distant something is perceived感知 to be. 16. temporal deixis 时间指示 Back in an hour. the coming week./ forms used to point to location in time 17. It is clear that the present tense is the proximal form近端形式 and the past tense is the distal form远端形式. if-clauses 18. In temporal deixis, the remote or distal form can be used to communicate not only distant from current time, but also distant from current reality or facts. 19. Discourse deixis/ textual deixis语篇指示语 “the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion部分 of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself)” This is what he did to me. He ripped2
撕扯 my shirt and hit me on the nose
20. We might best think of reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. 21. Reference, then, is clearly tied to the speaker’s goals (for example, to identify something) and the speaker’s beliefs (i.e. can the listener be expected to know that particular something?) in the use of language. 22. Those linguistic forms are referring expressions所指词语, linguistic form which enables a listener, or reader, to identify something. which can be proper nouns专有名词 (for example, Shakespear’, Cathy Revuelto’, ‘Hawaii’), noun phrases 名词短语which are definite (for example, ‘the author’, ‘the singer’, ‘the island’), or indefinite (for example, ‘a man’, ‘a woman’, ‘a beautiful place’), and pronouns代词 (for example, ‘he’, ‘her’, ‘it’ , ‘them’ ). 23. Inference 推断 不在了-死了 24. attributive use归属性用法using an expression to identify someone or something without being committed to the existence of an actual person or thing. meaning ‘whoever/whatever fits the description. There’s a man waiting for you.不确定的 25. referential use 指称性用法 using an expression to identify someone or something when the person or thing is assumed to be known. whereby I actually have a person in mind and, instead of using her name or some other description . He wants to marry a woman with lots of money(The word ‘a’ could be replaced by ‘any’) 确定的 26. name & referents对象 There appears to be a pragmatic connection between proper names专有名词 and objects that will be conventionally associated, within a socio-culturally defined community, with those names. Using a proper name referentially to identify any such object invites the listener to make the expected inference (for example, from name of writer to book by writer) and thereby show himself or herself to be a member of the same community as the speaker. a. Brazil wins World Cup. Brazil-soccer team b. Japan wins first round of trade talks. Japan-government 27. The linguistic material, or co-text, accompanying the referring expression./ the linguistic environment in which a word is used. 28. The referring expression actually provides a range of reference所指范围, that is, a number of possible referents. 29. Co-text is just a linguistic part of the environment in which a referring expression is used. The physical environment, or context (physical environment in which a word is used), is perhaps more easily recognized as having a powerful impact on how referring expressions are to be interpreted. 30. Reference is not simply a relationship between the meaning of a word or phrase and an object or person in the world. It is a social act, in which the speaker assumes that the word or phrase chosen to identified an object or person will be interpreted as the speaker intended. 31. The definite noun phrases such as, ‘the man’, ‘the cat’, ‘the woman’ and the pronouns such as, ‘it’, ‘he’, ‘her’, ‘they’, are examples of subsequent reference后续参考to already introduced referents, generally known as anaphoric reference照应前项的参考, or anaphora. In technical terms, the second of subsequent随后的 expression is anaphor (the word used to maintain reference to someone or something already mentioned) and the initial expression used to identify someone or something is the antecedent前情. Pell and slice six potatoes前情. Put them照应前项的参考 in cold salted water. 32. And ‘it’ is used first and is difficult to interpret until the full noun phrase is presented in the next line. This pattern is technically known as cataphora (the use of a word to introduce someone or something that via more fully identified later)回指 下指, and is much less common than anaphora. I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path. 33. When the interpretation requires us to identify an entity and no linguistic expression in present, it is called zero anaphora, or ellipsis省略. The use of zero anaphora as means of maintaining reference clearly creates an expectation that the listener will be able to infer who or what the speaker intends to identify. Cook?for three minutes U4书 34. Tautology同意反复 赘言(an apparently meaningless expression in which one word is defined as itself)clearly the speaker intends to communicate more than is said.‘business is business’ or ‘boys will be boys’
语言的层级体系的名词解释
语言的层级体系的名词解释
语言的层级体系（Hierarchy of Linguistic Levels）指的是语言学中对语言结构的不同层级的分类和描述。
这些不同的层级涉及了语音、音韵、形态、句法、语义和语用等方面，以及它们之间的相互关系和交互作用。
以下是对语言层级体系中常见名词的解释：
1.语音（Phonetics）：研究语言中语音的产生、传播和感知，
包括有关语音的发音、音素、音节等方面的研究。
2.音韵（Phonology）：研究语言中音素的组织和相互关系，
探讨不同音素之间在特定语言中的规则和限制。
音韵研究
关注在特定语言中哪些音素是显著的，以及它们是如何组
织和运作的。
3.形态（Morphology）：研究语言中词的内部结构和形态变
化，探讨如何使用和组合词根、词缀、词类标记等构成单
词。
4.句法（Syntax）：研究语言中词与词之间的组合和句子的结
构，包括句子成分的组织、句法规则和句法关系等方面的
研究。
5.语义（Semantics）：研究语言中词和句子的意义，探讨语
言结构和表示所表达的概念和意义。
6.语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体交际情境中的使用，
包括语境、暗示、指代、话语行为等方面的研究。
这些层级之间存在着紧密的联系和相互作用。
例如，语音和音韵对于形态、句法和语义的解释和交流起着重要作用。
句法和语义则相互依存，语义可以影响和限制句法结构。
语言的层级体系对于理解和分析语言的结构和功能非常重要。
研究不同层级之间的关系可以揭示语言的编码和解码机制，帮助我们更好地理解和运用语言。
语言学名词解释07790
名词解释1.Prescriptive and Descriptive规定性的和描述性的Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。
规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法，什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。
ngue and Parole 语言和言语Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. %Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules.语言是一种社会机制、是一种语言的理想形式、是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的抽象的语言系统。
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学名词解释Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludesresearch into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage.2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion.3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in aparticular hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on.5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for theperception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on.8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in frontof the cen tral sulcus is callednon-flue nt aphasia.9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results ina type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia.10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte ncauses the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems tohave lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules.12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un ableto recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so undrules.13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words isreversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips.14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts makea decisi on whether the stri ngof letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word.15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used wordstha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.16. lexical decision: ___ an experime nt that let participa ntsjudge whether a stri ng of letteris a word or not at a certa in time.17. the priming experiment: An experiment that let subjects judge whether a string of lettersis a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.18. prim ing effect: Since the men tal represe ntati on is activated through the prime, whe nthe target is prese nted, resp onse time is shorter that it otherwise would have bee n. Thisis called the prim ing effect. (06F)19. bottom-up process ing: an approach that makes use prin cipally of in formati on which isalready prese nt in the data.20. top-dow n process ing: an approach that makes use of previous kno wledge and experie neeof the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumptio n was in correct, forcing thecomprehe nder to backtrack and rein terpret the sentence.22. slip of the tongue: ____ mistakes in speech which provide psycholi nguistic evide nee for theway we formulate words and phrases.Chapter 11 : Second Lan guage Acquisiti on1. second Ianguage acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa sec ond Ian guage subseque nt to his n ative Ian guage.2. target Ian guage: The Ian guage to be acquired by the sec ond Ian guage lear ner.3. second Ianguage: A second Ianguage is a Ianguage which is not a native Ianguage in a country but which is widely used as a medium of com mun icatio n and which is usually used alon gsideano ther Ian guage or Ian guages.4. foreign lang uage: A foreig n Ian guage is a Ian guage which is taught as a school subjectbut which is not used as a medium of in struct ion in schools nor as a Ian guage of com muni cati on withi n a coun try.5. in terla nguage: A type of Ian guage produced by sec ond and foreig n Ian guage lear ners, whoare in the process of learning a Ianguage, and this type of Ianguage usually contains wrong expressi ons.6. fossilization: In second or foreign Ianguage learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which in correct lin guistic features become a perma nent part of the way a pers on speaks or writes a Ian guage.7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing Ianguages for instructional purposes wherebya native Ianguage and target Ianguage are compared with a view to establishing points ofdiffere nee likely to cause difficulties for lear ners.8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second Ianguage acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second Ianguages, the learner will acquire sec ond Ian guage structure with ease, where there are differe nces, the lear ner will have difficulty.9. positive tran sfer: It refers to the tran sfer that occur when both the n ative Ian guageand the target Ianguage have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer: ___ the mistaken transfer of features of one ' s native Ianguage into asec ond Ian guage.11. error analysis: ___ the study and an alysis of errors made by sec ond and foreig n Ian guagelearners in order to identify causes of errors or commondifficulties in Ianguage learning.12. i nterli ngual error: errors, which mai nly result from cross-li nguistic in terfere nee atdiffere nt levels such as phono logical, lexical, grammatical etc.13. in trali ngual error: ____ Errors, which mai nly result from faulty or partial lear ning of thetarget Ian guage, in depe ndent of the n ative Ian guage. The typical examples areoverge neralizati on and cross-associati on.14. overgeneralization: ___ The use of previously available strategies in new situati ons, inwhich they are un acceptable.15. cross-association: ____ some words are similar in meaning as well as spelli ng andpronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the product ion of in correct forms in speech or writi ng by a non-n ative speakerof a sec ond Ian guage, due to his in complete kno wledge of the rules of that target Ian guage.17. mistake: mistakes, defi ned as either inten ti on ally or uninten ti on ally devia nt forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performa nce.18. in put: Ian guage which a lear ner hears or receives and from which he or she can lear n.19. in take: the in put which is actually helpful for the lear ner.20. In put Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashe n , which states that in sec ond Ian guage learnin g, it ' s n ecessary for the lear ner to un dersta nd in put Ian guage which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner ' s present linguistic competence.Eventually the ability to produce Ianguage is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisiti on: Acquisiti on is a process similar to the way childre n acquire their firstIanguage. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their lear ning but they are using Ian guage to com muni cate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second Ianguage knowledge by learning therules and talk ing about the rules.23. comprehe nsible in put: In put Ian guage which contains lin guistic items that are slightlybey ond the lear ner ' s prese nt lin guistic compete nee. (06F)24. Ianguage aptitude: the natural ability to learn a Ianguage, not including intelligenee, motivati on, in terest, etc.25. motivation: motivation is defined as the learner ' s attitudes and affective state orlearning drive.26. in strume ntal motivation: ____ t he motivati on that people lear n a foreig n Ian guage forin strume ntal goals such as pass ing exams, or furtheri ng a career etc. (06C)27. in tegrative motivation: _____ t he drive that people lear na foreig n Ian guage because of thewish to ide ntify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivati on: the drive that lear ners lear n a sec ond Ian guage for exter nal purposes. (06F)29. intrin sic motivation: ____ the drive that lear ners lear n the sec ond Ian guage for enjoyme ntor pleasure from lear ning.30. learning strategies: _____ learning strategies are learners ' conscious goal -oriented and problem-solvi ng based efforts to achieve lear ning efficie ncy.31. cog nitive strategies: ____ strategies in volved in an alyz ing, syn thesis, and intern aliz ingwhat has bee n learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies: the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one' s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: ______ the strategies deali ng with the ways lear ners in teract orcom muni cate with other speakers, n ative or non-n ative.Chapter 10: Lan guage Acquisiti on1. language acquisition: ____ It refers to the child ' s acquisition of his mother tongue, . how the child comes to un dersta nd and speak the Ian guage of his com mun ity.2. Ian guage acquisiti on device (LAD): _____ A hypothetical inn ate mecha nism every no rmal huma nchild is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquireIan guage. (03)3. Uni versal Grammar: A theory which claims to acco unt for the grammatical compete nee ofevery adult no matter what la nguage he or she speaks.4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slowrate of speed, high pitch, rich inton ati on, shorter and simpler sentence structures 又叫child directed speech , caretaker talk.(05)5. Critical Period Hypothesis: _____ The hypothesis that the time spa n betwee n early childhoodand puberty is the critical period for Ianguage acquisition, during which children can acquire Ian guage without formal in structi on successfully and effortlessly. (07C/ 06F/ 04)6. un der-exte nsion: Use a word with less tha n its usual range of deno tati on.7. over-exte nsion: Exte nsion of the meaning of a word bey ond its usual doma in ofapplicatio n by young childre n.8. telegraphic speech: Children ' s early multiword speech that contains content words andlacks function words and in flect ional morphemes.9. content word: Words referri ng to thin gs, quality, state or acti on, which have lexicalmeaning used alone.10. fun ctio n word: Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical relati on ships in and betwee n senten ces.11. taboo: Words known to speakers but avoided in some con texts of speech for reas ons ofreligi on, polite ness etc. (07C)12. atypical developme nt: Some acquisiti on of Ian guage may be delayed but follow the samerules of Ian guage developme nt due to trauma or injury.Chapter 9: Lan guage And Culture1. culture : The total way of life of a pers on, in clud ing the patter ns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and Ianguage that characterizes the life of humancom munity.2. discourse commu nity : It refers to the com mon ways that members of some social groupuse Ian guage to meet their n eeds.3. acculturation : A process in which changes on the Ianguage, culture and system of valuesof a group happen through interaction with another group with a different Ianguage, culture and a system of values.4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis : The interdependence of Ianguage and thought is now known asSapir-Whorf Hypothesis.5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined whollyor partly by the structure of their native Ianguage——又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)6. lin guistic determinism: ____ It refers to the idea that the Ian guage we use, to some exte nt,determines the way in which we view and think about the world around us. (06C)7. deno tative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dict ion ary.8. conno tative meaning: The associati on of a word, apart from its primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word in voked to people.10. metaphors: A figure of speech, in which no function words like like, as are used. Something is described by stating another thing with which it can be compared.11. euphemism: a word or phrase that replace a taboo word or is used to avoid reference tocerta in acts or subjects, . powder room for toilet.12. cultural overlap: ____ The situati on betwee n two societies due to some similarities in then atural en viro nment and psychology of huma n being513. cultural diffusion: _____ Through com muni cati on, some eleme nts of culture A en ter culture Band become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusi on. (05/03)14. cultural imperialism: ____ The situati on of in creas ing cultural diffusi on all over theworld.(06C)15. linguistics imperialism: it is a kind of kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgati on of global ideologies through the world-wide expa nsion of one Ian guage. (06C)16. linguistic nationalism: In order to protect the purity of their Ianguage, some countrieshave adopted special language policy. It is called linguistic nationalism.17. in tercultural communication: _____ It is com muni catio n betwee n people whose culturalpercepti ons and symbols are dist inct eno ugh to alter the com muni cati on event.18. language planning: planning, usually by a government,concerning choice of national or official Ianguage(s), ways of spreading the use of a Ianguage, spelling reforms, the addition of new words to the Ian guage, and other Ian guage problems.Chapter 8: Lan guage And Society1. sociolinguistics: ____ T he subfield of linguistics that study Ianguage variation and Ianguage use in social con texts.2. speech com mun ity: A group of people who form a com munity and share at least one speechvariety as well as similar lin guistic no rms. (05)3. speech varieties: It refers to any disti nguishable form of speech used by a speaker ora group of speakers.4. regi onal dialect: ____ A variety of Ian guage used by people livi ng in the same geographicalregi on.5. sociolect: A variety of Ianguage used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of Ianguage which is selected as appropriate to the type ofsituatio n.7. idiolect : A pers on ' s dial ect of an in dividual speaker that comb ines eleme nts, regard ing region al, social, gen der and age variati ons. (04)8. ling uistic reportoire : The totality of lin guistic varieties possessed by an in dividualcon stitutes his lin guistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by American linguist Halliday, who believed thatthree social variables determine the register, namely, field ofdiscourse, tenor of discourseand mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the com muni cative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relati on ship in the situatio n in questio n: who the participa nts in the com muni cati on groups are and in what relati on ship they sta nd to each other.。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationship to their meaning.第二课音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology iscalled phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled…morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that governthe formation of sentences.categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization prope rties, is calleddeep structure or D- structure.structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.第六课语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them studyPhonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of languageThe important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phonemePhone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain w ith examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The morecommonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point of each type答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
内部语言学和外部语言学名词解释
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语用学名词解释
语用学名词解释语用学，又称用语学，是语言学中的一个分支学科，研究的是语言的使用。
它旨在揭示语言的社会功能和情境依赖性，分析语言的目的、意图和效果，以及语言在不同社交环境中的变化和适应能力。
语用学强调语言的实际运用，关注言语行为的真正意义和沟通效果。
语用学主要研究以下几个方面：1. 言语行为：言语行为是指通过语言来执行特定的行为，比如请求、命令、承诺、道歉等。
语用学分析这些行为的语言形式、语义含义和语用后果，揭示言语行为的目的和意图。
2. 言语间接性：言语间接性是指通过暗示、隐晦或非直接的方式来表达意思。
语用学研究言语间接性的语言手段和策略，分析背后的意图和效果。
3. 社会语言学：社会语言学研究语言在社交环境中的变化和适应能力。
语用学分析语言的社会功能和语境依赖性，探讨语言和社会、文化背景之间的关系。
4. 会话分析：会话分析是语用学中的一个重要方法，通过详细分析实际对话的录音、录像材料，研究人们在日常交流中的语言使用和交际策略。
会话分析揭示言语行为的交互性和动态特征。
语用学的研究方法包括数据驱动的分析、实验设计、社会调查和语料库语言学等。
研究者通过收集和分析大量的实际语言数据，探索语言与社会、文化、认知等各个层面的关系。
语用学的应用领域广泛，包括教育、广告、政治演讲、司法审理等。
在教育中，语用学可以帮助教师提高教学效果，培养学生的语用意识和语言运用能力。
在广告中，语用学可以帮助广告商理解消费者的语言需求，设计更具说服力和吸引力的广告语言。
在政治演讲和司法审理中，语用学可以帮助分析演讲者或律师的措辞选择和表达方式，揭示其中的意图和效果。
总之，语用学研究语言的使用方面，揭示言语行为的目的、意图和效果，分析语言的适应性和变化性。
它不仅帮助我们更好地理解语言的功能和社会意义，也为语言教学、社交交际和语言政策提供了有益的参考。
英语语言学名词解释期末重点
Minimal pair最小语音对: A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g./pit/ and /bit/.synchronic linguistics 共时语言学: the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time. Displacement移位性:Language can be used to refer to things which are present, or not present, real or imagined matters in the past ,present, or future, or in far away places. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.diachronic linguistics历时语言学: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.Langue and parole：Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Competence and performance：Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his languagePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. clipping构词法: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.Phonology音位学: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in交流Morphology形态学: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study.Syntax句法学: the study of these rules governing the sentence formation Semantics语义学: the study of meaningSociolinguistics社会语⾔学: the studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society .Psycholinguistics⾔理语⾔学: it relates the study of language to psychology. Morphology形态学：It refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.Pragmatics语用学: It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. Pragmatics=semantics+contextphonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. And it is divided into articulatory phonetic发音语音学, auditory phonetics听觉语音学, acoustic phonetics声学语音学and Diacritics变音符号.Phonology音位音段: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication..Phone音素: is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication.Phoneme音位: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by acertain phone in a certain phonetic context. allophones音位变体：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called; the of that phoneme.Broad transcription宽式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols onlyNarrow transcription窄式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.suprasegmental features超音段特征：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. These are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.intonation语音语调：When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Four basic types of intonation-four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, and the rise-fall tone. hyponymy下义词：It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.componential analysis成分分析法：It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.context语境：It essential to the pragmatic study of language.It generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Morpheme词素: It is the most important component of a word structure and the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Free Morpheme自由词素: Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.Bound morphemes黏着词素: are morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.词根Root:the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.词缀Affix: The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.派生词素Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words.曲折词素Inflectional morphemes: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning.同义词Synonymy：lt refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or words are close in meaning are called synonyms.多义词Polysemy：lt refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.同音(形)异义Homonymy：lt refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.ocutionary act语内行为: is the act of uttering words,phrases, and clauses. It is theact of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology. illocutionary act言外行为: is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.Perlocutionary act言后行为: is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.广义的文化Culture，in a broad sense，means integrated pattern of human knowledge，belief and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as SWHcategories范畴：It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence，a noun phrase or a verb. syntactic categories句法范畴：A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes，called syntactic categories.。
语言学的分支名词解释
语言学的分支名词解释语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科。
它涉及各种不同的分支，每个分支都研究语言的某个方面。
在本文中，我将对几个语言学的分支进行解释，介绍它们的研究对象和主要内容。
1. 语音学语音学是研究语音的科学。
它研究语音的产生、传播和接收规律，主要关注语音的物理特征、语音音位和音位变体。
语音学家通过记录和分析语音的声音特征，探索不同语言中的音位系统，以及不同音位对语言运用的影响。
2. 语法学语法学是研究语言的结构和规则的学科。
它关注语言中的词汇、短语和句子的形式和组织方式。
语法学家通过分析不同语言的语法规则，探索语言结构的普遍性和差异性。
语法学研究的一个重要问题是句子的句法结构和句子成分之间的关系。
3. 语义学语义学是研究语言的意义和逻辑的学科。
它研究语言符号和其所表达的意义之间的关系。
语义学家关注词汇和句子的意义，以及语法结构对意义的影响。
语义学的一个重要问题是语言的歧义和语义的变化。
4. 语用学语用学是研究语言使用的学科。
它关注语言在特定情境下的实际使用情况，研究语言交际的目的、效果和规则。
语用学家研究对话结构、语言行为和语言交际的策略。
他们对语言的含义进行解释，关注语言和社会背景之间的联系。
5. 语料库语言学语料库语言学是一种基于大规模语言数据的研究方法。
它利用语料库（大量的语言实例）来研究语言的使用和变化。
语料库语言学研究词汇的使用频率、词义的演变和句子结构的变化。
它是一种实证研究方法，能够为其他语言学分支提供实证数据支持。
6. 语言认知学语言认知学是研究语言与认知之间关系的学科。
它探究人类如何使用语言来思考、记忆和理解世界。
语言认知学家关注语言加工、语言理解和语言产生的认知机制和过程。
他们研究语言对思维和认知的影响，以及语言和其他认知系统之间的相互关系。
以上介绍的只是语言学的几个主要分支，实际上还有许多其他分支，如社会语言学、历史语言学、行为语言学等。
每个分支都为我们理解和探索语言的奇妙之处提供了不同的视角和方法。
(完整word版)英语语言学名词解释
现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be f ound.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to forma word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is cal led Move а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing t he speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act:A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.{$isbest}七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning ofa word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes. {$isbest}八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established asa native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.{$isbest}九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the humanbrain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also calledholophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousnes s about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。
胡壮麟语言学名词解释
第一章介绍Applied linguistics运用语言学： findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of suchpractical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known asapplied linguistics.Descriptive描绘性的： if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to be descriptive.Prescriptive规定性的： if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“ correct and standard in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what the should not say, it is said to beprescriptive.Synchronic共时的： the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.synchronic study共时研究 : The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features ofthe English used in Shakespeare’ s time is a synchronic study.Diachronic历时的： the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Diachronic study历时研究 : The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study oflanguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’ s time is a diachronic study. Langue 语言： refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Langue is abstract.Parole 语言： refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is concrete.Competence ： (N. Chomsky) defines as the ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules ofe. his languag Performance ： defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Design features?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animalsystem of communication. 设计特色是指界定性质的人类差别于其余动物的社交系统。